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Chapter Examination 2

CE 524 TECHNICAL ELECTIVE 2 (CONSTRUTION ENGINEERING MANAGEMENT)

I. ENUMERATION
1. Give 5 types of soil classification.
a. Boulders________________ d. Silt_________________________
b. Gravel__________________ e. Clay________________________
c. Sand

2. For swell and shrinkage,

a. What is the formula for excavated soil? Ve = (1 + Kswell) x Vo
b. What is the formula for compacted soil? Vc = (1 – Kshrink) x Vo
c. What is the formula for additional soil due to shrinkage? Vs = Kshrink x Vo

3. What are the three ways of measurement in volume of soil?

a. Bank Volume b. Loose Volume c. Compacted Volume

4. Derive the formula for shrinkage percentage factor

Compacted Unit Weight −Bank Unit Weight
Shrinkage ,%= [ Compacted Unit Weight
x 100 ]
5. Derive the formula for swell percentage factor
Bank Unit Weight
Swell , %= [ Loose Unit Weight ]
−1 x 100
II. CALCULATION

6. Compute the swell percentage factor of an earth and gravel if the bank unit weight is 118 lbs/cu.ft. and
has a loose unit weight of 96 lbs/cu.ft. (3 pts)

Bank Unit Weight 118

Sw ell , %= [ Loose Unit Weight
−1 x 100=] 96 [
−1 x 100=22.92% ]
7. In problem no. 6, if the bank unit weight is compacted to 15%, compute the shrinkage percentage
factor. (6 pts)
Compacted Unit Weight=Bank Unit Weight x 15 %=118 x(1+ 0.15)=135.7lbs per cu . ft .

Compacted Unit Weight −Bank Unit Weight 135.7−118

Shrinkage ,%= [ Compacted Unit Weight
x 100= ]
118 [
x 100=13.04 % ]
8. A commercial building is to be erected in a lot with dimensions of 60m x 60m. The building has
designed of 56 equal footings 1.8m x 1.8m x 0.45m. If the depth of excavation is 1.8m below the
original ground line, and a 0.40m edge (x) distance of excavation to side of footing. Assuming that the
soil properties gravel and with swell percentage of 14 %, shrinkage factor of 8.5%. The excavation is
vertical cut slope. (27 pts)
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a. Find the original (at rest) soil volume, Vo
L = W = (1.8 + 2 x 0.40) = 2.60 m
Vo = 2.60 x 2.60 x 1.8 = 12.17 cu.m.

b. Find the excavated loose soil volume, Ve

Ve = Vo x Swell Factor = 12.168 (1 + 0.14) = 13.90 cu.m.

c. Find the net backfill volume, Vbf

Vbf = Vo – Vf
Vbf = 1.8 x 1.8 x 0.45 = 1.458 cu.m.
Vbf, bank = Vo – Vf = 12.17 – 1.458 = 10.712 cu.m.

d. Compute the excess soil, Vex

Vex, bank = Vo –Vbf = 12.17 – 10.712 = 1.458
Vex, loose = (1 + Kswell) x Vex, bank = (1 + 0.14) x 1.458 = 1.662 cu.m.

e. Compute the additional soil for compaction, Vs

Vs = Kshrink x Vbf = 0.085 x 10.712 = 0.91 cu.m.

f. Compute the net excess soil, Vex

Net Vex = Vex(Loose) – Vs = 1.662 – 0.91 = 0.752 cu.m.
For 56 footings, Net Vex = 56 x 0.752 = 42.112 cu.m.

9. For the footing shown, compute the volume of excavation by (a) Using End-Area Method (b) Using
Prismoidal Formula and (c) By Formula of a Frustum of Rectangular Pyramid. (50 pts)

Solution:
1. Compute the bottom area of excavation, AB
B = Wfooting + 2 sides clearance = 3 + 2(0.40) = 3.80 m
L = Lfooting + 2 sides clearance = 2 + 2(0.40) = 2.80 m
AB = 3.80 x 2.80 = 10.64 m2

2. Determine the average height Ha of the corners

Ha = (1.98 + 1.65 + 1.79 + 1.82) / 4 = 1.81 m

3. Compute the top area of excavation, AT. Use Ha = 1.81 m in computing the top slope end distances Xs
& Ys along short and long span respectively.
Xs / 1.2 = Ha / 1.0 ; Xs = 1.2 (Ha) / 1.0 ; Xs = 1.2 (1.81) /1.0 = 2.17 m
Xs = Ys = 2.17 m
Lx = B + 2Xs = 3.80 + 2(2.17) = 8.14 m
Ly = L + 2Ys = 2.80 + 2(2.17) = 7.14 m
AT = 8.14 x 7.14 = 58.12 m2

4. By End-Area Method, compute the volume of excavation, VE

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A 1 + A2 A B + AT 10.64+ 58 .12
V E= Ha= = ( 1.81 )=62. 23 m 3
2 2 2
5. Compute the middle Area, Am
Lx at base = 3.00 + 2(0.40) = 3.80 m
Lx at top = 3.80 + 2(2.170) = 8.14 m
Ly at base = 2.00 + 2(0.40) = 2.80 m
Ly at top = 2.80 + 2(2.17) = 7.14 m
Lxm = (Lx at base + Lx at top)/2 = (3.80 + 8.14) / 2 = 5.97 m
Lym = (Ly at base + Ly at top) /2 = (2.80 + 7.14) / 2 = 4.97 m
Am = 5.97 x 4.97 = 29.67 m2

6. By Prismoidal Formula, compute the volume of excavation VE

1 1
V E= ( A 1+ 4 A m + A 2 ) ( H a )= [ 10.64+4 ( 29.67 ) +58.12 ] ( 1.81 ) =56.54 m 3
6 6
7. By Formula of Frustum of a Rectangular Pyramid,
( b+ B+ √bB ) ( 10.64+ 58.12+ √ 10.64 x 58.12 )
V= ( h )= ( 1.81 )=56.49 m 3
3 3

Prepared by:

SAMUEL A. ESPARTERO
Instructor