techniques for secure communication in the
presence of third parties called adversaries.
Communication
Name Wania Habib (19L-1922)
*FAST-NU, B-block Faisal Town, Lahore, Pakistan
Abstract-
I. I NTRODUCTION
Communication in a broader concept is
the act of conveying messages from one
entity or group to another using mutually
understood signs, symbols, and semiotic
rules. Moving towards the technology, The
scientific study of communication can be
divided into information theory which studies
the quantification, storage, and
communication of information from the
historical perspective, It was originally
proposed by Claude Shannon in 1948 to find
fundamental limits on signal processing and
communication operations such as data
compression, in a landmark paper titled "A
Mathematical Theory of Communication".
Its impact has been crucial to the success of
the Voyager missions to deep space, the
invention of the compact disc, the feasibility
of mobile phones, the development of the
Internet, the study of linguistics and human
perception, the understanding of black holes,
and numerous other fields. Applications of
information theory include lossless data
compression like ZIP files, lossy data
compression like MP3s and JPEGs, and
channel coding like DSL. Information theory
is used in information retrieval, intelligence
gathering, gambling, statistics, and even in
musical composition. Further information
theory has more applications like cryptology,
"hidden, secret; and it involves a study of
More generally, cryptography is about
constructing and analyzing protocols that
prevent third parties or the public from
reading private messages various aspects in
information security such as data
confidentiality, data integrity, authentication,
and non-repudiation are central to modern
cryptography. Applications of cryptography
include electronic commerce, chip-based
payment cards, digital currencies, computer
passwords, and military communications.
Other applications like, Reflection
seismology is a method of exploration
geophysics that uses the principles of
seismology to estimate the properties of the
Earth's subsurface from reflected seismic
waves. The method requires a controlled
seismic source of energy, such as dynamite or
Tovex blast, a specialized air gun or a seismic
vibrator, commonly known by the trademark
name Vibroseis. Reflection seismology is
like sonar and echolocation.
Further narrowing, Telecommunication is
the transmission of signs, signals, messages,
words, writings, images and sounds or
information of any nature
by wire, radio, optical or
other electromagnetic systems.
Telecommunication occurs when the
exchange
of information between communication parti
cipants includes the use of technology. It is
transmitted through a transmission medium,
such as over physical media, for example,
over electrical cable, or via electromagnetic
radiation through space such as radio or
light. Such transmission paths are often
divided into communication channels which
afford the advantages of multiplexing.
Telecommunication can be wired, wireless or
optical-based.
Wireless communication — otherwise
known as “over the air” is the transfer of
information or power between two or more
points that are not connected by an electrical
conductor. The most common wireless
technologies use radio waves. With radio
waves, intended distances can be short, such
as a few meters for Bluetooth or as far as
millions of kilometers for deep-space radio
communications. It encompasses various
types of fixed, mobile, and portable
applications, including two-way radios,
cellular telephones, personal digital assistants
(PDAs), and wireless networking. Other
examples of applications of radio wireless
technology include GPS units, garage door
openers, wireless computer mouse,
keyboards and headsets, headphones, radio
receivers, satellite television, broadcast
television and cordless telephones.
Somewhat fewer common methods of
achieving wireless communications include
the use of other electromagnetic wireless
technologies, such as light, magnetic, or
electric fields or the use of sound.
An optical fiber is a flexible, transparent
fiber made by drawing glass (silica) or plastic
to a diameter slightly thicker than that of a
human hair. Optical fibers are used most
often to transmit light between the two ends
of the fiber and find wide usage in fiber-optic
communications, where they permit
transmission over longer distances and at
higher bandwidths (data rates) than electrical
cables. Fibers are used instead of metal wires
because signals travel along them with less
loss; besides, fibers are immune to
electromagnetic interference, a problem from
which metal wires suffer. Fibers are also used
for illumination and imaging and are often
wrapped in bundles so they may be used to
carry light into, or images out of confined
spaces, as in the case of a fiberscope.
Specially designed fibers are also used for a
variety of other applications, some of them
being fiber optic sensors and fiber lasers.
Further communications satellite is an
artificial satellite that relays and amplifies
radio telecommunications signals via a
transponder; it creates a communication
channel between a source transmitter and a
receiver at different locations on Earth.
Communications satellites are used for
television, telephone, radio, internet, and
military applications. There are about 2,000
communications satellites in Earth's orbit,
used by both private and government
organizations. Many are in geostationary
orbit 22,236 miles (35,785 km) above the
equator, so that the satellite appears
stationary at the same point in the sky, so the
satellite dish antennas of ground stations can
be aimed permanently at that spot and do not
have to move to track it.
II. Market Facts and Feasibility
The global economic outlook of the
communication sector is quite promising, as
the world is progressing communication
sector is progressing vice versa. World GDP
is 85,000 billion dollars, out of which 2700
billion dollars is of the communication
sector, which is not a healthy amount, but it
has the potential of innovation and
discoveries. It is evident in the annual target
i.e. 3500 billion dollars for the future. The
communication sector is divided into various
sub-sectors: wired, wireless, and satellite
communication. Further, these fields are
subdivided into sub-sectors like RF,
microwave, and optical fiber, etc. Various
Communication companies forming this
heavy amount of figure and keep playing a
role in communication sectors and will be
discussed further.
Global Economic Facts in the respective
sector i.e. Communication sector, after
research wired communication has the
biggest share of 55% of 2700 billion dollars
covering serves like Telephone, Broadband,
DTH services, wireless has a share of about
35%, whereas satellite communication has
the share of 10%. According to the reports, a
further 13.7% increase is the set target in the
wireless communication sector.
Communication infrastructure comprises of
56.8% of said budget. According to the revenue of 7 billion dollars, and the leading
region-wise division, Asia-Pacific Market company, and at second spot Loge co.
covers 36.6% of the global market, Africa communication has revenue of 2.33 billion
covers 9.4%, and the Middle East covers dollars
8.8%. Further, the IT-based telecom sector Major National players include both the
can never be neglected, 5000-billion-dollar public and private sector of Pakistan, public
market in 2018, and a surge of 8000 billion sector includes PTCL, and NTC, whereas
dollars is expected. private sector includes companies like
Major Global players that form such an Huawei, ZTE, Motorola, Nokia, Siemens,
enormous market, according to statista.com, Ericson, has deployed their products and
and other sources, top telecommunication services not only in Pakistan but all around
companies include AT&T having revenue, the world. Total National communication
$170.8 belongs to the United States, Verizon revenue is around 5 billion dollars out of
Communications had revenue of $131.8 which 4 billion is of PTCL and 1 billion is
billion, also belongs to United States, Nippon from others. From the optical fiber, sector-
Telegraph & Tel having $107.1 billion major players are LTE and Premier but data
revenue, belongs to Japan, Comcast having is not available yet.
$95.5 billion belongs to United States,
Softbank having revenue of $86.7 billion
belongs to, Japan, Deutsche Telekom having
revenue of billions of $86.5 belongs to
Germany, then Vodafone a renowned
company having revenue of billions of $50.5
belongs to the United Kingdom. From the
wireless communication perspective, Huawei
overtook Ericsson in 2012 as the largest
telecommunications equipment manufacturer
in the world, and overtook Apple in 2018 as
the second-largest manufacturer of
smartphones in the world, behind Samsung
Electronics. In December 2019, Huawei Existing products include Optical fiber,
reported that its annual revenue had risen to optical fusion splicers, and Flexible printed
US$121.72 billion in 2019 including both as circuit, membrane switches, HDD parts,
a manufacturer and as a vendor. Ericsson had connectors, sensors, and RF and microwave
a 27% market share in the 2G/3G/4G mobile antennas, dishes.
network infrastructure market in 2018 having
200 billion dollars in revenue. ZTE operates Gaps can be categorized as market/
in three business units: carrier networks manufacturing gaps, Equipment based gaps,
(54%), terminals (29%) and Services, and applications-based gaps.
telecommunication (17%), their core
products being wireless, exchange, access,
optical transmission, and data
telecommunications gear; mobile phones;
and telecommunications software, having
global revenue of 90 billion dollars. From the
optical fiber perspective, Fujikura has

Zong’s revenues in 2017 stood at Rs. 65.95
billion, up from Rs. 47.75 billion in 2015.
During the time, Zong crossed Ufone to
become the number three operator in terms of
revenues. According to official numbers,
Ufone saw negative growth in 2017 as its
revenues decreased from Rs. 51.27 billion in
2016 to Rs. 50.98 billion in FY2017. This
negative growth was mainly due to the
company’s focus on revenue-generating
customers while it halted new sales activities.
During the period, Ufone tried to increase
prices to rationalize inflows as compared to
its expenses, however, with the appointment
of Rashid Khan (CEO, Ufone), the company
is once again aggressively pursuing new sales
and revenues. Ufone’s numbers are likely to
have improved since then but since we don’t
have more recent numbers, we can’t say how
much Ufone has grown since FY2017. Jazz
grew almost 50% during the past three years,
and that’s mainly due to the unification with
Warid’s customers. Its yearly revenues
reached Rs. 144.04 billion in 2017, that’s
almost 30% more than its nearest competitor,
i.e. Telenor Pakistan. Telenor Pakistan’s total
revenues stood at Rs. 101.51 billion in 2017,
up from 93.81 billion n year ago. The
company has been seeing steady but
consistent growth for the last few years. Jazz,
as you can guess, topped the Cellular Market
share in terms of revenues during 2017 with
a 40% market share while Telenor Pakistan
grabbed a 28% market share during the
reported period. Zong had an 18% market
share while Ufone contented with 14% of the
market share for cellular revenues during
2017. It must be mentioned here that
revenues of mobile phone companies are set
to grow further (at least 10-13%) during
2018, mainly due to new customers and the
removal of taxes on telecom services.
Premier Cables (Pvt) Limited has a sound
clientele list. Pakistan Telecommunication
Company Limited (PTCL), National
Telecommunication Corporation (NTC),
SUPARCO, K-Electric, WAPDA, Engro,
Pakistan International Airlines (PIA), Oil and
Gas Development Company Limited
(OGDCL), Mobilink and Wateen are main
customers of the company among other
major clients. Similarly, LTE, LTE's sole
Optical Fiber facility in Pakistan is capable of
manufacturing preforms as well as drawing
of preforms into Optical Fibers. LTE
provides other equipment for optical fiber
and played a leading role Safe Cities project.
A $44 million 820-kilometer fiber optic cable
being laid between Pakistan and China will
be the 6th high-speed connection to add
redundancy and to cater to rapidly growing
Internet traffic from-to Pakistan. It is part of
the $46 billion Pak-China Economic Corridor
project recently agreed between the two
neighbors. Such a potential surely supports
opportunities in Pakistan.
III. My Innovative Idea
Considering the demand and usage of cellular
& IT according to the data given by PTA,
there will be the huge need of network
security and its services in the upcoming
years. Also, we can’t compete big players
like Huawei worldwide and Zong, Jazz in
Pakistan in 5G. There are also companies in
Pakistan that are providing Network Security
Services outside Pakistan. Monarch security
services, Fine track & Fine security services
and Tier3 are some names in this industry.
The technologies that support Zero Trust
are moving into the mainstream. Here's
why security experts say it might be the best
way to stop data breaches.
The Zero Trust approach relies on various
existing technologies and governance
processes to accomplish its mission of
securing the enterprise IT environment.
The calls for enterprises to leverage micro-
segmentation and granular perimeter
enforcement based on users, their locations
and other data to determine whether to trust
a user, machine or application seeking
access to a part of the enterprise.
For the two-way verification Zero Trust
draws on technologies such as multifactor
authentication, IAM, orchestration,
analytics, encryption, scoring and file
system permissions. Zero Trust also calls
for governance policies such as giving users
the least amount of access they need to
accomplish a specific task.

REFERENCES