A note on the vorticity spectrum

R. A. Antonia, H. S. Shafi, and Y. Zhu

Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Newcastle, N.S.W. 2308, Australia
~Received 4 January 1996; accepted 29 April 1996!
The vorticity spectrum has been inferred, using local isotropy, from measurements of the lateral
vorticity components in a turbulent wake over a small Reynolds number range. The high
wavenumber part of the spectrum supports Kolmogorov’s @C. R. Akad. Sci. USSR 30, 301 ~1941!#
similarity theory. Among the different published analytical expressions for the three-dimensional
energy spectrum, the model of Kida and Murakami @Phys. Fluids 30, 2030 ~1987!# is closest to the
present data. © 1996 American Institute of Physics. @S1070-6631~96!02708-0#

I. INTRODUCTION * `0 E(k)dk5(u 21 1u 22 1u 23 )/2; u 2 and u 3 are the velocity fluc-

Considerable effort has been devoted over the last five
decades or so to determining the form of the high wavenum-
ber part of the energy spectrum. Most of the earlier work was
motivated by Kolmogorov’s1 similarity hypothesis ~hereafter
referred to as K41! or the notion that the smallest scales of
turbulent motion behave independently of the energy-
containing scales when the Reynolds number is sufficiently
large. Specifically, Kolmogorov assumed that at sufficiently
high wavenumbers, the energy spectrum depends only on
ē , the mean rate of turbulent kinetic energy dissipation and
n , the kinematic viscosity. Experimental verification for this
1/2
hypothesis was provided by the high R l ( [ u 21 l/ n , here
l and u 1 are the Taylor microscale and longitudinal velocity
fluctuation! tidal channel spectra of Grant et al.,2 the rela-
tively high R l grid turbulence spectra of Kistler and
Vrebalovich3 and the round jet spectra of Gibson.4 Compila-
tions of spectra from a wide range of sources ~e.g., Monin
and Yaglom,5 Chapman6! suggest that K41 applies ~albeit on
a log–log presentation!. These compilations have been rela-
tively well supported in modeling ~e.g., Smith and
Reynolds7!, DNS ~direct numerical simulations! data ~e.g.,
She et al.8! and recent experiments ~e.g., Saddoughi and
Veeravalli9!.
Champagne10 carefully measured u 1 using hot wires in
different flows over a wide range of Reynolds numbers. He
concluded that the u 1 spectra, normalized by Kolmogorov
scales, were universal only in the sense that they were the
same irrespective of the flow provided R l was the same. The
evolution of the spectrum with R l was interpreted to be com-
mensurate with Kolmogorov’s11 attempt ~refined similarity
hypothesis! to account for the intermittent nature of the en-
ergy dissipation rate. It should be recalled however that rela-
tively significant corrections for Taylor’s hypothesis were
applied to the spectra at R l 5626 and 7000.
In testing hypotheses for the small-scale structure, it is
important to select quantities which are representative of the
small-scale motion ~Antonia and Kim12!. To date, the spec-
trum of u 1 has been used in most of the studies to verify
K41. The main aim of this paper is to assess the validity of
K41 using the spectrum of vorticity, a quantity which is
more closely associated with small scale turbulence than ve-
locity. We also examine how closely existing models for the
three-dimensional energy spectrum E(k) @defined such that
tuations in the mean shear or x 2 and spanwise or x 3 direc-
tions respectively, k is the wavenumber# represent the
present data.
II. EXPERIMENTAL DETAILS
Measurements were made on the centerline of a wake of
a circular cylinder under zero pressure gradient conditions.
Details of the wind tunnel have previously been given in
Antonia and Browne13 while details of the present experi-
mental conditions, including characteristics of the probe used
for the present measurements are available in Antonia et al.14
For these reasons, only a brief description will be given here.
Three values of the free stream velocity were used ~3.6, 5.0,
and 10 m/s! yielding values of R l of 60, 120, and 190 at
x 1 /d570 ~here, x 1 is the distance from the center of the
cylinder, d is the diameter!. The Kolmogorov length scale
h ([ n 3/4ē 21/4) was in the range 0.37 to 0.18 mm. The lat-
eral vorticity components v 2 ~in the x 2 direction! and v 3 ~in
the x 3 direction! were obtained with a four wire probe ~one
X-wire straddling parallel single hot wires; this design was
used by Haw et al.,15 and Antonia and Rajagopalan16!. The
Pt-10% Rh wires had a diameter of 2.5 m m and were etched
to a length of nominally 0.5 mm. The transverse separations
Dx 3 / h ~between the X wires! and Dx 2 / h ~between the par-
allel wires! were chosen in the ranges 2.4 to 4.4 and 4 to 6 in
accordance with the suggestions of Zhu and Antonia17 and
Zhu et al.18 Taylor’s hypothesis was used to transform tem-
poral derivatives into streamwise derivatives. The use of this
hypothesis seemed justified since the turbulence intensity
level was relatively low ~6 ; 7%!, an advantage of the
present experiment.
The hot wires were operated with in-house constant tem-
perature anemometers at an overheat ratio of 0.5. The an-
emometer signals were passed through buck and gain circuits
and low-pass filtered at a frequency f c corresponding ap-
proximately to the Kolmogorov frequency f K ([Ū 1 /2p h ,
here in the range 1.4 to 7.7 kHz, Ū 1 is the local mean veloc-
ity!. The subsequent signals were digitized ~12-bit A/D con-
verter! using a sampling frequency f s equal to 2 f c . Record
durations of about 120 s were used.

2196 Phys. Fluids 8 (8), August 1996 1070-6631/96/8(8)/2196/7/$10.00 © 1996 American Institute of Physics

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III. SUMMARY OF SPECTRAL CORRECTION SCHEME E~ k ! 2
f i j ~ k! 5 f i j ~ k ! 5 ~ k d i j 2k i k j ! , ~2!
The measurement of vorticity involves the use of mul- 4pk4
tiple wires which are spatially displaced. As a result of the
finite spatial resolution of the probe, the contribution from
the smallest scales to the measured spectrum is attenuated. where k5(k 21 1k 22 1k 23 ) 1/2 and d i j is the Kronecker delta,
The measured spectra of v 2 and v 3 , should therefore, be equal to 1 for i5 j and 0 for i Þ j. We estimated E(k) from
corrected for the effect of spatial resolution. The correction the measured f u 1 , the spectrum of u 1 ~hereafter f a is de-
scheme used here is essentially an extension of
fined such that * `0 f a dk 1 5 a 2 ; a 5 v , v i , u 1,1 or u 1 ,
Wyngaard’s19,20 analysis which assumes local isotropy. It
k 1 52 p f /Ū 1 , f is the frequency!, using the isotropic relation
takes into account all the geometrical parameters of the
probe, including the effects of Dx 2 , Dx 3 and wire lengths.

S D S D
Details of the correction technique are discussed in Ref. 14;
only the main results for v 3 are given here. The ‘‘true’’ ] 2f u1 ] f u1
spectrum of v 3 may be written E ~ k ! 5k 2 2k . ~3!
] k 21 ]k1
k 1 5k k 1 5k
f v 3 ~ k! 5k 21 f 33~ k! 1k 22 f 11~ k! 22k 1 k 2 f 12~ k! ~1!
where k is the wavenumber vector with components k 1 ,
k 2 , and k 3 and f i j (k) is the energy spectrum tensor. When For the present probe geometry, the ‘‘measured’’ spectrum
isotropy is assumed, of v 3 can be expressed ~see Appendix of Ref. 14! as

12cos~ k•Dx1 !
f vm3 ~ k! 5 $ @ A 2a 12cos~ k•Dx3 ! A a A b 1A 2b # f 22~ k! 1tan2 b @ A 2a 22cos~ k•Dx3 ! A a A b
2Dx 21
k•Dx2 k•Dx2
1A 2b # f 11~ k! 12tanb ~ A 2b 2A 2a ! f 12~ k! % 14A 2 sin2 f 11~ k! /Dx 22 12Atanb sin
2 2

3 HF S
sin k•Dx1 1
k•Dx3
2 D
2sin
k•Dx3
2 G F S
A a 2 sin k•Dx1 2 D
k•Dx3
2
1sin
k•Dx3
2
A b f 11~ k! /Dx 1 Dx 2 G J
22Asin
k•Dx2
2 HF S
sin k•Dx1 1
k•Dx3
2 D
2sin G F S
k•Dx3
2
A a 1 sin k•Dx1 2
k•Dx3
2
1sin
k•Dx3
2 D
A b f 12~ k! /Dx 1 Dx 2 , G J
~4!

where Dx 1 [2Ū 1 / f s , A a [sin(k• l a /2)/(k• l a /2) repre- sumption to generate f v 1 , the spectrum of v 1 . Isotropic
sents the wire length effect ( a [a and b refer to the two expressions for f v i (k 1 ) can be written in terms of f u 1,1 ~e.g.,
wires of the X probe, c and d to the two parallel wires for Kim and Antonia21!, viz.
which A c 5A d 5A) and b is the effective angle of the X
wires. The measured spectrum is then obtained by multiply-
ing f vm (k 1 ) with the ratio
3
f v 1 ~ k 1 ! 5 f u 1,1~ k 1 ! 14 Ek1
`
k 21 f u 1,1dk, ~6!

f v 3~ k 1 ! ** `2` f v 3 ~ k! dk 2 dk 3 5 k 1 ] f u 1,1~ k 1 !
5 . ~5! f v 2 ~ k 1 ! 5 f v 3 ~ k 1 ! 5 f u 1,1~ k 1 ! 2
f vm3 ~ k 1 ! ** `2` f vm ~ k! dk 2 dk 3 2 2 ]k1
3

The double integrals on the right side of ~5! are evaluated

numerically for each value of k 1 . f vm was corrected in a
2
12 Ef `

k1
u 1,1

k
dk. ~7!

similar fashion. The vorticity spectrum f v (k 1 ) is equal to the sum of the

IV. SPECTRA OF VORTICITY
Since the high wavenumber parts of the corrected spec-
tra of v 2 , v 3 and their component derivatives provided sat-
isfactory support for local isotropy, notwithstanding the
small values of R l , 14 it seemed appropriate to use this as-
spectra of the three components of v i ~Antonia et al.22!, viz.
f v~ k 1 ! 5 f v 1~ k 1 ! 1 f v 2~ k 1 ! 1 f v 3~ k 1 ! . ~8!
Using measured distributions of f u 1,1(k 1 ), ~6! was used to
generate f v 1 (k 1 ). f v (k 1 ) was obtained by summing the
corrected f v 2 (k 1 ), f v 3 (k 1 ) and the generated f v 1 (k 1 ). Fig-
ure 1 shows corrected distributions (R l 560) of f v* (k * 1) 2

Phys. Fluids, Vol. 8, No. 8, August 1996 Antonia, Shafi, and Zhu 2197

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FIG. 1. Spectra of u 1,1 , v 1 , v 2 , v 3 , and v for R l 560. Note that the spectra of u 1,1 , v 2 , and v 3 are measured. The spectrum of v 1 was estimated using Eq.
~6! while the spectrum of v was calculated using Eq. ~8!. – –, a 5u 1,1 ; — - - —, v 1 ; — - —, v 2 ; - - -, v 3 ; —, Eq. ~7!; — – —, v .

and f v* (k *
1 ) as well as the distribution of f v* (k *1 ) inferred parison, the present f v* (i51,2,3! data are re-plotted in Fig.
3 1 i
from the measured spectrum of u 1,1 ~also shown in the fig- 2 with the measured data of Ong and Wallace.23 The latter
ure!. The asterisk denotes normalization by the Kolmogorov
data were obtained in a relatively high Reynolds number
velocity U K ([ n 1/4ē 1/4) and length scale h . The figure indi-
(R l .874) boundary layer flow at y * / d .0.1 ( d is the
cates that f v* and f v* are practically identical, which is
1 .0.1, the f v
boundary layer thickness!. For k * * distributions
2 3
consistent with local isotropy. In addition, there is satisfac- i

tory agreement at high wavenumbers between these spectra of Ong and Wallace are consistently lower than the present
and the isotropic calculation @Eq. ~7!# using f u 1,1. For com- ones; also, the Ong and Wallace data suggest that f v*
2

FIG. 2. Comparison between the present spectra of v i and those of Ong and Wallace ~Ref. 23!. Present data (R l 560) : — - - —, v 1 ; — - —, v 2 ; - - -,
v 3 . Ong and Wallace ~Ref. 23! (R l .874) : — – —, v 1 ; – –, v 2 ; — – – —, v 3 .

2198 Phys. Fluids, Vol. 8, No. 8, August 1996 Antonia, Shafi, and Zhu

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FIG. 3. Spectra of v , weighted by k *
1 . – –, R l 560, present; - - -, 120; — - —, 190; —, 53, DNS @Kim and Antonia ~Ref. 21!#; — - - —, 874, Ong and
Wallace ~Ref. 23!.
Þ fv* which is inconsistent with local isotropy. These au-
3
thors did however indicate that their results for k 1* .0.1 are
distorted due to an inadequate spatial resolution of the probe,
as well as filtering and noise effects; their data were not
corrected for these effects.
Distributions of k 1* f v* (k 1* ) are shown in Fig. 3 for the
three values of R l . Also shown are the DNS spectrum at the
centerline of a fully developed channel flow ~Kim et al.24;
Kim and Antonia21! at R l 553 and the data of Ong and Wal-
lace at R l .874. This presentation, while emphasizing the
differences between the different distributions, has the ad-
vantage of highlighting wavenumbers which contribute most
to the mean square vorticity or entrophy ( v ¯2 ). Champagne10
underlined that a log–log presentation is inadequate for fo-
cusing on the behavior of the tail end of the spectrum as
R l increases. Apart from the data of Ong and Wallace
which, as already noted in the context of Fig. 2, were af-
fected for k * 1 .0.1, the collapse of the other data for
k*1 .0.1 is satisfactory. The DNS spectrum exhibits rela-
tively large fluctuations at small k * 1 , probably due to insuf-
ficient averaging. For k *1 *0.2, the DNS spectrum falls off at
a slightly faster rate than the measured spectra. This depar-
ture cannot be attributed to the relatively small R l in the
simulation; it is probably due to the relatively large x step
(57 h ) of the numerical grid. The local rise near k * 1 .1 in
the experimental distribution of k 1 f v (k 1 ) is due to elec-
* * * sively used to test K41, presumably because it is easily mea-
tronic noise.
The maximum value of k * 1 fv * (k *1 ) is relatively well de-
fined; it occurs at a value of k * 1 ([k * 1p ; the subscript p
denotes the location of the peak in the spectrum! in the range
0.17 to 0.20. A possible interpretation is that the vortical
structures ~not necessarily the most intense ones! which con-
tribute most to the enstrophy, translate at a frequency corre-
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sponding to this value of k * 1 ~implicit in this is the validity of
the assumption that the convection velocity of the structure is
equal to the mean velocity!. The present value of k * 1 p is in
agreement with that of k p ~0.17!, the wavenumber at the
*
peak of the energy dissipation spectrum k 2 E(k), as observed
in the isotropic turbulence simulations (15<R l <200) of
She et al.8 These authors noted that k p exhibited a linear
dependence on ( ē / n 3 ) 1/4 at least for R l *60, in accord with
K41. The relatively smaller value of k * 1p (.0.13) inferred
from Ong and Wallace’s data only reflects the high wave-
number attenuation of their spectra.
As expected, the low wavenumber shape of the present
k 1* f * * ) distributions evolves systematically with R l
u 1 (k 1
~Fig. 4!. In the high wavenumber range, there is good agree-
ment between the present data and that of Champagne,10 also
uncorrected for Taylor’s hypothesis, in a wake (R l .182). In
particular, the good collapse for k 1* .0.1 is consistent with
Fig. 3 and K41. It is important to point out that K41 requires
the Reynolds number to be sufficiently large. However, as
R l increases, the magnitude of the peak of f u 1 increases
while its location decreases, reflecting that f u 1 is mostly
representative of large scale flow features. Compared to the
maximum values, the energy level of f u 1 for k * 1 .0.1 con-
tinues to decrease as R l increases. Yet, f u 1 has been exten-
sured using a single hot wire. The use of f u 1 as a test for
K41 is decidedly less attractive than f v ; Fig. 3 clearly
shows that the major contributor to v ¯2 is the high wavenum-
ber end of the spectrum. When only f u 1 is available, a more
appropriate test for K41 or its modifications11 is provided, as
suggested by Champagne,10 by the use of k 41 f u 1 . In isotropic
Antonia, Shafi, and Zhu 2199
 1 . Symbols are as in Fig. 3. — - - —, 182, wake flow @Champagne ~Ref. 10!#.
FIG. 4. Spectra of u 1 , weighted by k *

turbulence, the integral with respect to k 1 of k 41 f u 1 , or Various analytical expressions are available in the litera-
equivalently k 21 f u 1,1, is proportional to the skewness of ture for E(k). Smith and Reynolds7 considered the form
u 1,1 . The present values of the skewness of u 1,1~20.41, m
E ~ k ! 5C k ē 2/3k 25/3e 2 a k * , ~10!
20.45, and 20.47 for R l 560, 120, and 190, respectively!
are similar to those reported for DNS isotropic turbulence with the parameters a , m and the Kolmogorov constant C k
data25 and laboratory experiments26 at comparable Reynolds related through the relation
numbers. f v* contains significantly higher levels of energy in
the high wavenumber range than f * u 1,1 ~Fig. 1!. The relative
sensitivities of k 1 f v and k 21 f u 1,1 in testing K41 cannot be
a5 FS D S DG
2
C G
m k 3m
4 3m/4
,

assessed without ambiguity since both f v and f u 1,1 reflect which follows from the definition ē 52 n * `0 k 2 E(k)dk. Sev-
eral studies have focused on determining the appropriate
small-scale features of the turbulence; nonetheless, f v char-
value of m. For example, Townsend,28 Novikov,29
acterizes an essential physical ingredient of the turbulence.
Saffman,30 and Monin and Yaglom5 have suggested that
m52. Corrsin31 and Pao32 recommended m54/3 from theo-
V. CALCULATIONS USING MODELS OF E ( k ) retical considerations. Kraichnan33 proposed m51 based on
direct interaction approximations. Smith and Reynolds7
For isotropic turbulence, it can be shown ~e.g., noted that it was difficult to differentiate between m51 ~i.e.,
Batchelor27! that a 52.3 with C k 51.7) and m52 ( a 53.49) on a log–log
c i j ~ k ! 5k 2 f i j ~ k ! , plot of f u 1 (k *1 ) vs k *
1 . However, they suggested m52
mainly on the basis of data for the velocity derivative skew-
where c i j is the vorticity spectral density tensors. The traces ness. Manley34 noted, by considering the range 0&k * &1
of these tensors are related by instead of 0<k * &`, that m51 ~see also Foias et al.35! may
c ii ~ k ! 5k 2 f ii ~ k ! be consistent with the available skewness data for suffi-
ciently large R l . We note here that the value of k p is sensi-
and the three-dimensional vorticity spectrum tive to m. At the peak of the dissipation spectrum,
([ ** c ii (k)d s , where d s is a spherical area element! is d @ k 2 E(k) # /dk50. This is satisfied when
equal to the dissipation spectrum k 2 E(k). The one-
dimensional vorticity spectrum, f v (k 1 ), cf. Eq. ~8!, is given a mk *p m 5 31 .
by
For m52, k * p 50.22 while for m51, k *p 50.15. It would
` appear that m52 may be more consistent with the present
f v~ k 1 ! 5 EE k 2 f ii ~ k ! dk 2 dk 3 5 E
k1
`
kE ~ k ! dk. ~9!
magnitude of k *
1p .
A variation of the Smith and Reynolds model was pro-
2` posed by Sanada:36

2200 Phys. Fluids, Vol. 8, No. 8, August 1996 Antonia, Shafi, and Zhu

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FIG. 5. Comparison between the present spectrum of v and calculations based on Eqs. ~10!, ~11!, and ~12!. —, R l 560, present; — - - —, calculation, Eq.
~10!, m51; — - —, Eq. ~10!, m52; - - -, Eq. ~11!; – –, Eq. ~12!.
E ~ k ! 5 ē 2/3k 25/3F ~ k * ! ,
where
F~ k*!5 H 2Be
Ck
~ 2ak*m !
~ 0,k * ,k c* ! ,
c ,k * ! .
~k*
Good agreement between this model and DNS data for sta-
tionary, homogeneous turbulence was obtained for
C k .2.0, B56.5, a 55.1, and m51. The value of k *c ~0.23!
was determined by requiring continuity of F(k * ) at
k * 5k *
c .
Kida and Murakami37 suggested that in the high wave-
number range, E(k) has an exponential decay with an alge-
braic correction, i.e.,
E ~ k * ! 5Bk * m e 2 b k * ,
where B.8.4, m.21.6 and b .4.9. They found good sup-
port for this form of E(k) from their DNS data for freely
decaying turbulence. We should also mention that She and
Jackson38 proposed an empirical form of E(k), a superposi-
tion of two power laws, in order to account for the pile up of
energy near k5k p . Here, we examine the compatibility of
different models for E(k) @Eqs. ~10!, ~11!, and ~12!# with our
present vorticity spectrum.
The distributions of f v* (k *
1 ) calculated using Eq. ~9! and
either ~10!, ~11!, or ~12! are shown in Fig. 5. Also included
in the figure are the present f v* (k * 1 ) data for R l 560. For
k*1 .0.2, there is good agreement between the present data
and the calculation based on Eq. ~12!. The calculation based
on Eq. ~11! underestimates f v* in the entire high wavenum-
ber range. Equation ~10! underestimates the peak for f v* for
both m51 and 2. For k * 1 .0.4, the calculated f v * for
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~11! m52 is consistent with the present spectra. The calculation
for m51 overestimates f v* , suggesting that m52 is more
suitable than m51, as noted earlier.
VI. CONCLUSIONS
The present results ~Fig. 3! indicate that the shape of the
measured vorticity spectrum, which appears to be indepen-
dent of R l in the high wavenumber range, is compatible with
K41. The vorticity spectrum, which is equivalent to the dis-
sipation spectrum in isotropic turbulence, provides a more
sensitive test for K41 than f u 1 ~Fig. 4!. In this regard, the
relative sensitivities of f v and f u 1,1, as test quantities, can-
not be determined unambiguously. Naturally, it would be
desirable to extend the measurement of f v to higher values
of R l . Among the models for E(k) we have considered, the
~12! expression of Kida and Murakami37 is most consistent with
the present data. The choice of m52 appears to be better
than m51 for the Smith and Reynolds7 model for E(k),
resulting in reasonable agreement for the high wavenumber
range between the calculated and inferred vorticity spectra.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The support of the Australian Research Council is grate-
fully acknowledged.
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Antonia, Shafi, and Zhu