BIG PICTURE OF SHIPS’

RESISTANCE
This presentation is made possible by the support and review of Indonesian
Hydrodynamics Laboratory Expert. Enjoy the show!
COMPOSED AND PRESENTED BY:
Cakra Wijaya Kusuma Rahadi S.T.

1
CONTENTS:
1) Resistance & its Component
2) Resistance Prediction Methods
3) Empirical Method
4) Numerical Method
5) Experimental Methode
6) How to do Power Prediction
7) Resume

2
 1
-RESISTANCE AND ITS
COMPONENT -

3
 1.1
RESISTANCE
THE
Do you haveLAWany clue? OF

ACTION &
Does it really matter?
Why is it so important?
REACTION

Sir Isaac Newtown 4

 1.2
Newtown’s 3rd law

THE LAW OF
ACTION &
REACTION

Sir Isaac Newtown 5

RESISTANCE COMPONENT 1.3

Reference?

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 3.1

TOTAL HULL RESISTANCE

Total Hull Resistance (RT) is a total force that the ship experiences opposite to the motion of
the ship as it moves.

𝑹𝑻 = 𝑹𝑽 + 𝑹𝑾 + 𝑹𝑨

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 1.5
SKIN FRICTION RESISTANCE

“Is the net fore-and-aft forces upon the ship due to tangential fluid
forces”

Frictional resistance accounts for nearly 80 percent of total

resistance in slow-speed ships like oil tankers and as much as
50 percent in high-speed ships like container vessels”

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SKIN FRICTION RESISTANCE 1.5

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 1.6

WAVE MAKING RESISTANCE

“Is a form of drag that affects surface watercraft, such as boats and
ships, and reflects the energy required to push the water out of the
way of the hull. This energy goes into creating the wave.”

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 1.7

WAVE-MAKING RESISTANCE
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 THE IMPORTANCE OF RESISTANCE 1.8
PREDICTION IN SHIP DESIGN PROCESS

THE LAW OF SPIRAL DESIGN

Ship’s Design Stage
ACTION &
REACTION

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 2
-RESISTANCE PREDICTION METHODS -

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 RESISTANCE PREDICTION 2.1
METHOD

Empirical Approach Numerical Method Experimental

Holtrop Cfd Towing test

Savitsky, etc

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 2.2
“What’s the Difference ”
Numerical Method Experimental
Empirical Method
(CFD)

Depend on the hardware

Duration Fast (Minutes-Hours) (computer capacity) (days- (1-2) Months
weeks)

Price Cheap Medium Expensive

Accuracy Medium (up to 90%) Medium (up to 95%) Medium (up to 98%)

Difficulty Medium Medium-High High

Design stage Concept-Preliminary Design Preliminary Design Contract-Detail Design

Confidence Level Low-Moderate Moderate High

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 3
-EMPIRICAL METHOD-

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 3.1
“The Empirical equations are
based on observations and
experience rather than
theories”
The Empirical formula of ship’s resistance is derived from many
tests on ships.

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 Empirical Methode 3.2

Displacement Hull Semi-Planning Planning Hull

Holtrop Savitsky Pre-planning Savitsky- Planning

Seris 60 Blount and Fox
Van Oortmerssen Wayman, etc
Kr. Barge

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 4
-NUMERICAL METHOD-

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 4.1
“The Computational Fluid Dynamics
(CFD) is numerical analysis designed to
analyze and solve problems that involve
fluid flows”
The Empirical formula of ship’s resistance is govern by
cobtinuity

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 CFD SIMULATION
4.2

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 4.3
“The Governing Equation”
(Equations based on “average” velocity)

𝜕𝜌 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
+ 𝜌𝑢 + 𝜌𝑢 + 𝜌𝑢 = 0
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝑧
Continuity

𝜕𝑢𝑥 𝜕𝑢𝑥 𝜕𝑢𝑥 𝜕𝑢𝑥 𝜕𝑝 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕

𝜌 + 𝑢𝑥 + 𝑢𝑦 + 𝑢𝑧 =− − 𝜎 + 𝜏 + 𝜏 + 𝜌𝑔𝑥
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝑥𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝑦𝑥 𝜕𝑧 𝑧𝑥
Equations of Motion

𝐷
𝜌 𝑣 = −∇𝑝 + 𝜇∇2 𝑣 + 𝜌𝑔
𝐷𝑡
“Navier-Stokes Equations (constant r and m)”
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 4.4
“Navier-Stokes Equations

Claude-Louis Navier George Gabriel Stokes

C.L. M. H. Navier, Memoire sur les Lois du Mouvements des Fluides, Mem. de l’Acad. d. Sci.,6, 398 (1822)
C.G. Stokes, On the Theories of the Internal Friction of Fluids in Motion, Trans. Cambridge Phys. Soc., 8, (1845)
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How Powerfull CFD? 4.5

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 “Preparation Step” 4.6

Geometry Pre- Processing/ Post-

Modelling Processing Solving Processing

• Creating 3D Model • Meshing • Geometry Similarity • Turbulent and laminar

• Scaling • Defining Domain • Dynamics Similarity Visualization
• Exporting Computation • Pressure Gradient
• Defining Speed & • Force & Resistance in
Acceleration any direction
• Defining • Heat transfer, etc.

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“Validation” 4.7

Grid
Independence

Solver
Convergence

Experimental
Result
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 5
-EXPERIMENTAL METHOD-

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 5.1

“Provide the most accurate

Result ”
Supported with calibrated and standardized data acquisition
apparatus.

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 5.2
Modelling Analysis
Creating model scale Analyzing the
01 based on production
drawing
03 result and
extrapolating to
05
real size

Preparation Towing Test Reporting

02 04
Preparing model scale Conducting resistance
geometry test in towing tank
 “Preparation Step” 5.3

Process & Production

Input
Scaling Drawing

• Lines Plan • Geometry Similarity • Lines Plan

𝐹𝑛𝑆 = 𝐹𝑛𝑀 𝑉𝑆 𝑉𝑀
=
• General 𝑔𝐿𝑆 𝑔𝐿𝑀
Arrangement
• Dynamics Similarity
Scale Factor = 𝝀
𝐿𝑆
𝜆= ∶ Length
𝐿𝑀
𝑆𝑆
𝜆2 = ∶ Area
𝑆𝑀
∇𝑆
𝜆3 = ∶ Volume
∇𝑀 30
 “Modelling” 5.4

Production Model
QA & QC
Drawing Production

• Lines Plan • Geometry Similarity • Lines Plan

𝐹𝑛𝑆 = 𝐹𝑛𝑀 𝑉𝑆 𝑉𝑀
=
• General 𝑔𝐿𝑆 𝑔𝐿𝑀
Arranggement
• Dynamics Similarity
Scale Factor = 𝝀
𝐿𝑆
𝜆= ∶ Length
𝐿𝑀
𝑆𝑆
𝜆2 = ∶ Area
𝑆𝑀
∇𝑆
𝜆3 = ∶ Volume
∇𝑀 31
 “Towing Test” 5.5

Preparation Towing test Raw data

• Ballasting • Documentation • Time History

• Turbulent • Data acquisition
Stimulator
• Trim Adjustment
• Instrumentation

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“Towing Test” 5.4
5.6

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 “Data Analysis” 5.7

Extrapolation Result (Full

Raw Data
Procedure Scale)

• Ballasting • Documentation • Resistance vs

Speed
• Instrumentation • Data acquisition
• EHP vs Speed

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 “Extrapolation Procedure” 5.8

Based on ITTC Method 2017

Calc. Ship
Calc. Model Total Calc. Residual Calc. Ship Total Resistance Calc. Ship Total
Friction
Resistance Coeff. Resistance Coeff. Coeff. Resistance
Resistance Coeff.

𝑅𝑇𝑚 0.075
𝐶𝑇𝑚 = (CR model = CR kapal) 𝐶𝐹𝑠 = CTs = (CTm– (1+K))+(CFs – CFm) CA RTs = ½ CTs r Ss Vs2
1ൗ 𝜌 𝑆 𝑉 2 𝐿𝑜𝑔10 𝑅𝑛𝑠 − 2 2
2 𝑚 𝑚 𝑚 CR = CTm – CFm CA = 0.006 (Lwl+100)-0.16 - 0.00205

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 “Extrapolation Result” 5.9
VS VM RM CTM CFM CRES CFS CTS FD RS PE CE
KNOTS M/S N 5 5 5 5 5 N KN KW
*10 *10 *10 *10 *10

13.0 1.157 7.07 542 343 87 155 343 2.60 171 1145 389
13.5 1.201 7.74 551 340 99 155 354 2.77 190 1323 377
14.0 1.246 8.53 564 338 115 154 370 2.95 214 1540 361
14.5 1.29 9.46 584 336 138 153 391 3.13 243 1810 341
15.0 1.335 10.63 613 334 169 153 422 3.31 280 2162 316
15.5 1.379 12.08 652 332 211 152 463 3.50 328 2618 288
16.0 1.424 13.69 694 330 255 151 506 3.70 383 3150 264
16.5 1.468 15.31 729 328 293 151 544 3.90 437 3708 246
17.0 1.513 16.89 758 326 325 150 574 4.10 490 4283 232
17.5 1.557 18.47 783 325 351 150 600 4.31 542 4883 222
18.0 1.602 20.03 802 323 373 149 621 4.52 594 5499 215

• WITH A FORM FACTOR OF 1+K= 1.329

• AND A MODEL-SHIP CORRELATION ALLOWANCE OF CA= .00050
• FOR A WETTED AREA OF S= 1.947 M2 (SHIP VALUE= 2176.2 M2)
• AND A LENGTH ON THE WATERLINE LWL= 3.357 M (SHIP L= 112.21M)
• FOR A TANK WATER TEMPERATURE OF 29.2 C DEGREES
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 “EHP CALCULATION” 5.10

Typical EHP Curve

𝑬𝑯𝑷(𝑯𝑷 ) = 𝑹𝑻 ⋅ 𝑽𝑺
∗ 𝑅𝑇 = total hull resistance
∗ VS = speed of ship

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 “Data Analysis” 5.11
7000 2000
EHP (kW) 1800
EFFECTIVE HORSE POWER (KW) 6000 RESISTANCE (kN)
1600
5000 1400

RESISTANCE (KN)
1200
4000
1000
3000 800

2000 600

400
1000
200

0 0
12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
SPEED (KNOT)

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 6
-RESISTANCE REDUCTION DEVICES-

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RESUME
1. Ship resistance is a reaction force due to its action.
2. Total Resistance consist of Skin Friction & Residuary ( Wave making, viscous pressure)
3. Resistance Prediction method can be classified and approached in 3 technique (Empirical,
Numerical, and Experimental)
4. Effective horse power (EHP) can be achieved by multiplying service speed and total
resistance in certain speed.

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THANK
YOU
Cakra Wijaya Kusuma Rahadi S.T.
The Naval Architect

Cakra.Wijaya@bppt.go.id

+6285655608651