1ST QUARTER
MUSIC OF THE 20TH CENTURY
MUSICAL STYLES:
-impressionism, expressionism, neo-classicism, avant-garde
music, modern nationalism
IMPRESSIONISM
-one of the earlier forms clearly declaring the entry of 20 th
century music
-they mainly showed & expressed moods & impressions
-there was an extensive use of diff. timbres & effects, vague
melodies, & innovative chords and progressions
-was an attempt to suggest reality not to depict it
-it was meant to create an emotional mood rather than a
specific picture
-impressionistic forms were translucent and hazy, as if trying
to see through a rain-drenched window
-the sounds of different chords overlapped lightly with each
other to produce new subtle musical colors
CLAUDE DEBUSSY
-was born in St. Germain-en-Laye in Framce on August 22,
1862
-1 of the most important & influential of the 20 th century
-he was the primary exponent of the impressionist movement
and the focal point for other impressionist composers
-“Father of the Modern School of Composition”
-total more or less 227 music compositions
JOSEPH MAURICE RAVEL
-was born in Ciboure, France to a Basque mother and a Swiss
father
-was a perfectionist and every bit a musical craftsman
-his compositional style is mainly characterized by its uniquely
innovative but not atonal style of harmonic treatment
-60 works/ compositional output
COMPARATIVE STYLES OF DEBUSSY AND RAVEL
-Debussy was more spontaneous and liberal in form while
Ravel was very attentive to the classical norms of musical
structure and compositional craftsmanship
-Debussy was more casual in his portrayal of visual imagery
while Ravel was more formal and exacting in the
development of his motive ideas
ARNOLD SCHOENBERG
-was born in a working-class suburb of Vienna, Austria on
September 13, 1874
-his music gradually turned to the dissonant and atonal, as he
explored the use of chromatic harmonies
-he is credited w/ the development of the 12-tone system
-his music is extremely complex, creating heavy demands of
hostility & enthusiasism from the audience
-213 musical compositions
IGOR STRAVINSKY
-he was born in Oranienbaum (now Lomonosov), Russia on
June 17, 1882
-he adapted the forms of the 18th century with his
contemporary style of writing
-despite its “shocking” modernity, his music is also very
structured, precise, controlled, full of artifice, and
theatricality
-127 works/ musical outputs
OTHER MUSICAL STYLES
-Primitivism, Neo-classicism, Avant-garde music, Modern
nationalism
PRIMITIVISM
-Primitivistic music is tonal through the stressing of one note
as more important than the others
-primitivism combines two familiar or simple ideas together
creating new sounds
-primitivism has links to Exoticism through the use of
materials from other cultures, to Nationalism through the use
of materials indigenous to specific countries, and to Ethnicism
through the use of materials from European ethnic groups
-two well-known proponents: Stravinsky and Bela Bartok
BELA BARTOK
-was born in Nagyszentmiklos, Hungary (now Romania) on
March 25, 1881 to musical parents
-as a neo-classicist, primitivist, and nationalist composer,
Bartok used Hungarian folk themes and rhythms
-he utilized changing meters and strong syncopations
-his compositions were successful because of their rich
melodies and lively rhythms
-700 musical compositions
NEO-CLASSICISM
-was a moderating factor between the emotional excesses of
the Romantic period and the violent impulses of the soul in
expressionism
-it was a partial return to an earlier style of writing,
particularly the tightly-knit form of the Classical period, while
combining tonal harmonies with slight dissonances
-it adopted a modern, freer use of the seven-note diatonic
scale
SERGEI PROKOFIEFF
-is regarded today as a combination of a neo-classicist,
nationalist, and avant-garde composer
-his style is uniquely recognizable for its progressive
technique, pulsating rhythms, melodic directness, and a
resolving dissonance
-born in the Ukraine in 1891, Prokofieff set out for the St.
Petersburg Conservatory equipped with his great talent as a
composer and pianist
-he became prolific in writing symphonies, chamber music,
concerti, and solo instrumental music
-was highly successful in his piano music
FRANCIS JEAN MARCEL POULENC
-was one of the relatively few composers born into wealth
and a privileged social position
-he was a member of the group of young French composers
known as “Les Six”
-his compositions Had A coolly elegant modernity, tempered
by a classical sense of a proportion
-He was a successful composer for piano, voice, and choral
music
-Poulenc’s vocal works reveal his strength as a lyrical melodist
-his choral works tended to be more somber and solemn
-185 musical compositions
OTHER MEMBERS OF “LES SIX”
> George Auric- wrote music for the movies and rhythmic
music with lots of energy
>Louis Durey- used traditional ways of composing and wrote
in his own way, not wanting to follow form
>Arthur Honegger- liked chamber music & the symphony
>Darius Milhaud- was a very talented composer who wrote in
several different styles like jazz. Some of his music uses
bitonality and polytonality
>Germaine Tailleferre - was the only female in the group. She
liked to use dance rhythms, she loved children & animals and
wrote many works about them
AVANT-GARDE MUSIC
-the avant-garde movement dealt with the parameters or the
dimensions of sound in space
-the avant-garde style exhibited a new attitude toward
musical mobility
-IMPROVISATION was a necessity in this style
-the unconventional methods of sound and form, as well as
the absence of traditional rules governing harmony, melody,
and rhythm, make the whole concept of avant-garde music
quite strange to ears accustomed to traditional compositions
-composers: George Gershwin, Leonard Bernstein, Philip
Glass, John Cage, Olivier Messiaen, and Pierre Boulez
GEORGE GERSHWIN
-was born in New York to Russian Jewish immigrants
-his melodic gift was considered phenomenal, as evidenced
by his numerous songs of wide appeal
-he is a true “crossover artist”, in the sense that his serious
compositions remain highly popular in the classical
repertoire, as his stage and film songs continue to be jazz and
vocal standards
-“Father of American Jazz”
-his mixture of the primitive and the sophisticated gave his
music an appeal that has lasted long after his death
-369 musical compositions
LEONARD BERNSTEIN
-Born in Massachussetts, USA
-he endeared himself to his many followers as a charismatic
conductor, pianist, composer, and lecturer
-his philosophy was that the universal language of music is
basically rooted in tonality
-he achieved preeminence in two fields: conductions and
composing for Broadway musicals, dance shows, and concert
music
-he is best known for his compositions for the stage
-around 90 musical compositions
PHILIP GLASS
-one of the most commercially successful minimalist
composers and is also an avant-garde composer
-he explored territories of ballet, opera, theater, film, and
even television jingles
-his distinctive style involves cell-like phrases emanating from
bright electronic sounds from one pattern to the next in a
very repetitious fashion
-his music is often criticized as uneventful and shallow, yet
startlingly effective for its hypnotic charm
-170 musical compositions
MODERN NATIONALISM
-a looser form of 20th century music development focused on
nationalist composers and musical innovators who sought to
combine modern techniques with folk materials
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2OTH CENTURY MUSICAL STYLES:
ELECTRONIC AND CHANCE MUSIC
-the musical styles that evolved in the modern era were
varied
-new inventions and discoveries of science and technology
have led to continue developments in the field of music
-electronic devices have been increasingly used for creating
and recording music that is meant to be added to or to
replace acoustical sounds made with traditional instruments
-electronic devices such as: early cassette tape recorders,
CDs, VCDs, DVDs, MP3 and MP4, ipod, karaoke players,
mobile and android phones, synthesizers
NEW MUSICAL STYLES
-ELECTRONIC MUSIC
-CHANCE MUSIC
ELECTRONIC MUSIC
-electronic machines such as synthesizers, amplifiers, tape
recorders, and loadspeakers to create different sounds were
put to creative use by 20th century composers
-music that uses tape recorder is called MUSIQUE CONCRETE
or CONCRETE MUSIC- the composer is able to experiment
with different sounds that cannot be produced by regular
musical instruments such as the piano or the violin
-the composer records different sounds that are heard in the
environment and these sounds are arranged by the composer
in different ways
EDGARD VARESE
-was born on December 22,1883
-“innovative French-born composer”
his musical compositions are characterized by an emphasis on
timbre and rhythm
-he invented the term “organized sound” which means that
certain timbres & rhythms can be grouped together in order
to capture a whole new definition of sound
-his use of instruments and electronic resources earned him
the title “Father of Electronic Music”
-also described as “The Stratospheric Colossus of Sound”, his
musical compositions total around 50
KARLHEINZ STOCKHAUSEN
-is a central figure in the realm of electronic music
-born in Cologne, Germany
-his music was initially met with resistance due to its heavily
atonal content with practically no clear melodic or rhythmic
sense, still, he continued to experiment with concrete music
-around 31 works/musical compositions
CHANCE MUSIC
-refers to a style in which the piece sounds different at every
performance because of the random techniques of
production, including the use of ring modulators or natural
elements that become a part of the music
JOHN CAGE
-was known as one of the 20th century composers with the
widest array of sounds in his works
-he was born in Los Angeles, California, USA on September 5,
1912 and became one of the most original composers in the
history of Western music
-he challenged the very idea of music by manipulating musical
instruments in order to achieve new sounds
-he experimented with what came to be known as “chance
music”
-Cage also advocated bringing real-life experiences into the
concert hall
-Cage influenced the development of modern music since the
1950s
-he was considered more of a musical philosopher than a
composer
-his conception of what music can and should be has had a
profound impact upon his comtemporaries
-he was active as a writer, presenting his musical views with
both wit and intelligence
-Cage was an important force in other artistic areas especially
dance and musical theater
-229 musical compositions
 - a popular musical genre from Salvador, Bahia,
nd
2 Quarter and Brazil
- fuses the Afro-Caribbean styles of the marcha,
MUSIC NOTES reggae, and calypso, and is played by carnival
Music bands

- has always been an important part of the daily Jit

life of the African people, whether for work, - a hard and fast percussive Zimbabwean dance
religion, ceremonies, or even communication music played on drums with guitar
Essential to Many African Ceremonies: accompaniment, influences by mbira-based
guitar styles
- singing
- dancing Jive
- hand clapping - a popular form of South African music featuring
- beating of drums a lively and uninhibited variation of the
African Ceremonies: jitterbug, a form of swing dance

- birth Juju
- death - a popular music style from Nigeria that relies on
- initiation the traditional Yoruba rhythms, where the
- marriage instruments are more Western in origin
- funerals
Used Along with the Traditional Dun-Dun (talking drum
Music and Dance or squeeze drum):
- important to religious expression and political - drum kit
events - keyboard
African Music - pedal steel guitar
- accordion
- a collective result of the cultural and musical
diversity of the more than 50 ethnic divisions of Kwassa kwassa
the continent - a dance style begun in Zaire in the late 1980s
- has a basically interlocking structural format, - popularized by Kanda Bongo Man
due mainly to its overlapping an dense texture - in this dance style, the hips move back and forth
as well as its rhythmic complexity while the arms follow the hip movements
African Traditional Music Marabi
- largely functional in nature, used primarily in - a South African three-chord township music of
ceremonial rites, such as birth, death, marriage, the 1930s-1960s which evolved into African
succession, worship, and spirit invocations music
TRADITIONAL MUSIC OF AFRICA - makes use if a keyboard style that combines
American jazz, ragtime, and blues with African
Afrobeat roots
- characterized by simple chords in varying
- a term used to describe the fusion of West
vamping patterns and repetitive harmony over
African with black American music an extended period of time to allow the dancers
Apala (Akpala) more time on the dance floor

- a musical genre fron Nigeria in the Yoruba tribal LATIN AMERICAN MUSIC INFLUENCES BY AFRICAN
style, used to wake up the worshippers after MUSIC
fasting during the Muslim holy feast of Reggae
Ramadan
- a Jamaican musical style that was strongly
Percussion Instrumentation: influence bus the island’s traditional mento
- rattle (sekere) music, as well as by calypso, African music,
- thumb piano (agidigbo) American jazz, and rhythm and blues
- bell (agogo)
One of Reggae’s Most Distinctive Qualities:
- two or three talking drums
- offbeat rhythm
Axe
 - staccato chord - who paraded with a drumming ensemble
numbering up to 100, accompanied by a singer,
Salsa a chorus, and a coterie of dancers
- Cuban, Puerto Rican, and Colombians dance Musical Instruments used in Maractu:
music
- comprises various musical genres including the - alfaia
Cuban son montuno, guaracha, chachacha, - tarol
mambo, and bolero - caixa-de-guerra
- gongue
Samba - agbe
- a Brazilian musical genre and dance style - miniero
- roots can be traced to Africa via the West Alfaia
African slave trade and African religious
traditions particularly in Angola and the Congo - a largely wooden drum that is rope-tunned,
- the basic underlying rhythm that typifies most complemented by the tarol which is a shawllow
Brazilian music snare drum, and the caiza-de-guerra which is a
- had a lively and rhythmical beat with three war-like snare
steps to every bar, making the samba feel like a
timed dance Shakers

- represented by the agbe – agourd shaker covers

Soca
by beads, and the miniero or ganza – a metalo
- also known as the “soul of calypso” cylindrical shaker filled with metal shot or small
- originated as a fusion of calypso with Indian dried seeds
rhythms, thus combining the musical traditions
Blue
of the two major ethnic groups of Trinidad and
Tobago - a musical form of the late 19th century that has
- a modern Trinidadian and Tobagonian pop had deep roots in African-American
music combining soul and calypso music communities
- can communicate various emotions more
Were
effectively than other musical forms
- Muslim music often performed as a wake-up
Deep South
call for early breakfast and prayers during
Ramadan celebrations - where the communities are located of in the
- relying on pre-arranged music United States
- fuses the African and European music styles
Noted Performers of the Rhythm and Blues Genre:
Zouk
- Ray Charles
- fast, carnival-like rhythmic music, from the - James Brown
Creole slang word for “party” - Can Calloway
- originated in the Caribbean Islands of - Aretha Franklin
Guadaloupe and Martinique and was - John Lee Hooker
popularized in the 1980s - B.B. King
- has a pulsating beat supplied by the gwo ka and - Bo Diddley
tambour bele drums, a tibwa rhythmic pattern - Erykah Badu
played on the rim of the snare drum, a rhythm - Eric Clapton
guitar, a horn section, and keyboard - Steve Winwood
synthesizers - Charlie Musselwhite
VOCAL FORMS OF AFRICAN MUSIC - Blues Traveler
- Jimmie Vaughan
Maracatu - Jeff Baxter

- first surfaced in the African state of Pernabuco, Examples of Blue Music:

combining the strong rhythms of African
percussion instruments with Portuguese - Early Mornin’
- A House is Not a Home
melodies
- Billie’s Blues
Nacoes (nations)
Soul
- maracatu groups
- a popular music genre of the 1950’s and 1960’s
 - originated in the United States
- combines elements of African-American gospel
music, rhythm and blues, and often jazz
Innovators Who Contributed to the Emergence of Soul
Music:
- Clyde McPhatter
- Hank Ballard
- Etta James
- Ray Charles
- Little Richard (who inspired Otis Redding)
- James Brown
James Brown
- known as the “Godfather of Soul”
Sam Cooke and Jackie Wilson
- acknowledged as “soul forefathers”
Examples of Soul Music:
- Ain’t No Mountain
- High Enough
- Ben
- All I Could Do is Cry
- Soul to Soul
- Becha by Golly
- Wow
Spiritual
- refers here to a Negro spiritual
- a song form by African migrants to America who
became enslaved by its white communities
Examples of Spiritual Music:
- We are Climbing Jacob’s Ladder
- Rock My Soul
- When the Saints Go Marching In
- Peace Be Still
Call and Response
- a succession of two distinct musical phrases
usually rendered by different musicians, where
the second phrase acts as a direct commentary
on or response to the first
- forms a strong resemblance to the verse-chorus
form in many vocal compositions
Examples of Call and Response Song:
- Mannish Boy (Muddy Waters)
- School Day – Ring
- Ring Goes the Bell (Chuck Berry)
MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS OF AFRICA
- includes strings, winds, and percussion, along
with a tremendous variety of specific African
musical instruments for solo or ensemble
playing
CLASSIFICATION OF TRADITIONAL AFRICAN
INSTRUMENTS
Idiophones
- percussion instruments that are either struck
with a mallet or against one another
Balafon
- a West African xylophone
- a pitched percussion instrument with bars
made from logs or bamboo
Xylophone
- originally an Asian instrument that follows the
structure of a piano
- came from Madagascar to Africa, then to the
Americas and Europe
Rattles
- made of seashells, tin, basketry, animal hoofs,
horn, wood, metal bells, cocoons, palm kernels,
or tortoise shells - may range from single to
several objects that are either joined or
suspended in such a way as they hit each other
Agogo
- is a single bell or multiple bells that had its
origins in traditional Yoruba music and also in
the samba baterias (percussion) ensembles
- called “the oldest samba instrument based on
West African Yoruba single or double bells
- has the highest pitch of any of the bacteria
instruments
Atingting Kon
- slit gongs used to communicate between
villages
- carved out of wood to resemble ancestors and
had a “slit opening” at the bottom
Slit Drum
- a hollow percussion instrument
- not a true drum but is an idiophone
- usually carved or constructed from bamboo or
wood into a box with one or more slits in the
top
Djembe
- one of the best-known African drums is
- shaped like a large goblet and played with bare
hands
- the body is carved from a hollowed trunk and is
covered in goat skin
Shekere
- a type of gourd and shell megaphone from
West Africa, consisting of a dried gourd with
beads woven into a net covering the gourd
Agbe
- another gourd drum with cowrie shells usually
strung with white cotton thread
Axatse
- a small gourd, held by the neck and placed
between hand and leg
Rasp
- a hand percussion instrument whose sound is
produced by scraping the notches on a piece of
wood (sometimes elaborately carved) with a
stick, creating a series of rattling effects
Membranophones
- instruments which have vibrating animal
membranes used in drums
- their shapes may be conical, cylindrical, barrel,
hour-glass, globular, or kettle, and are played
with sticks, hands, or a combination of both
African Drums
- usually carved from a single wooden log, and
may also be made from ceramics, gourds, tin
cans, and oil drums
Examples of African Drums:
- entenga (Ganda)
- dundun (Yoruba)
- atumpan (Akan)
- ngoma (Shona)
Body Percussion
- creates exciting rhythms which also stir them to
action
Talking Drum
- used to send messages to announce births,
deaths, marriages, sporting events, dances,
initiation, or war
- also contain gossip or jokes
- can carry direct messages to the spirits after the
death of a loved one
- Example: luna
Lamellaphone
- a set of plucked tongues or keys mounted on a
sound board
- known by different names according to the
regions such as mbira, karimba, kisaanj, and
likembe
Mbira (hand piano or thumb piano)
- African origin and is used throughout the
continent
- consists of a wooden board with attached
staggered metal tines (a series of wooden,
metal, or rattan tongues), plus an additional
resonator to increase its volume
- played by holding the instrument in the hands
and plucking the tines with the thumbs,
producing a soft plucked sound
Chordophones
- instruments which produce sounds from the
vibration of strings
- these include bows, harps, lutes, zithers, and
lyres of various sizes
Musical Bow
- the ancestor of all string instruments
- the oldest and one of the most widely-used
string instruments of Africa
- consists of a single string attached to each end
of a curved stick, similar to a bow and arrow
PRINCIPAL TYPES OF MUSICAL BOW:
- earth bow
- mouth bow
- resonator-bow
earth bow/ ground bow/ pit harp
- consist of a hole in the ground, a piece of
flexible wood and a piece of chord
Lute (konting, khalam, and nkoni)
- originating from the Arabic states, is shaped like
the modern guitar and played in similar fashion
- has a resonating body, a neck, and one or more
strings which stretch across the length of its
body and neck
Kora
- Africa’s most sophisticated harp while also
having features similar to the lute
- its body is made from a gourd or calabash
- held upright and played with the fingers
Zither
- a stringed instrument with varying sizes and
shapes whose strings are stretched along its
body
AMONG THE TYPES OF AFRICAN ZITHER:
- raft or Inanga zither from Burundi
- tubular or Valiha zither from Malagasy
- harp or Mvet zither from Cameroon
Zeze
- African fiddle played with a bow, a small
wooden stick, or plucked with the fingers
- has one or two strings, made of steel or bicycle
brake wire
- from Sub-Saharan Africa
 - also known by the namestzetze and dzendze,
izeze and endingidi; and on Madagascar is
called lokanga (or lokango) voatavo
Aerophones
- instruments which are produced initially by
trapped vibrating air columns or which enclose
a body of vibrating air
- flutes in various sizes and shapes, horns,
panpipes, whistle types, gourd and shell
megaphones, oboe, clarinet, animal horn and
wooden trumpets fall under this category
Flutes
- widely used throughout Africa and either
vertical or side-blown
- usually fashioned from a single tube closed at
one end and blown like a bottle
- can be constructed wherever reeds or bamboo
grow
- Examples: atenteben (Ghana), Fulani flutes
Panpipes
- consist of cane pipes of different lengths tied in
a row or in a bundle held together by wax or
cord, and generally closed at the bottom
- blown across the top, each providing a different
note
Horns
- found almost everywhere in Africa
- commonly made from elephant tusks and
animal horns
Kudu Horn
- one type of horn made from the horn of the
kudu antelope
- releases a mellow and warm sound that adds a
unique African accent to the music
- comes in a set of six horns
- reflects the cross of musical traditions in Africa
- can also be seen in football matches, where
fans blow it to cheer for their favourite teams
Single-Reed Pipes
- made from hollow guinea corn or sorghum
stems, where the reed is a flap partially cut
from the stem near one end
- the vibration of this reed that causes the air
within the hollow instrument to vibrate, thus
creating the sound
Cone-Shaped Double-Reed
- similar to the oboe or shawm
- most well-known is the rhaita or ghaita, an
oboe-like double reed instrument from
northwest Africa
Rhaita or Ghaita
- one of the primary instruments used by
traditional music ensembles in Morocco
- featured in the Lord of Rings soundtrack,
specifically in the Mordor theme
Whistles
- found throughout the continent may be made
of wood or other materials
- short pieces of horn
- often with a short tube inserted into the
mouthpiece
Pottery Whistles
- sometimes shaped in the form of a head, similar
to the Aztec whistles of Central America and
Mexico
Trumpets
- made of wood, metal, animal horns, elephant
tusks, and gourds with skins from snakes,
zebras, leopards, crocodiles and animal hide as
ornaments to the instrument
- mostly ceremonial in nature, often used to
announce the arrival or departure of important
guests
Xylophones
- made of lumber or bamboo
Animal Horns
- used as trumpets while animal hides
Lizard and Snake Skin
- can function as decorations as well as provide
the membranes for drum heads
Laces made of Hides and Skins
- used for the strings of harps, fiddles, and lutes
Bamboo
- used to form the tongues of thumb pianos, the
frames of stringed instruments, and stamping
tubes
Gourds, seeds, stones, shells, palm leaves, and the hard-
shelled fruit of the calabash tree
- made into rattles
Ancient Africans
- made musical instruments from human skulls
decorated with human hair while singers use
their body movements to accompany their
singing
Modern Africans
 - make use of recycled waste materials such as
strips of roofing metal, empty oil drums, and tin
cans
Music of Latin America
- product of three major influences – Indigenous,
Spanish-Portuguese, and African
- sometimes called Latin music
- includes the countries that have had a colonial
history from Spain and Portugal
Divided into the following areas:
Andean Region
- a mountain system of western South America
along the Pacific coast from Venezuela to Tierra
del Fuego
- Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Ecuador, Peru, and
Venezuela
Central America
- Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala,
Honduras, and Panama
Carribean
- Cuba, Dominican Republic, Guadeloupe, Haiti,
Martinique, and Puerto Rico
Brazil
Commonly populated by Five Major Ancestral Groups as
follows:
Indian Descendants of the original Native Americans
- who were inhabitants of the region before the
arrival of Christopher Columbus
African Descendants
- Western and Central Africa
European Descendants
- Mainly from Span and Portugal but also
including the French, Dutch, Italian, and British
Asian Descendants
- from China, Japan, India, and Indonesia/Java
Mixed Descendants
- from the above-named groups
INFLUENCES ON LATIN-AMERICAN MUSIC
Indigenous Latin-American Music
- natives were found to be using local drum and
percussion instruments such as the guiro,
maracas, and turtle shells, and wind
instruments such as zampona (pan pipes) and
quena (notched-end flutes) remain popular and
are traditionally made out of the same aquatic
canes
- largely functional in nature
- being used for religious worship and
ceremonies
Quenas
- played during the dry season
The Use of Instruments as well as Singing and Dancing
- served to implore the god for good harvest,
victory in battles, guard against sickness and
natural disasters, and of course provide
creation
Native American/ Indian Music
- share many similar yet distinctive music
elements pertaining to melody, harmony,
rhythm, form, and dynamics
- includes courtship songs, dancing songs, and
popular American or Canadian tunes like
Amazing Grace, Dixie, Jambalaya, and Sugar
Time
- many songs celebrate themes like harvest,
planting season or other important times of
year
Afro-Latin American Music
- most pronounced in its rich and varied rhythmic
patterns produced by the drums and various
percussion instruments
Euro-Latin American Music
- melodies of the Renaissance period were used
in Southern Chile and the Colombian Pacific
coasts, while step-wise melodies were
preferred in the heavily Hispanic and Moorish-
influenced areas of Venezuela and Colombia
- from unaccompanied vocal solos to those
accompanied by stringed instruments
Mixed American Music
- the diversity of races and cultures from the
Native Americans, Afro-Latin Americans, and
Euro-Latin Americans account for the rich
combinations of musical elements including the
melodic patterns, harmonic combinations,
rhythmic complexities, wide range of colors and
dynamics, and various structural formats
- further enriched by the instruments brought by
the African slaves
Popular Latin American Music
- much of its popular music has in turn found its
way to the many venues and locales of America,
Europe, and eventually the rest of the world
- Examples: tango, bossa nova, samba, son, and
salsa
Samba - a hand percussion instrument whose sound is
produced by scraping a group of notched sticks
- a dance form of African origins around 1838 with another stick, creating a series of rattling
which evolved into an African Brazilian effects
invention in the working class and slum districts
of Rio de Janeiro Huehueti
- meant to be executed for singing, dancing, and
parading in the carnival - a Mexican upright tubular drum used by the
Aztecs and other ancient civilizations
- has a number of variations, so that there is no
clear-cut definition of a single samba form - made of wood opened at the bottom and
standing on three legs cut from the base, with
Bantucada its stretched skin beaten by the hand or a
wooden mallet
- referring at once to a large percussion
ensemble of up to a hundred players, a jam Whistles
session, or an intensely polyrhythmic style of
- instruments made of natural elements such as
drumming
bone from animals
Son
Eagle-Bone Whistle
- a fusion of the popular music or canciones
(songs) of Spain and the African rumba rhythms - the most common whose function is to help
symbolize the piece’s purpose
of Bantu origin
- originating in Cuba Incan Instruments:
- usually played with the tres (guitar), contrabass,
bongos, maracas, and claves (two wooden sticks Ocarina
that are hit together)
- an ancient vessel flute made of clay or ceramic
- its most important legacy is its influence on
with four to 12 finger holes and a mouthpiece
present-day Latin American music, particularly
that projected from the body
as the forerunner of the salsa
Panpipes (Zamponas)
Salsa
- ancient instruments tuned to different scalar
- a social dance with marked influences from
varieties, played by blowing across the tubetop
Cuba and Puerto Rico that started in New York
in the mid 1970’s Andean Instruments:
- its style contains elements from the swing
dance and hustle as well as the complex Afro- Pitus
Cuban and Afro-Carribean dance forms of
- side-blown cane flutes that are played all year
pachanga and guaguanco
round
MUSIC INSTRUMENTS OF LATIN AMERICA
Wooden Tarkas
Tlapitzalli
- vertical duct flutes with a mouthpiece similar to
- a flute variety from the Aztec culture made of that of a recorder, used during the rainy season
clay with decorations of abstract designs or
Quenas
images of their deities
- vertical cane flutes with an end-notched made
Teponaztli
from fragile bamboo
- a Mexican slit drum hollowed out and carved - used during dry season
from a piece of hardwood
Charango
- decorated with designs in relief or carved to
represent human figures or animals to be used - a ten-stringed Andean guitar from Bolivia
for both religious and recreational purposes - the size of a ukulele and a smaller version of the
mandolin, imitating the early guitar and lute
Conch
brought by the Spaniards
- a wind instrument made from a seashell usually - produces bright sounds and is often used in
of a large sea snail serenades in Southern Peru
- prepared by cutting a hole in its spine near the
Mariachi
apex, then blown into as if it were a trumpet
- an extremely popular band in Mexico whose
Rasp
original ensemble consisted of violins, guitars,
 harp, and an enormous guitarron (acoustic bass
guitar)
Mariachi Music
- extremely passionate and romantic with their
blended harmonies and characterized by catchy
rhythms
- its musicians are distinctly adorned with wide-
brimmed hats and silver buttons
VOCAL AND DANCE FORMS OF LATIN AMERICAN
MUSIC
Cumbia
- originating in Panama and Colombia
- became a popular African courtship dance with
European and African instrumentation and
characteristics
- contained varying rhythmic meters among the
major locations – meter in Colombia; , , and
meters in Panama, and meter in Mexico
Tango
- may have been of African origin meaning
“African dance” or from the Spanish word taner
meaning “to play” (an instrument)
- a foremost Argentinian and Uruguayan urban
popular song and dance that is related to the
Cuban contradanza, habanera, and Cuban
tango, and remains a 20th century nationalistic
Argentinian piece of music that is most
expressive
Cha Cha
- a ballroom dance the originated in Cuba in
1953, derived from the mambo and its
characteristic rhythm of 2 crochets – 3 quavers
– quaver rest, with a syncopation on the fourth
beat
- may be danced with Cuban music, Latin Pop, or
Latin Rock
Cuban cha cha
- considered more sensual that may contain
polyrhythmic patterns
- has a normal count of ‘two-three-chachacha’
and ‘four and one, two, three’
Rumba
- popular recreational dance of Afro-Cuban
origin, performed in a complex duple meter
pattern and tresillo, which is a dotted quaver –
dotted quaver – dotted semiquaver rhythm
- normally used as a ballroom dance where a solo
dancer or couple would be in an embrace
though slightly apart, with the rocking of the
hips to a fast-fast-slow sequence and often
containing cross rhythms
- contains jazz elements that became a model for
the cha cha, mambo, and other Latin American
dances
- used for concert music, as it appeared in the
Second Piano Concerto of the French composer
Darius Milhaud
Bossa Nova
- originated in 1958-59 as a movement effecting
a radical change in the classic Cuban samba
- contains themes centering on love, women,
longing, nature, and youthfulness
- emerged in the 1950’s when a slower, gentler
version of the samba became popular with the
upper and middle class sectors of societymusic
for easy and relaxed listening, conducive to
romantic dates and quiet moments at the
lounges
Bossa
- comes from the Brazilian capital of Rio de
Janeiro, which means either “trend” or
“something charming,” integrating melody,
harmony, and rhythm into a swaying feel,
where the vocal style is often nasa
Antonio Carlos Jobim
- who became famous with his song Desafinado
(1957)
- collaborated with Vincius de Moraes in the play
Orfeu da Conceicao (1956), musical recording of
Cancao do Amor Demais (1958), and the song
Garota de Ipanema or Girl from Ipanema (1962)
that turned bossa nova’s popularity into a
worldwide phenomenon
Sitti Navarro
- is a singer who has become known as the
“Philippines’ Queen of Bossa Nova”
- Her songs: Para sa Akin, Hey Look at the Sun,
Lost in Space, and Kung Di Rin Lang Ikaw
Reggae
- an urban popular music and dance style that
originated in Jamaica in the mid 1960’s
- contained English text coupled with Creole
expressions that were not so familiar to the
non-Jamaican
- a synthesis of Western American (Afro-
American) popular music and the traditional
Afro-Jamaican music, containing a western-style
melodic-harmonic base with African sounds and
characteristics, American pop and rock music
mannerisms, and a preference for a loud
volume in the bass
Bob Marley
 - a Jamaican singer-songwriter, musician, and
guitarist
- achieved international fame and acclaim for
songs such as: One Love, Three Little Birds; No
Woman, No Cry; Redemption Song; and Stir It
Up
Foxtrot
- a 20th century social dance that originated after
1910 in the USA
- executed as a one step, two step and
syncopated rhythmic pattern
- gave rise to other dances such as the black
bottom, Charleston, and shimmy
Paso Doble
- meaning “double step”
- a theatrical Spanish dance used by the
Spaniards in bullfights, where the music was
played as the matador enters (paseo) and
during passes just before the kill (faena)
- arrogant and dignified with a duple meter,
march-like character, where the dancer takes
strong steps forward with the heels
accompanied by artistic hand movements, foot
stomping, sharp and quick movements, with the
head and chest held high
JAZZ
Ragtime
- an American popular musical style mainly for
piano, originating in the AfroAmerican
communities in St. Louis and New Orleans
- style was said to be a modification of the
“marching mode” made popular by John Philip
Sousa, where the effect is generated by an
internally syncopated melodic line pitted
against a rhythmically straightforward bass line
- music is written unlike jazz which is mainly
improvised, and contains regular meters and
clear phrases, with an alternation of low bass or
bass octaves and chords
- influenced a number of classical composers,
among them Erik Satie, Claude Debussy, and
Igor Stravinsky, who injected ragtime rhythmic
elements in their compositions
Jelly Roll Morton
- an American ragtime and early jazz pianist and
composed Frog I More Rag
Scott Joplin
- composed the popular Maple Leaf Rag, Solace,
and The Entertainer
- also knows as the “King of Ragtime”
Big Band
- refers to a large ensemble form originating in
the United States in the mid 1920’s closely
associated with the Swing Era with jazz
elements
- relying heavily on percussion (drums), wind,
rhythm section (guitar, piano, double bass,
vibes), and brass instruments (saxophones),
with a lyrical string section (violins and other
string instruments) to accompany a lyrical
melody
- originated in the United States and is associated
with jazz and the swing
Five Saxophones
- most often two altos, two tenors, and one
baritone
Four Trumpets, Four Trombones
- often including one bass trombone
Four-Piece Rhythm Section
- composed of drums, acoustic bass or electric
bass, piano and guitar
Glenn Miller Orchestra
- A String of Pearls, Moonlight Serenade, In The
Mood, American Patrol, and Smoke Gets in Your
Eyes
Count Basie Orchestra
- April in Paris
Benny Goodman Orchestra
- Sing, Sing, Sing
Cab Calloway
- Minnie the Moocher
Doris Day
- Stardust, I’m in the Mood for Love
Roy Eldridge
Bebop
- a musical style of modern jazz which is
characterized by a fast tempo, instrumental
virtuosity, and improvisation that emerged
during World War II
- main exponents were trumpeter Dizzy Gillespie,
alto sax player Charlie Parker, drummers Max
Roach and Roy Haynes, pianists Bud Powell and
Thelonius Monk; guitarist Charlie Christian;
tenor sax players Dexter Gordon and Sonny
Rollins, who was also a composer; and
trombonist JJ Johnson
Jazz Rock
 - the music of 1960’s and 1970’s bands that
inserted jazz elements into rock music
- a synonym for “jazz fusion”
- a mix of funk and R&B (“rhythm and blues”)
rhythms, where the music used amplification
and electronic effects, complex time signatures,
and extended instrumental compositions with
lengthy improvisations in the jazz style
Popular singer/songwriters:
- Joni Mitchell
- Tim Buckley
- Van Morrison
Some popular groups that emerged using the above
music styles were the following:
- Grateful Dead
- Cream
- Blood, Sweat, and Tears
- Santana
- Traffic
- Chicago
- Steely Dan
- Lighthouse
- Frank Zappa
- Soft Machine
- Hatfield and the North
Popular Music
- literally means “music of the populace”
- similar to traditional folk music of the past
- generally consisted of music for entertainment
of large numbers of people, whether on radio
or in live performances
Ballads
- originated as an expressive folksong in narrative
verse with text dealing typically about love
- the word is derived both from the medieval
French “chanson balladee” and “ballade” which
refers to a dancing song
- used by poets and composers since the 18th
century, it became a slow popular love song in
the 19th century
- now refers to a love song in a slightly pop or
rock style
Blues Ballads
- a fusion of Anglo-American and Afro-American
styles from the 19th century that deals with the
anti-heroes resisting authority
- the from emphasizes the character of the
performer more than the narrative content
- accompanied by banjo or guitar
Pop Standard and Jazz Ballads
- a blues style built from a single verse of 16 bars
ending on the dominant or half-cadence,
followed by a refrain/chorus part of 16 or 32
bars in AABA form
- The Man I Love (George Gershwin), Always
(Irving Berlin), and In a Sentimental Mood (Duke
Ellington)
B Section
- acts as the bridge, and the piece normally ends
with a brief coda
Pop and Rock Ballads
- an emotional love song with suggestions of folk
music, as in the Beatles’ composition “The
Ballad of John and Yoko” and Billy Joel’s “The
Ballad of Billy”
- sometimes applied to strophic story-songs, such
as Don McLean’s “American Pie”
Standards
- used to denote the most popular and enduring
songs from a particular genre or style, such as
those by Irving Berlin, Cole Porter, and Rodgers
and Hart
- style is mostly in a slow or moderate tempo
with a relaxed mood
- features highly singable melodies within the
range and technical capacity of the everyday
listener
Frank Sinatra
- known as “Ol Blue Eyes ” “Chairman of the
Board,” or “The Voice”
- his genre was categorized as traditional pop and
jazz
- a successful singer, actor, producer, director,
and conductor
- his hit singles include My Way and Strangers in
the Night
Nat King Cole
- American balladeer
- an accomplished pianist
- owes most of his popular musical fame to his
soothing baritone voice, which he used to
perform in big band, vocal jazz, swing.
traditional pop, and jump blues genres
- the first black American to host his own
television show and maintained worldwide
popularity over 40 years past his death
- widely considered “one of the most important
musical personalities in United States history”
- hit songs include Unfogettable, Mona Lisa, and
Too Young
Matt Monroe
- an English singer who became one of the most
popular entertainers in the international music
scene during the 1960s
 - filled cabarets, nightclubs, music halls, and
stadia in Australia, Japan, the Philippines, and
Hong Kong to Africa, the Middle East, Europe,
and the Americas
- his hit singles included Portrait of My Love,
Softly as I Leave You, the James bond theme
From Russia with Love, Born Free, which
became his signature song, and Walk Away
Other popular singers of standards:
- Perry Como
- Bing Crosby
- Andy Williams
- Sammy Davis Jr.
- Doris Day
- Patti Page
- Barbra Streisand
- Paul Anka
Rock and Roll
- a hugely popular song form in the United States
during the late 1940’s to the 1950’s
- combined Afro-American forms such as the
blues, jump blues, jazz, and gospel music with
the Western swing and country music
- lead instruments were the piano and
saxophone, but these were eventually replaced
by modern instruments
- employed one or two electric guitars (lead,
rhythm), a string bass or bass guitar, and a set
of drums that provided the rhythmic pattern
- derived its name from the mot of a sonhip on
the ocean, “rock and roll”
Elves Prisley
- his hit songs such as Heartbreak Hotel and Blue
Suede Shoes were complemented by his good
looks and elaborate movements that included
hugging the microphone as he sang
- his style was the precursor of the British band
known as The Beatles
The Beatles
- whose compositions further boosted rock and
roll as the favorite genre of the times
- I Saw Her Standing There, Get Back, While My
Guitar Gently Weeps, Rock and Roll Music, and
Ticket to Ride
- one of the most influential groups in the history
of pop music
Lennon – Paul McCartney
- one of the most celebrated songwriting
partnerships of the 20th century
Lennon’s Hit Compositions for The Beatles:
- Strawberry Fields Forever
- Help
- In My Life
- Tomorrow Never Knows
- Rain
- Norwegian Road
- I am the Walrus
- Come Together
- You’ve Got to Hide Your Love Away
- Happiness is a Warm Gun
Lennon’s Top Billboard Hits:
- Imagine
- Mind Games
- Power to the People
- Dream
- Nobody Told Me
- Watching the Wheels
- Woman
- Whatever Gets You Through the Night
- Instant Karma
James Paul McCartney (1942)
- an English singer, songwriter, multi-
instrumentalist, co-writer, and composer
- gained worldwide popularity and fame as a
member of The Beatles, which included John
Lennon, George Harrison, and Ringo Starr
- recognized as one of the most successful
composers and performers of all time, with 60
gold discs and sales of over 100 million albums
and 100 million singles of his work with the
Beatles and as a solo artist
- a two-time inductee into the Rock and Roll Hall
of Fame as a member of The Beatles in 1988,
and as a solo artist in 1999
- a 21-time Grammy Award winner having won
both individually and with The Beatles
- written or co-written 32 songs that have
reached number one on the Billboard Hot 100
- had sold more than “15.5 million RIAA-certified
units” in the United States
- knighted in England for his services to music
McCartney’s Top Hits of The Beatles:

John Lennon (1940-1980) - Hey Jude

- Fool on the Hill
- an English musician, singer, performer, - I’ll Follow the Su
songwriter and co-songwriter - I Will
- born and raised in Liverpool, England - I Saw Her Standing There
- rose to worldwide fame as a founder member - All My Loving
of the rock band The Beatles, which was - Paperback Writer
considered as “the most commercially - Michelle
successful band in the history of popular music”
 - Eleanor Rigby - an American recording artist, entertainer,
- We Can Work It Out singer-songwriter, record producer, musical
- And I Love Her arranger, dancer, choreographer, actor,
- Here, There, and Everywhere businessman, and philanthropist
- Penny Lane - made his debut as an entertainer in 1968 as a
member of The Jackson 5
Disco - began a solo career in 1971 while still a member
- pertained to rock music that was more of the group and was referred to as the "King of
danceable, thus leading to the establishment of Pop" in subsequent years
venues for public dancing also called discos - became a dominant figure in American popular
- originated from the French word “discotheque” music and culture
which means a library for phonograph records - the first African American entertainer to amass
- style had a soaring and reverberating sound a strong crossover following on MTV
rhythmically controlled by a steady beat for 21st Century Music Groups:
ease of dancing, and accompanied by strings,
horns, electric guitars, and electric pianos or - Black Eyed Peas K Pop (Korean)
synthesizers - My Chemical Romance
- Fall Out Boys
Famous Figures of Disco: - The Red Jumpsuit Apparatus
- ABBA - Souja Boy
- Donna Summer (“The Queen of Disco”) - Train
- The Bee Gees - Maroon 5
- Earth, Wind, and Fire - One Direction
- KC and the Sunshine Band Solo Performers:
- The Village People
- Gloria Gaynor - Adele
- Taylor Swift
Other Pop Music Superstars: - Ed Sheeran
- Neil Sedaka (Laughter in the Rain) - Rihanna
- Diana Ross and the Supremes(Stop in the Name - Chris Brown
of Love) - Ariana Grande
- Olivia Newton John (Hopelessly Devoted to You) - Justin Beiber
- Stevie Wonder (You Are the Sunshine of My - Miley Cyrus
Life) - Katy Perry
- Elton John (Skyline Pigeon) - Nikki Minaj
- The Carpenters (We’ve Only Just Begun) - Selena Gomez
- Barry Manilow (Mandy) Hip hop
Solo Artists: - a stylized, highly rhythmic type of music that
- Celine Dion (My Heart Will Go On) usually (but not always) includes portions of
- Madonna (Material Girl) rhythmically chanted words called “rap”
- Whitney Houston (I Will Always Love You) - arose in the 1970s within the Afro-American
- Mariah Carey (Hero) and Latino youth in the Bronx area of New York
- Justin Timberlake (Justified) City
- Britney Spears (Oops, I Did It Again) - has since evolved into a subculture that
- Beyonce (Irreplaceable) encompasses music (rapping, DJing, scratching,
- Lady Gaga (Bad Romance) and beatboxing); a nearly acrobatic style of
- Bruno Mars (Just The Way You Are) dancing, called break dancing; a distinct manner
of dress; and graffiti-style artwork
Vocal Groups
Hip hop Artists:
- Boyz II Men (Four Seasons of Loneliness)
- The Backstreet Boys (I Want It That Way) - LL Cool J
- N’Sync (This I Promise You) - Run-D.M.C
- Destiny’s Child (Survivor) - Beastie Boys
- Eminem
Michael Joseph Jackson - Kanye West

- born on August 29, 1958 and died on June 25, Alternative Music
2009
 - an underground independent form of music - Dingdong Avanzado
that arose in the 1980’s - Janno Gibbs
- became widely popular in the 1990’s as a way - Ogie Alcasid
to defy “mainstream” rock music - Joey Albert
- known for its unconventional practices such as - Manilyn Reynes
distorted guitar sounds, oppressive lyrics, and
defiant attitudes Famous Solo Artists and Bands in 1990s:
- also characterized by high energy levels that - The Eraserheads
bred new styles such as new wave, punk rock, - Smokey Mountain
post-punk, indie rock, gothic rock, jangle pop, - Donna Cruz
noise pop, C86, Madchester, Industrial Rock, - Jessa Zaragoza
and Shoegazing - Ariel Rivera
- You Belong With Me, and Shake It Off - Southborder
- Afterimage
Original Pinoy Music/ Original Philippine Music/ OPM
- Andrew E.
- originally used to refer only to Philippine pop - Jaya
songs, particularly ballads, such as those - Rivermaya
popular after the collapse of its predecessor, - Parokya ni Edgar
the Manila Sound, in the late 1970s up until the
present Other OPM Stars:

- Yeng Constantino
The 1980s to 1990s are also regarded as the golden era
of Philippine ballads. Among the classics that emerged - Sarah Geronimo
- Aisa Seguerra
were those created by:

- Ryan Cayabyab (Kay Ganda ng Ating Musika, International Singers:

Kahit Ika’y Panaginip Lang) - Arnel Pineda (international rock group, Journey)
- George Canseco (Kapantay ay Langit, Kastilyong - Charice Pempengco
Buhangin, Tubig at Langis)
- Willie Cruz (Sana’y Wala Nang Wakas, Bituing Hahabol-habol (Hot Pursuit)
Walang Ningning)
- Bobby Gonzales
- Jose Mari Chan (Beautiful Girl, Please Be Careful
- a local version of the rock and roll songs of the
With My Heart, Constant Change)
1950s
- Gary Valenciano (Sana Maulit Muli)
Luneta
OPM Solo Artists:
- Rico J. Puno
- Pilita Corales
- a local adaptation of The Way We Were
- Nora Aunor
- Basil Valdez Manila Sound
- Celeste Legaspi
- Hajji Alejandro - gave rise to songs using a colloquial language
- Leah Navarro called Taglish, a combination of Tagalog and
- Sharon Cuneta English
- Martin Nievera - among the proponents: Hotdog, Cinderella, The
- Gary Valenciano Rainmakers, and the Apo Hiking Society
- ZsaZsa Padilla
Boy Katindig
- Regine Velasquez
- Ogie Alcasid - jazz pianist and recording artist
- who comes from the well-known clan of
Popular artists between 1980s and 1990s:
musicians that includes jazz piano legend Romy
- Martin Nievera Katindig and saxophonist Eddie Katindig
- Gary Valenciano
Katinding Family
- Lea Salonga
- Regine Velasquez - pioneered Latin jazz in Manila
- Sharon Cuneta
- Vina Morales Filipino Jazz Musicians:
- Raymond Lauchengco
- Lito Molina
- Francis Magalona
- Angel Peña
- Pops Fernandez,
- Emil Mijares
- José Mari Chan
 - internationally known jazz pianist Bobby - known as FrancisM, “Master Rapper,” and “The
Enriquez Man From Manila”
- a Filipino rapper, songwriter, producer, actor,
Folk Music director, television host, and photographer
- combined ethnic instrumentation with - often hailed as the “King of Pinoy Rap” and is
electronic accompaniment, while presenting considered a legend in the Philippine music
themes or issues of society and the community
environment - first Filipino rapper to cross over to the
mainstream
Filipino Composers of this style: - credited for having pioneered the merging of
rap with Pinoy rock, becoming a significant
- Joey Ayala
influence on artists in that genre as well
- Grace Nono
- awarded a posthumous Presidential Medal of
- Edru Abraham of Kontragapi
Merit “for his musical and artistic brilliance, his
(“Kontemporaryong Gamelan Pilipino”)
deep faith in the Filipino, and his sense of
Filipino composers whose styles ranged from folk to national pride that continue to inspire us
semi-ethnic:

- Freddie Aguilar, best known for his song Anak

- Yoyoy Villame, composer of Magellan
- Florante, composer of Ako’y Isang Pinoy
- Gary Granada, composer of Ka Bayani

1973

- the birth of Philippine or “Pinoy” rock music

which successfully merged the rock beat with
Filipino lyrics

Juan de la Cruz Band

- Ang Himig Natin

- which had for its members Joey “Pepe” Smith,
Wally Gonzales, and the originator of Jeproks,
Mike Hanopol, who later became a major
symbol of Pinoy rock

Early Exponents of Pinoy Rock:

- Maria Cafra
- Sampaguita, the female rocker
- and folk-rock singer Heber Bartolome and his
Banyuhay band, whose songs expressed strong
messages of nationalism

Vocal Groups:

- River Maya
- The Dawn
- True Faith
- The Eraserheads
- Wolfgang
- Bamboo
- Parokya ni Edgar
- Hal
- Sandwich
- SugarFree
- Sponge Cola

Francis Magalona

- born on October 4, 1964 and died on March 6,

2009