UTILIZATION OF

ORANGE (Citrus
Reticulata)
PEELINGS INTO
HANDMADE PAPER

By:
JEAN Siangco TOLENTINO
CHEYENNE CHRISTINE Maglinte VILLAMOR
B a ck g ro u n d o f th e
S tu d y
 Paper is a sheet of interlaced fibers, usually
cellulose fibers from plants that are formed by pulping the
fibers and causing them to felt to form solid surface. It is
a necessity in modern civilization and the development of
machinery for its high-speed production has been largely
responsible for the increase in literacy and the raising of
educational levels of people throughout the world (Redmond,
2007).
Orange (Citrus Reticulata) has become the most
commonly grown fruit in the world. This study attempts to use
orange peelings as another source of cellulose fibers for
paper production. Since peelings are discarded materials, the
paper will not incur big expenses and will also help lessen
the garbage which is one of the major problems in the country.
Statement of the
Problem
Main Problem : This study aims to produce paper by utilizing
orange peelings.
Specific Problems :

1. What are the characteristics of orange peeling paper in

terms of:
a) color
b) texture
c) odor
d) breaking strength

2. What is the acceptability of orange peeling paper?

3. Is there a significant difference among the different

samples
in terms of:
a) color
b) texture
c) odor
d) acceptability
e) breaking strength
Hypotheses
A paper can be developed from orange peelings.

There is no significant difference among the different

samples of orange peelings in terms of their
characteristics and acceptability.
 Scope and
Delimitations of the
Study
 This study is limited to the use of orange peelings in
the production of paper with different proportion of orange
peelings and waste paper. It utilizes alum, starch and also
caustic soda. Thirty 4th year students of the Integrated
Developmental School that were randomly selected evaluated the
products with the use of a Score Card and Hedonic Scale. This
study was conducted from June 2009 to March 2010, at the
researcher’s residence. Breaking strength was also identified by
standard procedure in the laboratory of IDS. The data gathered
were interpreted using Sign-test for the over-all acceptability
and t-test for the breaking strength.
Methodology
 Preparation of Sample & Materials

Product
Development

For Sample A, 2 cups For Sample B, 1 cup of For Sample C, 2 cups

of Orange Peelings orange peelings and 1 waste paper
only cup waste paper

Product Evaluation & Testing

(Sensory Evaluation: Color, Odor,
Texture, Overall Acceptability
& Breaking Strength)

Data Gathering & Organization

(Mean/Table)

Interpretation of Results
(Mean/Sign Test/t -test)

Figure 1. Summarized Diagram for the Procedures Done in the Experiment

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
 Sample A, which is made from orange peelings without
waste paper, was not evaluated since it was a failure and
the product produced was not paper; it was chalk- like and
brittle.
 Table 1 . Characteristics of Paper from Orange
Peelings
Characteristics Sample B Sample C
Color 3.33 4.77
(greenish) (white)
Texture 2.27 2.40
(rough) (rough)
Odor 2.47 2.47
(unpleasant) (unpleasant)

Table 1 shows the physical characteristics of the different samples

of paper from orange peelings in terms of color, odor and texture.
Sample B has a greenish color. Its texture is rough because some of the
peelings were not thoroughly blended. It has an unpleasant smell because
of the scent of orange peelings and also because it was boiled in the
clay pot. Sample C has a white color because it was purely made from
waste paper and no orange peelings are added. It has a rough texture
because it was not thoroughly blended and it has an unpleasant smell
because it was also boiled in the clay pot.
 Table 2 . General Acceptability of the Orange
Peelings Paper
Characteristics
Over-all Acceptability 5.90
Sample B 6.70
Sample C
(Like Slightly) (Like Moderately)

Table 2 shows the overall acceptability of the paper based on

the evaluation of the respondents. In Sample B, the respondents
like it slightly because of its greenish color even though it has an
unpleasant smell and it was rough. In Sample C, the respondents
like it moderately because of its white color. Overall, Sample C is
the most accepted product.
 Table 3. Breaking Strength of Different
Samples ( N / m2 )
321Trials
Mean Sample B
731.12
740.87
734.37 Sample C 726.08
740.87
649.88
705.61

Table 3 shows the breaking strength of the two samples in three

trials. Weights were used in doing the experiment and then the
breaking strength of the paper was calculated. It is shown that
sample B has greater breaking strength from Sample C since it had the
raw material (orange peelings) and Sample C only had waste paper.
 Table 4 . Values Needed in Obtaining the Significant Difference ( Sign
Test )
n rcritical r Remarks

Color 30 9 4 4<9
(Ho is rejected)

Odor 16 3 8 8>3
( Ho is not rejected)

Texture 13 2 3 3>2
(Ho is not rejected)

Acceptability 23 6 1 1<6
( Ho is rejected)

α = 0.05
The significant differences of the characteristics between the
two samples were also obtained using the sign-test. In Table 4, it is
shown that there is a significant difference in color and acceptability
since Ho is rejected. There is no significant difference in the odor
and texture of the two samples.
 Table 10 . Values Needed in Obtaining the Significant
Difference ( t - test )
α
0.05 4d.f tcritical
2.132 t
1.01 1.01 < 2.132
Remarks
(Ho is not rejected)

The significant difference of the breaking strength

between the two samples was obtained using the t-test. It was
concluded that there is no significant difference between the two
samples in terms of breaking strength.
SUMMARY , CONCLUSION and
RECOMMENDATIONS
A) Summary
This study aims to produce paper from orange peelings.
There were three samples produced and each has its own
proportion of orange peelings and waste paper. The samples
made have good characteristics in terms of color, texture and
odor except for Sample A. Sample A has two cups of orange
peelings, Sample B has 1 cup of orange peelings and 1 cup
waste paper and Sample C has no orange peelings but instead 2
cups of waste paper.
 In the experiment, the researchers used constant amount
of starch, caustic soda and alum while varying the proportions
of orange peelings for each sample. The peelings were boiled
and soaked in caustic soda so that it is soft and easy to
blend. Additive solutions were added after it was washed with
running water to make the slurry and now ready for the final
process which is placing it on the mold and deckle. It was
spread out using a sponge so that it would be even and is dried
until it turns into paper.
The Score Card and Hedonic Scale were used by the thirty
evaluators to rate the characteristics and acceptability of the
paper and breaking strength was also calculated.
B) Conclusion
The researchers conclude that orange peelings could be
a source of raw material in making paper provided that it
will be mixed with waste paper. The paper produced was more
of a decorative paper because of its rough texture and
color.
The products showed different characteristics. Sample
A, from 1oo% orange peelings, did not have the
characteristics of a paper. The characteristics of Sample B
are greenish, rough and unpleasant odor. The characteristics
of Sample C are white, rough, and unpleasant odor. Both
samples were made into paper but more of a decorative paper.
Sample C was the most accepted sample among the products .
 The breaking strength of products was also obtained
by doing three trials. Sample B has an average breaking
strength of 734.37 N/m2 and Sample C has an average breaking
strength of 705.61 N/m2. This shows that Sample B has greater
breaking strength than Sample C. This means that paper from
orange peelings with waste paper is stronger than paper from
waste paper alone.

Using sign-test, the researchers conclude that there is a

significant difference between the two samples in terms of
color and acceptability. There is no significant difference
between the two samples in terms of its odor and texture.
Using t-test, it is concluded that there is no significant
difference between the two samples in terms of breaking
strength.
C) Recommendations
The researchers recommend using raw materials
which are rich in fiber. If future researchers will
conduct this experiment, the researchers recommend to use
more orange peelings and to use bleach and also to improve
the amount of additives used. Improvements in the
proportion of the raw material are also recommended to
have a better product.
-end-