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philosophic or religious determinism.
Values
Nature & Human Nature
SLIDE 2:
Journeying Back to the Self
It is important for anyone to
understand himself & his nature
from psychological point of view.
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According to Coleman and Hammen:
Human nature is anything a group of
people share, certain emotions and
feelings: love, hate, honesty,
dishonesty, peace, war, working,
loafing, all can be dubbed with the
name human nature.
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To men, human nature means just
that- being human, with the ability to
experience great joy, sensual
pleasure, sorrow, etc.
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Oneself, Free or Determined
Some philosophers believe that human
beings are pawns of fate. The great
dramatic tragedies of Aechylus and
Sophocles are pervaded by the ancient
Greek belief that men and women are
pawns of fate.
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The calvinist doctrine of
predestination, which holds that at
birth every individual has already been
elected to salvation or condemned to
damnation, is a later example of
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According to this, carried to its logical
extreme, strict determinism is
essentially predetermination-events
are determined by what has happened
before. “What will be will be” and are
only puppets who play our part as it is
written with no chance of altering the
script.
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The irreconcilable paradox of
determinism versus freedom has been
well pointed out by Carl Rogers in
relation to the therapeutic situation.
“In the therapeutic relationship,
some of the most compelling
subjective experiences are those in
which the client feels within himself
the power of naked choice.
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Different Psychosocial Models
Psychoanalytic Model
Based on the pioneering works of
Sigmund Freud
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Psychoanalytic Model
Id – contains the innate, primitive,
biological drives such as hunger,
thirst, & aggression. These primitive
drives are seen as being of 2 types:
Constructive drives, primarily of a
sexual nature, which provides the
basic energy of life or libido.
Destructive & aggressive urges which
are more obscure but tend toward
self-destruction & death.
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Psychoanalytic Model
Ego – mediates between the demands
of the id & the realities of the external
world. This requires the use of reason
& other intellectual resources in
dealing with the realities of the
external world.
Superego – refers to the outgrowth of
learning taboos & moral values of the
society – Conscience.
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Humanistic Model
This model is characterized more by
its positive growth than by coherent
set of principles of personality
development & functioning. It
assumes that human behavior cannot
be understood in terms of external
stimulus conditions alone; internal
psychological structures & processes
also have causal influence on thought,
feeling, & action.
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Carl Rogers gave important
contribution to the development of
this theory in delineating the self
concept.
1. Each individual exists in a
private world of experience of
which he – the I, me, or myself –
is the center.
2. The most basic striving of the
individual is toward the
maintenance, enhancement, &
actualization of the self
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3. The individual reacts to the
situations in terms of his unique
perceptions of himself & his world.
4. Perceived threat to the self is
followed by defense
5. The individual’s inner tendencies
are toward health & wholeness, &
under normal conditions.
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Behavioristic Model
Originated from the early work
of John Watson. This model
makes allowance for behavior
which is good or evil, rational or
irrational, depending upon the
individual’s conditioning.
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The existence Model
This model has its origin from
philosophy and literature than from
science. It is more concerned of the
predicament of man in the 20th
century. It emphasizes the breakdown
of traditional faith, the
depersonalization of the individual in a
standardized mass culture, and the
loss of meaning in human existence.
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According to Morris;
1. “I am choosing my way through
life”
2. “I am a free, agent, absolutely
free to set the goals of my life.”
3. “ I am a responsible agent,
personally accountable for my free
choices as they are revealed in how I
live my life.”
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A Systems Approach to
Understanding Human Behavior
Structural properties- Each
living system possesses parts or
subsystems which are
independent and whose
combined action enable the
system to function as an
integrated unit.
Integrative properties- Living
systems have built-in
tendencies to maintain their
organization and functional
integrity.
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Field properties- Each lower-level
system is part of a higher-level
system. They are in constant
transaction with the field and this
constant interaction modifies both
system and field.
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Human system possesses other
special characteristic
Self awareness- Only the human race
seems to have evolved to a high level
of reflective consciousness or self-
awareness.
Modifiability of action- Man’s mental
ability enables him to learn, reason
out, and imagine with unlimited
flexibility to cope with prevailing new
situations.
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Use symbols- Man’s unique mental
endowment enables him to deal with
ideas, symbols, particularly of those
absent, or imaginary objects, events
and concepts.
Concern with information, values and
meaning- Man is given the chance to
make choices as to what goals to
adopt and what means to use.
Complexity of transactions with field-
Man is always in contact with his
environment.
SLIDE 22:
Self-direction- These various
properties of human beings—reflective
self-awareness, modifiability of action,
use of symbols, concern with
information, values and meaning, and
complexity or transactions with the
environment—make possible a high
degree of self-direction.