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PAPER

ISLAMIC RELIGION
for religion education assignment

Students:

Muhammad Thoriq Fattah Hadi (16522144)


Adam Harya Laksamana (16522088)

DEPARTMENT INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING

FACULTY TECHNOLOGY OF INDUSTRIAL

ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY OF INDONESIA

JOGJAKARTA 2016
Preface
In the name of Allah, the most Gracious, the most Merciful. The praise to Almighty
Allah, the Lord of the world, who has given us mercies and blessings. And because of His
affection, we still able to enjoy all of His gift. Peace and salutations to our beloved prophet
Muhammad SAW, who has brought the people from the darkness to the light. And we as a
Muslim always wait for his intercession in the day of judgment.

And we offer our expression of gratitude to Allah, due to His favor and charity, so, we
have finished writing this paper. After making a great effort, we finally completed our paper.
However, we realize that there are still many shortcomings in this paper. Therefore we
enthusiastically welcomes the objective criticism and constructive suggestion for the
improvement of this paper. Finally, we hope this paper will be useful for all of people.

Introduction
Each person in this world has born with fitrah of Islam. But, the environment around him
and the teachings or religion of his parents force him to leave the truth of fitrah. By the time, he
reachs his teen and begin to find other environment which tell him a lot of knowledge. He begins
to think more and asks about the truth of his religion. He also begins to compare between his
religion and other to find the real truth.

Islam is an Arabic word which means “submission”. “Submission to the Will of God” is
the religious meaning of the word1. This submission does not imply any negative attitude, since
submission means the knowledge of God’s ordinances, and acting according to them. Islam is
one of religion in this world with the greatest number of adherent. Almost in every country in
this planet, there are Muslims there. This religion brought by Prophet Muhammad SAW since
1400 years ago from Mecca.

In this paper we will discuss about some sub subjects are:

1. The truth of Islamic religion


2. Sources of Islamic religion
3. Aspect of Islamic teaching
4. Characteristic of Islamic teaching

1
Dr.Hosny M. Gaber, A Guide To Islam, hal. 7
The Truth of Islamic Religion
Basically, religion given name after the period of its founder. The name of religions
usually based on the name of its founder or name of district of that religion comes from. In
example, Buddha was taken from name of “Sidharta Gautama Buddha” who has born in India
560 BC. Buddha is title for Sidharta who considered has got grand illumination. Like Christian is
the name according to their instructor or worship “Jesus Christ”, and the adherents of Christian
called Christians. Muslims usually call Christian according to Qur’an is Nasrani based to the
district of Jesus was from that Nazareth2.

Islam is different than other religions. Word “Islam” has not relation to certain people,
group, or name of country. The highest wisdom of that name because Islam is revealed religion
from Allah SWT. Word “Islam” was given by Allah himself, according to Qur’an

‫ين عِ ن َد هَّللا ِ اإْل ِسْ اَل ُم‬


َ ‫إِنَّ ال ِّد‬
“Indeed, the religion in the sight of Allah is Islam.”3

َ ‫الم دِي ًنا َف َلنْ ُي ْق َب َل ِم ْن ُه َوه َُو فِي اآلخ َِر ِة م َِن ْال َخاسِ ِر‬
‫ين‬ ِ ْ‫َو َمنْ َي ْب َت ِغ َغي َْر اإلس‬
“And whoever desires other than Islam as religion never will it be accepted from him, and he, in
the Hereafter, will be among the losers.”4

Indeed, Islam is the religion of throughout human history. Religion from all of Prophet
who ever sent by Allah SWT to nations and groups of certain people. Islam is the religion of
Prophet Adam a.s., Prophet Ibrahim a.s., Prophet Ya’kub a.s., Prophet Musa a.s., Prophet Daud
a.s., Prophet Sulaiman a.s., Prophet Isa a.s.

Allah SWT says about Islam as religion of Prophet Ibrahim a.s. and people before him.

َ ‫ين ِمنْ َح َر ٍج ِملَّ َة أَ ِبي ُك ْم إِب َْراهِي َم ه َُو َسمَّا ُك ُم ْالمُسْ لِم‬
‫ِين ِمنْ َق ْب ُل‬ ِ ‫َو َما َج َع َل َع َل ْي ُك ْم فِي ال ِّد‬
“And He has not placed upon you in the religion any difficulty. (it is) the religion of your father,
Abraham. Allah named you “Muslims” before (in former scriptures).”

2
Drs. Nasiruddin Razak, Dienul Islam, hal. 55
3
Ali Imran(3) : 19
4
Ali Imran(3) : 85
‫و ُتنَّ إِال‬2ُ‫ين َفال َتم‬ ْ َ ‫وبُ يَا َبنِيَّ إِنَّ هَّللا‬22ُ‫ ِه َو َيعْ ق‬2‫راهِي ُم َبنِي‬2
َ ‫ ِّد‬2‫ َط َفى َل ُك ُم ال‬2‫اص‬ َ 2‫َو َوصَّى ِبهَا إِ ْب‬
َ ‫َوأَ ْن ُت ْم مُسْ لِم‬
‫ُون‬
“And Abraham instructed his sons {to do the same) and (so did) Jacob, (saying), “O my sons,
indeed Allah has chosen for you this religion, so do not die except while you are Muslims.”5

َ ‫ان م َِن ْال ُم ْش ِرك‬


‫ِين‬ َ ‫ان إِب َْراهِي ُم َيهُو ِد ًّيا َوال َنصْ َرا ِن ًّيا َو َل ِكنْ َك‬
َ ‫ان َحنِي ًفا مُسْ لِمًا َو َما َك‬ َ ‫َما َك‬
“Abraham wan neither a Jew nor a Christian, but he was one inclining toward truth , a Muslim
(submitting to Allah). And he was not of the polytheis.”6

Next, we will look at recognition of Prophet Yusuf in a pray

‫ت‬َ ‫ض أَ ْن‬
ِ ْ‫ت َواألر‬ِ ‫ث َفاطِ َر ال َّس َم َاوا‬ ِ ‫األحادِي‬ َ ‫يل‬ ِ ‫َربِّ َق ْد آ َت ْي َتنِي م َِن ْالم ُْلكِ َو َعلَّمْ َتنِي ِمنْ َتأْ ِو‬
َ ‫َولِيِّي فِي ال ُّد ْن َيا َواآلخ َِر ِة َت َو َّفنِي مُسْ لِمًا َوأَ ْل ِح ْقنِي ِبالصَّالِح‬
‫ِين‬
“My Lord, you have given me (something) of sovereignty and taught me of the interpretation of
dreams. Creator of the heavens and earth, You are my protector in this world and in the
Hereafter. Cause me to die a Muslim and join me with the righteous.”7

About Prophet Sulaiman, Allah SWT says

‫رَّ حْ َم ِن‬2‫ ِم هَّللا ِ ال‬2‫ان َوإِ َّن ُه ِب ْس‬ ُ َ


ِ ٌ‫ت يَا أيُّهَا ْال َمأل إِ ِّني أ ْلق َِي إِ َليَّ ِكتَاب‬
َ ‫ َل ْي َم‬2‫إِ َّن ُه ِمنْ ُس‬. ‫كَري ٌم‬ ْ ‫َقا َل‬
َ ‫ أَال َتعْ لُوا َع َليَّ َو ْأ ُتونِي مُسْ لِم‬. ‫ِيم‬
‫ِين‬ ِ ‫الرَّ ح‬
“She said, “O eminent ones, indeed to me has been delivered a noble latter. Indeed, it is from
Solomon, and indeed, it reads: ‘In the name of Allah, the Entirely Merciful, the Especially
Merciful. Be not haughty with me but come to me in submission (as Muslim).”8

5
Al Baqarah(2) : 132
6
Ali Imran(3) : 67
7
Yusuf(12) : 101
8
An Naml(27) : 29-31
Finally, Islam also religion of Prophet Isa a.s., Allah SWT says in Qur’an

َ ‫ُّون َنحْ نُ أَ ْن‬


‫ا ُر‬2 ‫ص‬ َ ‫اري‬ ِ ‫اري إِ َلى هَّللا ِ قَا َل ْال َح َو‬ َ ‫َف َلمَّا أَ َحسَّ عِ ي َسى ِم ْن ُه ُم ْال ُك ْف َر قَا َل َمنْ أَ ْن‬
ِ 2‫ص‬
َ ‫هَّللا ِ آ َم َّنا ِباهَّلل ِ َوا ْش َه ْد ِبأ َ َّنا مُسْ لِم‬
‫ُون‬
“But when Jesus felt (persistence in) disbelief from them, he said, ’Who are my supporters for
(the cause of) Allah?’ The disciples said, ‘We are supporters for Allah. We have believed in
Allah and testify that we are Muslims (submitting to Him).”9

Islam is religion of Allah which revealed to His Prophets and to be taught to the peoples.
It was brought relaying from one generation to the next generation and from one period to the
next period. Islam is God’s mercy, God’s guidance for all of people in this world who roams in
worldly life.

While Islam before Prophet Muhammad SAW had character locally and nationally. It is
just for interest of certain nation or clan and limited on period also. The Prophet who teach Islam
like a links which continue to the other. But they are within one unity of responsible that task
divinity (rislah Ilahiyah) to teach and give expostulation to the people. They also bring laws and
provisions from Allah depend on country’s needs. Afterward, when Islam came to Prophet
Muhammad SAW, It’s become universal religion, the religion for all of people in this planet.
Therefore, Prophet Muhammad SAW distribute his teaching to all of country and clan in this
planet. Allah SWT order the people to follow Islamic teaching and unite become strong muslim
under one instruction: “Laailaaha illaAllah, Muhammad Rasulullah”.10

Allah says in Qur’an:

‫ض ال إِلَ َه‬ ِ ْ‫ت َواألر‬ ِ ‫ َم َاوا‬2‫الس‬


َّ ‫ك‬ ُ 2‫قُ ْل َيا أَ ُّي َها ال َّناسُ إِ ِّني َرسُو ُل هَّللا ِ إِ َل ْي ُك ْم َجمِيعًا الَّذِي َل ُه م ُْل‬
‫ ِه‬222ِ‫ؤمِنُ ِباهَّلل ِ َو َكلِ َمات‬222ُ
ْ ‫ولِ ِه ال َّن ِبيِّ األمِّيِّ الَّذِي ي‬222‫ِيت فَآ ِم ُنوا ِباهَّلل ِ َو َر ُس‬ُ ‫و يُحْ ِيي َو ُيم‬222ُ َ ‫إِال ه‬
‫ون‬َ ‫َوا َّت ِبعُوهُ َل َعلَّ ُك ْم َت ْه َت ُد‬
“Say, (O Muhammad), “O mankind, indeed I am the Messenger of Allah to you all, (from Him)
to whom belongs the dominion of the heavens and the earth. There is no deity except Him. He
gives life and causes death. “So believe in Allah and His Messenger, the unlettered prophet, who
believes in Allah and his words, and follow him that you maybe guided.”

9
Ali Imran(3) : 52
10
Drs. Nasiruddin Razak, Dienul Islam, hal. 59
Sources of Islamic religion
Source is basic reference or origin. Good source must have dynamic characteristic and never
be stagnation. Original source also must be absolute. Because it will be reference of something.
Sources of Islamic religion are principal references or foundation to know about Islam.
Basically, there are three sources of Islamic religion. They are Al Qur’an, Sunnah, and Ijtihad.

A. Al qur’an
Al qur’an literally means the reading or the recitation.11 Allah SWT says in Qur’an:

ُ‫فَإِ َذا قَ َر ْأنَاهُ فَاتَّبِ ْع قُرْ آنَه‬. ُ‫إِ َّن َعلَ ْينَا َج ْم َعهُ َوقُرْ آنَه‬
“Indeed, upon us its is collection (in your heart) and (to make possible) its recitation. So when
we have recited it (through Gabriel), then follow its recitation.”12

Meanwhile, Al Qur’an defined as words of God revealed to Prophet Muhammad as his


miracle. Reading it is worship. Not excessive if we say that Al Quran is most book which read by
human. Because, all of Muslim in this world exactly have read Al Qur’an. History proves that Al
Qur’an which revealed to Prophet Muhammad 14 century ago has followed thousands but
millions humans. In addition, Al Qur’an also has huge role to develop the culture in this world.

In this era, Al Qur’an steel weaken in real purity. There is no any change or amendment
even in one letter. Al Qur’an be composed by 114 surah, 6236 ayah, 74437 sentence, 325345
letter, all of it is revelation from Allah SWT. The first ayah of Al Qur’an revealed to Prophet
Muhammad at Monday, 17th of Ramadhan consider with 6th of August 610 M. first ayah of Al
Qur’an is Surah Al Alaq 1-5:

)٣( ‫ َر ُم‬i‫ر ْأ َو َرب َُّك األ ْك‬i


َ i‫) ا ْق‬٢( ‫ق‬ َ i‫ق اإل ْن َس‬
ٍ iَ‫ان ِم ْن َعل‬ َ iَ‫) َخل‬١( ‫ق‬ َ iَ‫ ِم َرب َِّك الَّ ِذي َخل‬i‫اس‬ ْ ِ‫ا ْق َر ْأ ب‬
َ ‫) َعلَّ َماإل ْن َس‬٤( ‫الَّ ِذي َعلَّ َم بِ ْالقَلَ ِم‬
‫ان َما لَ ْم يَ ْعلَ ْم‬

“Recite in the name of your Lord who created. Created man from a clinging substance. Recite,
and your Lord is most Generous. Who taught by the pen. Taught man that which he not”.

11
Drs. Nasiruddin Razak, Dienul Islam, hal. 86
12
Al Qiyamah(75) : 17-18
And the last ayah in Al Qur’an is:

ْ ‫ت َوهُ ْم ال ي‬
َ ‫ُظلَ ُم‬
‫ون‬ ٍ ‫ُون فِي ِه إِلَى هَّللا ِ ثُ َّم تُ َوفَّى ُكلُّ نَ ْف‬
ْ َ‫س َما َك َسب‬ َ ‫َواتَّقُوا يَ ْو ًما تُرْ َجع‬
“And fear a Day when you will be returned to Allah. Then every soul will be compensated for
what it earned, and they will not be treated unjustly”.13

There some names of Al Qur’an mentioned in it, they are:

1. Al Kitab
Al Kitab means book according to Allah SWT says:
َ ِ‫ْب فِي ِه هُدًى لِ ْل ُمتَّق‬
‫ين‬ َ ‫ك ْال ِكتَابُ ال َري‬
َ ِ‫َذل‬
“This is the book about which there is no doubt, a guidance for those conscious of
Allah”14

2. Al Furqan
Al Furqan means differentiator according to Allah SWT says:
َ ‫ون لِ ْل َعالَ ِم‬
‫ين نَ ِذيرًا‬ َ َ‫ك الَّ ِذي نَ َّز َل ْالفُرْ ق‬
َ ‫ان َعلَى َع ْب ِد ِه لِيَ ُك‬ َ َ‫تَب‬
َ ‫ار‬
“Blessed is He who sent down the Criterion upon His Servant that he may be to the
worlds a warner”.15

3. Adz Dzikru
Adz Dzikru means warning according to Allah says:

َ ُ‫إِنَّا نَحْ ُن نَ َّز ْلنَا ال ِّذ ْك َر َوإِنَّا لَهُ لَ َحافِظ‬


‫ون‬
“Indeed, it is We who sent down the Qur’an and indeed, We will be its guardian”16

4. Al Huda
Al Huda means guideline according to Allah says:

‫ َدى‬i ُ‫ت ِم َن ْاله‬ ُ ْ‫ر‬iiُ‫ ِه ْالق‬i ‫ز َل فِي‬i ُ


ِ َّ‫دًى لِلن‬i ُ‫آن ه‬
ٍ ‫ا‬iiَ‫اس َوبَيِّن‬ ِ i‫ان الَّ ِذي أ ْن‬ َ ‫ ْه ُر َر َم‬i ‫َش‬
َ i‫ض‬
ِ َ‫َو ْالفُرْ ق‬
‫ان‬
“The month of Ramadhan (is that) in which was revealed the Qur’an, a guidance for the
people and clear proofs of guidance and criterion”.17

13
Al Baqarah(2) : 281
14
Al Baqarah(2) : 2
15
Al Furqan(25) : 1
16
Al Hijr (15) : 9
17
Al Baqarah(2) : 185
5. Asy Syifa
Asy Syifa means medicine or healer according to Allah says:

ِ ‫يَا أَيُّهَا النَّاسُ قَ ْد َجا َء ْت ُك ْم َم ْو ِعظَةٌ ِم ْن َربِّ ُك ْم َو ِشفَا ٌء لِ َما فِي الصُّ ُد‬
‫دًى‬iiُ‫ور َوه‬
َ ِ‫َو َرحْ َمةٌ لِ ْل ُم ْؤ ِمن‬
‫ين‬
“O mankind, there has to come to you instruction from your Lord and healing for what is
in the breasts and guidance and mercy for the belivier”.18
6. At Tanzil
At Tanzil means derived according to Allah says:

َ ‫َوإِنَّهُ لَتَ ْن ِزي ُل َربِّ ْال َعالَ ِم‬


‫ين‬
“And indeed, the Qur’an is the revelation of the Lord of the Worlds”.19

B. Sunnah

Sunnah Literally means manners. While Sunnah defined all of words, actions, and
judgment of Prophet Muhammad SAW. Sunnah is second source of Islam after Al
Qur’an. Because, sunnah is interpreter of Al Qur’an. Sunnah explains the information or
provision from Al Qur’an which still in general.

The function of Sunnah as second source after al Qur’an mentioned in Al Qur’an:

‫َو َما آتَا ُك ُم ال َّرسُو ُل فَ ُخ ُذوهُ َو َما نَهَا ُك ْم َع ْنهُ فَا ْنتَهُوا‬
“And whatever the Messenger has given you – take, and what he has forbidden you –
take”.20

The 'hadith scholars' share hadith through two approaches, by looking at the
quantity of narrators 

1. Mutawatir Hadith

18
Yunus(10) : 57
19
Asy Syura(26) : 192
20
Al Hasr(59) : 7
Mutawatir hadith is tradition reported by a number of people at every level of
isnaad, traditionally it is impossible they agreed to lie and because it believed its truth
(Mutawatir).Mutawatir hadith correctly sourced from the Prophet, therefore it is the
second source of Islamic law after the Qur'an, in terms of authenticity because they qath'i
al-wurud (something that surely its arrival). The scholars agree that the mutawatir hadith
shall practiced in all aspects, including in the field of theology.

2. Ahâd Hadith

Ahâd according to the language has a meaning of 'one'. And khabarul-wahid is


news that was narrated by one person. While according to the terms ahâd hadith is
"hadith which has not met the requirements mutawatir"

Study of 'can or cannot be' a hadith used as a source of Islamic shari'a law give
birth a view about the quality of the hadith in the view of the scholars of hadith. Scholars
of hadith have classified hadith reviewed in terms of quality into two groups,
namely maqbûl andmardûd hadith. Maqbûl hadith divided into:

1. Saheeh (Shahîh) Hadith

Ṣaḥīḥ, (‫)ص ِحيْح‬,


َ is best translated as authentic. ‘Ajaj Al-Khatib quoting the opinion of Abu
Amr Ibnu Ash-Shalah, defines Saheeh (Shahîh) Hadith as the one which has a continuous
isnad, made up of reporters of trustworthy memory from similar authorities, and which is
found to be free from any irregularities (i.e. in the text) or defects (i.e. in the isnad). The
same thing was also granted by Hassan Sulaiman al-Nawawi in the book Ahkam
Ibanatul, by adding that the narrator should be completely Muslim, of legal age, right
mind, have the nature stay away from major sins, both among men and women

2. Hasan Hadith

Linguistically means ‘good’ and there exist somewhat convergent technical definitions.
However, in general it expresses the categorization of a hadith's authenticity as
acceptable for use as a religious evidence, however, not established to the extent of
saheeh hadith.

3. Da'eef (Dha’if) Hadith

Ḍaʻīf, (‫)ض ِعيْف‬,


َ is the categorization of a hadith as weak because it has no requirements
of hasan hadith let alone saheeh hadith. Hasan Sulaiman define da'eef hadith is hadith has
degrees below of hasan hadith because its requirements are not achieve the hasan hadith.
From the previous definition could be concluded that da'eef hadith is type of hadith that
do not meet the requirements for admission as a hasan hadith.

C. Ijtihad
Ijtihad is the third source of Islam after Al Qur’an and Sunnah. Literally, Ijtihad
was taken from Arabic Language “Ijtahada” means struggle. Nicolas P. Aghnides says
ijtihad is “the exercise of independent thought”. Ijtihad define as a activity use all of soul
to produce law of syara, arrange an opinion from trouble of law according to Al Qur’an
and Sunnah. The people who do ijtihad called Mujtahid and the problem which will be
solved called mujtahad fih.

jtihad became a way for the Muslim who want to explore Islamic teaching and
solve the problem in this era. Not just allowed but Ijtihad was ordered, according to

‫لِ ُكلٍّ َج َع ْلنَا ِم ْن ُك ْم ِشرْ َعةً َو ِم ْنهَاجًا‬


“to each of you we prescribed a law and a method”.21

Aspect of Islamic Teaching


The religion of Islam provides a complete code of law and guidance. In this chapter, you
will find a brief summary of the basic teachings and explanations of some terms. The very basic
principles, the Articles of Faith, and the Pillars of Islam are briefly described, as are some other
concepts in Islam. The status and mission of the Holy Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be
on him) are introduced, and a description of the different sects in Islam is given. An explanation
of the coming of the Promised Messiah and the Ahmadiyya Movement is presented. 

As you become more involved with the study or practice of Islam, you will encounter
many new words and principles and may wish to explore them further. The end of each chapter
provides a list of books for more in-depth study of its contents. The final chapter of the book
contains further references for future study.

1. THE ARTICLES OF FAITH (IMAN)

These are the six fundamental principles of faith which form the basis for a Muslim's
belief, practice and understanding of Islam. The Holy Qur'an states that one should believe in
Allah, the Last Day, the Angels, His books and His prophets. It also states that Allah alone
determines His Decree.

A. Unity of Allah (Tauheed)

Acknowledgment of the Oneness of Allah is the most important principle of Islam, being
the cornerstone of the faith and the basis for salvation. The most emphasized aspect of Allah in
21
Al Maidah(5) : 48
Islam is His Unity. The Kalimah Tayyeba is the basic doctrine of Islam. It is: 

"La ilaha ilAllaho Muhammadur rasoolAllah."

There is no God but Allah, and Muhammad is His messenger.

To deny Allah's Oneness and to associate any other with Him (shirk) is the gravest sin in Islam.
He is the sole Creator of the universe, and nothing can occur in it without His knowledge and His
consent. One whole chapter of the Holy Qur'an (Sura Al-Ikhlas) is devoted exclusively to Allah's
Oneness:

‫) َولَ ْم يَ ُك ْن لَهُ ُكفُ ًوا أَ َح ٌد‬٣( ‫) لَ ْم يَلِ ْد َولَ ْم يُولَ ْد‬٢( ‫ص َم ُد‬
َّ ‫) هَّللا ُ ال‬١( ‫قُلْ هُ َو هَّللا ُ أَ َح ٌد‬
"Say, He is Allah, the One; Allah, the Independent and Besought of all. He begets not, nor is He
begotten. And there is none like unto Him." (112:2-5). 

B. Angels (Malai'kah)

Islam requires belief in angels. They are spiritual beings created by Allah to obey Him
and carry out His commandments. Unlike man, angels have no free will and cannot act
independently. They control the forces of nature by Allah's command. Also by Allah's command
angels serve as intermediaries in carrying out His will. In this sense they are also referred to as
messengers (rasool) of Allah. Indeed, amongst their tasks are: to bring divine revelations to the
prophets; bring punishment on the prophets' enemies; pray for and give glad tidings to believers;
glorify Allah with His praise; and keep records of man's deeds.

Four of the most well known angels are: Gabriel (Jibraeel), Michael (Mikaeel), Raphael
(Israfeel) and Israel (Israeel).

C. Books (Kutub)

Muslims believe that Allah revealed His laws in stages to mankind through His prophets,
and therefore accept the Torah of Moses (peace be on him), the Psalms of David (peace be on
him) and the Gospel (Injeel) of Jesus (peace be on him) as holy books, as well as the sacred
scriptures of all other messengers of Allah. However, Muslims believe that all such revelations
were limited to a specific time and people and are not preserved in their original purity, but
subject to distortions. All the Holy Scriptures culminated in, and were perfected in, the Holy
Qur'an (just as all religion was perfected in Islam). The Holy Qur'an says:

‫يت لَ ُك ُم اإلسْال َم ِدينًا‬


ُ ‫ض‬ ُ ‫ت لَ ُك ْم ِدينَ ُك ْم َوأَ ْت َم ْم‬
ِ ‫ت َعلَ ْي ُك ْم نِ ْع َمتِي َو َر‬ ُ ‫ْاليَ ْو َم أَ ْك َم ْل‬
"This day have I perfected for you your religion and completed My favor on you and chosen for
you Islam as a religion."22

22
Al Maidah(5) : 3
D. Prophets (Anbiya)

All of Allah's prophets or messengers (rasool) are believed in and revered by Muslims.
The Holy Qur'an states that Allah raised up prophets among the people of every nation, sending
Divine messages and warnings through these holy men.

Some of the prophets specifically mentioned in the Holy Qur'an are: Adam, Elisha, Job,
David, Ezekiel, Hud, Abraham, Elijah, Jesus, Isaac, Ishmael, Luqman, Noah, Salih, Solomon,
Jonah, John the Baptist, Jacob, Joseph and Muhammad. There are many others as Allah says in
the Holy Qur'an:

"And We did send messengers before thee; of them are some whom We have mentioned to thee,
and of them there are some whom We have not mentioned to thee;..." (40:79)

Muslims are directed to make no distinction among these, and to accept them all.
However, just as Muslims believe that the Holy Qur'an was sent to all mankind, encompassing
the teachings of earlier scriptures, so also Muslims believe that the Holy Prophet Muhammad
(peace and blessings of Allah be on him) is the greatest and the Seal of all the prophets, having
been sent not to just one nation but to all nations and thus to all mankind.

E. TheDay of Judgement (Yaumideen)

One of the most emphasized beliefs in the Holy Qur'an is the belief in the Day of
Judgement. Islam teaches that physical death is not the end of man's existence, rather it is the
door to a higher form of life which can bring one closer to Allah, depending on one's deeds in
this life. According to the Holy Qur'an, on the Day of Judgement this entire universe will come
to an end, and the dead will be resurrected. Their deeds will be judged and they will be rewarded
accordingly. Those with good records will merit Heaven, while those with bad deeds will be
punished in Hell. No intercession will be accepted, each soul will be rewarded according to what
it earns. However, Hell is a temporary condition and eventually its inhabitants will leave it.

The Promised Messiah (peace be on him) has explained life in the hereafter in this way:

"The Holy Qur'an has repeatedly affirmed that the life after death is not a new
phenomenon and all its manifestations are reflections of this life. It has also stated that in the
Hereafter all the spiritual conditions of this world will be manifested physically, both in the
intermediate state and in the resurrection. Further it has emphasized that there will be unlimited
progress in the hereafter. In short, according to the Holy Qur'an, hell and heaven are both
reflections of a man's life, and are not something new that comes from outside,... and will be but
reflections of the spiritual conditions of man in this life." (The Philosophy of the Teachings of
Islam)

F. DivineDecree (Taqdir)

Muslims believe that Divine Decree controls the eventual outcome of all actions in this
universe. It is the law or measure of a thing with regard to its growth and development. In the
Holy Qur'an the term is explained as a universal law of Allah which is working through the
whole of creation, extending throughout the universe. (See Holy Qur'an 87:1-4). Within the
boundaries of Divine Decree, man is given free will. 

THE FIVE PILLARS OF ISLAM

The five pillars of Islam represent the principle acts of worship which are required to
practice the faith. Observance and practice of these acts is obligatory for all Muslims. They are:

1. Declaration of Faith (Kalimah Shahadah)

This is the first and foremost pillar of Islam and every other belief flows from it. A
believer declares his acceptance of Islam by reciting:

"Ash-hado an-la ilaha ilAllaho wa ash-hado anna Muhammadan abdohu wa rasoolohu"

I bear witness that there is no god but Allah and I bear witness that Muhammad is His servant
and His messenger.

2. Prayer

Prayer is the basic and most important means by which man communicates with Allah
and draws near Him. Its importance cannot be emphasized enough. The Islamic concept of
prayer is a direct pouring forth of the soul by the supplicant before the Divine Majesty. There is
no need for, nor does Islam tolerate an intermediary between God and man. Prayer brings solace
and comfort to the human mind and soul, lifting them up from a lowly state to unsurpassed
heights. Islam also assures the believer that his prayers are heard. The Holy Qur'an says:

"When My servants ask thee concerning Me, say: I am near. I answer the prayer of the supplicant
when he prays to Me. So they should hearken to Me and have believe in Me, that they may
follow the right way." (2:187)

Prayer also rids the believer of the bondage of sin and purifies the heart. The Holy Qur'an
says:

"Recite that which has been revealed to you of the Book and observe Prayer. Surely, Prayer
restrains one from indecency and manifest evil, and certainly the remembrance of Allah is the
greatest virtue." (29:46)

The most important form of prayer in Islam is the salaat, the ritualistic daily prayer. Salaat
has been prescribed five times a day, with set times for each prayer. Adherence to salaat with all
its prescribed rituals is the most repeated injunction of the Holy Qur'an. The five daily prayers of
salaat are:
1. Morning (Fajr). This prayer should be offered in the morning about one hour before
sunrise. It is forbidden to pray while the sun is rising, because that may give the
appearance of sun worship.
2. Midday (Zuhr). The time for this prayer is early afternoon, starting with the decline of the
sun to mid afternoon.
3. Afternoon (Asr). Prayer is said in late afternoon but no later than half an hour before
sunset.
4. Sunset (Maghrib). This prayer should be observed shortly after sunset. It must not be said
while the sun is setting.
5. Nighttime (Isha). Isha prayer should be offered after nightfall when it is dark. It can be
said up to midnight.

These prayers should be performed at their appropriate times and preferably in congregation.
However if it is impossible for the afternoon prayers to be offered at their proper times, it is
permissible to combine the Zuhr and Asrprayer. The Maghrib and Isha prayers may also be
combined if necessary.

In addition to salaat which is compulsory for believers, Muslims may offer voluntary prayers
(nawafil). The most important of these is Tahajjud, which literally means the giving up of sleep.
It is offered during the latter part of the night, and Tahajjud is specifically mentioned in the Holy
Qur'an as very beneficial for man's spiritual development and a method to gain nearness to Allah.
(See Holy Qur'an, 17:79). The Holy Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be on him) is reported
to have gotten up regularly after midnight and to pass almost half the latter part of the night in
Tahajjud prayers.

Islam also provides prayers for every need and occasion. Another form of prayer is
remembrance of Allah throughout the day (Zikre-illahi). To remember Allah and ponder over
His attributes brings one nearer to Him. In addition a Muslim may pray silently to Allah at any
time. This is known as dua.

For further information on the form, parts and posture of salaat, see the Muslim Prayer Book or
videotape on salaat. 

3. Fasting during Ramadhan (Saum) 

The third act of worship in Islam is the fasting during the Islamic month of Ramadhan by
all able adult Muslims. By fasting, a Muslim can purify himself spiritually and physically,
elevate his soul and obtain nearness to Allah. To fast is to abstain from food, drink, smoking and
conjugal relations from dawn to sunset. Sacrificing of physical needs increases a Muslim's
awareness of the suffering of the poor and needy. Ramadhan was appointed by God for this
spiritual exercise. It was the month during which the Holy Qur'an was first revealed to the Holy
Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be on him). 

The Holy Qur'an allows exemption from fasting to the elderly, the chronically sick and
children. They may make up for fasting by feeding the poor. Temporary exemption is permitted
to those traveling, the sick, pregnant and nursing women and menstruating women. They are
expected to make up the fasts at a later time. 

As an additional effort, Muslims devote as much of their time as possible to the recitation
of the Holy Qur'an and reflecting upon its meanings. 

4. Tax on Wealth (Zakaat) 

Zakaat is the fourth pillar of Islam, which can more appropriately be called the
purification of wealth. It is a kind of tax which requires a Muslim to give up a certain amount of
his possessions (2% rate on a yearly basis) for the upkeep of the poor and those who have no
earning capacity; for the destitute; for travelers in need; for those serving in the way of Islam, for
those fighting in the way of Allah; for slaves to buy their freedom; and for benevolent works.
The amount varies according to the type of property owned. The tax can be levied on land,
livestock, and liquid assets (gold, silver, stocks, and bonds etc.). 

5. Pilgrimage (Hajj) 

Hajj, the fifth pillar of Islam, is the pilgrimage to Mecca which a Muslim who is able
bodied and has the means is required to perform at least once in his lifetime. It is an elaborate
series of religious rites which extend over several days for their accomplishment, performed at
the Holy Kaabahin Mecca (Arabia) and other special holy sites. The central feature of this
pilgrimage is the Kaabah, which is believed by Muslims to be the first house built for the
worship of One God. It was rebuilt by the Prophet Abraham (peace be on him) and his son
Ishmael, and later by the Holy Prophet himself. The Holy Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah
be on him) himself performed this pilgrimage. Historical records show that prophets before the
Holy Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be on him) also performed pilgrimage. 

The Hajj serves as a striking reminder of the Oneness of Allah and it emphasizes the
brotherhood and equality of human beings, as well as the importance of man's willingness to
sacrifice himself for the sake of his Creator. 

Characteristic of Islamic Teaching


Allah has prescribed a certain code of life as the correct one for him, but has, at the same
time, conferred upon man freedom of choice as to whether or not he adopts this code as the
actual basis of his life.  One, who chooses to follow the code, revealed by Allah becomes a
Muslim (believer) and one, who refuses to follow it, becomes a Kaafir (disbeliever).
A man joins the fold of Islam by honestly believing in and professing faith in the Oneness
of Allah and the Prophethood of Muhammad  (may Allah exalt his mention). Both these beliefs
are epitomised in the Kalimah (Article of Faith): 'Laa ilaaha illallaah Muhammadur-
Rasoolullaah.'  (i.e., there is no trie deity except Allah, and Muhammad is His Prophet.)
The first part of this Kalimah (sentence) presents the concept of Tawheed (Oneness of
God) and its second part affirms the Prophethood of Muhammad.

Tawheed:  The Bedrock of Islam


Tawheed is a concept that was preached by every Prophet of Allah and, thus, constitutes
the essence of the teachings of Islam.  It means that there is only One Supreme Lord of the
Universe.  He is Omnipotent, Omni-present and the Sustainer of the world and of mankind.
We witness a superbly flawless plan in the universe - can it be without a Planner? We see
great enchanting beauty and harmony in its working -  can they be without a Creator? We
observe wonderful design in nature -  can it be without a Designer? We feel a lofty purpose in
physical and human existence - can it be without a Will working behind it? We find that the
universe is like a superbly written, fascinating book - can it be without an Author? Truly, Allah
Says (what means): “O mankind! Worship your Lord, who created you and those before you,
that you may become righteous – [He] who made for you the earth a bed [spread out] and the sky
a ceiling and sent down from the sky, rain and brought forth thereby fruits as provision for you.
So do not attribute to Allah equals while you know [that there is nothing similar to
Him].” [Quran: 2:21-22]
This is the basic tenet to which Prophet Muhammad  asked humanity to adhere.  It is an
important metaphysical concept and answers the riddles of the universe.  It points to the
supremacy of law in the cosmos, the all-pervading unity behind the manifest diversity.

Prophethood & Life After Death


The second part of the Kalimah, on the other hand, signifies that Allah has not left man
without any guidance for the conduct of his life. He has revealed His Guidance through His
Prophets, and Muhammad  was the last of them.
Thus the second basic postulate of Islam is to believe in the Prophethood of
Muhammad  to accept the religion which he presented and to follow his commands and his
example.
Every Prophet of Allah, according to the Quran, strove to build man’s relationship with
Allah on the principle of Allah’s sovereignty and acknowledgement of the authority of the
Prophet as a source of Divine Guidance. Every one of them said:  “I am to you Allah’s apostle,
worthy of all trust.  So be committed to Allah, heed Him, and obey me.”
The Guidance is revealed through the Prophets. It is a part of their mission to translate it
into practice - in their own lives and in the society they try to reform. All the Prophets are
representatives of Allah, but they are human beings and their lives are models for mankind.
Prophet Muhammad  is the last Prophet and, as such, the final model for mankind. To believe in
him means to accept his authority as representative of the Supreme Ruler and to follow his
example in thought and behaviour.
The code of behaviour and the law which is used to decide the rightness or otherwise
(Halal and Haram) of any particular thing, is given by Allah through the Prophet  and is known
as the Sharee’ah (the path). Belief in the Prophet  involves acceptance of the Sharee’ah and its
implementation in all matters of daily life. This is how the Will of Allah is fulfilled on earth. 
The Quran says (what means): “And We did not send any messenger except to be obeyed by
permission of Allah…” [Quran: 4: 64]
And about the last Prophet  it is explicitly stated that: “But no, by your Lord, they will not
[truly] believe until they make you [O Muhammad], judge concerning that over which they
dispute among themselves and then find no discomfort from what you have judged and submit in
[full, willing] submission.” [Quran:4:65]
Important:
Thus the basic articles of Islamic faith are three, viz.:
a) Belief in the Oneness of Allah;
b) Belief in the Prophethood of Muhammad  and in the Guidance which he bequeathed; and
c) Belief in Life after Death and in man’s accountability before Allah on the Day of Judgement.
Whoever professes these beliefs is a Muslim.  And all these concepts are epitomised in the
Kalimah: “There is no god but Allah; Muhammad is His Prophet.”

Some Basic Characteristics of Islam


George Bernard Shaw is reported to have said: “I have always held the religion of Muhammad in
high estimation because of its wonderful vitality. It is the only religion, which appears to me to
possess that assimilating capacity to the changing phases of existence, which can make itself
appeal to every age.  I have studied him  - the wonderful man - and, in ‘my opinion’ far from
being an anti-Christ, he must be called the Saviour of Humanity.  I believe that if a man like him
were to assume the dictatorship of the modern world, he would succeed in solving its problems
in a way that would bring it much-needed peace and happiness: I have prophesised about the
faith of Muhammad that it would be acceptable to the Europe of tomorrow as it is beginning to
be acceptable to the Europe of today.”

References

M. Gober, Hosny(1972). A Guide to Islam. New York: The Islamic Center of New York
Razak, Nasiruddin(1971). Dienul Islam. Semarang: Al Ma’arif
Gazalba, Sidi(1975). Asas Agama Islam. Jakarta: Bulan Bintang
Saifuddin, Endang(1986). Kuliah Al Islam. Jakarta: Rajawali
Izutssu, Toshihiko(1994). Konsep Kepercayaan dalam Teologi Islam. Jogjakarta: Tiara
Wacana Yogya
Hamka(1973). Pelajaran Agama Islam. Jakarta: Bulan Bintang

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