 Arduino is an open source programmable circuit board that can be integrated into a wide variety of

makerspace projects both simple and complex.  This board contains a microcontroller which is able
to be programmed to sense and control objects in the physical world.   By responding to sensors
and inputs, the Arduino is able to interact with a large array of outputs such as LEDs, motors and
displays. 
 Arduino was introduced back in 2005 in Italy by Massimo Banzi as a way for non-engineers to have
access to a low cost, simple tool for creating hardware projects.  Since the board is open-source, it
is released under a Creative Commons license which allows anyone to produce their own board. 

Here are the components

that make up an Arduino board and what each of their functions are.

1. Reset Button – This will restart any code that is loaded to the Arduino board
2. AREF – Stands for “Analog Reference” and is used to set an external reference voltage
3. Ground Pin – There are a few ground pins on the Arduino and they all work the same
4. Digital Input/Output –  Pins 0-13 can be used for digital input or output
5. PWM – The pins marked with the (~) symbol can simulate analog output
6. USB Connection – Used for powering up your Arduino and uploading sketches
7. TX/RX – Transmit and receive data indication LEDs
8. ATmega Microcontroller –  This is the brains and is where the programs are stored
9. Power LED Indicator – This LED lights up anytime the board is plugged in a power source
10. Voltage Regulator – This controls the amount of voltage going into the Arduino board
11. DC Power Barrel Jack  – This is used for powering your Arduino with a power supply
12. 3.3V Pin – This pin supplies 3.3 volts of power to your projects
13. 5V Pin – This pin supplies 5 volts of power to your projects
14. Ground Pins –  There are a few ground pins on the Arduino and they all work the same
15. Analog Pins –  These pins can read the signal from an analog sensor and convert it to digital

 The software used to create Arduino sketches is called the IDE which stands for Integrated
Development Environment.  The software is free to download and can be found
at https://www.arduino.cc/en/Main/Software
 Every Arduino sketch has two main parts to the program:

void setup() – Sets things up that have to be done once and then don’t happen again.
 void loop()  – Contains the instructions that get repeated over and over until the board is turned off.

 setup( ): A function present in every Arduino sketch. Run once before the loop( ) function. Often
used to set pinmode to input or output. The setup( ) function looks like:
void setup( ){
//code goes here
}
 loop( ): A function present in every single Arduino sketch. This code happens over and over again.
The
loop( ) is where (almost) everything happens. The one exception to this is setup( ) and variable
declaration.
ModKit uses another type of loop called “forever( )” which executes over Serial. The loop( ) function looks
like:
void loop( ) {
//code goes here
}
• input: A pin mode that intakes information.
• output: A pin mode that sends information.
• HIGH: Electrical signal present (5V for Uno). Also ON or True in boolean logic.
• LOW: No electrical signal present (0V). Also OFF or False in boolean logic.
• digitalRead: Get a HIGH or LOW reading from a pin already declared as an input.
• digitalWrite: Assign a HIGH or LOW value to a pin already declared as an output.
• analogRead: Get a value between or including 0 (LOW) and 1023 (HIGH). This allows you to get readings
from analog sensors or interfaces that have more than two states.
• analogWrite: Assign a value between or including 0 (LOW) and 255 (HIGH). This allows you to set output
to
a PWM value instead of just HIGH or LOW.
• PWM: Stands for Pulse-Width Modulation, a method of emulating an analog signal through a
digital pin. A value between or including 0 and 255. Used with analogWrite.

RESISTOR

Resistors are electronic components

which have a specific, never-changing
electrical resistance. The resistor's
resistance limits the flow of electrons
through a circuit.

They are passive components, meaning

they only consume power (and can't
generate it). Resistors are usually added to
circuits where they complement active
components like op-amps,
microcontrollers, and other integrated
circuits. Commonly resistors are used to
limit current, divide voltages, and pull-up
I/O lines.

Table 1. Resistor Color Code Table

SENSOR

A sensor is a device that detects and responds to some type of input from the physical environment. The
specific input could be light, heat, motion, moisture, pressure, or any one of a great number of other
environmental phenomena. The output is generally a signal that is converted to human-readable display at
the sensor location or transmitted electronically over a network for reading or further processing.

DIFFERENT TYPES OF SENSORS

 A Temperature Sensor, as the name suggests, senses the temperature i.e. it measures the
changes in the temperature. In a Temperature Sensor, the changes in the Temperature correspond
to change in its physical property like resistance or voltage. Example of temperature sensor is LM
35.
 A Proximity Sensor is a non-contact type sensor that detects the presence of an object. Proximity
Sensors can be implemented using different techniques like Optical (like Infrared or Laser),
Ultrasonic, Hall Effect, Capacitive, etc.
 IR Sensors or Infrared Sensor are light based sensor that are used in various applications like
Proximity and Object Detection. IR Sensors are used as proximity sensors in almost all mobile
phones.
 An Ultrasonic Sensor is a non-contact type device that can be used to measure distance as well as
velocity of an object. An Ultrasonic Sensor works based on the properties of the sound waves with
frequency greater than that of the human audible range.
 Accelerometer
 Pressure Sensor
 Light Sensor
 Ultrasonic Sensor
 Smoke, Gas and Alcohol Sensor
 Touch Sensor
 Color Sensor
 Humidity Sensor
 Tilt Sensor
 Flow and Level Sensor

Note: Please study this handout and prepare for a written exam on Monday, Oct. 21, 2019 8AM.

Written Exam : 8:00 to 9:00

Practical Exam (Excused students only) : 9:00-10:00