Geometry

 Geometry is all about shapes and their properties.

 Geometry can be divided into: 

Plane Geometry is about flat

shapes like lines, circles and
triangles ... shapes that can be
drawn on a piece of paper
   

Solid Geometry is about three

dimensional objects like cubes,
prisms, cylinders and spheres.

1. Plane Geometry

Plane Geometry is about flat shapes like lines, circles and triangles ...
shapes that can be drawn on a piece of paper

a) TRIANGLES

A triangle has three sides and three angles 

The three angles always add to 180°

Equilateral, Isosceles and Scalene

There are three special names given to triangles that tell how many sides (or
angles) are equal.

There can be 3, 2 or no equal sides/angles:

Equilateral Triangle

Three equal sides 
Three equal angles, always 60°

Isosceles Triangle

Two equal sides 
Two equal angles

Scalene Triangle

No equal sides 
No equal angles

What Type of Angle?

Triangles can also have names that tell you what type of angle is inside:

Acute Triangle
 All angles are less than 90°

Right Triangle

Has a right angle (90°)

Obtuse Triangle

Has an angle more than 90°

Right Angled Triangles

A right angled triangle (also called a right triangle) 

is a triangle with a  right angle  (90°) in it.

The little square in the corner tells us it is a right angled triangle

(I also put 90°, but you don't need to!)

Pythagoras' Theorem

Definition

The longest side of the triangle is called the "hypotenuse", so the formal
definition is:

In a right angled triangle:

the square of the hypotenuse is equal to the sum of the squares of the other
two sides.
   a2 + b2 = c2

Example: Solve this triangle.

a2 + b2 = c2

52 + 122 = c2

25 + 144 = c2

169 = c2

c2 = 169

c = √169

c = 13

b) QUADRILATERALS
Quadrilateral just means "four sides" (quad means four, lateral means side).

A Quadrilateral has four-sides, it is 2-dimensional (a flat shape), closed (the

lines join up), and has straight sides.

Properties

 Four sides (edges)

 Four vertices (corners)
 The interior angles add up to 360 degrees:

Try drawing a quadrilateral, and measure the angles. They should add
to 360°

Types of Quadrilaterals
There are special types of quadrilateral:

i. THE RECTANGLE

 
means "right
angle"
and show equal sides

A  rectangle  is a four-sided shape where every angle is a  right angle  (90°).

Also opposite sides are  parallel  and of equal length.

ii. THE RHOMBUS

A  rhombus  is a four-sided shape where all sides have equal length.

Also opposite sides are parallel and opposite angles are equal.

Another interesting thing is that the diagonals (dashed lines in second

figure) meet in the middle at a right angle. In other words they "bisect" (cut
in half) each other at right angles.

A rhombus is sometimes called a rhomb or a diamond.

iii. THE SQUARE

 
means "right
angle"
show equal sides

A  square  has equal sides and every angle is a right angle (90°)

Also opposite sides are parallel.

A square also fits the definition of a rectangle (all angles are 90°), and
a rhombus (all sides are equal length).

iv. THE PARALLELOGRAM

A  parallelogram  has opposite sides parallel and equal in length. Also

opposite angles are equal (angles "a" are the same, and angles "b" are the
same).

NOTE: Squares, Rectangles and Rhombuses are all Parallelograms!

 v. TRAPEZOID

A trapezoid is a 4-sided flat shape with straight sides that has a pair of
opposite sides parallel (marked with arrows below):

A trapezoid:

has a pair of parallel sides

is an Isosceles trapezoid when both angles coming from a parallel

side are equal, and the sides that aren't parallel are equal in
length.

is called a "Trapezium" in the UK (see below)

 The parallel sides are the "bases"

The other two sides are the "legs"

The distance (at right angles) from one base to the other is called the
"altitude"

vi. CIRCLE

Definition

The circle is a  plane  shape (two dimensional):

 
And the definition of a circle is:

The  set of all points  on a plane that are a fixed distance from a center.
PERIMETER FORMULAS

Triangle
 
Perimeter = a + b + c

Square
  Perimeter = 4 × a
a = length of side

Rectangle
Perimeter = 2 × (w + h)
 
w = width
h = height

Quadrilateral
 
Perimeter = a + b + c + d

Circle
  Circumference = 2πr
r = radius
AREA OF PLANE SHAPES

Area is the size of a surface!

Triangle
Square
Area = ½ × b × h
  Area = a2
b = base
a = length of side
h = vertical height

Rectangle Parallelogram
Area = w × h Area = b × h
 
w = width b = base
h = height h = vertical height

Trapezoid (US) Circle 

Trapezium (UK) Area = π × r2 
 
Area = ½(a+b) × h Circumference = 2 × π × r
h = vertical height r = radius

Sector
Ellipse Area = ½ × r2 × θ 
 
Area = πab r = radius
θ = angle in radians
 2.Solid Geometry

Solid Geometry is the geometry of three-

dimensional space, 
the kind of space we live in ...

Three Dimensions

It is called three-dimensional,or 3D, because there are

 
three  dimensions : width, depth and height.

Properties

Solids have properties (special things about them), such as:

 volume (think of how much water it could hold)

 surface area (think of the area you would have to paint)

a) CUBE

Its faces are all squares

 

Triangular Prism: Its faces are triangles and rectangles

 
b) PRISMS

A prism is a solid object with:

 identical ends
 flat faces
 and the same cross section all along its length !

Surface Area of a Prism

Surface Area =   2 × Base Area

  +  Base Perimeter × Length
Example: What is the surface area of a prism where the base area is
25 m2, the base perimeter is 24 m, and the length is 12 m:

 Surface Area   = 2 × Base Area + Base Perimeter × Length

    = 2 × 25 m2 + 24 m × 12 m
    = 50 m2 + 288 m2
    = 338 m2

 Volume of a Prism

The Volume of a prism is the area of one end times the length of the prism.

Volume = Base Area × Length

c) PYRAMIDS
When we think of pyramids we think of the Great Pyramids of Egypt.

They are actually Square Pyramids, because their base is a Square.

Parts of a Pyramid

A pyramid is made by connecting a base to an apex

Types of Pyramids

There are many types of Pyramids, and they are named after the shape of
their base.

  Pyramid Base  

Triangular
Details >>
Pyramid:
 Square
Details >>
Pyramid:

Pentagonal
Details >>
Pyramid:

... and so on ...

Right vs Oblique Pyramid

This tells us where the top (apex) of the pyramid is. When the apex is
directly above the center of the base it is a Right Pyramid, otherwise it is
an Oblique Pyramid.

Right Pyramid Oblique Pyramid

Regular vs Irregular Pyramid

This tells us about the shape of the base. When the base is a  regular
polygon  it is a Regular Pyramid, otherwise it is an Irregular Pyramid.
 Regular Pyramid Irregular Pyramid

Base is Regular Base is Irregular

Area and Volume

The Volume of a Pyramid

1
 /3 × [Base Area] × Height

The Surface Area of a Pyramid

When all side faces are the same:

 [Base Area] + 1/2 × Perimeter × [Slant Length]

When side faces are different:

 [Base Area] + [Lateral Area]

 
 d) SPHERE

 It is perfectly symmetrical
 All points on the surface are the same distance "r" from the center
 It has no edges or vertices (corners)
 It has one surface (not a "face" as it isn't flat)

 
Volume and Surface Area

Surface Area = 4 × π × r2

e) CYLINDER

 It has a flat base and a flat top

 The base is the same as the top
 From base to top the shape stays the same
 It has one curved side

An object shaped like a cylinder is said to be cylindrical.

 Surface Area of a Cylinder

Surface Area = 2 × π × r × (r+h)

Which is made up of:

 Surface Area of One End = π × r2

 Surface Area of Side = 2 × π × r × h

Volume of a Cylinder

 Volume = Area × Height = π × r2 × h

f) CONE

 It has a flat base

 It has one curved side
 It is not a polyhedronas it has a curved surface
 The pointy end of a cone is called the apex
 The flat part is the base
 A cone is made by rotating a triangle: The triangle has to be a  right-
angled triangle , and it gets rotated around one of its two short sides.

The side it rotates around is the axis of the cone.

Surface Area of a Cone

Surface Area = π × r × (r + s)

Which is made up of:

 Surface Area of Base = π × r2

 Surface Area of Side = π × r × s
 OR Surface Area of Side = π × r × √(r2+h2)

Volume of a Cone

 Volume = 1/3 π × r2 × h