14.5.

8 U-shaped convolutions circumferentially welded at their crest or root (Austenitic

steel)

The calculation pressure: P 1,5 [Mpa]

The test pressure: Ptest 2 [Mpa]
The minimum yield strength or 1,0% proof strength at
calculation temperature (bellows): Rp1,0T 450 [Mpa]

The minimum tensile strength (bellows): Rm 800 [Mpa]

Joint coefficient: z 1 []
The minimum yield strength or 1,0% proof strength at
calculation temperature (collar): Rp1,0Tc 355 [Mpa]

The minimum tensile strength (collar): Rmc 470 [Mpa]

The crest convolution radius: ric 50 [mm]
The root convolution radius: rir 50 [mm]
The nominal thickness of one ply: ep 12 [mm]
The number of plies: np 1 []
The number of convolutions: N 4 []
The off-set angle of the sidewalls: α 15 [°]
Length cylindrical part at the root: mi 15 [mm]
Length cylindrical part at the crest: me 10 [mm]
The inside diameter of bellows convolution and end
tangents: Di 1200 [mm]
The convolution height: w 250 [mm]
The end tangent reinforcing collar thickness: ec 0 [mm]
The end tangent length: Lt 35 [mm]
The bellows collar length: Lc 0 [mm]
The modulus of elasticity of bellows material at design
temperature: Eb 210000 [Mpa]
The modulus of elasticity of bellows material at room
temperature: E0 195000 [Mpa]
The Poisson's ratio of the bellows material: νb 0,3 []
The modulus of elasticity of collar material at design
temperature: Ec 210000 [Mpa]
𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑟 ; 𝑟
≥ 0,9
𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑟 ; 𝑟 1,000 yes
The internal radius of torus at the crest and root of U-
shaped convolutions:
𝑟 +𝑟
𝑟 =
2
ri 50 [mm]
𝑟 ≥ 3𝑒 36,0 yes
−15° ≤ 𝛼 ≤ +15° yes
𝐷
𝑤≤
3 400,0 yes
The bellows nominal thickness:
𝑒 =𝑛 ∗𝑒
e 12 [mm]
𝐿 − 𝐿 ≤ 0,5 𝑒 ∗ 𝐷 yes
𝑚 ≤ 0,2 𝐷 ∗ 𝑒 26,5 yes
𝑚 ≤ 0,2 𝐷 ∗ 𝑒 26,5 yes
The nominal design stress for normal operating cases
(bellows):
𝑅 , 𝑅 , 𝑅
𝑓 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥 ; 𝑚𝑖𝑛 ;
1,5 1,2 3
𝑅 , 𝑅 , 𝑅
𝑓 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥 ; 𝑚𝑖𝑛 ; ∗ 0,9: 𝑧 ≤ 0,7
1,5 1,2 3
f 300,0 [Mpa]
The nominal design stress for test cases (bellows):

𝑅 , 𝑅
𝑓 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥 ;
1,05 2
ftest 428,6 [Mpa]
The nominal design stress for normal operating cases
(collar):
𝑅 , 𝑅 , 𝑅
𝑓 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥 ; 𝑚𝑖𝑛 ;
1,5 1,2 3
fc 236,7 [Mpa]
The nominal design stress for test cases (collar):

𝑅 , 𝑅
𝑓 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥 ;
1,05 2
ftestc 338,1 [Mpa]
The mean diameter of end tangent reinforcing collar:
𝐷 = 𝐷 + 2𝑒 + 𝑒
Dc 1224 [mm]

The mean diameter of bellows convolution:

𝐷 =𝐷 +𝑤+𝑒
Dm 1462 [mm]
The thickness of one ply, corrected for thinning during
forming:
𝐷
𝑒∗ = 𝑒
𝐷
ep* 10,872 [mm]
The bellows thickness, corrected for thinning during
forming:
𝑒∗ = 𝑛 ∗ 𝑒∗
e* 10,872 [mm]

The factor considering the stiffening effect of the

attachment weld and the end convolution on the
pressure capacity of the end tangent:
𝐿
𝑘 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛 ; 1,0
1,5 𝐷 ∗ 𝑒
k 0,194 []
The convolution pitch:
𝑞 = 4𝑟 + 2𝑒
q 224 [mm]
The cross sectional area of one convolution:
𝜋−2
𝐴= 𝑞 + 2𝑤 ∗ 𝑒 ∗
2
2
A 6825,9 [mm ]
Coefficient:
𝑞
𝐶 =
2𝑤
C1 0,448 []
Coefficient:
𝑞
𝐶 =
2,2 𝐷 ∗ 𝑒 ∗
C2 0,808 []
Coefficient: α0 0,201 []
Coefficient: α1 2,317 []
Coefficient: α2 -5,956 []
Coefficient: α3 7,594 []
Coefficient: α4 -4,945 []
Coefficient: α5 1,299 []
Coefficient:
𝐶 =∝ +∝ 𝐶 +∝ 𝐶 +∝ 𝐶 +∝ 𝐶 +∝ 𝐶
Cp 0,551 []
Coefficient: β0 0,997 []
Coefficient: β1 0,621 []
Coefficient: β2 -0,907 []
Coefficient: β3 2,429 []
Coefficient: β4 -2,901 []
Coefficient: β5 1,361 []
Coefficient:
𝐶 = 𝛽 +𝛽 𝐶 +𝛽 𝐶 +𝛽 𝐶 +𝛽 𝐶 +𝛽 𝐶
Cf 1,219 []
Coefficient: γ0 1,001 []
Coefficient: γ1 0,953 []
Coefficient: γ2 3,924 []
Coefficient: γ3 -8,773 []
Coefficient: γ4 10,444 []
Coefficient: γ5 -4,749 []
Coefficient:
𝐶 =𝛾 +𝛾 𝐶 +𝛾 𝐶 +𝛾 𝐶 +𝛾 𝐶 +𝛾 𝐶
Cd 1,762 []
The meridional bending stress for calculation pressure:
1 𝑤
𝜎 , 𝑃 = ∗ ∗ ∗𝐶 ∗𝑃
2𝑛 𝑒
σm,b(P) 218,4 [Mpa]

The meridional bending stress for test pressure:

1 𝑤
𝜎 , 𝑃 = ∗ ∗ ∗𝐶 ∗𝑃
2𝑛 𝑒
σm,b(Ptest) 291,2 [Mpa]
The circumferential membrane stress for calculation
pressure: - for intermediate convolutions:
1 𝑞−𝑚 ∗𝐷 +𝑚 ∗𝑤+𝑚 ∗ 𝐷 +𝑒
𝜎 , 𝑃 = ∗ ∗𝑃 ≤𝑓
2 𝐴 + 𝑒∗ 𝑚 + 𝑚
σθ,I(P) 34,5 [Mpa]
The circumferential membrane stress for test pressure:
- for intermediate convolutions:
1 𝑞−𝑚 ∗𝐷 +𝑚 ∗𝑤+𝑚 ∗ 𝐷 +𝑒
𝜎 , 𝑃 = ∗ ∗𝑃 ≤𝑓
2 𝐴 + 𝑒∗ 𝑚 + 𝑚
σθ,I(Ptest) 46,0 [Mpa]

The in-plane stress instability stress radio:

𝜎 ,
𝛿=
3𝜎 ,
δ 2,1 []

The in-plane stress instability stress interaction factor:

𝛼 = 1 + 2𝛿 + 1 − 2𝛿 + 4𝛿
α 18,4 []

The circumferential true strain caused by deformation:

For hydraulic or similar processes where the forming is

performed 100% to the outside of the initial cylinder: A

For roll forming processes with 50% forming to the

inside and 50% to the outside of the initial cylinder: B

For half-convolutions manufactured from ring plate by

roller bending or other methods, where the maximum
strain occurs at the inner crest: C

The circumferential true strain caused by deformation: A []

- For hydraulic or similar processes where the forming
is performed 100% to the outside of the initial
cylinder:
𝑊
𝑠 = ln 1 + 2
𝐷

- For roll forming processes with 50% forming to the

inside and 50% to the outside of the initial cylinder:
𝑊
𝑠 = ln 1 +
𝐷

- For half-convolutions manufactured from ring plate

by roller bending or other methods, where the
maximum strain occurs at the inner crest:
𝜋
− 1 2𝑟 + 𝑒
𝑠 = − ln 1 − 2
𝐷 +𝑒
sθ 0,348 []
The bending component of the true strain caused:
𝑒
𝑠 = ln 1 +
2𝑟 + 𝑒
sb 0,102 []
The strain caused by deformation during
manufacturing:
𝑠 = 1,04 𝑠 + 𝑠
sd 0,377 []

The circumferential membrane stress due to pressure

for calculation pressure (the end tangent):
1 𝐷 +𝑒 ∗𝐿 ∗𝐸 ∗𝑘
𝜎 , 𝑃 = ∗ ∗𝑃 ≤𝑓
2 𝑒∗ 𝐷 +𝑒 ∗𝐿 ∗𝐸 +𝑒 ∗𝐷 ∗𝐿 ∗𝐸 ∗𝑘
σθ,t(P) 14,7 [MPa]

The circumferential membrane stress due to pressure

for test pressure (the end tangent):
1 𝐷 +𝑒 ∗𝐿 ∗𝐸 ∗𝑘
𝜎 , 𝑃 = ∗ ∗𝑃 ≤𝑓
2 𝑒∗ 𝐷 +𝑒 ∗𝐿 ∗𝐸 +𝑒 ∗𝐷 ∗𝐿 ∗𝐸 ∗𝑘
σθ,t(Ptest) 19,6 [MPa]

The circumferential membrane stress due to pressure

for calculation pressure (collar):
1 𝐷 ∗𝐿 ∗𝐸 ∗𝑘
𝜎 , 𝑃 = ∗ ∗𝑃 ≤𝑓
2 𝑒∗ 𝐷 +𝑒 ∗𝐿 ∗𝐸 +𝑒 ∗𝐷 ∗𝐿 ∗𝐸 ∗𝑘
σθ,c(P) 15,0 [MPa]
The circumferential membrane stress due to pressure
for test pressure (collar):
1 𝐷 ∗𝐿 ∗𝐸 ∗𝑘
𝜎 , 𝑃 = ∗ ∗𝑃 ≤𝑓
2 𝑒∗ 𝐷 +𝑒 ∗𝐿 ∗𝐸 +𝑒 ∗𝐷 ∗𝐿 ∗𝐸 ∗𝑘
σθ,t(Ptest) 20,0 [MPa]
The circumferential membrane stress for calculation
pressure: - for end convolutions:
1 𝑞 − 𝑚 ∗ 𝐷 + 𝑚 ∗ 𝑤 + 𝐿 + 𝑚 /2 𝐷 + 𝑒
𝜎 , 𝑃 = ∗ ∗𝑃 ≤𝑓
2 𝐴 + 𝑒 ∗ ∗ 𝑚 + 𝐿 + 𝑚 /2
σθ,E(P) 36,5 [MPa]
The circumferential membrane stress for test pressure:
- for end convolutions:
1 𝑞 − 𝑚 ∗ 𝐷 + 𝑚 ∗ 𝑤 + 𝐿 + 𝑚 /2 𝐷 + 𝑒
𝜎 , 𝑃 = ∗ ∗𝑃 ≤𝑓
2 𝐴 + 𝑒 ∗ ∗ 𝑚 + 𝐿 + 𝑚 /2
σθ,E(Ptest) 48,6 [MPa]
The meridional membrane stress for calculation
pressure:
𝑤
𝜎 , 𝑃 = ∗𝑃
2𝑒 ∗ σm,m(P) 17,2 [MPa]

The meridional membrane stress for test pressure:

𝑤
𝜎 , 𝑃 = ∗𝑃
2𝑒 ∗
σm,m(Ptest) 23,0 [MPa]
Effective stress concentration factor:

for annealed bellows (without cold work) 3

for as-formed bellows (with cold work) 1,5

Effective stress concentration factor: Kf 3 []

𝜎 , 𝑃 +𝜎 , 𝑃 ≤𝐾 ∗𝑓 235,6 yes
𝜎 , 𝑃 +𝜎 , 𝑃 ≤ 𝐾 ∗𝑓 314,2 yes
The bellows axial rigidity:
𝜋 𝑛 𝑒∗ 1
𝐾 = ∗𝐸 ∗ ∗𝐷 ∗ ∗
2 1−𝜈 𝑁 𝑤 𝐶
Kb 8936,3 [N/mm]
Column squirm:
𝜋𝐾
𝑃 , = 0,34 ≥𝑃
𝑁∗𝑞
Ps,c 10,7 [MPa]
The bellows cold-work factor:
1+5∗𝑠 → 𝑠 ≤ 0,2
𝐾 =
2,0 → 𝑠 > 0,2
Kd 2,0 []
The effective proof stress:
𝐾 ∗𝑅 , → 𝐾 =3
𝑅∗ =
0,75 ∗ 𝑅 , → 𝐾 = 1,5
Re* 900,0 [MPa]
In-plane squirm:
𝐴 ∗ 𝑅∗
𝑃, = 𝜋−2
𝐷 𝑞 ∝
Ps,i 5,0 [MPa]
The total stress range due to cyclic loading for
calculation pressure: Δq 5 [mm]
The total stress range due to cyclic loading for test
pressure: Δqtest 10 [mm]
The specified number of fatigue cycles for calculation
pressure: Nspe 100000 []
The specified number of fatigue cycles for test
pressure: Nspetest 500 []
The meridional membrane stress for calculation
pressure:
𝐸 ∗ 𝑒∗
𝜎 , ∆𝑞 = ∆𝑞
2𝑤 ∗ 𝐶
σm,m(Δq) 3,3 [MPa]

The meridional membrane stress for test pressure:

𝐸 ∗ 𝑒∗
𝜎 , ∆𝑞 = ∆𝑞
2𝑤 ∗ 𝐶
σm,m(Δqtest) 6,5 [MPa]

The meridional bending stress for calculation pressure:

5𝐸 ∗ 𝑒 ∗
𝜎 , ∆𝑞 = ∆𝑞
3𝑤 ∗ 𝐶
σm,b(Δq) 172,8 [MPa]

The meridional bending stress for test pressure:

5𝐸 ∗ 𝑒 ∗
𝜎 , ∆𝑞 = ∆𝑞
3𝑤 ∗ 𝐶
σm,b(Δqtest) 345,6 [MPa]
The total stress range due to cyclic loading for
calculation pressure:
𝑄 = 0,7 ∗ 𝜎 , 𝑃 +𝜎 , 𝑃 + 𝜎 , ∆𝑞 +𝜎 , ∆𝑞 ∗
σeq 682,0 [MPa]
The total stress range due to cyclic loading for test
pressure:
𝑄 = 0,7 ∗ 𝜎 , 𝑃 +𝜎 , 𝑃 + 𝜎 , ∆𝑞 +𝜎 , ∆𝑞 ∗
σeqtest 1144,1 [MPa]
The allowable number of fatigue cycles for calculation
pressure:
,
𝐸 9283,3
𝜎 ≥ 1080𝑀𝑃𝑎: 𝑁 =
𝐸 𝐸
𝐸 𝜎 − 372,3
,
𝐸 10259,4
𝜎 < 1080𝑀𝑃𝑎: 𝑁 =
𝐸 𝐸
𝜎 − 297,9
𝐸
𝐸
𝜎 ≤ 297,9𝑀𝑃𝑎: 𝑁 = 10
𝐸
𝑁 ≥𝑁
Nalw 112445 []
The allowable number of fatigue cycles for test
pressure:
,
𝐸 9283,3
𝜎 ≥ 1080𝑀𝑃𝑎: 𝑁 =
𝐸 𝐸
𝜎 − 372,3
𝐸
,
𝐸 10259,4
𝜎 < 1080𝑀𝑃𝑎: 𝑁 =
𝐸 𝐸
𝜎 − 297,9
𝐸
𝐸
𝜎 ≤ 297,9𝑀𝑃𝑎: 𝑁 = 10
𝐸
𝑁 ≥𝑁
Nalwtest 6830 []
The cumulative fatigue damage index:
𝑁 𝑁
𝐷= + ≤1
𝑁 𝑁
D 0,96 []