Unit I (Syllabus – According to new CBCS Scheme-2015)

Recapitulation of Mathematics: Basics of Differentiation, Rolle’s and Lagranges Theorem, Tangents and
Normals, Indefinite Integral (Substitution, Integration using Trigonometric Identity & Integration by Parts
& Definite Integral).

Basics of Differentiation
Q.1 Define : Constant ,Arbitrary constant, Variable, Differential coefficient.
Q.2 Find the differentiation of the following functions using first principle
(i) f ( x) = x n (ii) f ( x) = sin x (iii) f ( x) = e x (iv) f ( x) = a x (v) f ( x) = cos x (vi)sinx
(vii) loge x (viii) cosecx
Product Rule
Q.3 State and prove product rule (By first principle).
Q.4 Find the differentiation of the following functions
(i) x 2 log x (ii) sin x.log x (iii) x 3 sin x. e x (iv) (1 + 3 x 2 )(1 − 5 x 3 ) (v) −2 (vi) x tanx logx
(vii) logx .sinx (viii) sin x.sin 2x.sin3x
Quotient Rule
Q.5 State and prove quotient rule (By first principle).
Q.6 Find the differentiation of the following functions
e x + sin x 1 + tan x a+ x y − x2 ex e x + e− x
(i) (ii) (iii) (iv) 2 (v) 2 (vi) x − x
1 + loge x 1 − tan x a− x x −y x e −e
Chain Rule (Differentiation of a function of a function)
Q.7 State and prove Chain rule(By first principle).
Q.8 Find the differentiation of the following functions
 x
(i) (2 – x3)4 (ii) (iii) sinax (iv) cosax (v) sinx3 (vi) esinx (vii)log log sinx (viii) log tan( + )
4 2
(ix) sin x (x) sec x (xi) tan (2x+3) (xii) sin (cosx2)
−2 x −2 x esin x x
Q.9 Differentiate the following (i) −2e + 5 log 5.(−2) (ii) n
.(iii) sin x 0 (= sin )
sin x 180
1 − cos mx (3t − 5) 7
(iv) log (v) y = cos2 x + cos x 2 .(vi) y = (ln x)3 + ln x 3 (vii) y = ln
1 + cos mx 2t + 1
(ix) y = 2 ln( x 4 − 2) + 2 log 3 ( x 4 − 2)
sin x n esin x .cos x − esin x cos x n .nx n −1 
Ans: (i) −2e−2 x + 5−2 x log 5.(−2) (ii) 2 n
(iii) cos x 0 (iv) m cosec mx
sin x 180
Differentiation of Implicit functions:
Q.10 Find dy/dx , If (i) y+sin y = cosx (ii) x3 + y 3 = 3xy (iii) x 1 + y + y 1 + x = 0 (iv)
y = x sin(a + y)

(v) x n + y n = a n (vi) e x − y = log( ) (vii) x + y = a2 / 3

x 2/3 2/3

y
y − x2 sin 2 (a + y ) x n −1 y ( xe x − y − 1)
1/ 3
1  y
Ans: (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) − n −1
(vi) x− y
(vii)  − 
x −y
2
(1 + x) 2
sin a y x ( ye − 1)  x
Q.11 Differentiate w.r.t x. Where a is a positive constant.
Differentiation logarithmic properties:
dy
Q.12 Find for the functions (i) y = (sin x) tan x (ii) y=(cosx)log x (iii)y= x x (iv) y=(sinx)sinx (v) (logx)sinx
dx
 (vi) yx = xy
Ans: (i) (sin x) [sec x.log x + 1] (ii) (cos x)log x [
tan x 2 log cos x
− tan x.log x] (iii) x x [1 + log x]
x
sin x y x
(iv) (sinx)sinx .cosx[1+log sinx] (v) (log x)sin x [ + cos x.log(log x)] (vi) ( − log y ) /( − log x)
x log x x y
Q.13 Differentiate w.r.t ‘x’ (i) x + (sin x) (ii) x + a + x (iii) x + (sin x) (iv)
log x x x x a sin x x

y = x x + (sin x)sin x
(v) (tan x)cot x + (cot x) tan x
Ans: (i) x log x −1.log x 2 + (sin x) x [ x cot x + log sin x] (ii) x x (1 + log x) + a x log a + ax a −1
sin x
(iii) xsin x [ + log x cos x] + (sin x) x [ x cot x + log sin x] (iv) x x (1 + log x) + (sin x)sin x .cos x(log sin x)
x
(v) (tan x) .cos ec 2 x[1 − log tan x] + (cot x) tan x sec 2 x[log cot x − 1]
cot x

Differentiation of Infinite series:

Q.14 Find dy/dx of the following
x x........... x + e x + ,,,,,,,,,,
(i) y = x x (ii) y = e x + e (iii) sin x + sin x + sin x + ........
x )( x )............... (sin x ).............
(iv) x + x + x + .......... (v) ( x )( (vi) (sin x)(sin x)
1 y cos x 1 y2 y 2 cot x
Ans: (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) (vi)
x(1 − y log x) 1− y 2 y −1 2 y −1 x (2 − y log x ) 1 − y log sin x
Differentiation of parametric functions:
Q.15 Find dy/dx (i) x = a sec , y = b tan  (ii) x = a(cos t + log t / 2) , y = b sin t (iii)
1 t2
x= , y=
1+ t 1+ t
(iv) y = a(sin  −  cos ) , x = a(cos  +  sin  ) (v) x=at2 , y=2at
b 1
Ans: (i) cos ec (ii) b/a (tan t/2) (iv) tan  (v) −
a 2at 3
Rolle’s and Lagranges Theorem:
Q.16 Verify Rolle’s theorem for y = x2+2 , a=-2 and b=2.
Q.17 Examine Rolle’s theorem for the function f(x)=│x│in the interval [-1, 1].
Q.18 Examine Rolle’s theorem for the function f(x)=x3-6x2+11x-6 .
Q.19 Verify Mean value theorem for y = x2 in the interval [2,4].
Q.20 If f is continuous on [a,b] , differentiable on (a,b) and f’(x)=0, for all x in [a,b], then show that f is
a constant function.
Q.21 Find c of cauchy’s mean value theorem for the following pair of functions in [a,b] , f(x)= ex ,
(x)= e-x.
Q.22 Deduce from cauchy’s mean value theorem f(b)-f(a)= c f’(c) log (b/a).
Tangent and Normal:
x2 y2
Q.23 Find the equation of tangent at the point (x,y) for the following (i) 2
+ 2
= 1 (ii) y 2 = 4ax
a b
xX yY
Ans: (i) 2
+ = 1 (ii) yY = 2a( X + x)
a b2
x2 y2
Q.24 Find the equation of tangent at the point (a cos  , b sin  ) for the curve + =1
a2 b2
Ans: bx cos  + ay sin  = ab
Q.25 Find the equation of the tangent at the point ‘t’ for the curve x=a(t+sint), y=a(1-cost).
Ans: y-a(1-cost)= tant/2. [x-a(t+sint)]
Q.26 Find the equation of the tangent to the curve y=(x3-1)(x-2) at the points ,where it cuts the x- axis.
Also find the angle between the tangents.
Q.27 Find the equation of the tangent to the curve y=be-x/a at the point where it cuts the y- axis.
Q.28 Find the equation of the tangent to the circle x2+y2+6x-8y+5=0 which is parallel to the line
x+2y-3=0.
n n
 x  y x y
Q.29 Prove that the curve   +   = 2 touches the straight line + = 2 at the point (a, b), whatever
a b a b
the value of n.
x2 y2
Q.30 Prove that the straight line x cos  + y sin  = p touch the ellipse + = 1 is
a2 b2
p 2 = a 2 cos 2  + b 2 sin 2  .
Q.31 If p and q are the intersepts on the axes made by the tangent at any point (x,y) on the curve
x / a + y / b = 1 , then show that p / a + q / b = 1 .
Q.32 Find the equation of tangent and normal at the point ‘t’ of the curve x = a cos3 t , y = a sin 3 t .
Q.33 Show that the condition that the curve ax 2 + by 2 = 1 and a ' x 2 + b ' y 2 = 1 should intersect orthogonally
1 1 1 1
is that − = −
a b a' b'
n / n−1 n / n−1
 x  y
Q.34 Prove that the condition that x cos  + y sin  = p should touch   +  = 1 is
a b
(a cos  ) + (b sin  ) = p .
n n n

Integral Calculus:
Integration by substitution:
x3 x2
Q.35 Evaluate (i)  4 x + 3 dx (ii)  1 + x8 dx (iii)  ( x + 2)3 dx
 x sin x dx  tan(3x + 2) dx
2
Q.36 Evaluate (i) (ii)
cot x sin x cos x e tan −1x cos x
Q.37 Evaluate (i)  log sin x dx (ii)  a cos2 x + b sin 2 xdx (iii)  1 + x 2 dx (iv)  x
dx (v)

1
 x log x(log log x)dx
x tan −1 x 2
 tan xdx (Hint: tan x = tan x.tan x = tan x(sec x − 1) )(vii)  1 + x 4 dx
4 4 2 2 2 2
(vi)

cos x − sin x x sin −1 x x tan −1 x

(viii)  dx (ix)  dx (x)  cos4 x dx (xi)  dx
cos x + sin x 1 − x2 (1 + x 2 )3/ 2

1 a 1 1 e x + e− x
Q.38 Evaluate (i) 
ex + 1
dx (ii)  be x + c dx (iii)  e x + e− x dx (iv)  (e x − e − x ) 2 dx (v)  e x − e− x dx
 x e−1 + e x −1
 xe + e x dx
(vi)

Integration by trigonometric substitution

1
Q.39 Integrate (i)  a 2 − x 2 dx (ii)  a 2 + x 2 dx (iii)  x 2 − a 2 dx (iv)  dx (v)
x + a2
2

1 1 2x 2x

−1 −1

a −x 2 2
dx (vi)  x 2 + a 2 dx (vii)  sin
1+ x 1 − x2
dx 2
dx (viii)  tan
1 x 1
Ans: (i) [ x a 2 − x 2 + a 2 sin −1 ] (ii) [ x x 2 + a 2 + a 2 log( x + x 2 + a 2 )]
2 a 2
1 1 x
(iii) [ x x 2 − a 2 + a 2 log( x − x 2 + a 2 )] (iv) log( x + a2 + x2 ) (v) [ x a 2 − x 2 + a 2 sin −1 ]
2 2 a
1 x
(vi) tan −1 (vii) 1 1 1 1 (viii) 2 x tan −1 x − log(1 + x 2 ) + c
a a − = −
a b a' b'
Integration by making Partial Fractions:
2 x − 19 x2 + 1 3x 2 + 3x + 1 3x + 5
Q.40 Evaluate (i)  2 dx (ii)  2 dx (iii)  3 dx (iv)  3 dx
x + x−6 x −1 x + 2x + x
2
x − x2 − x + 1
Integration taking 1 as a second function:
Q.41 Evaluate (i)  log xdx (ii)  log(1 + x2 )dx (iii)  tan −1 xdx (iv)  sin −1 xdx
1
Ans: (i) x(logx-1) (ii) x log(1 + x 2 ) − 2 x + 2 tan −1 x (iii) x tan −1 x − log(1 + x 2 ) + c (iv)
2
x sin −1 x + 1 − x2
Miscellaneous problems:
sin x
Q.42 Evaluate(i)  dx (ii)  x sin
−1
xdx (iii)  eax sin bxdx (iv)  eax cos bxdx
sin( x −  )
e (tan x − log cos x)dx (vi) e (sin x + cos x)dx (vii)  sec3 xdx
x x
(v)

1 2 −1 1 1
Ans : (i) x cos  + sin  log sin( x −  ) (ii) x sin x − sin −1 x + x 1 − x 2
2 4 4
e ax e ax
(iii) [a sin bx − b cos bx] (iv) [a cos bx + b sin bx] (v) e x log sec x + c (vi) e x sin x + c
a +b2 2
a +b
2 2

Definite Integral:
1 a  /2  /4
1− x 1
Q.43 Evaluate (i)  ( )dx (ii)  dx (iii) 
2
cos x sin xdx (iv)  tan 6 x sec 2 xdx
0
1+ x 0 a −x
2 2
0 0
1
Ans: (i) -1+2 log 2 (ii) sin − 1 (iii)1/3 (iv)1/7
a
Definite Integral using Properties:
 /2  /2  
sin x x x tan x x sin x
Q.44 Evaluate (i)  dx (ii)  dx (iii)  sec x + tan x dx (iv)  1 + cos2 xdx
0 sin x + cos x 0
sin x + cos x 0 0
 /4  /2  /2  /2
sin x
(v)  log(1 + tan x)dx (vi)  sin x + cos x
dx (vii)  log sin xdx (viii)  sin 2 x log tan xdx
0 0 0 0
   2  
Ans: (i)  / 4 (ii) log[ 2 − 1] (iii)  ( − 1) (iv) (v) log 2 (vi)  / 4 (vii) − log 2 (viii)0
2 2 2 4 8 2
Unit II (Syllabus – According to new CBCS Scheme-2015)
Ordinary Derivatives & Applications: Expansion of functions by Maclaurin’s &
Taylor’s Theorem (One Variable), Maxima and Minima of functions of two variables,
Curvature (Radius, Center & Circle of Curvature for Cartesian Coordinates), Curve
Tracing.

Maclaurin and Taylor’s Series/Theorem

Q.45 State and prove Taylor’s theorem and expend logex in powers of (x-1) also find log (1.1)
( x − 1) ( x − 1) ( x − 1)
2 2 2

Ans : log x = ( x − 1) − + − + ........ , log(1.1) =0.095308 [ RGPV-JUNE 2003,DEC 2006,2007, 2010,MAR

2 2 2
2010

Q.46 Expand exsinx in power of x by Maclaurin’s theorem as far as xm .

x2 3x 4
Ans : e
sin x
= 1+ x + − + ........ RGPV-FEB 2005
1.2 1.2.3.4 [ANS: ]
1+ x
Q.47 Expand log power of x by Maclaurin’s theorem . [June 2014 (2)]
1− x
Q.48 IF loge secx= x2/2 +Ax4+Bx6 Find A & B . RGPV. DEC 2004,June
2015(2)
Q.49 Expand log(1+ ex) in ascending power of x as far as the term containing x4. RGPV-JUNE 2005,
FEB 2008
Q.50 Prove by Maclaurin’s theorem that esinx = 1+x+x2/2-x4/8 ……… RGPV-JUNE 2002 ,
APRIL 2009
−1
Q.51 Expand e a sin x
by Maclaurin’s theorem. and prove that

1 2
Where  = sin
−1
e = 1 + sin  + sin 2  + sin 3  + ..... x. RGPV-FEB 2004 , APRIL
2 3
2009

Q.52 Expand tanx by Maclaurin’s theorem & hence find the value of tan46030’ upto four decimal
places.
Q.53 State and prove Taylor’s theorem . RGPV-DEC
2010
Q.54 log (x+h) = logh+x/h-x2/2h2+x3/3h3+………. RGPV-FEB 2007, June
2015(2)
Q.55 Expand tanx in power of (x- 𝜋/4) by Taylor’s theorem. RGPV-
JUNE 2004
Q.56 Expand sinx in power of (x- 𝜋/2) by Taylor’s theorem RGPV-DEC
2005
Q.57 Find the Taylor’s theorem of the function about the point 𝜋/3, f(x)=log cosx. RGPV-DEC
2003
Q.58 Expand tan(x+ 𝜋/4) as far as the term x4 and evaluate tan46.50 up four significant digits. RGPV-FEB
2006

Ans : tan 46.5o =1.05375

Q.59 Prove that, tan-1(x+h)= tan-1x+h(sinz)sinz/1-(hsinz)2sin2z/2+(hsinz)3sin3z/3+……………Where,
z=cot-1x [RGPV-
JUNE 2001, SEP 2009]

Q.60 Compute the approximate value of (11)1/2 to four decimal place by taking the first five terms of
an approximate Taylor's expansion. [Dec.
2014 (7)]
2 2.22 4 2.22 .42 6
Q.61 Prove that (sin −1 x) 2 = x 2 + x + x + ....................
2! 4! 6!
2 2.22 2.22 .42
And hence deduce that ( ) 2 = sin 2  + sin 4  + sin 6  + .................... [June
2! 4! 6!
2013]
MAXIMA AND MINIMA OF TWO VARIABLES
Q.62 Write necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of Maxima or Minima of F(x ,y) at (a,b).
Q.63 Discuss the maxima and minima of the function: x3+y3-2x-12y+20. RGPV-JUEN 2004 ,FEB
2005,DEC 2010
Q.64 Examine the function x3+y3-3axy for maxima and minima. RGPV- JUNE 2004
,FEB 2005
Q.65 Find the maximum or minimum value of x3y2(1-x-y). RGPV-DEC 2002 , FEB 2007 [Ans : Ans: F max=1/432.
Q.66 Find the maximum or minimum value of x3+y3-3xy.[ Ans : F min(1,1)=-1][DEC 2003, Dec. 2014(3)June
2015(3), June 2014(3)

a3 a3
Q.67 Discuss the maximum or minimum value of the function u = xy + + .
x y
Q.68 Find the maxima or minima of the function u = sin x sin y sin( x + y)
Q.69 Find the maxima or minima of the function u = sin x + sin y + sin( x + y)
RADIUS OF CURVATURE

Q.70 Formule of Radius and centre of Curvature in (i) Cartesian form (ii) Parametric form (iii) Polar
form.
Q.71 Find out the radius of curvature at the point (x ,y) of the parabola y2=4ax
Q.72 Prove that the radius of curvature at any point t of the curves x = a (t + sint ) , y = a (1 − cost ) is given by
t
 = 4a cos
2
a
Q.73 Find out the radius of curvature at the point (r ,  ) of the curve r = a cos . Ans :  =
.
2
Q.74 Prove that the radius of curvature for the catenary y=c cosh(x/c) is equal to the portion of normal
intersepted between the curve and the axis and that it varies as the squre of the ordinate. [June
2014(7)]
a 2 b2
x y 2
Q.75 Prove that for the ellipse 2 + 2 = 1 ,
2
 = 3 , where p is the length of Perpendicular from
a b p
centre
upon the tangent at (x,y) .
Q.76 Prove that the radius of curvature of the point (acos3θ, asin3θ)of the curve x 2/3+y2/3=a2/3 is
3asinθcosθ.
RGPV-DEC 2002, JUNE 2005
Q.77 Prove that the radius of curvature of the point ‘t’ of the curve x=3acost-acos3t, y=3asint-asin3t is
3asint. RGPV-
JUNE 2004

x2 y 2
Q.78 In the ellipse + = 1 , show that the radius of curvature at an end of the major axis is equal
a 2 b2
to the semi-latus rectum of the ellipse. RGPV-DEC
2000
Q.79 Prove that the radius of curvature at any point‘t’ of the cycloid x = a(t + sin t ) , y = a(1 − cos t ) is
t
given by  = 4a cos .
2
RGPV-DEC 2010
Q.80 If ρ1and ρ2be the radii of curvature at the extremities of two conjugate diameters of an Ellipse,
prove that, (ρ12/3+ ρ12/3)a2/3=a2+b2 RGPV-DEC 2003, June
2015 (7)
Q.81 Find the radius of curvature at the point (r,θ) of the curve r = acosθ. RGPV-DEC
2007
an
Q.82 Show that the radius of curvature for the curve r n = a n cos n is .
(n + 1)r n −1
Q.83 Determine the curvature of the parabola y 2 = 2 px at
(i) an arbitrary point (x,y) (ii) at the point (p/2,p)(iii) at the point (0,0) [June 2013]
Curve Tracing

Q.84 Trace the curve y2( 2a-x) = x3.

Q.85 Trace the curve y2( a2+ x2) = x2 (a2- x2).
Q.86 Trace the curve y2(y2+ x2) +a2 (x2- y2) =0
Q.87 Trace the curve y( a2+ x2) = a2x
Q.88 Trace the cardioids r = a (1+cos)
Q.89 Trace the cardioids r = a+ b cos
Q.90 Trace the cardioids r2 = a2 cos2
Q.91 Trace the cardioids r = a sin2
Q.1 (a) Write the Statement of Roll’s Theorem. (1)
(b) Find the differentiation of the following function y= sec x . (2)

(c) Find the differentiation of the following functions y=(cosx)log x (3)

(d) Find the differentiation of the following functions using first principle f ( x) = x n (6)
OR Differentiate the following y= (tan x)cot x + (cot x) tan x
Q.2 (a) Find the differentiation of the following function x n + y n = a n (1)
(b) Find dy/dx for the following function y= sin x (2)
(c) Find dy/dx for the following function y = xx (3)
(d) Find the differentiation of the following functions y = x x + (sin x)sin x (6)
OR Verify Rolle’s theorem for y = x2+2 , a=-2 and b=2
Q.3 (a) Give the statement of Mean value theorem. (1)
(b) x tan −1 x (2)
Evaluate  dx
(1 + x 2 )3/ 2
(c) a (3)
Evaluate  x dx
be + c
(d) x2 y2 (6)
Find the equation of tangent at the point (x,y) for the following (i) 2 + 2 = 1
a b
OR sin x
Evaluate  dx
sin( x −  )
 x sin x dx
Q.4 (a) 2 (1)
Evaluate

e
(b) ax (2)
Write the formula for sin bxdx
(c) cos x − sin x (3)
Evaluate  cos x + sin x dx
(d) x2 y2 (6)
Prove that the straight line x cos  + y sin  = p touch the ellipse + = 1 is
a2 b2
p 2 = a 2 cos 2  + b 2 sin 2  .
 /2
sin x
OR Evaluate (i)  sin x + cos x
dx
0
Q.5 (a) Give the statement Taylor’s theorem. (1)
(b) Expend logex in powers of (x-1) . (2)
(c) IF loge secx= x2/2 +Ax4+Bx6 Find A & B (3)
(d) −1 x (6)
Expand ea sin by Maclaurin’s theorem.
OR
Expand tan(x+ 𝜋/4) as far as the term x4 and evaluate tan46.50 up four significant digits

Q.1 (a) Write the Chain Rule.

(b) Find the differentiation of the following function y= sin x.log x .
 (c) Find the differentiation of the following functions y= sin x
(d) Find the differentiation of the following functions using first principle f ( x) = sin x
OR
Differentiate the following sin x + sin x + sin x + ........
Q.2 (a) Find the differentiation of the following function y=log log sinx
(b) Find dy/dx for the following function y+sin y = cosx
(c) Find dy/dx for the following function yx = xy
(d) Find the differentiation of the following functions y= (tan x)cot x + (cot x) tan x
OR Verify Mean value theorem for y = x2 in the interval [2,4].
Q.3 (a) Give the statement of mean value theorem.
(b) x tan −1 x
Evaluate  dx
(1 + x 2 )3/ 2
−1
(c) Evaluate  tan xdx
(d) Find the equation of the tangent at the point ‘t’ for the curve x=a(t+sint), y=a(1-cost).

OR 1
Evaluate  a − x2
2
dx

Q.4 (a) Find dy/dx of the function x n + y n = a n

(b) a
Evaluate  x dx
be + c
(c) cos x − sin x
Evaluate  dx
cos x + sin x
(d) n / n−1 n / n−1
 x  y
Prove that the condition that x cos  + y sin  = p should touch   +  = 1 is
a b
(a cos  ) + (b sin  ) = p .
n n n

 /2
sin x
OR Evaluate (i)  sin x + cos x
dx
0
Q.5 (a) Write the statement if Taylor’s theorem. (1)
(b) Expend logex in powers of (x-1) . (2)
(c) Expand log (x+h) = logh+x/h-x2/2h2+x3/3h3+………. (3)
−1
(d)Expand e a sin x by Maclaurin’s theorem. (6)
OR Compute the approximate value of (11)1/2 to four decimal place by taking the first five
terms of an approximate Taylor's expansion.

Maclaurin and taylor’s series/THEOREM

Q.1 State and prove Taylor’s theorem and expend log ex in powers of (x-1)also find log (1.1)
RGPV-JUNE 2003,DEC 2006,2007,
2010,MAR 201
Q2. Expand exsinx in power of x by Maclaurin’s theorem as far as xm . RGPV-FEB
2005
Q.3 IF logesecx=x2/2 +Ax4+Bx6 Find A & B . RGPV. DEC
2004
Q4. Expand lox(1+ ex) in ascending power of x as far as the term containing x 4. RGPV-JUNE 2005, FEB
2008
Q.5 Prove by Maclaurin’s theorem that esinx =1+x+x2/2-x4/8 . RGPV-JUNE 2002 ,
APRIL 2009
Q.6 Expand easin-1x by Maclaurin’s theorem. RGPV-FEB 2004 , APRIL
2009
Q.7 Expand tanx by Maclaurin’s theorem & hence find the value of tan46030’ upto four decimal
places.
Q. 8 State and prove Taylor’s theorem . RGPV-DEC
2010
Q.9 log (x+h) = logh+x/h-x2/2h2+x3/3h3+………. RGPV-FEB
2007
Q.10 Expand tanx in power of (x- 𝜋/2) by Taylor’s theorem. RGPV-JUNE
2004
Q.11 Expand sinx in power of (x- 𝜋/2) by Taylor’s theorem RGPV-DEC
2005
Q.12 Find the Taylor’s theorem of the function about the point 𝜋/3, f(x)=logcosx. RGPV-DEC
2003
Q.13 Expand tan(x+ 𝜋/4) as far as the term x4 and evaluate tan46.50 up four significant digits. RGPV-FEB
2006
Q.14 Prove that, tan-1(x+h)= tan-1x+h(sinz)sinz/1-(hsinz)2sin2z/2+(hsinz)3sin3z/3+……………….
Where,z=cot-1x RGPV-JUNE 2001, SEP
2009
PARTIAL DIFFRENTIATION

2
 z z   z z 
Q.15 If z(x+y)=x2+y 2,show that  −  = 4 1 − −  RGPV-DEC
 x y   x y 
2000

2 z
= − ( x log ex )
−1
Q.16 If x x y y z z = c, then show that at x = y = z, RGPV-DEC 2004, 2006, JUNE
xy
2008

2u 2u f ' (r )

Q.17 If u = f(r), where r2=x2+y2 ,prove that + = f ''
( r ) + RGPV-DEC 2001, JUNE
x 2 y 2 r
2006

y x 2 z x2 − y 2
Q.18 If z= x 2tan-1( ) - y2 tan-1( ) ,then prove that = 2 2 RGPV-DEC
x y yx x + y
2007
−1

Q.19 If v = ( x + y + z ) , Then prove that

2 2 2 2
RGPV-FEB 2005 , FEB
2007

v v v 2v 2v 2v

(1) x. + y. + z. = −v (2) + + =0 RGPV-JUNE 2002 , DEC
x y z x 2 y 2 z 2
2007
 2
     9
Q.20 If = log(x3+y3+z3-3xyz), show that ,  + +  u = − RGPV-JUNE 2005, 2007, FEB 2008,
 x y z  ( x + y + z)
2010

 3u
Q.21 If u = exyz , show that, = (1 + 3 xyz + x 2 y 2 z 2 )e xyz RGPV-JUNE
xyz
2001

x2 y2 z2
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
Q22 u= x y z Then evaluate; + 𝜕𝑦 + RGPV-DEC
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑧
1 1 1
2010
euler’s tHeoreM

Q.23 State and prove the Euler’s theorem.

x2 + y 2
−1 u u 1
Q. 24 If u = tan ( ) show that x +y = sin 2u RGPV-DEC
x− y x y 2
2005

x2 + y2 u u
Q. 25 If u = sin −1 .( ) ,show that . x +y = tan u RGPV-JUNE 2004, 2009, DEC
x+ y x y
2007

 x4 + y 4  u u
Q. 26 If u = log   , show that x +y =3 RGPV-JUNE
 x+ y  x y
2006

x3 + y 3
Q. 27 If u = tan −1 ( ) ,then show that RGPV-DEC 2003,FEB 2006 , 2008, APRIL
x− y
2009

u u 2u 2u 2  u
2
(1.) x +y = si n 2u (2) x 2 + 2 xy + y = 2cos3u sinu
x y x 2 xy y 2

x+ y
Q. 28 If .u = sin −1 ( ) then prove that RGPV-SEP 2009
x+ y

u u 1 2u 2u 2  u
2
− sin u.cos 2u
(1) .x +y = tan u (2). x2 + 2 xy + y =
x y 2 x 2
xy y 2
4cos3 u
ERROR AND APPROXIMAIONS

Q.29 Find the percentage error in calculating the area of a rectangle when an error of 1% is made in
measuring its length and breadth. RGPV-JUNE 2004,DEC 2005 ,JUNE
2008
Q.30 The period T of a simple pendulum is given by T=2π√l/g. Find the maximum error in T due to
possible
error upto 1% in l and 2.5% in g. RGPV-JUNE
2006
Q.31 Find the percentage error in area of an ellipse if 1% Error is made in measuring the major and
minor
axes. RGPV-JUNE
2002
Q.32 If H.P. required to propel a steamer is proportional to cube of its velocity and square of its length,
prove
that 2% increase in velocity and 3% increase in length will require an Approximately 12%
increase in H. P.
RGPV-FEB 2005
MAXIMA AND MINIMA OF TWO VARIABLES

Q.33 Discuss the maxima and minima of the function: x3+y3-2x-12y+20. RGPV-JUEN 2004 ,FEB
2005,DEC 2010
Q.34 Examine the function x3+y3-3axy for maxima and minima. RGPV- JUNE 2004
,FEB 2005
Q.35 Find the maximum or minimum value of x3y2(1-x-y). RGPV-DEC 2002 , FEB
2007
Q.36 Find the maximum or minimum value of x3+y3-3xy. RGPV-DEC
2003

a3 a3
Q.37 Discuss the maximum or minimum value of the function u = xy + + .
x y
Q.38 Find the maxima or minima of the function u = sin x sin y sin( x + y)
Q.39 Find the maxima or minima of the function u = sin x + sin y + sin( x + y)

CURVATURE

Q.40 Find out the radius of curvature at the point (x ,y) of the parabola y2=4ax
a 2 b2
Q.41
x2 y 2
Prove that for the ellipse 2 + 2 = 1 ,  = 3 , where p is the length of Perpendicular from
a b p
centre
upon the tangent at (x,y) .
Q.42 Prove that the radius of curvature of the point (acos3θ, asin3θ)of the curve x 2/3+y2/3=a2/3 is
3asinθcosθ.
RGPV-DEC 2002, JUNE 2005
Q.43 Prove that the radius of curvature of the point ‘t’ of the curve x=3acost-acos3t, y=3asint-asin3t is
3asint. RGPV-JUNE
2004

x2 y 2
Q.44 In the ellipse 2 + 2 = 1 , show that the radius of curvature at an end of the major axis is equal
a b
to the semi-latus rectum of the ellipse. RGPV-DEC
2000
Q.45 Prove that the radius of curvature at any point‘t’ of the cycloid x = a(t + sin t ) , y = a(1 − cos t ) is
t
given by  = 4a cos .
2
RGPV-DEC 2010
Q.46 If ρ1and ρ2be the radii of curvature at the extremities of two conjugate diameters of an Ellipse,
 prove that, (ρ12/3+ ρ12/3)a2/3=a2+b2 RGPV-DEC
2003
Q.47 Find the radius of curvature at the point (r,θ) of the curve r= acosθ. RGPV-DEC
2007

an
Q.48 show that the radius of curvature for the curve r n = a n cos n is .
(n + 1)r n −1

UNIT -2
Definite integral as a sum of limits
b
Q.1 Evaluate
a
 xdx. as a limit of sum.
b
Q.2 Evaluate  x dx. as a limit of sum
2

a
[RGPV June 2002, June
2006]
b
Q.3 Evaluate  e dx as a limit of sum.
x

a
[RGPV June 2004]
b
Q.4 
Evaluate sin xdx as a limit of sum.
a
[RGPV June 2007]
b
Q.5 
Evaluate cos xdx as a limit of sum
a
[RGPV June 2001]
2 2
1 n n 1
Q.6 Find the limit of the series when n →  [ + + + ........... + ]
n (n + 1) (n + 2)
3 3
8n
[RGPV June 2005]
1 1 1 1
Q.7 Evaluate Limit n →  n[ + 2 2 + 2 + ........... + 2 ]
n 2
n +1 n +2 2
n + (n − 1) 2
[RGPV June 2005]
1 1 1 1
Q.8 Evaluate Limit n →  [ + + + .......... +
n n −1
2 2
n −2
2 2
n − (n − 1)2
2
[RGPV June
2004]
1 1 1 1
Q.9 Evaluate lim[ + + + ........ + ] Ans: log 3 [RGPV 2001]
n → n n +1 n + 2 3n
1
1 2 3
Q.10 Evalute lim[(1 + )(1 + )(1 + ).......(1 + nn )] n Ans: 4/e [RGPV
n → n n n
]
 2 
1 2 32 n 2 1n −2
Q.11 Evaluate lim[(1 + )(1 + )(1 + )......(1 + )] Ans.P = 2e 2
n → n2 n2 n2 n2
[RGPV Dec.2002, Feb 2007,2008,
sept2009

BETA AND GAMMA FUNCTIONS

1
Q.13 show that  =  [RGPV
2
Dec.2005]

mn
Q.14 If If m,n>0 then prove that  (m, n) = [ RGPV
m + n
June2003,2009,Feb.2005,2010]

Q.14 LEGENDRE’S DUPLICTION FORMULA If m is positive real number then prove that ss
1 
mm + = 2 m −1  2m [RGPV
2 2
Dec.2009]
1 1
Q.15 show that n =  (log )n −1 dy . [RGPV
0 y
June2004,Dec.2007]
1 1
Q.16 Express  x m (1 − x n ) p dx the integral in terms of Beta Function and hence evaluate  x (1 − x )
5 3 10

0 0

1
Ans.= , [RGPV
396
Feb.2008]
1 1
Q.17 Express  x m (1 − x n ) p dx the integral in terms of Beta Function and hence evaluate  x (1 − x ) dx
5 3 3

0 0

1
Ans.= , [RGPV
60
Feb.2008]
1 1
Q.18 Express  x (1 − x ) dx the integral in terms of Beta Function and hence evaluate
m n p
 x (1 − x ) dx
2 2 4

0 0

128
Ans.= [RGPV Dec.2004]
3465
Q.19 Show that  (m, n) =  (m + 1, n) +  (m, n + 1) [RGPV June 2001,2004
,2008]
 (m + 1, n)  (m, n + 1)  (m, n)
Q.20 Show that = = [RGPV June 2002, 2008,Dec
m n m+n
2006]

1 n +1
x e
n − k 2 x2
Q.21 Prove that dx = n +1
 , n  −1 [RGPV April, 2009]
0
2.k 2
  5
15 
 e x 2 dx
−4 x
Q.22 Evaluate Ans: [RGPV June 2006, Feb
0
1024
2007]

 −3 x

Q.23 Evalute 
0
xe dx Ans: 4/27 [RGPV Feb 2006]

 ( x − a) (b − x)n−1 dx = (b − a)m+ n−1  (m, n)

m −1
Q.24 Evalute Show that if m ,n are positive then
a

Hint: put x-a=t [RGPV Feb 2007]


x c
c + 1
Q.25 Prove that c
0
x
dx =
(log c)c +1
,c 1 [RGPV June 2007, Dec

2007]

DOUBLE AND TRIPLE INTEGRALS

1 1
dxdy 2
Q.1 Evaluate 
0 0 1 − x2 1 − y 2
Ans.=
4
[RGPV Dec.2005]

2 x
dxdy 
Q.2 Evaluate  x
1 0
2
+ y2
Ans.=
4
log 2 [RGPV Dec.2010]

1 1+ x 2
dxdy 
Q.3 Evaluate  
0 0
1 + x2 + y 2
Ans.=
4
log(1 + 2) [RGPV Feb.2005]

e
2 x +3 y
Q.4 Evaluate dxdy over the triangle bounded by x=0,y=0 and x+y=1
R
1 3 3 2 1
[e − e + ]
Ans.= [RGPV Sept.2009]
3 2 2
2 x2 y 2
Q.5 Evaluate  ( x + y ) dxdy over the area bounded by the ellipse + = 1 [RGPV
a 2 b2
Dec.2000,Feb.2006]


Ans.= ab(a 2 + b 2 )
4

Q.6 Evaluate   ydxdy over the part of the plane bounded by the liney=x and the parabola y=4x-x2
54
Ans.= [RGPV June2008]
5
  x y dxdy where R is the region bounded by x=0,y=0 and x +y =1,x≥0,y≥0.
2 2
Q.7 Evaluate 2 2


Ans.= [RGPV Feb.2007]
96
Q.8 Evaluate   xy( x + y)dxdy where R is the region bounded by curve y=x,and y=x .
R
2

3
Ans.= [RGPV Dec.2003,2004]
56
x2 y 2
Q.9 Evaluate  R dxdy where R is the region bounded by the ellipse a2 + b2 = 1 of positive quadrant.

 ab
Ans.= [RGPVApril,2009]
4

TRIPLE INTEGRATION

4 x x+ y
Q.1 Evaluate  
2 0 0
zdxdydz Ans.=70 [RGPV June 2003]

1 1− x2 1− x 2 − y 2
1 2
Q.2 Evaluate  
0 0

0 1 − x2 − y 2 − z 2
dxdydz Ans.=
8
[RGPV Dec. 2006]

Q.3 Evaluate    ( x − 2 y + z)dxdydz

R
where R is the region determined by 0≤x≤1,0≤y≤x2 ,0≤z≤x+y.

8
Ans.= [RGPV Dec. 2003]
35
log 2 x x + log y
8 19
Q.4 Evaluate  
0 0 0
e x + y + z dxdydz Ans.=
3
log 2 − [RGPV
9
June.2008,March2010]

1 1− x 2 1− x 2 − y 2
1
Q.5 Evaluate  
0 0
0
xyzdxdydz Ans=
48

4 x x+ y
224
Q.6 Evaluate  
0 0 0
zdxdydz Ans. =
3

16 a 3
Q.7 Find the volme common to cylinders x2+y2=a2, x2+z2=a2 Ans.=
3

Q.8 Find the volume bounded by the cylinder x2+y2=4 and the planes y+z=4 and z=0

Ans.=16π
S Q.9 Find the volume enclosed between the cylinder x2+y2=ax, and z2=ax
 16 a3
Ans.=
15

CHANGE OF ORDER OF INTEGRATION


e− y
Q.1 Change the order of integration   dxdy and hence evaluate it. Ans.=1[RGPV June2009]
0 x
y

a
a a
x
Q.2 Change the order of integration  x
0 y
2
+y 2
dydx and hence evaluate it. Ans.=
4

[RGPV June 2003,2004]

1 2− x
3
Q.3 Change the order of integration 
0 x2
xydxdy and hence evaluate it. Ans.=
8

 x x2
−
1
Q.4 Change the order of integration   xe dxdy and hence evaluate it. Ans.=
y

0 0 2

1 (2 − x 2 )
x 1
Q.5 Change the order of integration  
0 x x +y
2 2
dxdy and hence evaluate it. Ans.= 1 −
2

UNIT-2
INTEGRAL CALCULUS
Points to Ponder
Definite Integral as a limit of sum: Let f(x) be single valued function defined in interval
]𝑎, 𝑏[ which is divided into n equal parts each of length h, so that 𝑛ℎ = 𝑏 − 𝑎, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛
𝑏
∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝑙𝑖𝑚 ℎ[𝑓(𝑎) + 𝑓(𝑎 + ℎ) + 𝑓(𝑎 + 2ℎ) … … … … … . +𝑓{𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)ℎ}]
𝑎 𝑛→∞
 1
𝐴𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠: ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
0
𝑛−1
1 𝑟
= 𝑙𝑖𝑚 ∑𝑓( )
𝑛→∞ 𝑛 𝑛
𝑟=0

∞ 1
Gamma function: 𝛤𝑛 = ∫0 𝑥 𝑛−1 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥 , 𝛤(𝑛 + 1) = 𝑛 𝛤𝑛, 𝛤 (2) = √𝜋 ,

𝛤𝑛 ∞ 1
1 𝑛−1 ∞
1/𝑛
= ∫ 𝑥 𝑛−1 𝑒 −𝑧𝑥 𝑑𝑥 , 𝛤𝑛 = ∫ (𝑙𝑜𝑔 ) 𝑑𝑦 , 𝛤(𝑛 + 1) = ∫ 𝑒 −𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑧𝑛 0 0 𝑦 0

𝜋 1 √𝜋
𝛤𝑛𝛤(𝑛 − 1) = , 𝛤𝑚𝛤 (𝑚 + ) = 2𝑚−1 𝛤(2𝑚),
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝜋 2 2
1 ∞
𝑚−1 (1 𝑛−1
𝑥 𝑚−1
𝑩𝒆𝒕𝒂 𝒇𝒖𝒏𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏: 𝐵(𝑚, 𝑛) = ∫ 𝑥 − 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑚+𝑛 𝑑𝑥
0 0 (1 + 𝑥)

𝜋/2 𝜋/2
2𝑚−1 2𝑛−1
𝛤𝑚 𝛤𝑛
=2 ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 = , ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑝 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑞 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
0 𝛤(𝑚 + 𝑛) 0
𝑝+1 𝑞+1
𝛤( 2 ) 𝛤( 2 )
=
𝑝+𝑞+2
2𝛤 ( )
2

𝑬𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒐𝒇 𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒂 𝒖𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒅𝒐𝒖𝒃𝒍𝒆 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒈𝒓𝒂𝒍: ∬ 𝒅𝒔 = ∬ 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒚

𝑬𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒐𝒇 𝒗𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆 𝒖𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒑𝒍𝒆 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒈𝒓𝒂𝒍: ∭ 𝒅𝒔 = ∭ 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒚𝒅𝒛

Definite integral as the limit of sum:-

 Tutorial
𝒃
Q.1 Evaluate ∫𝒂 𝒙𝒅𝒙 by definite integral as a limit of sum.
𝒃
Q.2 Evaluate ∫𝒂 𝑺𝒊𝒏𝒙𝒅𝒙 by definite integral as a limit of sum.

Assignment
𝒃
Q.1 Evaluate ∫𝒂 𝒙𝟑 𝒅𝒙 by definite integral as a limit of sum.
 𝒃
Q.2 Evaluate ∫𝒂 𝑪𝒐𝒔𝒙𝒅𝒙 by definite integral as a limit of sum.
=log(4/e).
 TUTORIAL
Q.1 Evaluate the following limit

(𝑛!)1/𝑛
𝑛
Q.2 Evaluate the following limit
𝑛−1
1
∑
𝑟=1
√𝑛2 − 𝑟 2

ASSIGNMENT
Q.1 Evaluate the following limit
 1  1 1 1 
lim 1 + + + ....+ 
n → n 2 3 n

Q.2 Evaluate the following limit

n n+r
lim ∑r=1 n2+r2
n →

Double Integral
TRIPLE INTEGRAL
Change the order integration:-
Gamma function:
In other words we can define
Gamma function:
𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑔𝑎𝑚𝑚𝑎 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦𝛤𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑙
∞
𝛤𝑛 = ∫0 𝑥 𝑛−1 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ,

Properties of Gamma function:

1. 𝛤(𝑛 + 1) = 𝑛 𝛤𝑛,

1
3. 𝛤 ( ) = √𝜋 ,
2
1
1 𝑛−1
4. 𝛤𝑛 = ∫ (𝑙𝑜𝑔 ) 𝑑𝑦,
0 𝑦
∞
1/𝑛
5. 𝛤(𝑛 + 1) = ∫ 𝑒 −𝑦 𝑑𝑦
0

𝜋
6. 𝛤𝑛𝛤(𝑛 − 1) = ,
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝜋
1 √𝜋
7. 𝛤𝑚𝛤 (𝑚 + ) = 2𝑚−1 𝛤(2𝑚),
2 2
Note: Many important functions in applied sciences are defined via improper

Integrals
 0
∞
Q.3 Evaluate x 1/2 e -x dx

0 0
∞
x 1/2 e -x dx = ∞
x 3/2-1 e -x dx = Γ(3/2)

3/2 = ½ + 1

Γ(3/2) = Γ(½+ 1) = ½ Γ(½ ) = ½ π

Beta function : The beta function denoted by β(m,n) or β(m,n) is defined

by the integral
Properties of Beta function:

Example(1)

0
1
Evaluate x4 (1 – x ) 3 dx

Solution

0
1
x 4 (1 – x ) 3 dx = x 5-1 (1 – x ) 4-1 dx

= B(5,4) = Γ(5) Γ(4) / Γ(9) = 4! . 3! / 8! = 3!/(8.7.6.5) = 1/ (8.7.5) = 1/280

Proof: We know that 𝛽(𝑚, 𝑛) = ∫01 𝑥 𝑚−1 (1 − 𝑥)𝑛−1 𝑑𝑥
Γ𝑚 Γ𝑛
𝛽 (𝑚, 𝑛) = Γ(m+n)

1
Γ𝑚 Γ𝑛
= ∫ 𝑥 𝑚−1 (1 − 𝑥)𝑛−1 𝑑𝑥
Γ(m + n) 0

Put x=sin2θ , dx=2sinθcosθdθ

Also put m=n
𝜋
( Γ𝑛)2 2𝑛−2 𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑛−2 𝜃2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑑𝜃
=∫0
𝑠𝑖𝑛
2
Γ(2n)

𝜋
( Γ𝑛)2
=2 ∫0 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑛−1 𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑛−1 𝜃𝑑𝜃
2
Γ(2n)
 Expansion of functions by Maclaurin’s and Taylor’s theorem
𝑑𝑦
Successive Differentiation: If y be any function of x then its derivative 𝑑𝑥
will be a function of x whose differentiation can be done .

Q.2 Do it your self

Leibnitz’stheorem: The nth differential coefficient of the product of two
function is conveniently evaluated by the use of this theorem.
Statements:- If u and v are two function of x if y=u.v then
Maclaurin’s Theorem:-If f(x) be a function of the variable x such that it can
be expanded in ascending power of x and this expansion can be differentiated
any number of times then.

𝑥 ′ 𝑥 2 ′′ 𝒙𝒏 (𝒏)
𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑓(0) + 𝑓 (0) + 𝑓 (0) + ⋯ . . + 𝒇 (𝟎) + ⋯ … ..
1! 2! 𝒏!
Or
x x2 xn
y= y0+1! (y1)0+ 2! (y2)0+……+ n! (yn)0+…..
We get
Q.3 Expand tanx by maclaurin’s theorem as far as x5 and hence find the
value of tan46030’ upto four decimal places.
(93)0 93 𝜋
Hint x=46030’= = 2 × 180 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑠 10 =60’
2
93 22 𝜋
= 2 × 7×180 = 0.812 ∴ 10=180 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑠

Q.4 Prove by Maclaurin’s theorem that

esinx
or
(Y5)0=(32+a2)(y3)0=(32+a2)(1+a2)a
By Maclaurin’s series
x x2 xn
y= y0+1! (y1)0+ 2! +(y2)0+……+ n! (yn)0+…..

sin-1x=
x x2 x3 x4 x5
1+ (0) + +(a)2+ +((1+a2)a+ (22+a2)a2+ =(32+a2)(1+a2)a
1! 2! 3! 4! 5!

Put a=1 and x=sinθ

𝟏 𝟐 𝟓
eθ=1+sinθ+ sin2θ+ sin3θ+ sin4θ+……
𝟐! 𝟑! 𝟒!
Taylor’s theorem: Let f(x+h) be a function of h being independent of h
which can be expanded in ascending power of h and the expansionbe
differentiable any no. of times then
ℎ ′( ℎ2 ′′ ( ℎ𝑛 (𝑛) ( )
𝑎). 𝑓(𝑥 + ℎ) = 𝑓(𝑥 ) + 𝑓 𝑥) + 𝑓 𝑥) + ⋯ . . + 𝑓 𝑥 + ⋯ … ..(1)
1! 2! 𝑛!

Put x=a in eqn(1) we get

ℎ ℎ2 ℎ𝑛
𝑓(𝑎 + ℎ) = 𝑓(𝑎) + 1! 𝑓 ′ (𝑎 ) + 𝑓 ′′ (𝑎 ) + ⋯ . . + 𝑛! 𝑓 (𝑛) (𝑎 ) + ⋯ …(2)
2!

Put a=0 and h=x in eqn (2) we get

𝑥 ′ 𝑥 2 ′′ 𝒙𝒏 (𝒏)
𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑓(0) + 𝑓 (0) + 𝑓 (0) + ⋯ . . + 𝒇 (𝟎) + ⋯ … ..
1! 2! 𝒏!
Put h=x-a in eqn(2) we get

(𝑥 − 𝑎) ′ (𝑥 − 𝑎)2 ′′ (𝑥 − 𝑎)𝑛 (𝑛)

𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑓 (𝑎 ) + 𝑓 (𝑎 ) + 𝑓 (𝑎 ) + ⋯ . . + 𝑓 (𝑎 )
1! 2! 𝑛!
+ ⋯ … ..
x replace by h and h replace by x in eqn (1) we get

𝑥 ′ 𝑥 2 ′′ 𝑥 𝑛 (𝑛)
𝑓(𝑥 + ℎ) = 𝑓(ℎ) + 𝑓 (ℎ) + 𝑓 (ℎ) + ⋯ . . + 𝑓 (ℎ) + ⋯ ….
1! 2! 𝑛!
Q.2 Expand the polynomial 2x3+7x2+x-1 in power of (x-2)
Ans 45+53(x-2)+19(x-2)2+2(x-2)3
Q.3 Expand logx in power of (x-1)by Taylor’s theorem and hence find the
value of log(1.1)
Q. If f(x)=x3-2x+5, find the value of f(2.001)
ℎ ℎ2 ℎ𝑛
Hint 𝑓(𝑥 + ℎ) = 𝑓(𝑥 ) + 1! 𝑓 ′ (𝑥 ) + 𝑓 ′′ (𝑥 ) + ⋯ . . + 𝑛! 𝑓 (𝑛) (𝑥 ) + ⋯
2!

f(2.001)=f(2+.001)
h=.001, x=2
(0.001) (0.001)2
f(2.001)= 𝑓(2) + 𝑓 ′ (2) + 𝑓 ′′ (2) + ⋯
1! 2!
 TUTORIAL
𝜋
Q.1 Find the Taylor’s series expansion of the function about the pt 3 ,
f(x)=logcosx
𝜋
Q.2 Expand tan(x+ 4 ) as far as the term x4 and evaluate tan46.50 upto four
significant digits.
ASSIGNMENT

Q.1. Expand log x in power of (x-1) and hence evaluate log1.1 correct
e

to 4 decimal places .
Q.2 . Expand log (1+ x) , by Maclaurian’s theorem
Q.3 Expand 2 + x 2 − 3x5 +7 x 6 in power of ( x − 1)

 
Q.4 Expand tan  x + 
 4
as far as the term x4 and evaluate tan 46.50 to
four significant digits .
Second Topic(Partial differentiation)
Q.4 If u=exyz, show that
𝜕3 𝑢
= (1 + 3𝑥𝑦𝑧 +(x2y2z2)
𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦𝜕𝑧
 Euler’s theorem and their application
Homogenous function: A function in which every term is of the same degree
is called a homogenous function.

Euler’s theorem for homogenous function of two variables

Statements : If f(x,y) is a homogenous function of x and y of degree n then

Or
Corollary :- If u is a H.F of degree n then,
 TUTORIAL
y y 2 ∂2 z 2
2∂ z 2∂ z
Q.1 If z=xf (x) + g (x) , show that x ∂x2 +2xy∂x ∂y +y ∂y2 =0

Q.2 If u=(√x + √y)5 , Prove that

∂2 z ∂2 z ∂2 z 15
x 2 ∂x2 +2xy∂x ∂y +y 2 ∂y2 = u
4

ASSIGNMENT
Q.1 if z=x2tan-1(y/x)-y2tan-1(x/y),then prove that

∂2 z x2 − y2
=
∂x ∂y x 2 + y 2
Q.2 If z.(x+y)=x 2 + y 2 , show that
∂z ∂z 2 ∂z ∂z
( − ) = 4(1 − − )
∂x ∂y ∂x ∂y
x2 y2 z2
Q.3 If u=| x y z | then show that ux+uy+uz=0
1 1 1
Q.4 Verify euler’s theorem for the function
U=sin-1(x/y)+tan-1(y/x)
x+ y
Q.5 If u = sin −1 , then prove that
x+ y

u u 1
x +y = tan u
x y 2
 CURVATURE
Definition of Curvature: The measure of the sharpness of the bending of a
curve at a particular pt is called curvature of the curve at the point “ i.e
greater the curvature , lesser the radius and vice versa.
C
A B
M

𝟏 𝟏
𝑪𝑷
i.e 𝑷 is called the curvature of the curve at p

Circle of Curvature: A circle whose centre of curvature CP(ρ) is called the

circle of curvature of the curve at the pt p . A chord passing through p of the
circle of curvature at p is called chord of curvature.

Formula for Radius of curvature:-

𝑑𝑠
1. In Intrinsic form: 𝜌 = 𝑑𝜑
3/2
𝑑𝑦 2
{1+ ( ) }
𝑑𝑥
2. In Cartesian form: 𝒚 = 𝒇(𝒙): 𝜌 = 𝑑 𝑦/𝑑𝑥 2
2
3/2
𝑑𝑥 2
{1+ ( ) }
𝑑𝑦
X=f(y): 𝜌 = 𝑑2 𝑥/𝑑𝑦 2
2 2 𝟑/𝟐
[(𝑥 ′ ) +(𝑦 ′ ) ]
3. In parametric form: 𝑥 ′ 𝑦 ′′ −𝑦 ′ 𝑥 ′′
 4. In pedal formula: 𝜌 = 𝑟 (𝑑𝑟 / 𝑑𝑝)
3/2
2 𝑑𝑟 2
[𝑟 +( ) ]
𝑑𝜃
5. In polar form: 𝜌 = 𝑑𝑟 𝑑2𝑟
𝑟 2 +2(𝑑𝜃)−𝑟 2
𝑑𝜃

Some important parametric form:-

Parabola Y2=4ax X=at2 Y=2at
ellipse 𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐
+𝒃𝟐 X=acos Y=bsin
𝒂𝟐

cycloid X=a(𝜽 − 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽) Y=a(1-cos𝜽)

Astroid 𝟐 X=acos3𝜽 Y=asin3 𝜽
𝒙𝟑 + 𝒚𝟐/𝟑

Cissoid Y2(a-x)=x3 X=asin2t Y=

𝒂𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟑 𝒕
𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒕

Hypo- 𝒙 𝟐/𝟑 𝒚 𝟐/𝟑 X=acos3𝒕 Y=bsin3 𝒕

( ) +( )
Cycloid 𝒂 𝒂

Note:- The circle is the only curve of constant curve.,

 𝑑𝑠
In Intrinsic form: 𝜌 = 𝑑𝜑
 3/2
𝑑𝑟 2
[𝑟 2 +( ) ]
𝑑𝜃
In polar form: 𝜌 = 𝑑𝑟 𝑑2𝑟
𝑟 2 +2(𝑑𝜃)−𝑟 2
𝑑𝜃
 Maxima and Minima

Maxima :- A function f(x) is said to have a max. value at x=a if f(a) is

greater than any other value that the function can have in a small nbd of
x=a. A function f(x,y) is said to have a maximum value at x=a, y=b
Minima : A function f(x,y ) is said to have a minimum value at x=a , x=b.

Working rule for maxima and minima of the function f(x,y)

MAXIMA AND MINIMA

Maxima and Minima for the function of one Variable:

Let us consider a function
To find the Maxima and Minima, the following procedure must be followed:

Step 1: First find the first derivative and equate to zero. i.e.

Step 2: Since is a polynomial is a polynomial equation. By solving this

equation we get roots.

Step 3: Find second derivative i.e.

Step 4: Now substitute the obtained roots in

Step 5: Depending on the Nature of at that point we will solve further. The following cases will
be there.
Maxima and Minima for the function of Two Variable
Let us consider a function
To find the Maxima and Minima for the given function, the following procedure must be followed

Maxima and Minima for the function of Two Variable

Let us consider a function
To find the Maxima and Minima for the given function, the following procedure must be followed:
Q.1 Find the maxima or minima of the function u=sinx+siny+sin(x+y)

Sol: Given u=sinx+siny+sin(x+y)……………………(1)

𝜕𝑢
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + cos(𝑥 + 𝑦)……………………………(2)
𝜕𝑥

𝜕𝑢
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦 + cos(𝑥 + 𝑦)……………………………(3)
𝜕𝑦

For maxima or minima of u we have

𝜕𝑢
= 0 ⇒ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + cos(𝑥 + 𝑦)
𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑢
= 0 ⇒ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦 + cos(𝑥 + 𝑦)
𝜕𝑦
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦 = −cos(𝑥 + 𝑦)…………………………………….(4)

𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 = −cos(𝑥 + 𝑦)…………………………………….(5)

From equation (4) and (5) we get

Cosx=cosy

x=y

Putting in eq. (4) we get

Cosx=-cos2x

Cosx=cos(π-2x)

x=(π-2x)
𝜋 𝜋
x= , y=
3 3
𝜋 𝜋
Now we discuss maxima and minima at X= 3 , y= 3

From eq. (2) and (3) we get

 𝜕2 𝑢
r=𝜕𝑥2 =-sinx-sin(x+y)

𝜕2 𝑢
s=𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 =-sin(x+y)

𝜕2 𝑢
t=𝜕𝑦2=-siny-sin(x+y)
𝜋 𝜋
at x= 3 , y= 3

r=-√3<0
−√3
s= 2

t=-√3<0

rt-s2=9/4>0

r=-√3<0
𝜋 𝜋
Then function u is max at X= , y=
3 3

𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 3√3
umax=sin3 + sin3 + sin( 3 + 3 ) = 2

Q.2 Find the maxima or minima of the function u=sinx.siny.sin(x+y)

 Tutorial

Q.1 Discuss the Maximum or Minimum value of u = x3 y 2 (1 − x − y )

Q.2 Find all the Maximum and Minimum value of function f of given by
f ( x, y) = xy (a − x − y)

Q.3
. Find the radius of curvature at the point t of the following curves :
2 2 2
x= a cos3 t , y = a sin3 t or x 3
+y 3
=a 3

Assignment

Q.1
Find the radius of curvature at the point t of the following curves :

cycloid x= a(t + sin t ) , y = a (1− cos t )

Q.2
Prove that the rectangular solid of maximum value which can be inscribed in a
sphere is a cube.

Q.3 Find all the Maximum and Minimum value of function f of given by
f ( x, y) = xy (a − x − y)
 Definition

A function f of n variables for which (tx1, ..., txn) is in the domain whenever t > 0 and (x1, ..., xn) is
in the domain is homogeneous of degree k if
f (tx1, ..., txn) = tk f (x1, ..., xn) for all (x1, ..., xn) in the domain of f and all t > 0.
Example
For the function f (x1, x2) = Ax1ax2b with domain {(x1, x2): x1 ≥ 0 and x2 ≥ 0} we have
f (tx1, tx2) = A(tx1)a(tx2)b = Ata+bx1ax2b = ta+b f (x1, x2),
so that f is homogeneous of degree a + b.

Euler's Theorem: For a function F(L,K) which is homogeneous of degree n

(∂F/∂L)L + (∂F/∂K)K = nF(L,K).

ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS-1 DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS

 Lecture Notes

Assistant Professor
Department of Mathematics
Bhopal

Scheme
I semester
Branch:- EC, EX and IT
 SYLLABUS

Unit I

DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS:

Expansion of functions by Maclaurin’s and Taylor’s theorem.

Partial differentiation, Euler’s theorem and its application in
approximation and errors, Maxima and Minima of function of
two variables, Curvature: Radius of curvature, centre of
curvature.

UNIT-1
POINTS TO PONDER

Leibnitz’s Theorem: If u and v are two functions of x, then 𝐷𝑛 (𝑢𝑣 ) =

𝐷𝑛 𝑢. 𝑣 +
𝑛 𝐶 𝐷 𝑛−1 𝑢
1 𝐷𝑣 + 𝑛 𝐶2 𝐷𝑛−2 𝑢 𝐷2 𝑣 + 𝑛 𝐶3 𝐷𝑛−3 𝑢 𝐷3 𝑣 … … … . + 𝑛 𝐶𝑟 𝐷𝑛−𝑟 𝑢 𝐷𝑟 𝑣 … … … . .
 𝑥 𝑥2
Maclaurin’s Theorem: 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑓(0) + 1! 𝑓 ′ (0) + 𝑓 ′′ (0) +
2!
𝒙𝒏
⋯ . . + 𝒏! 𝒇(𝒏) (𝟎) + ⋯ … ..

ℎ ℎ2
Taylor’s Theorem: 𝑎). 𝑓(𝑥 + ℎ) = 𝑓(𝑥) + 1! 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) + 2!
𝑓 ′′ (𝑥 ) +
ℎ𝑛
⋯..+ 𝑓 (𝑛) (𝑥 ) + ⋯ … ..
𝑛!

(𝑥 − 𝑎) ′ (𝑥 − 𝑎)2 ′′ (𝑥 − 𝑎)𝑛 (𝑛)

𝑏). 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑓(𝑎 ) + 𝑓 (𝑎 ) + 𝑓 (𝑎 ) + ⋯ . . + 𝑓 (𝑎 )
1! 2! 𝑛!
+ ⋯ … ..
𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓
Euler’s theorem on Homogeneous functions f(x, y): 𝑥 𝜕𝑥 + 𝑦 𝜕𝑦
= 𝑛𝑓 where
n is degree of f.

𝑑𝑦 𝑑2 𝑦
Maxima and minima of one variable 𝒚 = 𝒇(𝒙): 𝑑𝑥
= 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑑𝑥 2
<
𝑑𝑦 𝑑2 𝑦
0 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 > 0 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑎 . Maxima and minima
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2
𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓 𝜕2 𝑓 𝜕2 𝑓 𝜕2 𝑓
of two variable𝑠𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦): 𝜕𝑥 = 0 & 𝜕𝑦
= 0 Let 𝜕𝑥2 = 𝑟, 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 = 𝑠 & =
𝜕𝑦 2
𝑡.Then if (𝑟𝑡 − 𝑠 2 ) > 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑟 > 0, 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑖𝑠 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑟 <
0, 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑖𝑠 𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 and if (𝑟𝑡 − 𝑠 2 ) <
0 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑖𝑠 𝑛𝑖𝑒𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑛𝑜𝑟 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 and if (𝑟𝑡 − 𝑠 2 ) = 0 the case
is doubtful.
3/2
𝑑𝑦 2
{1+ ( ) }
𝑑𝑥
Radius of curvature of curve 𝒚 = 𝒇(𝒙): 𝜌 = 𝑑2 𝑦/𝑑𝑥 2
, 𝜌 = 𝑟 (𝑑𝑟 / 𝑑𝑝)

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 2
[1+ ( ) ]
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Centre of curvature of curve 𝒚 = 𝒇(𝒙): 𝑥̅ = 𝑥 − 𝑑 𝑦/𝑑𝑥 2
2 and 𝑦̅ = 𝑦 +
𝑑𝑦 2
[1+ ( ) ]
𝑑𝑥
𝑑2 𝑦/𝑑𝑥 2

̅)𝟐 + (𝑦 − 𝑦̅)2 =
Coordinate of circle of curvature of curve 𝒚 = 𝒇(𝒙): (𝒙 − 𝒙
𝜌2
 Unit I

DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS:

Expansion of functions by Maclaurin’s and Taylor’s theorem

𝑑𝑦
Successive Differentiation: If y be any function of x then its derivative 𝑑𝑥
will be a function of x whose differentiation can be done .
Q.2 Do it your self

Leibnitz’stheorem: The nth differential coefficient of the product of two

function is conveniently evaluated by the use of this theorem.
Statements:- If u and v are two function of x if y=u.v then
Maclaurin’s Theorem:-If f(x) be a function of the variable x such that it can
be expanded in ascending power of x and this expansion can be differentiated
any number of times then.

𝑥 ′ 𝑥 2 ′′ 𝒙𝒏 (𝒏)
𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑓(0) + 𝑓 (0) + 𝑓 (0) + ⋯ . . + 𝒇 (𝟎) + ⋯ … ..
1! 2! 𝒏!
Or
x x2 xn
y= y0+1! (y1)0+ 2! (y2)0+……+ n! (yn)0+…..

We get
Q.3 Expand tanx by maclaurin’s theorem as far as x5 and hence find the
value of tan46030’ upto four decimal places.
(93)0 93 𝜋
Hint x=46030’= = 2 × 180 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑠 10 =60’
2
93 22 𝜋
= 2 × 7×180 = 0.812 ∴ 10=180 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑠

Q.4 Prove by Maclaurin’s theorem that

esinx
or
(Y5)0=(32+a2)(y3)0=(32+a2)(1+a2)a
By Maclaurin’s series
x x2 xn
y= y0+1! (y1)0+ 2! +(y2)0+……+ n! (yn)0+…..

sin-1x=
x x2 x3 x4 x5
1+ (0) + +(a)2+ +((1+a2)a+ (22+a2)a2+ =(32+a2)(1+a2)a
1! 2! 3! 4! 5!

Put a=1 and x=sinθ

𝟏 𝟐 𝟓
eθ=1+sinθ+ sin2θ+ sin3θ+ sin4θ+……
𝟐! 𝟑! 𝟒!
Taylor’s theorem: Let f(x+h) be a function of h being independent of h
which can be expanded in ascending power of h and the expansionbe
differentiable any no. of times then
ℎ ′( ℎ2 ′′ ( ℎ𝑛 (𝑛) ( )
𝑎). 𝑓(𝑥 + ℎ) = 𝑓(𝑥 ) + 𝑓 𝑥) + 𝑓 𝑥) + ⋯ . . + 𝑓 𝑥 + ⋯ … ..(1)
1! 2! 𝑛!

Put x=a in eqn(1) we get

ℎ ℎ2 ℎ𝑛
𝑓(𝑎 + ℎ) = 𝑓(𝑎) + 1! 𝑓 ′ (𝑎 ) + 𝑓 ′′ (𝑎 ) + ⋯ . . + 𝑛! 𝑓 (𝑛) (𝑎 ) + ⋯ …(2)
2!

Put a=0 and h=x in eqn (2) we get

𝑥 ′ 𝑥 2 ′′ 𝒙𝒏 (𝒏)
𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑓(0) + 𝑓 (0) + 𝑓 (0) + ⋯ . . + 𝒇 (𝟎) + ⋯ … ..
1! 2! 𝒏!
Put h=x-a in eqn(2) we get

(𝑥 − 𝑎) ′ (𝑥 − 𝑎)2 ′′ (𝑥 − 𝑎)𝑛 (𝑛)

𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑓 (𝑎 ) + 𝑓 (𝑎 ) + 𝑓 (𝑎 ) + ⋯ . . + 𝑓 (𝑎 )
1! 2! 𝑛!
+ ⋯ … ..
x replace by h and h replace by x in eqn (1) we get

𝑥 ′ 𝑥 2 ′′ 𝑥 𝑛 (𝑛)
𝑓(𝑥 + ℎ) = 𝑓(ℎ) + 𝑓 (ℎ) + 𝑓 (ℎ) + ⋯ . . + 𝑓 (ℎ) + ⋯ ….
1! 2! 𝑛!
Q.2 Expand the polynomial 2x3+7x2+x-1 in power of (x-2)
Ans 45+53(x-2)+19(x-2)2+2(x-2)3
Q.3 Expand logx in power of (x-1)by Taylor’s theorem and hence find the
value of log(1.1)
Q. If f(x)=x3-2x+5, find the value of f(2.001)
ℎ ℎ2 ℎ𝑛
Hint 𝑓(𝑥 + ℎ) = 𝑓(𝑥 ) + 1! 𝑓 ′ (𝑥 ) + 𝑓 ′′ (𝑥 ) + ⋯ . . + 𝑛! 𝑓 (𝑛) (𝑥 ) + ⋯
2!

f(2.001)=f(2+.001)
h=.001, x=2
(0.001) (0.001)2
f(2.001)= 𝑓(2) + 𝑓 ′ (2) + 𝑓 ′′ (2) + ⋯
1! 2!
 TUTORIAL
𝜋
Q.1 Find the Taylor’s series expansion of the function about the pt 3 ,
f(x)=logcosx
𝜋
Q.2 Expand tan(x+ 4 ) as far as the term x4 and evaluate tan46.50 upto four
significant digits.
ASSIGNMENT

Q.1. Expand log x in power of (x-1) and hence evaluate log1.1 correct
e

to 4 decimal places .
Q.2 . Expand log (1+ x) , by Maclaurian’s theorem
Q.3 Expand 2 + x 2 − 3x5 +7 x 6 in power of ( x − 1)

 
Q.4 Expand tan  x + 
 4
as far as the term x4 and evaluate tan 46.50 to
four significant digits .
Second Topic(Partial differentiation)
Q.4 If u=exyz, show that
𝜕3 𝑢
= (1 + 3𝑥𝑦𝑧 +(x2y2z2)
𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦𝜕𝑧
 Euler’s theorem and their application
Homogenous function: A function in which every term is of the same degree
is called a homogenous function.

Euler’s theorem for homogenous function of two variables

Statements : If f(x,y) is a homogenous function of x and y of degree n then

Or
Corollary :- If u is a H.F of degree n then,
 TUTORIAL
y y 2 ∂2 z 2
2∂ z 2∂ z
Q.1 If z=xf (x) + g (x) , show that x ∂x2 +2xy∂x ∂y +y ∂y2 =0

Q.2 If u=(√x + √y)5 , Prove that

∂2 z ∂2 z ∂2 z 15
x 2 ∂x2 +2xy∂x ∂y +y 2 ∂y2 = u
4

ASSIGNMENT
Q.1 if z=x2tan-1(y/x)-y2tan-1(x/y),then prove that

∂2 z x2 − y2
=
∂x ∂y x 2 + y 2
Q.2 If z.(x+y)=x 2 + y 2 , show that
∂z ∂z 2 ∂z ∂z
( − ) = 4(1 − − )
∂x ∂y ∂x ∂y
x2 y2 z2
Q.3 If u=| x y z | then show that ux+uy+uz=0
1 1 1
Q.4 Verify euler’s theorem for the function
U=sin-1(x/y)+tan-1(y/x)
x+ y
Q.5 If u = sin −1 , then prove that
x+ y

u u 1
x +y = tan u
x y 2
 CURVATURE
Definition of Curvature: The measure of the sharpness of the bending of a
curve at a particular pt is called curvature of the curve at the point “ i.e
greater the curvature , lesser the radius and vice versa.
C
A B
M

𝟏 𝟏
𝑪𝑷
i.e 𝑷 is called the curvature of the curve at p

Circle of Curvature: A circle whose centre of curvature CP(ρ) is called the

circle of curvature of the curve at the pt p . A chord passing through p of the
circle of curvature at p is called chord of curvature.

Formula for Radius of curvature:-

𝑑𝑠
1. In Intrinsic form: 𝜌 = 𝑑𝜑
3/2
𝑑𝑦 2
{1+ ( ) }
𝑑𝑥
2. In Cartesian form: 𝒚 = 𝒇(𝒙): 𝜌 = 𝑑 𝑦/𝑑𝑥 2
2
3/2
𝑑𝑥 2
{1+ ( ) }
𝑑𝑦
X=f(y): 𝜌 = 𝑑2 𝑥/𝑑𝑦 2
2 2 𝟑/𝟐
[(𝑥 ′ ) +(𝑦 ′ ) ]
3. In parametric form: 𝑥 ′ 𝑦 ′′ −𝑦 ′ 𝑥 ′′
 4. In pedal formula: 𝜌 = 𝑟 (𝑑𝑟 / 𝑑𝑝)
3/2
2 𝑑𝑟 2
[𝑟 +( ) ]
𝑑𝜃
5. In polar form: 𝜌 = 𝑑𝑟 𝑑2𝑟
𝑟 2 +2(𝑑𝜃)−𝑟 2
𝑑𝜃

Some important parametric form:-

Parabola Y2=4ax X=at2 Y=2at
ellipse 𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐
+𝒃𝟐 X=acos Y=bsin
𝒂𝟐

cycloid X=a(𝜽 − 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽) Y=a(1-cos𝜽)

Astroid 𝟐 X=acos3𝜽 Y=asin3 𝜽
𝒙𝟑 + 𝒚𝟐/𝟑

Cissoid Y2(a-x)=x3 X=asin2t Y=

𝒂𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟑 𝒕
𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒕

Hypo- 𝒙 𝟐/𝟑 𝒚 𝟐/𝟑 X=acos3𝒕 Y=bsin3 𝒕

( ) +( )
Cycloid 𝒂 𝒂

Note:- The circle is the only curve of constant curve.,

 𝑑𝑠
In Intrinsic form: 𝜌 = 𝑑𝜑
 3/2
𝑑𝑟 2
[𝑟 2 +( ) ]
𝑑𝜃
In polar form: 𝜌 = 𝑑𝑟 𝑑2𝑟
𝑟 2 +2(𝑑𝜃)−𝑟 2
𝑑𝜃
 Maxima and Minima

Maxima :- A function f(x) is said to have a max. value at x=a if f(a) is

greater than any other value that the function can have in a small nbd of
x=a. A function f(x,y) is said to have a maximum value at x=a, y=b
Minima : A function f(x,y ) is said to have a minimum value at x=a , x=b.

Working rule for maxima and minima of the function f(x,y)

MAXIMA AND MINIMA

Maxima and Minima for the function of one Variable:

Let us consider a function
To find the Maxima and Minima, the following procedure must be followed:

Step 1: First find the first derivative and equate to zero. i.e.

Step 2: Since is a polynomial is a polynomial equation. By solving this

equation we get roots.

Step 3: Find second derivative i.e.

Step 4: Now substitute the obtained roots in

Step 5: Depending on the Nature of at that point we will solve further. The following cases will
be there.
Maxima and Minima for the function of Two Variable
Let us consider a function
To find the Maxima and Minima for the given function, the following procedure must be followed

Maxima and Minima for the function of Two Variable

Let us consider a function
To find the Maxima and Minima for the given function, the following procedure must be followed:
 Oriental College of Technology Bhopal
Raisen Road, Opposite Patel Nagar, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh 462021
SUB: Eng. Mathematics-I (SUB CODE-MA- 110)
Faculty Name: Kamlesh Kumar Sahu

Q.1 Find the maxima or minima of the function u=sinx+siny+sin(x+y)

Sol: Given u=sinx+siny+sin(x+y)……………………(1)

𝜕𝑢
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + cos(𝑥 + 𝑦)……………………………(2)
𝜕𝑥

𝜕𝑢
𝜕𝑦
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦 + cos(𝑥 + 𝑦)……………………………(3)

For maxima or minima of u we have

𝜕𝑢
= 0 ⇒ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + cos(𝑥 + 𝑦)
𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑢
= 0 ⇒ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦 + cos(𝑥 + 𝑦)
𝜕𝑦
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦 = −cos(𝑥 + 𝑦)…………………………………….(4)

𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 = −cos(𝑥 + 𝑦)…………………………………….(5)

From equation (4) and (5) we get

Cosx=cosy

x=y

Putting in eq. (4) we get

Cosx=-cos2x

Cosx=cos(π-2x)

x=(π-2x)

Practice Set :By Kamlesh Sahu(9229486885)

(Department of Basic Science, Oriental College of Technology, Bhopal)
 Oriental College of Technology Bhopal
Raisen Road, Opposite Patel Nagar, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh 462021
SUB: Eng. Mathematics-I (SUB CODE-MA- 110)
Faculty Name: Kamlesh Kumar Sahu

𝜋 𝜋
x= 3 , y= 3
𝜋 𝜋
Now we discuss maxima and minima at X= , y=
3 3

From eq. (2) and (3) we get

𝜕2 𝑢
r= =-sinx-sin(x+y)
𝜕𝑥 2

𝜕2 𝑢
s=𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 =-sin(x+y)

𝜕2 𝑢
t=𝜕𝑦2=-siny-sin(x+y)
𝜋 𝜋
at x= 3 , y= 3

r=-√3<0
−√3
s= 2

t=-√3<0

rt-s2=9/4>0

r=-√3<0
𝜋 𝜋
Then function u is max at X= 3 , y= 3

𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 3√3
umax=sin3 + sin3 + sin( 3 + 3 ) = 2

Q.2 Find the maxima or minima of the function u=sinx.siny.sin(x+y)

Practice Set :By Kamlesh Sahu(9229486885)

(Department of Basic Science, Oriental College of Technology, Bhopal)
 Oriental College of Technology Bhopal
Raisen Road, Opposite Patel Nagar, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh 462021
SUB: Eng. Mathematics-I (SUB CODE-MA- 110)
Faculty Name: Kamlesh Kumar Sahu

Practice Set :By Kamlesh Sahu(9229486885)

(Department of Basic Science, Oriental College of Technology, Bhopal)
 Oriental College of Technology Bhopal
Raisen Road, Opposite Patel Nagar, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh 462021
SUB: Eng. Mathematics-I (SUB CODE-MA- 110)
Faculty Name: Kamlesh Kumar Sahu

Tutorial

Q.1 Discuss the Maximum or Minimum value of u = x3 y 2 (1 − x − y )

Q.2 Find all the Maximum and Minimum value of function f of given by
f ( x, y) = xy (a − x − y)

Q.3
. Find the radius of curvature at the point t of the following curves :
2 2 2
x= a cos3 t , y = a sin3 t or x 3
+y 3
=a 3

Assignment

Practice Set :By Kamlesh Sahu(9229486885)

(Department of Basic Science, Oriental College of Technology, Bhopal)
 Oriental College of Technology Bhopal
Raisen Road, Opposite Patel Nagar, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh 462021
SUB: Eng. Mathematics-I (SUB CODE-MA- 110)
Faculty Name: Kamlesh Kumar Sahu

Q.1
Find the radius of curvature at the point t of the following curves :

cycloid x= a(t + sin t ) , y = a (1− cos t )

Q.2
Prove that the rectangular solid of maximum value which can be inscribed in a
sphere is a cube.

Q.3 Find all the Maximum and Minimum value of function f of given by
f ( x, y) = xy (a − x − y)

Practice Set :By Kamlesh Sahu(9229486885)

(Department of Basic Science, Oriental College of Technology, Bhopal)
 Oriental College of Technology Bhopal
Raisen Road, Opposite Patel Nagar, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh 462021
SUB: Eng. Mathematics-I (SUB CODE-MA- 110)
Faculty Name: Kamlesh Kumar Sahu

Practice Set :By Kamlesh Sahu(9229486885)

(Department of Basic Science, Oriental College of Technology, Bhopal)
 Oriental College of Technology Bhopal
Raisen Road, Opposite Patel Nagar, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh 462021
SUB: Eng. Mathematics-I (SUB CODE-MA- 110)
Faculty Name: Kamlesh Kumar Sahu

Practice Set :By Kamlesh Sahu(9229486885)

(Department of Basic Science, Oriental College of Technology, Bhopal)
 Oriental College of Technology Bhopal
Raisen Road, Opposite Patel Nagar, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh 462021
SUB: Eng. Mathematics-I (SUB CODE-MA- 110)
Faculty Name: Kamlesh Kumar Sahu

Practice Set :By Kamlesh Sahu(9229486885)

(Department of Basic Science, Oriental College of Technology, Bhopal)
 Oriental College of Technology Bhopal
Raisen Road, Opposite Patel Nagar, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh 462021
SUB: Eng. Mathematics-I (SUB CODE-MA- 110)
Faculty Name: Kamlesh Kumar Sahu

Definition

A function f of n variables for which (tx1, ..., txn) is in the domain whenever t > 0 and (x1, ..., xn) is in
the domain is homogeneous of degree k if
f (tx1, ..., txn) = tk f (x1, ..., xn) for all (x1, ..., xn) in the domain of f and all t > 0.
Example
For the function f (x1, x2) = Ax1ax2b with domain {(x1, x2): x1 ≥ 0 and x2 ≥ 0} we have
f (tx1, tx2) = A(tx1)a(tx2)b = Ata+bx1ax2b = ta+b f (x1, x2),
so that f is homogeneous of degree a + b.

Euler's Theorem: For a function F(L,K) which is homogeneous of degree n

(∂F/∂L)L + (∂F/∂K)K = nF(L,K).

Practice Set :By Kamlesh Sahu(9229486885)

(Department of Basic Science, Oriental College of Technology, Bhopal)
 Oriental College of Technology Bhopal
Raisen Road, Opposite Patel Nagar, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh 462021
SUB: Eng. Mathematics-I (SUB CODE-MA- 110)
Faculty Name: Kamlesh Kumar Sahu

Practice Set :By Kamlesh Sahu(9229486885)

(Department of Basic Science, Oriental College of Technology, Bhopal)