Available online at www.sciencedirect.

com

ScienceDirect
Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 219 (2016) 12 – 18

UG*OREDO&RQIHUHQFHRQ%XVLQHVVDQG6RFLDO6FLHQFH*&%66'HFHPEHU
.XDOD/XPSXU0DOD\VLD

,V&RKDELWDWLRQ$Q$OWHUQDWLYHWR0DUULDJH"
$VVRFLDWH3URIHVVRU'U1RUPL%LQWL$EGXO0DOHN 
Ahmad Ibrahim Kulliyyah of Laws, International Islamic University,50728 Kuala Lumpur,Malaysia

$EVWUDFW

,Q PDQ\ FRXQWULHV LQ WKH ZRUOG WKH QXPEHU RI SHRSOH UHVRUWLQJWR FRKDELWDWLRQ LV LQFUHDVLQJ ,Q WKH 86$ IRU H[DPSOH WKH
QXPEHURIFRXSOHVLQYROYHGZLWKFRKDELWDWLRQUHDFKHGPLOOLRQLQZKLOHLQWKH8QLWHG.LQJGRPWKHQXPEHUZDVPLOOLRQ
LQ,Q0DOD\VLDWKHWUHQGWRFRKDELWLVDOVRLQFUHDVLQJO\FRPPRQDQGDFFHSWHG7KHTXHVWLRQDULVHVZKHWKHUWKLVSUDFWLFH
EULQJVEHQHILWWRWKHSDUWLHVLQYROYHGDVZHOODVWRWKHFKLOGUHQ7KLVSDSHUKLJKOLJKWVWRZKDWH[WHQWFRKDELWDWLRQEULQJVDQLPSDFW
WRWKHSDUWLHVFRQFHUQHGDVZHOODVVRFLHW\LQJHQHUDOIURPYDULRXVDVSHFWVLQFOXGLQJUHOLJLRXVOHJDOSV\FKRORJLFDODQGVRFLRORJLFDO
‹7KH$XWKRUV3XEOLVKHGE\(OVHYLHU/WG
© 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
3HHUUHYLHZXQGHUUHVSRQVLELOLW\RIWKH2UJDQL]LQJ&RPPLWWHHRIWKHUG*&%66
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Peer-review under responsibility of the Organizing Committee of the 3rd GCBSS-2015
Keywords:FRKDELWDWLRQFKLOGUHQLPSDFWOHJDOVRFLHW\

,QWURGXFWLRQ

,Q0DOD\VLDWKHODZVUHODWLQJWRPDUULDJHIRUERWK0XVOLPVDQGQRQ0XVOLPVDUHFOHDU)RU0XVOLPVWKH\DUH
JRYHUQHGE\,VODPLFODZDQGYDULRXV,VODPLFHQDFWPHQWVZKLFKDUHDSSOLFDEOHWRWKHP1RQ0XVOLPVDUHJRYHUQHGE\
WKH/DZ5HIRUP0DUULDJHDQG'LYRUFH$FW+RZHYHUWKHUHLVQRSURYLVLRQZLWKUHJDUGWRFRKDELWDWLRQ7KH
UHDVRQLVREYLRXVZLWKUHJDUGWRWKHODZDSSOLFDEOHWRWKH0XVOLPVDVWKH4XUDQVWURQJO\SURKLELWVVXFKDQDFW(YHQ
WKRXJKWKHWUHQGWRFRKDELWLVEHFRPLQJPRUHSRSXODULQ0DOD\VLDLWLVKRSHGWKDWWKLVSDSHUZLOOH[SRVHWRWKHSXEOLF
WKHEDGLPSDFWRIFRKDELWDWLRQIURPYDULRXVDQJOHV7KXVWKHDFWVKRXOGEHDEKRUUHGUDWKHUWKDQIROORZHG


&RUUHVSRQGLQJDXWKRU7HOID[
E-mail address:QRUPL#LLXPHGXP\

1877-0428 © 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Peer-review under responsibility of the Organizing Committee of the 3rd GCBSS-2015
doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2016.04.026
 Normi Binti Abdul Malek / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 219 (2016) 12 – 18 13

7KH'LIIHUHQFHEHWZHHQ0DUULDJHDQG&RKDELWDWLRQ

0DUULDJHPD\EHGHILQHGDVµWKHFHUHPRQ\E\ZKLFKDPDQDQGDZRPDQEHFRPHKXVEDQGDQGZLIH¶/RZH 
'RXJODV,WDOVRPHDQVµDQDJUHHPHQWE\ZKLFKDPDQDQGDZRPDQHQWHULQWRDFHUWDLQOHJDOUHODWLRQVKLSZLWK
HDFKRWKHUDQGZKLFKFUHDWHVDQGLPSRVHVPXWXDOULJKWVDQGGXWLHV¶/RZH 'RXJODV&RKDELWDWLRQRQWKH
RWKHUKDQGGHQRWHVWKHµVLWXDWLRQZKHUHWZRSHRSOHOLYHWRJHWKHUDVKXVEDQGDQGZLIHLQDIDPLO\IUDPHZRUNDQDORJRXV
WRPDUULDJHZLWKRXWDFWXDOO\KDYLQJJRQHWKURXJKDFHUHPRQ\RIPDUULDJH¶%DUORZ,WLVDOVRDµQRQOHJDOFR
UHVLGHQWLDOXQLRQDQGGRHVQRWLPSO\DOLIHWLPHFRPPLWPHQWWRVWD\WRJHWKHU¶:DLWH,QWKH86$EHIRUH
FRKDELWDWLRQZDVNQRZQDVµOLYLQJLQVLQ¶)UDQFN

7KH7UHQGRI&RKDELWDWLRQ 

0DUULDJH VHHPV WR KDYH GHFOLQHG LQ LWV SRSXODULW\  ,Q (QJODQG IRU H[DPSOH LQ  RQO\ DERXW  SHU 
SRSXODWLRQ ZHUH PDUULHG /RZH  'RXJODV  ,Q WKH 8QLWHG 6WDWHV RI $PHULFD WKH VDPH SKHQRPHQD ZHUH
UHSRUWHG&RPSDUHGWRWKFHQWXU\WKHUDWHRIFKLOGUHQERUQZLWKLQDPDUULDJHUHODWLRQVKLSGURSVWUHPHQGRXVO\)RU
H[DPSOHLQSHUFHQWRIFKLOGUHQZHUHERUQWRPDUULHGFRXSOHVZKLOHWKHSHUFHQWDJHZDVRQO\LQ5HFWRU
3HRSOHVHHPWREHQRORQJHULQWHUHVWHGLQIRUPDOL]HGUHODWLRQVKLSVEXWSUHIHUWRFRKDELW'HHFK,QWKH
86$IRUH[DPSOHWKHQXPEHURIFRXSOHVLQYROYHGZLWKFRKDELWDWLRQUHDFKHGPLOOLRQLQ)R[,QWKH
8QLWHG.LQJGRPFRKDELWDWLRQURVHIURPPLOOLRQFRXSOHVLQWRPLOOLRQLQ%\LWLVSURMHFWHG
WRULVHWRPLOOLRQ0DUULDJH)RXQGDWLRQ,QWKH5HSXEOLFRI&KLQDWKHDFWRIFRKDELWDWLRQKDVEHHQDFFHSWHGDQG
QRORQJHUFRQVLGHUHGDVLQDVEHIRUH&KHQ :DQJ
,Q 0DOD\VLD WKH WUHQG WR FRKDELW LV DOVR EHFRPLQJ LQFUHDVLQJO\ FRPPRQ DQG DFFHSWDEOH LQ 0DOD\VLDQ VRFLHW\
6LQQDGXUDLREVHUYHG
µ,QWKHODVWRQHJHQHUDWLRQDQHZSKHQRPHQRQKDVEHJXQWRWUDQVIRUPWKHIDPLO\VWUXFWXUHDQGVRFLHW\LQDZD\
WKDWKDVQRWEHHQZLWQHVVHGLQFHQWXULHV7KLVQHZSKHQRPHQRQLVFDOOHGDQLQIRUPDOXQLRQRUDGRPHVWLFSDUWQHUVKLS
EXWPRUHFRPPRQO\NQRZQDVFRKDELWDWLRQ7KHWUHQGFDXJKWRQLQ$VLDQFRXQWULHVLQFOXGLQJ0DOD\VLDLQDELJZD\
IURPWKHHDUO\Vµ6LQQDGXUDL

&RKDELWDWLRQLQWKH(\HVRI5HOLJLRQ

/LYLQJWRJHWKHUZLWKRXWPDUULDJHLVSURKLELWHGE\DOOPDMRUUHOLJLRQVLQFOXGLQJ,VODP&KULVWLDQLW\-XGDLVPDQG
+LQGXLVP*XUJDQLRXV,Q,VODPWKRVHZKRFRPPLWLOOHJDOVH[XDOLQWHUFRXUVHDUHFRQVLGHUHGDVFRPPLWWLQJD
PDMRUVLQDQGDUHVXEMHFWHGWRVHYHUHSXQLVKPHQWIURP$OODK7KH4XUDQVWDWHV
µ7KHZRPDQDQGWKHPDQJXLOW\RILOOHJDOVH[XDOLQWHUFRXUVHIORJHDFKRIWKHPZLWKDKXQGUHGVWULSHV/HWQRWSLW\
ZLWKKROG\RXLQWKHLUFDVHLQDSXQLVKPHQWSUHVFULEHGE\$OODKLI\RXEHOLHYHLQ$OODKDQGWKHODVW'D\$QGOHWD
SDUW\RIWKHEHOLHYHUVZLWQHVVWKHLUSXQLVKPHQW¶$O4XUDQ
$FFRUGLQJWRWKH%LEOHPDUULDJHVKRXOGEHKRQRUHGE\DOODQGWKHPDUULDJHEHGNHSWSXUHIRU*RGZLOOMXGJHWKH
DGXOWHUHUDQGDOOWKHVH[XDOO\LPPRUDO+HEUHZV6LPLODUO\WKH2OG7HVWDPHQWSURYLGHVWKDWDPDQZKRVHGXFHG
DYLUJLQDQGKDGVH[XDOUHODWLRQVZLWKKHUEHIRUHPDUULDJHZDVUHTXLUHGWRSD\WKHIDWKHURIWKHJLUODQGZDVUHTXLUHG
WRPDUU\KHULIWKHIDWKHUSHUPLWWHG([6H[XDOUHODWLRQVZLWKDYLUJLQEHWURWKHGWRDQRWKHUFDQEHUHVXOWHGLQ
GHDWKE\VWRQLQJRIERWKSDUWLHV'HXW
7KHDERYHGLVFXVVLRQVKRZVWKDWDOPRVWDOOUHOLJLRQVFRQGHPQWKHDFWRIFRKDELWDWLRQ7XUQLQJDZD\IURPUHOLJLRQ
WKHUHIRUHFDQEHRQHRIWKHYLWDOIDFWRUVZK\SHRSOHDUHLQYROYHGZLWKWKHDFW&RQVHTXHQWO\VWULFWDGKHUHQFHDQG
VWURQJFRPPLWPHQWWRUHOLJLRXVWHDFKLQJVZRXOGXQGHQLDEO\SUHYHQWSHRSOHIURPLQGXOJLQJLQWKLVLPPRUDODFWLYLW\
7KRUQWRQHWDO:LOKHOP

(IIHFWRI&RKDELWDWLRQ

7KHUHDUHPDQ\UHVHDUFKHVVKRZLQJWKHEDGHIIHFWRIFRKDELWDWLRQIURPYDULRXVDQJOHV2QHRIWKHPRVWLPSRUWDQW
QHJDWLYHHIIHFWVRIFRKDELWDWLRQLVUHJDUGLQJWKHZHOOEHLQJRIWKHFKLOG7KHFRKDELWDQWHVSHFLDOO\WKHZRPDQZRXOG
DOVREHDUWKHLPSDFW/DVWEXWQRWOHDVWWKHLPSDFWZLOOLQILOWUDWHLQWRWKHVRFLHW\DWODUJH
14 Normi Binti Abdul Malek / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 219 (2016) 12 – 18

5.1 Effect on Cohabitants

0DQ\VWXGLHVVKRZWKDWSK\VLFDODEXVHVDUHPRUHFRPPRQDQGVHYHUHDPRQJFRKDELWDQWVFRPSDUHGWRPDUULHG
FRXSOHV :HVWRQQG:DLWH7KRVHZKR FRKDELW EHIRUH PDUULDJHKDYHXQKDSSLHU PDUULDJHV DQG WKHLU
GHSUHVVLRQUDWHVDUHPRUHWKDQWKUHHWLPHVWKDQWKRVHZKRPDUULHG6WHWV:DLWH,PSRUWDQWYDOXHV
LQ D VXFFHVVIXO UHODWLRQVKLS VXFK DV FRPPLWPHQW 5LQGIXVV  9DQGHQ+HXYHO  DQG WUXVW DOVR WHQG WR EH
GLPLQLVKHG&RPSDUHGWRPDUULHGFRXSOHVFRKDELWDQWVJHQHUDOO\GRQRWZDQWWRWDNHUHVSRQVLELOLW\IRUWKHLUSDUWQHU
:DLWH *DOODJKHU
/HJDOO\ FRKDELWDQWV PD\ QRW HQMR\ ULJKWV DFFRUGHG WR WKH PDUULHG FRXSOHV LQ PDQ\ DVSHFWV LQFOXGLQJ VWDWXV
PDLQWHQDQFHLQKHULWDQFHDQGFXVWRG\8QGHU,VODPLFODZDVKLJKOLJKWHGEHIRUHDQ\UHODWLRQVKLSRXWVLGHZHGORFNZLOO
QRWEHUHFRJQL]HGDQGLQIDFWWKHGRHUZLOOEHVXEMHFWHGWRVHYHUHSXQLVKPHQW7KXVDIHPDOHFRKDELWDQWZLOOQRWEH
HQWLWOHGWRDQ\ULJKWJLYHQWRDPDUULHGZRPDQLQFOXGLQJULJKWWRGRZU\PDVNDKZLQDQGPDLQWHQDQFH6HFWLRQ
RIWKH,VODPLF)DPLO\/DZ)HGHUDO7HUULWRULHV$FWKHUHLQDIWHUUHIHUUHGWRDV,)/$SURYLGHVWKDWGRZU\LVRQO\
JLYHQLIWKHUHLVDPDUULDJH6LPLODUO\ZLWKUHJDUGWRPDLQWHQDQFHVHFWLRQRIWKH,)/$SURYLGHVWKDWRQO\DZLIHLV
HQWLWOHGWRLW
,IWKHUHLVDVHSDUDWLRQEHWZHHQDIHPDOHFRKDELWDQWDQGKHUSDUWQHUVKHZLOOQRWEHHQWLWOHGWRDQ\ULJKWQRUPDOO\
JLYHQWRDGLYRUFHGZLIHLQFOXGLQJPDLQWHQDQFHGXULQJLGGDKFRQVRODWRU\JLIWPXW¶DKDQGPDWULPRQLDOSURSHUW\
6HFWLRQRIWKH,)/$SURYLGHVWKDWRQO\DGLYRUFHGZLIHDQGQRWDFRKDELWDQWLVHQWLWOHGWRFRQVRODWRU\JLIW6LPLODUO\
LQWKHFDVHRIPDWULPRQLDOSURSHUW\WKHFRXUWZLOOKDYHWKHSRZHUWRRUGHUWKHGLYLVLRQRIWKHSURSHUW\LQWKHFDVHRI
GLYRUFH6HFWLRQRIWKH,)/$SURYLGHV
µ7KHFRXUWVKDOOKDYHSRZHUZKHQSHUPLWWLQJWKHSURQRXQFHPHQWRIWDODTRUZKHQPDNLQJDQRUGHURIGLYRUFH
WRRUGHUWKHGLYLVLRQEHWZHHQWKHSDUWLHVRIDQ\DVVHWVDFTXLUHGE\WKHPGXULQJWKHLUPDUULDJHE\WKHLUMRLQWHIIRUWVRU
WKHVDOHRIDQ\VXFKDVVHWVDQGWKHGLYLVLRQEHWZHHQWKHSDUWLHVRIWKHSURFHHGVRIVDOH¶
,QWKHFDVHRIFXVWRG\VHFWLRQSURYLGHVWKDWWKHFXVWRG\RILOOHJLWLPDWHFKLOGUHQEHORQJVRQO\WRWKHPRWKHUDQG
KHUUHODWLRQV7KXVDPDOHFRKDELWDQWRUKLVUHODWLYHVZLOOQRWEHHQWLWOHGWRWKHFXVWRG\,QWKHFDVHRI0DU\DP1XULVD
Y+X]DLULQ%DVUWKHFRXUWKHOGWKDWFXVWRG\RIDQLOOHJLWLPDWHFKLOGEHORQJHGH[FOXVLYHO\WRWKHPRWKHU,QWKLV
FDVHWKHSDUWLHVZHUHPDUULHGLQ$XJXVW2QHPRQWKDIWHUWKHPDUULDJHWKHSODLQWLIIJDYHELUWKWRDFKLOG/DWHU
WKH\ZHUHGLYRUFHGDQGWKHFKLOGUHPDLQHGZLWKWKHGHIHQGDQW7KHSODLQWLIIFODLPHGWKHULJKWRIFXVWRG\RIWKHFKLOG
DQGLWZDVJLYHQWRKHU,QWKHFDVHRILQKHULWDQFHRQO\DZLIHRUDKXVEDQGZLOOEHHQWLWOHGWRLQKHULWDQFHDQGQRWD
FRKDELWDQW$O4XUDQ
7KHSRVLWLRQLQFLYLOODZWKDWLVWKHODZDSSOLFDEOHWRWKHQRQ0XVOLPVLVVLPLODU,Q+XH&KRRL<LQY&KHZ3LW
.LQJWKHSHWLWLRQHUVRXJKWDGHFODUDWLRQIURPWKH+LJK&RXUWZLWKUHVSHFWWRKHUPDWULPRQLDOVWDWXV,QWKLV
FDVHWKHFRXUWVDLGWKDW
µ&RKDELWDWLRQ RI WKH SHWLWLRQHU ZLWK &&0 RYHU  \HDUV GRHV QRW FRQIHU DQ\ OHJDO PDULWDO VWDWXV XSRQ VXFK
UHODWLRQVKLS LQ YLHZ RI WKH VWULFW SURYLVLRQV RI WKH &02 DQG /5$ UHJDUGLQJ D PRQRJDPRXV PDUULDJH DQG WKH
UHTXLUHPHQWWRUHJLVWHUVXFKPDUULDJH¶
,QWHUPVRIPDLQWHQDQFHVHFWLRQRIWKH0DUULHG:RPHQDQG&KLOGUHQ0DLQWHQDQFH$FWSURYLGHV
µ,IDQ\SHUVRQQHJOHFWVRUUHIXVHVWRPDLQWDLQKLVZLIHRUDOHJLWLPDWHFKLOGRIKLVZKLFKLVXQDEOHWRPDLQWDLQ
LWVHOIDFRXUWXSRQGXHSURRIWKHUHRIPD\RUGHUVXFKSHUVRQWRPDNHDPRQWKO\DOORZDQFHIRUWKHPDLQWHQDQFHRIKLV
ZLIHRUVXFKFKLOG
:LWK UHJDUG WR PDLQWHQDQFH DIWHU GLYRUFH VHFWLRQ  RI WKH /DZ 5HIRUP 0DUULDJH DQG 'LYRUFH $FW 
KHUHLQDIWHUUHIHUUHGWRDV/5$SURYLGHV
µ 7KHFRXUWPD\RUGHUDPDQWRSD\PDLQWHQDQFHWRKLVZLIHRUIRUPHUZLIH«
 7KHFRXUWVKDOOKDYHWKHFRUUHVSRQGLQJSRZHUWRRUGHUDZRPDQWRSD\PDLQWHQDQFHWRKHUKXVEDQGRUIRUPHU
KXVEDQGǦ
,QUHODWLRQWRSURSHUW\VHFWLRQRIWKH/5$SURYLGHV
µ 7KHFRXUWVKDOOKDYHSRZHUZKHQJUDQWLQJDGHFUHHRIGLYRUFHRUMXGLFLDOVHSDUDWLRQWRRUGHUWKHGLYLVLRQ
EHWZHHQWKHSDUWLHVRIDQ\DVVHWVDFTXLUHGE\WKHPGXULQJWKHPDUULDJHE\WKHLUMRLQWHIIRUWVRUWKHVDOHRIDQ\VXFK
DVVHWVDQGWKHGLYLVLRQEHWZHHQWKHSDUWLHVRIWKHSURFHHGVRIVDOH¶
 Normi Binti Abdul Malek / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 219 (2016) 12 – 18 15

7KHDERYHFDVHDQGSURYLVLRQVFOHDUO\VKRZWKDWDSHUVRQZLOORQO\EHHQWLWOHGWRFODLPKLVKHUULJKWLQPDQ\PDWWHUV
LQFOXGLQJ PDULWDO VWDWXV PDLQWHQDQFH DQG PDWULPRQLDO SURSHUW\ LI KHVKH LV D PDUULHG SHUVRQ DQG QRW PHUHO\ D
FRKDELWDQW
,QWKHFDVHRIFXVWRG\WKHELRORJLFDOIDWKHUZLOOQRWKDYHULJKWWRWKHFXVWRG\RIFKLOGUHQ,Q7DP/H\&KLDQY6HDK
+HQJ/\HWKHFRXUWEDVLQJLWVGHFLVLRQRQWKHFRPPRQODZKHOGWKDW
µ«ZKHUHDFKLOGLVLOOHJLWLPDWHWKHSXWDWLYHIDWKHUKDVQRULJKWVRYHUKLPXQGHUFRPPRQODZ¶
,QRWKHUZRUGVHYHQWKRXJKWKHPRWKHUZLOOVWLOOKDYHWKHULJKWWRFXVWRG\RIKHUFKLOGUHJDUGOHVVZKHWKHUVKH
PDUULHVRUQRWWKHSXWDWLYHIDWKHUZLOOQRWKDYHVXFKULJKW7KXVLQWKHHYHQWWKHPDOHFRKDELWDQWZDQWVWRDSSO\IRU
FXVWRG\RIDFKLOGRXWRIKLVFRKDELWDWLRQUHODWLRQVKLSWKHFRXUWZLOOQRWDZDUGFXVWRG\WRKLPIROORZLQJWKHMXGJHPHQW
DERYH6LPLODUO\LQWKHFDVHRIWKHULJKWWRKDYHDQDFFHVVWRWKHFKLOGWKHSXWDWLYHIDWKHUZLOOQRWEHJLYHQVXFKDULJKW
DVFDQEHVHHQLQWKHFDVHRI/DL0HQJY7RK&KHZ/LDQ,QWKLVFDVHWKHFRXUWKHOGWKDWWKHSXWDWLYHIDWKHU
KDGQROHJDOULJKWRYHUDQLOOHJLWLPDWHFKLOG(YHQWKRXJKWKHSXWDWLYHIDWKHUZDVUHDOO\IRQGRIKLVFKLOGDQGLQIDFW
VSHQWDORWRIPRQH\RQKLPWKHODZSURYLGHVWKDWKHKDVQROHJDOULJKWHYHQWRKDYHDQDFFHVVWRWKHFKLOG
:LWKUHJDUGWRLQKHULWDQFHRQO\DOHJDOVSRXVHZRXOGEHHQWLWOHGWRWKHSURSHUW\OHDYLQJEHKLQGE\WKHSDUWQHULQ
WKHFDVHRILQWHVWDF\,QWKHFDVHRI6KDPXJDP6.DQDSDWK\Y3DSSDK&KLQQLDK1DGDUWKHLVVXHZDVZKHWKHU
WKHGHIHQGDQWDQGKHUWKUHHFKLOGUHQZHUHWKHODZIXOZLIHDQGFKLOGUHQRIWKHGHFHDVHGUHVSHFWLYHO\DQGWKXVHQWLWOHG
WRWKHLQKHULWDQFH,QWKLVFDVHWKHFRXUWFDPHWRWKHFRQFOXVLRQ
µ,PXVWWKHUHIRUHIXUWKHUGHFODUHWKDWWKHGHIHQGDQWLVQRWWKHODZIXOZLGRZDQGUHOLFWRIWKHGHFHDVHGDQGWKDW
FRQVHTXHQWO\HYHQLIKHUWKUHHFKLOGUHQDUHWKHFKLOGUHQRIWKHGHFHDVHGWKH\DUHQRWKLVOHJLWLPDWHFKLOGUHQVRWKDW
QHLWKHUWKHGHIHQGDQWQRUDQ\RIKHUFKLOGUHQDUHHQWLWOHGWRVXFFHHGWRWKHHVWDWHRIWKHGHFHDVHGZKRGLHGLQWHVWDWH¶

5.2 Effect on Children 

&KLOGUHQDUHRXUIXWXUHJHQHUDWLRQ$Q\WKLQJZURQJWKDWKDSSHQVWRWKHPWRGD\ZLOOFHUWDLQO\KDYHDQLPSDFWRQ
WKHVRFLHW\WRPRUURZ7KHUHDUHPDQ\QHJDWLYHHIIHFWVRIFRKDELWDWLRQDVRSSRVHGWRPDUULDJHWRWKHZHOOEHLQJRI
FKLOGUHQLQFOXGLQJPDWWHUVSHUWDLQLQJWRVWDWXVHPRWLRQYLROHQFHPDLQWHQDQFHDQGLQKHULWDQFH
8QGHU,VODPLFODZLQRUGHUWRDFTXLUHWKHVWDWXVRIDOHJLWLPDWHFKLOGLWLVUHTXLUHGQRWRQO\WKDWWKHFKLOGPXVWEH
ERUQZLWKLQZHGORFNEXWKHPXVWDOVREHERUQDWOHDVWDIWHUVL[PRQWKVDIWHUWKHPDUULDJHWDNHVSODFH6HFWLRQRI
WKH,)/$SURYLGHV
µ:KHUHDFKLOGLVERUQWRDZRPDQZKRLVPDUULHGWRDPDQPRUHWKDQVL[TDPDULDKPRQWKVIURPWKHGDWHRIWKH
PDUULDJH«WKHQDVDERUSDWHUQLW\RIWKHFKLOGLVHVWDEOLVKHGLQWKHPDQ¶
7KXV LI WKH DERYH FRQGLWLRQ ZLWK UHJDUG WR VWDWXV KDV QRW EHHQ IXOILOOHG WKH FKLOG ZLOO QRW EH FRQVLGHUHG DV D
OHJLWLPDWHFKLOGDQGWKXVZLOOQRWEHHQWLWOHGWRRWKHUULJKWVVXFKDVPDLQWHQDQFHDQGLQKHULWDQFH,QWKHFDVHRI:DQ
$]PLY1LN6DOZDQLWKHSODLQWLIIGLVFODLPHGSDWHUQLW\RIKLVFKLOGDQGWKXVDUJXHGWKDWKHGLGQRWKDYHWRSD\
PDLQWHQDQFHWRLW7KHFRXUWKHOGWKDWDVWKHFKLOGZDVERUQPRUHWKDQVL[PRQWKVIURPWKHWLPHRIPDUULDJHWKH
FKLOG¶VSDWHUQLW\FDQEHDVFULEHGWRKLPDQGWKXVKHZDVUHVSRQVLEOHWRPDLQWDLQWKHFKLOG
6LPLODUO\XQGHUFLYLOODZWKHVWDWXVRIWKHFKLOGZKRLVERUQRXWRIFRKDELWDWLRQZLOOEHFRQVLGHUHGDVLOOHJLWLPDWH
6HFWLRQRIWKH(YLGHQFH$FWFOHDUO\SURYLGHVWKDW
µ7KHIDFWWKDWDQ\SHUVRQZDVERUQGXULQJWKHFRQWLQXDQFHRIDYDOLGPDUULDJHEHWZHHQKLVPRWKHUDQGDQ\PDQ
RUZLWKLQWZRKXQGUHGDQGHLJKW\GD\VDIWHULWVGLVVROXWLRQWKHPRWKHUUHPDLQLQJXQPDUULHGVKDOOEHFRQFOXVLYHSURRI
WKDWKHLVWKHOHJLWLPDWHVRQRIWKDWPDQǦ
7KHDERYHSURYLVLRQFOHDUO\SURYLGHVWKDWLQRUGHUWRGHWHUPLQHWKHOHJLWLPDF\RIDFKLOGWKHFKLOGPXVWEHERUQ
GXULQJDYDOLGPDUULDJH:LWKRXWWKHOHJLWLPDWHVWDWXVWKHFKLOGLVGHSULYHGRIPDQ\ULJKWVLQFOXGLQJFXVWRG\DFFHVV
DQGLQKHULWDQFHDVKDYHEHHQKLJKOLJKWHGDERYH
$QRWKHULPSRUWDQWHIIHFWRIFKLOGUHQERUQRXWRIFRKDELWDWLRQLVWKHSUREOHPRIFKLOGSRYHUW\5HFWRUREVHUYHGWKDW
WKHDEVHQFHRIPDUULHGIDWKHULQWKHKRPHLVWKHSULQFLSDOFDXVHRIFKLOGSRYHUW\5HFWRU,WLVUHSRUWHGWKDWLID
FKLOGLVEURXJKWXSLQDPDUULHGIDPLO\WKHSUREDELOLW\WKDWWKHFKLOGLVOLYLQJLQSRYHUW\LVUHGXFHGE\DERXWSHUFHQW
7KLVLVEHFDXVHWKHVXUYH\LQWKH86$IRXQGRXWWKDWWKHSHUFHQWDJHRISRYHUW\UDWHIRUVLQJOHSDUHQWVZLWKFKLOGUHQLQ
ZDVZKLOHWKHUDWHIRUPDUULHGFRXSOHVZLWKFKLOGUHQZDVRQO\5HFWRU3RYHUW\DPRQJFKLOGUHQ
PD\OHDGWRPDQ\EDGFRQVHTXHQFHVLQFOXGLQJVFKRROGURSRXWDQGWKLVFHUWDLQO\OHDGVWRPDQ\RWKHUVRFLDOSUREOHPV
16 Normi Binti Abdul Malek / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 219 (2016) 12 – 18

6HFWLRQRI,)/$SURYLGHVWKDWLQWKHFDVHRILOOHJLWLPDWHFKLOGUHQRQO\WKHPRWKHULVUHVSRQVLEOHWRPDLQWDLQ
WKHP,QRWKHUZRUGVWKHSXWDWLYH0XVOLPIDWKHULVQRWGXW\ERXQGWRPDLQWDLQWKHP6HFWLRQRIWKH0DUULHG
:RPHQDQG&KLOGUHQ0DLQWHQDQFH$FWKRZHYHUSURYLGHVWKDWLWLVDGXW\RIWKHSXWDWLYHIDWKHUZKRLVDQRQ
0XVOLPWRSURYLGHPDLQWHQDQFH6LPLODUO\VHFWLRQRIWKH/5$VHHPVQRWWRGLVWLQJXLVKWKHGXW\RIDIDWKHUWRSD\
PDLQWHQDQFHWRZDUGVERWKOHJLWLPDWHDQGLOOHJLWLPDWHFKLOGUHQ    
:LWKUHJDUGWRGRPHVWLFYLROHQFHFKLOGUHQZKRDUHOLYLQJZLWKFRKDELWLQJELRORJLFDOSDUHQWVWKHOLNHOLKRRGWKDW
WKH\PLJKWEHDEXVHGLVWZHQW\WLPHVPRUHWKDQFKLOGUHQOLYLQJZLWKPDUULHGSDUHQWV7KHSHUFHQWDJHLQFUHDVHGDQRWKHU
WHQSHUFHQWLIWKHPRWKHU¶VER\IULHQGLVQRWWKHELRORJLFDOIDWKHU3RSHQRH :KLWHKHDG&KLOGUHQLQFRKDELWLQJ
XQLRQVDOVRVKRZSRRUHUHPRWLRQDOGHYHORSPHQWFRPSDUHGWRFKLOGUHQLQPDUULHGIDPLOLHV+DR7KHFKLOGUHQ
DOVRZLOOQRWJHWWKHQRUPDOJXLGDQFHDQGGLVFLSOLQHDVZKDWDUHH[SHFWHGIURPDUHDOIDWKHUVLQFHWKHPDOHFRKDELWDQW
HLWKHUGRHVQRWIHHOUHVSRQVLEOHWRGRWKDWRUIHHOVWKDWOHJDOO\VSHDNLQJKHLVQRWHQWLWOHGWRGRWKDWDVKHLVQRWWKHOHJDO
IDWKHU:DLWH
7KXVWRFRQFOXGHPDUULDJHDVRSSRVHGWRFRKDELWDWLRQSURYLGHVDPXFKEHWWHUHQYLURQPHQWDQGVWURQJVXSSRUWIRU
WKHGHYHORSPHQWDQGZHOOEHLQJRIFKLOGUHQ&KLOGUHQZKRKDYHEHHQEURXJKWXSE\PDUULHGFRXSOHVKDYHEHHQSURYHQ
WRH[SHULHQFHEHWWHUDFKLHYHPHQWLQHGXFDWLRQVRFLDOOLIHDQGEHKDYLRXU3DUNLQVRQ .D]]L,Q*UHHQ
3DSHU6XSSRUWLQJ)DPLOLHVWKHJRYHUQPHQWRI8QLWHG.LQJGRPSURYLGHV
µ0DUULDJH GRHV SURYLGH D VWURQJ IRXQGDWLRQ IRU VWDELOLW\ IRU WKH FDUH RI FKLOGUHQ ,W DOVR VHWV RXW ULJKWV DQG
UHVSRQVLELOLWLHVIRUDOOFRQFHUQHG¶
,QRUGHUWRHQVXUHWKDWZHDUHEUHHGLQJJRRGDQGVPDUWIXWXUHJHQHUDWLRQVWKHZHOOEHLQJRIFKLOGUHQPXVWEHZHOO
WDNHQFDUHRIDQGSURWHFWHGIURPHYHU\DQJOHLQFOXGLQJWKHLUVWDWXVSK\VLFDOHPRWLRQDODQGPHQWDOZHOOEHLQJDQG
VDIHW\

5.3 Effect on Society 

:LWKUHJDUGWRVRFLRORJLFDOHIIHFWRQHRIWKHLPSRUWDQWHIIHFWVLVWKDWFRKDELWDWLRQOHDGVWRKLJKHUOLNHOLKRRGRI
VHSDUDWLRQDQGGLYRUFH3V\FKRORJ\7RGD\UHSRUWHGWKDWZRPHQZKRFRKDELWHGZHUHPRUHOLNHO\WRVHSDUDWHRU
GLYRUFHWKDQWKRVHZKRGLGQRWOLYHWRJHWKHUEHIRUHPDUULDJH:HVWRQQG:DLWH6FKQHLGHU$[LQQ
DQG7KRUQWRQ7RDSSURYHWKHDFWRIFRKDELWDWLRQLVOLNHO\WREUHHGLUUHVSRQVLEOHSHUVRQVLQRXUVRFLHW\7KLVLV
EHFDXVH PHQ ZKR GR QRW ZDQW WR WDNH UHVSRQVLELOLW\ RI EHFRPLQJ WKH EUHDGZLQQHU DUH PRUH OLNHO\ WR FKRRVH
FRKDELWDWLRQRYHUPDUULDJH)RUVWH,QIDFWRQHRIWKHLPSRUWDQWUHDVRQVZK\SHRSOHFKRRVHWRFRKDELWLVWR
DYRLGXQGHUWDNLQJPDULWDOGXWLHV&KHQ:HL :DQJ:HL7KLVLVFHUWDLQO\QRWJRRGIRUWKHGHYHORSPHQWRID
KHDOWK\VRFLHW\
&KLOGUHQ ZKR DUH EURXJKW XS IURP WKLV UHODWLRQVKLS DV PHQWLRQHG DERYH DUH DOZD\V SUREOHPDWLF FRPSDUHG WR
FKLOGUHQZKRDUHEURXJKWXSIURPPDUULHGFRXSOHVDQGWKHUHDUHPDQ\HYLGHQFHVWRVKRZWKDWXQKDSS\FKLOGUHQZLOO
EH KDYLQJ GLIILFXOW\ DW VFKRROV ZKLFK OHDG WR WUXDQF\ DQG ODWHU JDQJ XS ZLWK JDQJVWHUV DQG EH LQYROYHG ZLWK HYLO
DFWLYLWLHVVXFKDVVWHDOLQJGUXJUHODWHGSUREOHPVDOFRKROLVPDQGRWKHUVRFLDOSUREOHPV$OOWKHVHSUREOHPVLIQRW
DWWHQGHGWRZLOOEULQJPRUHVHULRXVSUREOHPVWRWKHVRFLHW\VXFKDVUDSHFODVKHVDQGPXUGHU,WZDVUHSRUWHGWKDW
WKUHHRXWRIIRXUFKLOGUHQZKRLQYROYHGLQFULPLQDODFWLYLW\FDPHIURPFRKDELWLQJKRXVHKROGV&URXVH

&RQFOXVLRQ

&RKDELWDWLRQLVDQDFWWKDWLVFRQGHPQHGE\*RGWKH&UHDWRURIPDQNLQGDQGWKHZKROHXQLYHUVH:KHQSHRSOH
VWLOOFKRRVHWRSUDFWLVHFRKDELWDWLRQLWZLOOEULQJPDQ\EDGFRQVHTXHQFHVWRWKHSDUWLHVLQYROYHGLQFOXGLQJWKHFKLOGUHQ
DQGZRUVHVWLOOWKHEDGHIIHFWVZLOOLQILOWUDWHLQWRWKHVRFLHW\$VKDVEHHQKLJKOLJKWHGLQWKHDERYHGLVFXVVLRQWKHEDG
FRQVHTXHQFHVRIFRKDELWDWLRQHQFRPSDVVPDQ\DQJOHV/HJDOO\LWGRHVQRWDFFRUGWKHULJKWVQRUPDOO\JLYHQWRWKH
PDUULHGSHRSOHLQPDQ\DVSHFWVLQFOXGLQJVWDWXVPDLQWHQDQFHGRZU\PDWULPRQLDOSURSHUW\LQKHULWDQFHFXVWRG\DQG
ULJKWRIDFFHVV3V\FKRORJLFDOO\WKRVHZKRFRKDELWWHQGWRH[SHULHQFHPRUHGHSUHVVLRQWKDQWKRVHZKRDUHPDUULHG
'RPHVWLFYLROHQFHLVDOVRPRUHFRPPRQDQGVHYHUHDPRQJFRKDELWDQWVFRPSDUHGWRPDUULHGFRXSOHV6RFLDOO\SHRSOH
ZKRFRKDELWEHIRUHPDUULDJHDUHPRUHOLNHO\WRVHSDUDWHRUGLYRUFHZKHQWKH\DUHPDUULHGODWHU&RKDELWDWLRQDOVR
OHDGVWRLUUHVSRQVLEOHEHKDYLRXUDVRSSRVHGWRPDUULDJHZKLFKVWUHVVHVRQULJKWVDQGGXWLHVRIPDUULHGSHRSOH&KLOGUHQ
 Normi Binti Abdul Malek / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 219 (2016) 12 – 18 17

DVWKHYDOXDEOHDVVHWRIDVXFFHVVIXOVRFLHW\VXIIHUWKHPRVWLQDFRKDELWDWLRQUHODWLRQVKLS3RYHUW\EHFRPLQJYLFWLPV
RIDEXVHDQGYLROHQFHODFNLQJRIOHJDOVWDWXVDQGULJKWVWRLQKHULWDQFHDQGODFNLQJRISURSHUJXLGDQFHDQGGLVFLSOLQH
DUHDPRQJWKHSUHGLFDPHQWVIDFHGE\WKHP7KHUHVXOWRIDOOWKHVHSUHGLFDPHQWVZLOOVXUIDFHLQWRWKHVRFLHW\LQYDULRXV
IRUPVRIVRFLDOHYLOVLQFOXGLQJGUXJDQGDOFRKROUHODWHGSUREOHPVFODVKHVDQGFULPHV
7KXVLWLVKRSHGWKDWWKHGLIILFXOWLHVDQGWURXEOHVIDFHGE\PDQ\ZKRDUHLQYROYHGLQWKHDFWRIFRKDELWDWLRQLQRWKHU
FRXQWULHVDQGWKHEDGHIIHFWLWEULQJVWRWKHLUVRFLHW\VKRXOGEHJRRGOHVVRQVWR0DOD\VLDQVWKH\VKRXOGQRWEHUHSHDWHG
LQ RXU EHORYHG FRXQWU\ (YHU\ERG\ VKRXOG SOD\ D UROH LQ RUGHU WR PDNH VXUH WKDW FRKDELWDWLRQ ZLOO QRW EHFRPH D
SKHQRPHQRQLQ0DOD\VLD7KHJRYHUQPHQWDVWKHKLJKHUDXWKRULW\VKRXOGWDNHWKLVPDWWHUVHULRXVO\DQGSURYLGHJRRG
SROLFLHVDQGODZVZKLFKSUHYHQWSHRSOHIURPLQGXOJLQJLQWKLVXQKHDOWK\DFWLYLW\$WWKHVDPHWLPHWKHSROLFLHVDQG
IDFLOLWLHVWRHQFRXUDJHSHRSOHWRPDUU\VKRXOGDOVREHPDGHDYDLODEOH,WLVIHDUHGWKDWLIQRVHULRXVVWHSLVWDNHQWR
FRPEDWFRKDELWDWLRQSHRSOHZRXOGWDNHFRKDELWDWLRQDVWKHDOWHUQDWLYHWRPDUULDJH,WZRXOGEHYHU\XQIRUWXQDWHLI
0DOD\VLDQV UHSHDW WKH LPSUXGHQFH RIRWKHUV DQG WKHQIDFH WKH VDPH GLIILFXOWLHV DQG DJRQLHV WKDW RWKHUVKDYH JRQH
WKURXJKDQGODWHUILQGLWYHU\KDUGWRRYHUFRPHWKHVLWXDWLRQ


5HIHUHQFHV

$EGXO0DOHN1RUPL8QUHVROYHG,VVXHVLQ&XVWRG\0DWWHUV7KH3RVLWLRQLQ0DOD\VLDJ. Appl. Sci. Res.,

%DUORZ$QQHCohabitants and the LawUGHG/RQGRQ%XWWHUZRUWK
&'& &HQWHUV IRU 'LVHDVH &RQWURO DQG 3UHYHQWLRQ .H\ 6WDWLVWLFV IURP WKH 1DWLRQDO 6XUYH\ RI )DPLO\ *URZWK DYDLODEOH IURP
KWWSZZZFGFJRYQFKVQVIJNH\BVWDWLVWLFVFKWPFXUUHQWFRKDE>WK2FWREHU@
&KHQ:HL :DQJ:HL2QWKH6RFLDO%DVLVDQG/HJLVODWLYH3URSRVLWLRQVRI(VWDEOLVKLQJ1RQ0DULWDO&RKDELWDWLRQ/DZRIWKH35&, 6 US-
China Law Review
&URXVH-6Gaining Ground: A Profile of American Women in the Twentieth Century: Trends in selected indicators of women's well-being
:DVKLQJWRQ7KH%HYHUO\/D+D\H,QVWLWXWH
'HHFK  5XWK  'LYRUFH /DZ DQG (PSLULFDO 6WXGLHV L.Q.R.,  $SU  S  $YDLODEOH IURP KWWSLQWHUQDWLRQDO
ZHVWODZFRPSULQWVWUHDPDVS["VSD>0DUFK
)RUVWH5HQDWD3UHOXGHWR0DUULDJHRU$OWHUQDWLYHWR0DUULDJH"$6RFLDO'HPRJUDSKLF/RRNDW&RKDELWDWLRQLQWKH864 J.L. & Fam. Stud

)R[ /DXUHQ  7KH 6FLHQFH RI &RKDELWDWLRQ $ 6WHS 7RZDUG 0DUULDJH 1RW D 5HEHOOLRQ The Atlantic $YDLODEOH IURP
KWWSZZZWKHDWODQWLFFRPKHDOWKDUFKLYHWKHVFLHQFHRI FRKDELWDWLRQDVWHS?WRZDUGPDUULDJHQRWDUHEHOOLRQ >
6HSWHPEHU@
)UDQFN'HQQLVNo Marriage? No Ring? No Problem!$YDLODEOHIURPKWWSVLQJOHVDJRUJILOHVFRKDELWDWLRQBLVVXHVSGI>$XJXVW@
*XUJDQLRXV7KRNR]LOHReasons to not move in together before marriageDYDLODEOHIURPKWWSZZZKHOLXPFRPLWHPVUHDVRQV
QRWWRFRKDELWEHIRUHPDUULDJH$SULO
+DR/LQJ[LQ)DPLO\6WUXFWXUH3ULYDWHWUDQVIHUVDQGWKHHFRQRPLFZHOOEHLQJRIIDPLOLHVZLWK
FKLOGUHQSocial Forces
+XH&KRRL<LQY&KHZ3LW.LQJ>@0/5+
/DL0HQJY7RK&KHZ/LDQ>@0/-
/DQH+DOCohabitation Confusion: What does the Bible say? $YDLODEOHIURPKWWSVHUOFFRPDUWLFOHFRKDELWDWLRQFRQIXVLRQZKDWGRHV
WKHELEOHVD\>6HSWHPEHU@
/RZH1LJHO 'RXJODV*LOOLDQBromley’s Family LawWKHG8QLWHG.LQJGRP%XWWHUZRUWK
0DUULDJH )RXQGDWLRQ 0DUULDJH RU &RKDELWDWLRQ DYDLODEOH IURP
KWWSZZZPDUULDJHIRXQGDWLRQRUJXN:HE&RQWHQW'HIDXOWDVS["&RQWHQW >WK6HSWHPEHU@
0DU\DP1XULVDY+X]DLULQ%DVU-+
3DUNLQVRQ3DWULFN$0For Kids’ Sake Repairing the Social Environment for Australian Children and Young People$XVWUDOLD)DFXOW\RI
/DZ8QLYHUVLW\RI6\GQH\
3RSHQRH'DYLG :KLWHKHDG%DUEDUD'DIRH6KRXOG:H/LYH7RJHWKHU":KDW<RXQJ&RXSOHV1HHG7R.QRZ$ERXW&RKDELWDWLRQ%HIRUH
0DUULDJHNational Marriage ProjectSSDYDLODEOHIURPKWWSZZZYLUJLQLDHGXPDUULDJHSURMHFWSGIVVZOWSGI>$SULO@
5HFWRU5REHUWMarriage: America’s Greatest Weapon Against Child PovertyS$YDLODEOH
IURPKWWSZZZKHULWDJHRUJUHVHDUFKUHSRUWVPDUULDJHDPHULFDVJUHDWHVWZHDSRQDJDLQVWFKLOGSRYHUW\>0DUFK@
18 Normi Binti Abdul Malek / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 219 (2016) 12 – 18

5LQGIXVV 9DQGHQ+HXYHO&RKDELWDWLRQ$SUHFXUVRUWRPDUULDJHRUDQDOWHUQDWLYHWREHLQJVLQJOH"Population and Development Review

 
6FKQHLGHU ,,$ 3DWULFN  &RKDELWDWLRQ LV EDG IRU PHQ ZRUVH IRU ZRPHQ DQG KRUULEOH IRU FKLOGUHQ LifeSiteNews.com$YDLODEOH IURP
ZZZOLIHVLWHQHZVFRPQHZVFRKDELWDWLRQLVEDGIRUPHQZRUVHIRUZRPHQDQGKRUULEOHIRUFKLOGUHQ>WK6HSWHPEHU@
6KDPXJDP6.DQDSDWK\Y3DSSDK&KLQQLDK1DGDU>@0/5+
6LQQDGXUDL :UXWKHUDQ  Cohabitation: An alternative to marriage?$YDLODEOH IURP KWWSJRRGWLPHVP\LQGH[SKS(GXFDWLRQFRKDELWDWLRQDQ
DOWHUQDWLYHWRPDUULDJHKWPO>$SULO@
6WHWV -DQ (  7KH /LQN %HWZHHQ 3DVW DQG 3UHVHQW ,QWLPDWH 5HODWLRQVKLS Journal of Family, ,VVXHV   $YDLODEOH IURP
ZZZMILVDJHSXEFRPFRQWHQWUHIVKWPO>$SULO@
7DP/H\&KLDQY6HDK+HQJ/\H>@0/-
7KH 6WDU  Mahathir Laments Cohabitation  'HFHPEHU $YDLODEOH IURP
KWWSGRFVJRRJOHFRPYLHZHU"D Y T FDFKH46INF1D0-SKXDNOWULSRGFRPIDPLO\GRF
7KRUQVWRQ$UODQG:LOOLDP*$[LQQ 'DQLHO++LOO5HFLSURFDO(IIHFWVRI5HOLJLRVLW\ &RKDELWDWLRQ DQG 0DUULDJH American
Journal of Sociology
:DLWH/LQGD *DOODJKHU0DJJLHThe Case for Marriage: Why Married People are Happier, Healthier, and Better Off Financially1HZ
<RUN'RXEOH'D\
:DLWH /LQGD -  7KH 1HJDWLYH (IIHFWV RI &RKDELWDWLRQ  The Communitarian Network YRO  LVVXH :LQWHU $YDLODEOH IURP
KWWSZZZJZXHGXaFFSVUFTUFTBQHJDWLYHHIIHFWVBZDLWHKWPO>6HSWHPEHU@
:LOKHOP%UHQGD&KDQJHVLQ&RKDELWDWLRQ$FURVV&RKRUWV7KH,QIOXHQFHRI3ROLWLFDO$FWLYLVPSocial Forces
:DQ$]PLY1LN6DOZDQL-+
:HVWRQ 'RQ QG Twenty Good Reasons Why Not Cohabit Before Marriage $YDLODEOH IURP KWWSZZZSK\VLFLDQVIRUOLIH
RUJFRQWHQWYLHZ>$SULO@