Transformers

• Transformers
– Basic Principle
– Equivalent Circuit
– Parameter Estimation
• Permanent Magnets

© Copyright Ned Mohan 2010 1
 Transformers

 Tightly coupled coils (low leakage inductance)
 Essential for power transmission and distribution
 Helpful in understanding induction machines

© Copyright Ned Mohan 2010 2
 Transformers ‐ Development
 Single coil m

Assuming zero resistance and zero leakage  e1
 N1
inductance
d
e1  N1 m
dt

m determined completely by applied   im
voltage:
1 e1 Lm
m   e1 d
N1 

m
 Two coils 
d m d m e1
e2 (t )  N 2 & e1 (t )  N1 
N1
dt dt
N2
e (t ) N
 1  1
e2 (t ) N2 
e2


© Copyright Ned Mohan 2010 3
 Transformer Model

 im 

e1 Lm e2

 
N1 N 2

Ideal
Transformer

 Dot polarity
 Magnetizing inductance

© Copyright Ned Mohan 2010 4
 Transformer with Secondary Loaded
m
i1 (t )


m determined by      alone
e1
e1 
N1

i2
hence     in secondary induces i2 (t )
N2

i2 ' in the  primary such that 
e2
N1 i2  N 2 i2 

i N
 2  2
i2 N1 i1 (t ) i2 '(t ) i2 (t )

 im 
i1 (t )  i2 '(t )  im (t )
   e1 Lm e2
relflected magnetizing
load current
current  
N1 N 2

Ideal
Transformer

© Copyright Ned Mohan 2010 5
 Real Transformers
i1 (t ) R1 i2 '(t ) Ll 2 i2 (t )
 Add leakages Ll1 R2
 Core loss   im  
‐ hysteresis v1 e1 Rhe Lm e2 v2
‐ eddy currents
   
 Winding resistances
N1 N 2
Real 
Transformer Ideal
Transformer

 Laminations to reduce eddy current loss

i
m
circulating
circulating currents
currents

m

© Copyright Ned Mohan 2010 6
 Determining Transformer Model Parameters
i1 (t ) R1 Ll1 i2 '(t ) Ll 2 R2 i2 (t )
  im  

v1 e1 Rhe Lm e2 v2

   
N1 N 2
Real 
Transformer Ideal
Transformer

 Open circuit test
 Core loss,  Rhe
 Magnetizing inductance,  Lm

 Short circuit test
 Winding resistance,  R1 , R2
 Leakage inductance,  Ll1 , Ll 2

© Copyright Ned Mohan 2010 7
 Open Circuit Test
 Secondary unloaded (open circuit)
 Rated voltage applied to primary
 Measure
 To find  Rhe
2
Voc
Rhe  I oc
Poc
 To find  Lm

V
Rhe jX m  oc Voc jX m Rhe
I oc 

© Copyright Ned Mohan 2010 8
 Short Circuit Test
 One winding shorted
small voltage applied to other winding
 Measure VSC , and I SC , and PSC

 To find  R1 and R2
2 I1 jX l 2 R2 I SC
N 
R1 jX l1
1P
R2  SC 2 R1  R2  1    
2 I SC  N2  E1 E2 VSC

  
 To find  Ll1 and Ll 2 N1 N2

I SC
VSC
2R2  j2 X l 2  2 
I SC N  N 
2
jX l1  2   jX l 2 R1  2   R2 VSC
 N1   N1 
2
N  
X l1  X l 2  1  N1 N2
 N2 

© Copyright Ned Mohan 2010 9
 Permanent Magnets
 Typically used in smaller motors
 Applicable power range increasing due to new materials
 In simplest analysis, treated simply as a source of magnetic
flux
Bm  T 
1.4

1.2

1.0

-B 0.8
d-F
e Co
N Sm
0.6
Alnico
0.4
Ferrite

| | | |
1000 800 500 200
 H m  kA / m 

© Copyright Ned Mohan 2010 10
 Summary

• Transformers
– Basic Principle
– Equivalent Circuit
– Parameter Estimation
• Permanent Magnets

© Copyright Ned Mohan 2010 11