Documenti di Didattica
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(b) At low light intensity, the increase in the rate of photosynthesis is the same at
15 °C and 25 °C.
Explain why.
(3)
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(c) The increase in the rate of photosynthesis as light intensity increases is greater at
25 °C than 15 °C.
Explain why.
(3)
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The normal concentration of 0.035% carbon dioxide in the atmosphere limits the rate of
growth of plants.
(d) Explain why Blackman maintained the plants used in his investigation in an
atmosphere consisting of 0.40% carbon dioxide.
(2)
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(Total for Question 1 = 12 marks)
2 This question explores the chemistry of why limiting factors affect the rate of
photosynthesis. Answer using your knowledge of the light-dependent and
light-independent reactions.
(a) Explain what happens when the concentration of carbon dioxide is the limiting
factor.
(3)
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(b) The rate of production of ATP and NADP decreases as light intensity decreases
and becomes a limiting factor.
Explain the consequences of this.
(3)
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(Total for Question 2 = 8 marks)
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TOPIC 5: ENERGY FLOW, ECOSYSTEMS AND THE ENVIRONMENT
Chapter 5B: Ecology
Group A
Number Number
Sampling method of of
insects spiders
10 sweeps while walking in a
straight line covering a strip of 135 5
grass 1 m wide by 10 m long
as above but in a different strip 150 10
as above but in a different strip 110 10
as above but in a different strip 115 5
as above but in a different strip 120 15
as above but in a different strip 118 14
as above but in a different strip 112 6
as above but in a different strip 143 9
as above but in a different strip 129 12
as above but in a different strip 122 11
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Group B
Number Number
Sampling method of of
insects spiders
1 sweep 4 0
10 sweeps standing still 10 0
10 sweeps while walking
130 10
10 paces
6 sweeps walking back and forth
9 1
over the same ground
15 sweeps while walking
175 14
20 paces
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(c) Describe one method students could use to count the number of grass
plants in a given area.
(1)
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(d) Explain how the data obtained by both groups supported the initial finding
that, in grassland, spiders are carnivores and most insects are herbivores.
(2)
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(e) Explain why the results of group A are a more reliable record of the
numbers of insects and spiders in the grassland community sampled than
those of group B.
(4)
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(Total for Question 1 = 11 marks)
A 1 and 2 only
B 2 and 3 only
C 1 and 3 only
D 1, 2 and 3
Your answer
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(b) The biosphere is divided into smaller biomes.
Name one biome that has low or very low biodiversity.
(1)
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(c) Biotic, abiotic and edaphic factors can influence the biodiversity of a biome.
Edaphic factors refer to soil types.
Suggest why sandy soil in a biome/ecosystem reduces the biodiversity of
that area.
(3)
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(Total for Question 2 = 5 marks)
3 The graph shows the standard deviation of the mean number of insects per unit
area sampled from two grass fields X and Y.
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(b) Discuss how well the data indicates a significant difference between the
mean numbers of insects in the two fields.
(3)
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(Total for Question 3 = 4 marks)
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TOPIC 5: ENERGY FLOW, ECOSYSTEMS AND THE ENVIRONMENT
Chapter 5C: Environment and climate change
A 1 and 2 only
B 2 only
C 2 and 3 only
D 1, 2 and 3
Your answer
(Total for Question 1 = 1 mark)
2 The graph shows temperature changes on the Earth’s surface and in the
atmosphere across the world over a period of time.
Based on the data shown in the graph, the IPCC concluded that there is a
greater than 90% probability that anthropogenic greenhouse gas increases have
caused most of the observed increase in global average temperatures since the
mid-20th century.
Comment, with reference to the data in the graph and using your own
knowledge, on the validity of the IPCC conclusion.
(5)
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(Total for Question 2 = 5 marks)
3 Since 1850, sea levels have increased and are now 3 mm higher.
(a) What is the immediate source of the extra water in the oceans?
(1)
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(b) An increase in the water temperature will increase the volume of the
oceans. Explain why.
(1)
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(c) Discuss the possible effects of rising sea levels on human populations.
(5)
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(Total for Question 3 = 7 marks)
4 The graph shows the gross primary production (GPP) of a plant crop when
grown at different ambient temperatures at a horticultural research station.
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(b) If the surrounding temperature increases by 10 °C, then the rate of biological
reactions is expected to double. This relationship is known as the
temperature coefficient, Q10.
Explain the trend shown in the graph with reference to Q10.
(4)
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3
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(c) What are the implications of the data shown in the graph for food production
if the average global temperature continues to rise?
(2)
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(Total for Question 4 = 7 marks)
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4
TOPIC 6: MICROBIOLOGY, IMMUNITY AND FORENSICS
Chapter 6A: Microbiology
A 1 and 2 only
B 2 only
C 2 and 3 only
D 1, 2 and 3
Your answer
(Total for Question 1 = 1 mark)
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(b) Suggest why people eligible to receive the flu vaccine in the UK are
advised to be vaccinated every year.
(3)
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(c) Both the influenza virus and HIV contain RNA. Explain how HIV, but not the
flu virus, is a retrovirus.
(2)
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(Total for Question 2 = 9 marks)
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(b) Explain why the symptoms of cholera include very watery diarrhoea.
(2)
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Without treatment, the mortality rate for cholera is about 50%. Rehydration
therapy can cure many people, but bacteria can remain in their faeces for up to
3 months after they have recovered. The bacteria can also survive outside the
body, in water, for a few weeks.
(c) Explain why contamination of drinking water with sewage may lead to an
outbreak of cholera.
(3)
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(d) Explain why, without treatment, patients with cholera may die.
(2)
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(e) There is a low-cost vaccine available for cholera. Suggest two types of
locations that should be given priority for vaccinating people against
cholera.
(2)
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(Total for Question 3 = 10 marks)
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TOPIC 6: MICROBIOLOGY, IMMUNITY AND FORENSICS
Chapter 6B: Immunity
A 1 and 2 only
B 2 and 3 only
C 1 and 3 only
D 1, 2 and 3
Your answer
(Total for Question 1 = 1 mark)
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(b) Explain how the structure of the cell surface membrane of the neutrophil
enables it to engulf the clump of bacteria.
(2)
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(c) Explain what has caused the bacteria to clump together.
(2)
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(d) State the term that refers to the process of bacteria clumping together.
(1)
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(e) Explain the role of opsonins and cytokines in the process of engulfing
bacteria.
(3)
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(Total for Question 2 = 9 marks)
3 In the 1940s, the antibiotic drug penicillin first became available to treat
diseases caused by bacteria. At the time, some types of bacteria were naturally
resistant to penicillin. Other types of bacteria previously sensitive to penicillin
soon acquired resistance to the drug. By the 1960s, bacterial resistance to
penicillin had spread, making it difficult to treat some diseases caused by
bacteria.
(a) (i) Some types of bacterial cell are surrounded by a structure that makes
the bacteria naturally resistant to penicillin and other types of
antibiotics.
State the name of this structure.
(1)
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(iii) Explain why acquired resistance to penicillin and other antibiotics
spreads rapidly from generation to generation of bacterial cells.
(2)
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(b) Today some types of disease-causing bacteria are not only resistant to
penicillin but also to most other types of antibiotic.
(i) Describe the mechanisms used by bacteria to resist antibiotics.
(2)
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(Total for Question 3 = 10 marks)
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TOPIC 6: MICROBIOLOGY, IMMUNITY AND FORENSICS
Chapter 6C: Decomposition and forensics
A 1 and 2 only
B 2 only
C 2 and 3 only
D 1, 2 and 3
Your answer
(Total for Question 1 = 1 mark)
2 Rigor mortis begins more quickly in a victim who was chased before being
killed. Explain why.
(4)
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(Total for Question 2 = 4 marks)
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3 Describe the stages of succession during the process of decay of a dead body.
(8)
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(Total for Question 3 = 8 marks)
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4 On chromosome 13, in a non-coding region of DNA, there is a repeat sequence
of two nucleotide bases, CA. The number of repeat sequences can vary, for
example from 3 to 150.
Individuals have a different number of CA repeats on each chromosome 13.
Your answer
The graph shows the profiles of members of a family with respect to the CA
repeat sequences on chromosome 13. The DNA used for testing was extracted
from their cheek cells.
(b) Comment on the relationships between the parents and each of the three
children.
(3)
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(c) Explain why exons are not used for DNA profiling but are used for DNA
barcoding.
(3)
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(Total for Question 4 = 7 marks)
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TOPIC 7: RESPIRATION, MUSCLES AND THE INTERNAL ENVIRONMENT
Chapter 7A: Cellular respiration
A 1 and 2 only
B 2 and 3 only
C 1 and 3 only
D 1, 2 and 3
Your answer
(Total for Question 1 = 1 mark)
Your answer
(Total for Question 2 = 1 mark)
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(b) State the type of reaction that converts ATP to ADP + Pi.
(1)
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(Total for Question 3 = 4 marks)
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(b) In anaerobic conditions, glycolysis is the only source of ATP. Explain why
so much more ATP can be produced in aerobic conditions.
(3)
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(c) During the reactions of glycolysis, molecules of reduced NAD (NADH) are
produced. Explain how.
(2)
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(d) NAD is regenerated by muscle tissue during vigorous exercise. Explain
how.
(2)
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(Total for Question 4 = 9 marks)
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(Total for Question 5 = 5 marks)
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TOPIC 7: RESPIRATION, MUSCLES AND THE INTERNAL ENVIRONMENT
Chapter 7B: Muscles, movement and the heart
A 1 and 2 only
B 1 and 3 only
C 3 only
D 1, 2 and 3
Your answer
(Total for Question 1 = 1 mark)
2 (a) Identify two places in the body where you would find white fibrous cartilage.
(2)
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(b) Describe how the biceps and triceps muscles work to bend and straighten
the forearm.
(3)
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(c) Explain why muscles need a good blood supply.
(2)
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(Total for Question 2 = 7 marks)
3 Describe the roles of calcium ions and the sarcoplasmic reticulum during
contraction of skeletal muscles.
(5)
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(Total for Question 3 = 5 marks)
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4 The graph shows the oxygen dissociation curves for myoglobin and
haemoglobin.
(a) Explain the differences in the shape of the curves for myoglobin and
haemoglobin.
(5)
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(b) After a run, athletes continue to breathe faster and deeper to repay their
oxygen debt. This involves reoxygenating the myoglobin.
Explain, using information from the graph, how the myoglobin is
reoxygenated.
(2)
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(Total for Question 4 = 7 marks)
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TOPIC 7: RESPIRATION, MUSCLES AND THE INTERNAL ENVIRONMENT
Chapter 7C: Control of the internal environment
A 1 and 2 only
B 2 and 3 only
C 1 and 3 only
D 1, 2 and 3
Your answer
(Total for Question 1 = 1 mark)
2 Which row of the table correctly describes the chemical nature of the
hormones?
(1)
Your answer
(Total for Question 2 = 1 mark)
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3 ADH (antidiuretic hormone) is a short peptide made in the hypothalamus and
stored in the pituitary gland. Its main target tissue is cells making up the walls of
collecting ducts in the kidney.
The diagram shows how ADH causes these cells to reabsorb more water from
the filtrate in the collecting duct.
(a) State from which part of the pituitary gland the ADH is released into the
bloodstream.
(1)
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(c) Name the second messenger involved in the series of events shown in the
diagram.
(1)
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(d) Name the enzyme that catalyses the production of the second messenger.
(1)
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(e) Explain the importance of osmoregulation in animals. (2)
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(f) ADH, like insulin, does not pass into its target cells. Steroid hormones, for
example oestrogen, can pass into their target cells.
Explain why.
(2)
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(g) Desert rats have very long loops of Henle in their kidney nephrons. Suggest
why. (2)
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4 Explain the physiological mechanisms that prevent a human athlete from
becoming overheated when running a race. (7)
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(Total for Question 4 = 7 marks)
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TOPIC 8: COORDINATION, RESPONSE AND GENE TECHNOLOGY
Chapter 8A: The nervous system and neurones
A 1 and 2 only
B 2 and 3 only
C 1 and 3 only
D 1, 2 and 3
Your answer
(Total for Question 1 = 1 mark)
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(Total for Question 2 = 2 marks)
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3 The graph shows the changes in potential difference across the membrane of
the axon of a stimulated neurone (nerve cell).
Use the graph to answer the following questions.
(a) (i) Determine the length of time that an action potential lasts.
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(ii) State which ion channels are open and which are closed at time X and
time Y.
(2)
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(iii) Name the type of ion channel that opens only when the potential
difference across a cell membrane changes.
(1)
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(v) Explain the events that take place during the time labelled Z.
(3)
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(vi) Explain how events that take place during the time labelled Z affect the
transmission of nerve impulses.
(4)
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(Total for Question 3 = 17 marks)
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TOPIC 8: COORDINATION, RESPONSE AND GENE TECHNOLOGY
Chapter 8B: Coordination in animals and plants
A 1 and 2 only
B 1 and 3 only
C 3 only
D 1, 2 and 3
Your answer
(Total for Question 1 = 1 mark)
2 Vertebrate sensory and motor neurones are each covered by a myelin sheath.
(a) Describe the structure of the myelin sheath.
(4)
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(Total for Question 2 = 6 marks)
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3 (a) Which of the following statements are true?
(1)
1 Phytochrome is a red pigment found in plants.
2 Phytochrome exists in two forms and both are biologically active.
3 Phytochrome influences seed germination and flowering in adult plants.
A 1 and 2 only
B 1 and 3 only
C 3 only
D 1, 2 and 3
Your answer
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(Total for Question 3 = 9 marks)
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4 Sometimes marathon runners drink too much water. This, together with
inappropriate release of the hormone ADH, may lead to exercise-related
hyponatremia (EAH). This is overhydration leading to a potentially lethal low
concentration of sodium ions in the blood. EAH can also occur when users of
the drug ecstasy (MDMA) feel thirsty and drink too much water.
(a) Explain why having too much water in the blood leads to low concentrations
of sodium ions.
(1)
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(b) Explain why a low concentration of sodium ions in body fluids can disrupt
nerve conduction.
(2)
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(Total for question 4 = 4 marks)
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TOPIC 8: COORDINATION, RESPONSE AND GENE TECHNOLOGY
Chapter 8C: Gene technology
A 1 only
B 1 and 2 only
C 1 and 3 only
D 2 and 3 only
Your answer
(Total for Question 1 = 1 mark)
2 The diagram shows how a genetically modified bacterium, able to produce the
human hormone insulin, can be selected with the use of tetracycline and
streptomycin.
Tetracycline and streptomycin are antibiotics that inhibit protein synthesis in
bacteria, preventing their growth.
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(a) The gene for human insulin is obtained by taking mRNA from beta cells in
the islets of Langerhans in the human pancreas and treated with an enzyme
to make cDNA.
(i) Name the enzyme that is used to produce cDNA from mRNA.
(1)
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(ii) Suggest why mRNA is taken from beta cells of the islets of
Langerhans in the pancreas.
(2)
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(iii) Scientists know that the gene for insulin is on chromosome 11.
However, mRNA is used to make the gene needed to produce
recombinant plasmids, instead of obtaining the gene from
chromosome 11.
Suggest why.
(1)
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(b) (i) In this procedure, any E. coli bacteria that do not take up a
plasmid will not grow on plate 1.
Explain why.
(2)
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(ii) In this procedure any E. coli bacteria that have taken up a non-
transformed plasmid will grow on both plate 1 and plate 2.
Explain why.
(4)
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(c) Which colonies, from plate 1, should be taken and cultured to produce
human insulin to treat people with diabetes?
(1)
A colonies A, B and D
B colonies A, B, C and E
C colonies E, C and F
D colonies D and F
Your answer
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(d) (i) State one possible risk from using antibiotic resistance genes
as markers for identifying transformed bacteria.
(1)
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(Total for Question 2 = 16 marks)
3 Some types of fish contain omega 3 oils, also known as fish oils, which humans
need in their diet for brain development and function. Due to overfishing, these
types of fish are now in short supply.
These fish can be farmed but they do not synthesise omega 3 oils themselves;
they have to be fed on fish caught from the wild, to add the omega 3 oils to their
diet. The wild fish on which the farmed fish are fed obtain omega 3 oils from the
algae that they eat.
Scientists are developing genetically modified cereal crops, such as wheat, that
contain the gene for omega 3 oils.
(a) Suggest where the gene for the omega 3 oils is obtained by the scientists, in
order to genetically modify the cereal crops to produce omega 3 oils.
(1)
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(Total for Question 2 = 3 marks)
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Whole course assessment 1
1 Thrushes are predators of the snail Cepaea nemoralis. They break open the
shell and feed on the snail. Snails can have shells which are differently
coloured. Colours include pink, brown and yellow.
A fieldwork investigation was carried out, in which empty unbroken and broken
shells were collected. The number of each type of shell provided data about the
number of snails of each colour in a particular habitat. The number of broken
shells indicated the number of snails of each type that had been eaten by
thrushes. The chi squared ( χ 2 ) test can be used to assess which colour of snail
is more likely to be eaten.
(a) State what is meant by the term fieldwork.
(2)
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The table below records the results for broken shells. These are the observed
(O) results. The expected (E) results have been calculated based on the
number of each type of snail living in the area.
Shell colour O E
brown 12 6
pink 35 25
yellow 250 266
Using the formula
(O − E )2
2 =
E
where stands for ‘sum of’:
(c) Complete the table below.
(O − E )2
Shell colour O − E (O − E)2
E
brown
pink
yellow
(3)
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(d) Calculate the value of χ 2 . Show your working.
(2)
Answer ................................................................................................................................
(e) Using the following extract from a probability table with the appropriate
degrees of freedom, deduce whether the value of χ 2 allows the null
hypothesis to be accepted or rejected. Explain your answer.
(4)
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(f) If the investigation showed that thrushes ate fewer snails with yellow shells,
explain how the frequency of the characteristic might change in future
generations of snails. Use ideas about alleles and natural selection in your
answer.
(5)
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(g) The study was repeated on a population of snails living in leaf litter in a
forest. Predict how the results might differ.
(3)
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(Total for Question 1 = 20 marks)
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Whole course assessment 2
A 1 and 2 only
B 2 only
C 2 and 3 only
D 1, 2 and 3
Your answer
(Total for Question 1 = 1 mark)
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2 Approximately 8 million tonnes of plastic waste each year ends up in the
oceans. Plastics are polymers; one polymer is polyethylene terephthalate (PET),
which is used to make plastic bottles.
Plastic rubbish, in the oceans, collects into large floating rafts, which can be
colonised by bacteria. These microorganisms can degrade the plastic, but it
takes a very long time.
Some bacteria, for example Ideonella sakaienus, produce the extracellular
enzyme PETase. PETase breaks down PET to its monomers. These are then
absorbed by the bacteria and used as a source of carbon and energy. The
monomers are broken down to carbon dioxide and water, producing ATP. The
total breakdown of plastics requires many different enzymes and therefore
needs a community of bacteria.
PETase has an optimum temperature above 60 C. The temperature in the
oceans varies from −3 oC, at a depth of 3500 m, to an average global surface
temperature of 16 C.
Scientists have engineered PETase enzyme and chitinase enzymes to increase
their efficiencies. They are also selecting plastic-degrading communities of
microorganisms as follows.
Communities of microorganisms
with the most efficient PETase
enzymes are mixed and cultured.
This is repeated many times.
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(a) State the meaning of each of the following terms that are used in the above
information.
(i) Community:
(1)
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(b) (i) Explain why the ocean temperature at a depth of 3500 m is so low.
(2)
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(iii) Much of the ATP produced, when I. sakaienus breaks down PET, is
made by the process of chemiosmosis.
Describe how ATP is made during chemiosmosis.
(3)
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(c) The selection process shown in the flow diagram takes several weeks but
may involve about 1500 generations of bacteria.
(i) Explain why so many generations of bacteria are involved in this
process.
(2)
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(d) PET and other plastics that end up in the ocean bioaccumulate. Animals
ingest plastics because the microorganisms colonising the plastic produce
chemicals that smell like food
Which organism is most at risk of dying from ingesting plastic?
(1)
A black-footed albatross
B herring
C squid
D zooplankton
Your answer
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The graph shows the rates of activity of the enzyme chitinase obtained from a
bacterium. Chitinase breaks down chitin, which is found in cell walls of fungi and
in some animal (crustacean) shells.
(e) How much more efficient is the genetically modified chitinase than the
unmodified chitinase?
(1)
A 3 times more efficient
B 30 times more efficient
C 90 times more efficient
D 900 times more efficient
Your answer
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3 The graph shows the results of an investigation. In eight soil samples, each
taken from a different area, the ATP concentration and the number of bacteria
were determined.
(a) Describe the relationship between number of bacteria per gram of soil and
ATP concentration.
(1)
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(b) In another investigation, a sample taken from some cold waterlogged soil
was found to have 2.0 nmol g−1 of ATP.
(i) Predict, using information from the graph, the number of bacteria in
this soil sample.
(1)
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(ii) When other methods of determining the number of bacteria in the
cold waterlogged soil sample was carried out the numbers were
estimated to be 3.7 × 107 per gram of soil.
There were more bacteria in this soil sample than predicted by
inferring from the data on ATP concentration. Suggest why.
(2)
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(Total for Question 3 = 4 marks)
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TOPIC 5: ENERGY FLOW, ECOSYSTEMS AND THE ENVIRONMENT
Chapter 5A: Photosynthesis
Exotoxins:
• soluble proteins made and released by bacteria (1)
• made by Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria (1)
• may poison cells, disrupt host metabolism, inhibit neurotransmission. (1)
Endotoxins:
• lipoplysaccharides, which are part of bacterial cell wall (1)
• made of Gram-negative bacteria (1)
• cause vomiting and diarrhoea. (1)
3(b) • (The toxin) prevents absorption of water from the intestine into blood (so (2)
more water passes out with faeces). (1)
• Ions pass from blood to intestine and water will follow by osmosis. (1)
3(c) Three from: (3)
• Bacteria can survive in faeces/sewage for up to 3 months/can survive in
water for a few weeks. (1)
• By drinking contaminated water, bacteria enter the intestine. (1)
• They survive the low pH of stomach and live in intestine. (1)
• Many people drinking from same contaminated water supply. (1)
• People may directly infect others by touching with bacteria on hands. (1)
• People may indirectly infect others by poor hygiene when preparing
food/food not properly cooked. (1)
(d) Two from: (2)
• Dehydration disrupts metabolism/named example. (1)
• Loss of electrolytes disrupts nerve conduction/muscle contraction. (1)
• Bacteria in the gut are out of reach of immune system. (1)
brown 6 36 6
pink 10 100 4
yellow −16 256 0.96
(3)
1(d) χ 2 = 6 + 4 + 0.96 (1) (2)
= 10.96 (1)
1(e) ● The null hypothesis is rejected (1) (4)
● because the χ 2 value is greater than the critical value. (1)
● 5.99 (1)
● Reference to null hypothesis being rejected at 5% level (1)
1(f) An answer that includes five of the following points: (5)
● Proportionately fewer snails with yellow shells are eaten. (1)
● More snails with yellow shells are able to reproduce. (1)
● The frequency of alleles controlling yellow colouring increases. (1)
● Proportionately fewer individuals with brown or pink shells survive. (1)
● The frequency of alleles controlling brown and pink colouring decreases. (1)
1(g) ● On leaf litter, brown shelled snails better camouflaged (1) (3)
● Less likely to be eaten (1)
● Numbers would be higher (1)