Damages Caused Due To Natural Hazards

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It is indeed a great pleasure and proud privilege for us to present this report. First and
foremost, we are highly indebted to our guide Mr.Bhosale M.S. for their valuable support and
immerse knowledge provided me.

We are grateful to our Principal Prof. Pawar S.L. for showing interest in all the
activities related to the project. We thank to our H.O.D. Mr. Mule V.V. for their assistance
during the project period and the preparation for this project. Last but not the least, we
acknowledge all those who helped us directly or indirectly during this project and making of this
report

S.NO. NAMES ROLL NO.

1 Pravin Mane 19
2 Vishwajeet Pawar 07
3 Saurabh Sawant 21
4 Pratik Olekar 05

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Damages Caused Due To Natural Hazards

Index

Sr no. Headings
1. Abstract
2. Introduction
3. Objective
4. Methodology
7. Conclusion
9. Reference

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Damages Caused Due To Natural Hazards

Abstract

Civil engineering disasters are caused primarily by civil engineering defects, which are
usually attributed to improper selection of construction site, hazard assessment, design and
construction, occupancy, and maintenance. From this viewpoint, many so-called natural disasters
such as earthquakes, strong winds, floods, landslides, and debris flows are substantially due to
civil engineering defects rather than the actual natural hazards. Civil engineering disasters occur
frequently and globally and are the most closely related to human beings among all disasters. 
This report papers compares damages caused due to natural hazards, their photographs
and effects on structure.

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Introduction

A natural disaster is defined as an event of nature, which overwhelms local resources and
threatens the function and safety of the community. Generally, disasters are the ultimate test of a
community’s emergency response capability. A thoughtful and well-organised emergency
strategy will be able to quickly adjust and adapt to unforeseen situations and complications. An
emergency strategy that is myopic and static in nature is doomed to fail as the disaster situation
grows, becoming both complex and unpredictable. Disasters are difficult to plan and anticipate
because they are innately different from common emergency events. While it is true that both
can lead to large amounts of casualties and property damage, the difference between a disaster
and a common emergency event is more than one of magnitude alone. A disaster challenge
cannot be overcome by mobilising more personnel or materials. In order for a community to
survive a catastrophe scenario, a disaster plan that is adaptable to multidisciplinary and multi-
jurisdictional situations is needed. Large scale disasters can have a multitude of effects upon a
community: from economic to social, from physical to psychological.
Disasters are caused primarily by civil engineering defects, which are usually attributed to
improper selection of construction site, hazard assessment, design and construction, occupancy,
and maintenance. From this viewpoint, many so-called natural disasters such as earthquakes,
strong winds, floods, landslides, and debris flows are substantially due to civil engineering
defects rather than the actual natural hazards. Civil engineering disasters occur frequently and
globally and are the most closely related to human beings among all disasters. 

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Objectives

To compare the damages caused due to following natural hazards

1. Distres in structure
2. Earthquake
3. Wind
4. Flood
5. Dampness
6. Corrosion
7. Fire
8. Dilapidation
9. Termites

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Methodology

1. Dstress in structure

In course of time, with ageing, distress would appear in structures as a natural phenomenon. This
natural metamorphosis is due to natural wear and tear.

Moreover, in the present days, the structures are in extreme aggressive environment. The old
structures which were constructed in non-aggressive environment and without any special
preventive measure are now very badly affected due to gradual deterioration of the environment
around them.

The structures are undergoing rapid metamorphosis and showing signs of distress. These
structures need immediate attention for ascertaining the causes of their distress and for proper
diagnosis and selection of methodology for proper solution and rehabilitation of the structures.

Causes are
i. Inadequate or no maintenance,

ii. Bad use of the building,

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iii. Bad workmanship during construction,

iv. Use of under-specified quality of materials during construction,

v. Natural wear and tear,

vi. Adoption of wrong specification during construction,

vii. Action of atmospheric agencies, and

viii. Physical influences.

2. Earthquake

Earthquakes are the most destructive natural hazards throughout human history. Hundreds of
thousand people lost their lives and loss of billions of dollars’ properties occurred in these
disasters. Occurred medium or high-intensity magnitude earthquakes in last twenty years showed
that these loses continue. For reinforced concrete (R/C) buildings, inappropriate design such as
soft and weak stories, strong beam–weak column, short column, hammering, unconfined gable
wall and in-plane/out-of-plane movement of the walls causes damages. These are the main
reasons. In addition to this, low quality of structural materials, poor workmanship, lack of

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engineering services, and construction with insufficient detailing of the structural elements are
the another reasons of damages. Main reasons of masonry building damages in terms of design
faults can be shown as heavy earthen roofs, inappropriate detailing of wall to wall connection
and wall to roof connection, absence of bond beams, large openings. However, construction of
buildings by using local materials with poor workmanship on the base of traditional rules is the
other reason of failures for these buildings.

3. Wind

Wind produces three different types of effects on structure:static,dynamic and aerodynamic.The

response of load depends on type of structure.When the structure deflects in response to wind
load then the dynamic and aerodynamic effects should be analysed in addition to static
effect.Sound knowledge of fluid and structural mechanics helps in understanding of details of
interaction between wind flow and civil engineering structures or buildings
Cyclones also can bring torrential rains that lead to flooding. Whatever the cause, overflowing
waters can damage buildings and infrastructure in coastal areas.
 Tropical cyclones threaten lives and property because of their high winds, associated storm
surge, excessive rain and flooding, and ability to spawn tornadoes. As they make landfall, the
winds and surge are the main threats.

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4. Flood

The primary effects of flooding include loss of life and damage to buildings and other structures,
including bridges, sewerage systems, roadways, and canals. Floods also
frequently damage power transmission and sometimes power generation, which then has knock-
on effects caused by the loss of power. Water can cause structural damage to your home in
several ways. In general, damage occurs when water pools in areas where it shouldn't. Finding
the cause of the problem can help prevent future leaks or floods, or
serious damageFlash floods often carry away some trees along the river, and these floods can
destroy buildings, roads, bridges, etc. Coastal flooding can result from heavy rains due to
cyclones or tropical storms, causing sea water to flow towards inland.

5. Dampness

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Structural dampness is the presence of unwanted moisture in the structure of a building, either
the result of intrusion from outside or condensation from within the structure. A high proportion
of damp problems in buildings are caused by ambient climate dependent factors of condensation
and rain penetration.[1] Capillary penetration of fluid from the ground up through concrete or
masonry is known as Rising Damp and is governed by the shape and porosity of the construction
materials through which this evaporation limited capillary penetration takes place.[2] Structural
damp, regardless of the mechanisms through which it takes place, is exacerbated by higher levels
of humidity.

6. Corrosion

Corrosion is an electrochemical reaction that appears in several forms, such as

chemical corrosion and atmospheric corrosion, the latter of which is the most common form.
When acidic substances (including water) come in contact with metals, such as iron and/or
steel, rust begins to form.
Exposure of reinforced concrete to chloride ions is the primary cause of premature corrosion of
steel reinforcement . ... Chlorides dissolved in water can permeate through sound concrete or
reach the steel through cracks. Chloride-containing admixtures can also cause corrosion

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7. Fire

Depending on prevailing winds and the amount of water in the environment, wildfires can

quickly spread out of control causing extensive damage to personal property and human life.
If heavy rains follow a fire, other natural disasters can occur, including landslides, mudflows,
and floods. Building fires, which normally reach temperatures of about 1000 ºC, can affect
the loadbearing capacity of structural bearing elements in a number of ways. ...
All building materials except timber are likely to show significant loss of strength when
heated above 250 ºC, strength that may not recover after cooling.

8. Dilapidation

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Dilapidation is a term meaning a destructive event to a building, but more particularly used in
the plural in English law for. the waste committed by the incumbent of an ecclesiastical
living. the disrepair for which a tenant is usually liable when he has agreed to give up his
premises in good repair. Inadequate or no maintenance: Inadequate or no maintenance
including disrepair or delay in repair is the main cause of dilapidation of a building. Proper
maintenance and prompt repair or replacement of decayed or damaged parts of a structure
could defer early decay and dilapidation.

9. Termites

Termites were found to gain entry to buildings by a number of paths. These incl

uded creating bore holes through walls, crawling through cracks in the foundation and
climbing throu gh the roof. Conclusions: To prevent termite entry into buildings multiple
approaches must be used. A 2- by 4-inch piece of lumber can be consumed over a period of
about five months. When a colony of termites infests a building, noticeable damage appears
between three and eight years, depending on the size of the colony. Termites that are left
untreated can cause such extensive damage to your foundation and the supports of your
subfloor that your floors could literally fall apart

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Conclusion

From above information on ‘Damages Caused Due To Natural Hazards’ we can

conclude that there are various natural hazards such as ditress, earthquake, corrosion, wind, fire,
dampness, dilapidation, termites etc which occur naturally.
Due to poor workmanship, using poor quality material, irregular repair and maintenance, natural
disaster affects structure or its elements. This causes wear and tear, cracks in concrete, rusting of
reinforcement. These conditions are unsafe for occupants . Many a times, structure may collapse
any time. So, it is very important to compare damages caused by natural hazards.

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Reference

1. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/265847645_Disaster_Management-
Construction_and_Designing_of_Earthquake_Resistant_Buildings_in_Aligarh_City_A_
Case_Study
2. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/221928305_The_Impact_of_Natural_Disasters
_Simplified_Procedures_and_Open_Problems
3. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/324522427_Damage_to_buildings_and_structu
res_due_to_recent_devastating_wind_hazards_in_East_Asia

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