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ARCHIEF Technisché Hogeschool

OFFSHORE TECHNOLOGY CONFERENCE

Deift PAPER OTO 2534
NUMBER
6200 North Central Expressway
Dallas, Texas 75206

Wave nteractiofl with a Submerged Open-Bottom

Structure

By
Chicago Bridge & Iron Co.
Subrata K. Chakrabarti and Robert A. Naftzger,

THIS PAPER IS SUBJECT TO CORRECTION

©Copyright 1976
and Petroleum
Offshore Technology Conference on behalf of.the American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical,
Metallurgical Society and Society of Petroleum Engineers).
Engineers, Inc. (Society of Mining Engineers, The Chemical Engineers, American Society
American Association of Petroleum Geologists, American lnstitute Institute
of
of Electrical and Electronics En-
of Civil Engineers, American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Geophysicists, and Society of Naval Architects
gineers, Marine Technology Society, Society of Exploration
and Marine Engineers. Offshore Technology Conference, Houston,
This paper was prepared for presentation at the Eighth Annual of not more than 300 words. Illustrations
Tax., May 3-6, 1976. Permission to copy is restricted to an abstract
contain conspicuous acknowledgment of where and by
may not be copied. Such use of an abstract should
whom the paper is presented.

ABSTRACT
The interaction of sinusoidal waves
with a large open bottom structure near
the ocean floor is investigated. The.
wave diffraction problem is formulated
within the framework of linearized
potential. theory and solved numerically
on a digital computer. The analysis is
confirmed by the results of wave tank
tests on a hemispherical shell and
underwater storage tank models. It is
found that both the horizontal and ver-
tical forces acting on an open struc-
ture are lower than those on the corres-
ponding sealed structure, the vertical
force, in particular1 being an order of
magnitude smaller over the practical
range of wave periods. The inside
pressure on the structure when slightly
open correlates very well with the mean
bottom pressure on the structure when
sealed, so that the results for the
slightly open case can be obtained from
the results for the sealed case.
References and illustrations at end
of paper
INTRODUCTION
Increased offshore activities in
recent years have led to the placement
of a variety of structures on or near
the ocean bottom. These structures are
subject to surface wave forces in both
the horizontal and vertical directions
and in many instances must be held by
piling in addition to their own weight.
Frequently, a piled structure is
scoured out at the bottom, leaving its
underside exposed to the wave action.
Indeed, for a shell-like structure the
entire 'inside' will be opened to the
wave action. The large Khazzafl oil
storage tanks (each one half million bbl
in capacity), situated 59 miles offshore
Dubai, fall into this category, for
recent diver inspections have revealed
sizable openings under these structures.
Within the framework of linear wave
theory this paper examines the effect
of such openings upon the wave forces
experienced by the Khazzan tanks and
similar structures.
Different Green's function formuia
tidns of the potential problem describ
ing the wave interaction with a solid
10 WAVE INTERACTION WITH A SUBMERGED OPEN-BOTTOM STRUCTURE OTC-2534

body, defined by a closed surface, have x,y,z,t) = IrnC4(x,y,z) e -let

been presented by John (5), Wehausen and
Laitone (10), and Black (1), and numer-
ical solutions for particular shapes
have been obtained by a number of in-
vestigators (2, 4, 6, 9). In this study,
however, we are primarily interested in
the wave forces on a shell, defined by
an open surface. The formulation of
this problem is similar to that for a
solid, except that the solution is con-
tained in a singular integral equation,
rather than a regular Fredhoim equation.
The numerical solution of such an equa-
tion has been carried out earlier for a
hemispherical shell (8). Here, this so-
lution is extended to several open bo.t-
torn structures of practical design, and
the wave forces are compared to those
for the corresponding sealed structures.
Wave tank tests conducted on models of
these structures show good agreement
with the analysis.
In general, the analysis indicates
that the pressure inside a slightly open
shell matches closely the mean pressure
at the bottom of the corresponding
sealed body, and this result is borne
out by experimental tests on a slightly
open hemisphere. Consequently, the
pressures and forces on a structure with
} (2)
(x,y, z) = ct'. (x,y, z) (x,y, z)
4,1(x,y,z) -
cosh(kd) cosh(ky) e
(4)
where 4,j = the incident wave potential,
= the reflected or scattered velocity
potential from the submerged object, a =
the circular wave frequency, k = the
wave number, d = the water depth, g =
the gravitational acceleration, t = time
and x,y,z = the Cartesian coordinates of
a point in the fluid region. Refer to
Fig. 1 for the coordinate convention.
Given the conditions satisfied by the
incident potential at the boundaries of
the fluid, the reflected potential, 4,r'
should then meet the following boundary
conditions:
1. The normal velocity at the bottom
is zero.
= 0 aty=0 (5)

gaps at the bottom can be estimated from

the results for the body when sealed.
The normal velocity of the fluid at
ANALYSIS the free surface is equal to the
velocity of the surface itself. In
Mathematical Formulation the linear theory this condition re-
duces to
The basic flow is assumed to be
oscillatory and to have a large Reynolds
number with respect to the submerged - r(X,Y,z) = 0 at y = d
object, so that in the greater portion (6)
of the flow the viscous effects will be
negligible compared to the inertial where v = k tanh(kd).
effects, and the flow can be regarded
as irrotational. The incident wave is
chosen as the linear wave for which the The normal velocity at the surface
flow is irrotational and incompressible, of the object, S, cancels that due
and the wave height, H, is small com- to the incident potential.
pared to the wave length, L. As a re-
sult, the fluid velocity can be repre-
sented as the gradient of a scalar po- j(x1yz) - (x,y,z) on 5 (7)
tential, , which satisfies Laplace's
equation
Far from the object the reflected
V2(x,y,z,t) = 0 (1) potential satisfies the radiation
condition describing an outward
travelling wave.
within the fluid region and may be re-
solved as follows: urn - 'vrtYiz)) = 0 (8)
R-
'OTC_ 534 CHAKRABARTI, S.K. AND NAFTZGER, R.A.
where R is the radial distance from the
object.
The interaction between the wave
and the submerged object is thus posed
as a problem in potential theory which
can be solved by the Green's function
method. The Green's function, G,is
chosen as a singular potential which
satisfies the same boundary conditions
as the reflected potential at the free
surface (Eq. 6), the ocean bottom (Eq. 5)
and infinity (Eq. 8). The integral and
series expressions for G are given in
Ref. 10. In the case of a shell the
solution for the reflected potential, is
given uniquely in terms of a weighted
integral of the normal derivative of G
over the surface of the shell, S.
=
(9)
1
S.
in which S denotes the side of S chosen
as positive, n is the outward normal to
S, and t is the difference in across
S. Applying Eq. 7 to the total velocity
potential, the following integral equa-
tion for is then obtained:
IS+
-4?r-(x,y,z) x,y,z on S (10)
in which the prime denotes that n is a
function of x, y, and z (rather than
F, r, and ?), and P indicates that
the Cauchy principal value of the in-
tegral is to be taken.
The dynamic pressure is given by
Bernoulli's equation. For a large ob-
ject the velocity squared term is g.en-
erally small compared to the linear
term. However, in the case of a shell
it will not be small near the edges and
may contribute significantly to the re-
sultant forces when the wave length is
large compared to the overall size of
the shell. The difference in pressure
111
across the shell is given by
= pC) -
in which = -grad(), and p = mass
density of water.
Method of Solution
The integral representing the
scattered wave (Eq. 9) should be dis-
continuous across the shell surface.
Otherwise, would be identically
zero, and would equal j. Since the
singular parts of }s differ in sign
as x, y, and z approach S from opposite
sides, such a discontinuity obtains.
The flow field is a simply connect-
ed region and the flow itself is assumed
to be irrotational everywhere. Conse-
quently, will be single valued and
unique to within an arbitrary constant,
and will be unique and vanish at the
edge of S.
The open-bottom structure, Fig. 1,
,:is considered to be symmetric with re-
spect to the vertical y-axis. The sur-
face of the structure is defined in terms
of the rectangular Cartesian coordinates
(x,y,z) shown in the figure, and its
edge is marked by the angle, a, measured
with respect to the ocean bottom.
The incident progressive wave can
be resolved into two standing waves,
one of which is symmetric with respect
to the y-z plane (Fig. 1), while the
other one is asymmetric. Due to the
symmetry of S fore and aft, the solution
for E thereupon splits into symmetric
and asymmetric parts. Because these two
parts of 1 behave differently near the
edge of S as a-'0, it is desirable to
obtain them separately. Thus, t is
constructed from separate solutions to
Eq. 10 corresponding to the symmetric
and asymmetric parts of the incident
potential, The solution is carried
out numerically, as described in the
next section.
12 WAVE INTERACTION WITH A SUBMERGED OPEN-BOTTOM STRUCTURE
Numerical Procedure
Thecomp1ex quantities L and G in
Eq. 10 are written in terms of their
real and imaginary parts as
= 1
+ (12)
G =Q1+iG2
Since the flow is assumed symmetric
with respect to the x-y plane, L4 and
42 are symmetric about this plane and
the integrals over S can be written as
integrals over one half of S. This
portion of the surface is divided into
N subsections whose linear dimensions
are nearly equal (Fig.2). Each subsection
is identified by the coordinates of its
center and the normal direction and cur-
vature at its center. The integrals
over S are then replaced by summations
of integrals over these subsections.
The Mean Value Theorem for weighted
means is applied to the unknown part in
each integral, approximating the mean
value of the unknown by its value at
the center of the subsection. The re-
sulting weighted integrals for the sub-
sections are evaluated, yielding 2N real
algebraic equations for the N mean
v'alues of jc and tc2 at the center of
3ach subsection. These equations may
be rewritten in the complex matrix
Eorm as follows:
= -4irV. i,j
Ln which Vj is the normal velocity due
:0 the incident wave. The solutions
or L and L\q2 are obtained by the
Lnversion of the complex matrix.
= -4irRe{[A..] V.}
= -41TIm{IA1F' v}
1he dynamic pressure is then given by
= Pa{_(1)sint)2).cos(at)}
+ velocity squared terms (17)
rom which the horizontal and vertical
omponents of the force are obtained by
uadrature.
TAVE TANK TESTS
escription of Models and Instrumenta-
ion
OTC-2534
Both open and closed hemispherical
models have been tested in a large wave
tank. Several test runs were made with
different gaps at the bottom, and the
differential pressures, as well as the
horizontal and vertical forces, were
measured. The details of these tests
are described in the previously publish
paper (8). Two practical designs of
(13) underwater oil storage tanks have been
tested also. One of them was a hemis-
pherical shell attached to a closed cir-
cular box of square section, while the
other one was a structure similar to the
axi-syinmetric tanks placed offshore
Dubaj. Both models.were made of 3/32
inch thick aluminum plate, and their
geometry and dimensions are shown in
Fig. 3.
In order to measure the net verti-
cal loads on the models, the structures
were supported on load cells. The load
cells consisted of flat steel plates
equipped with strain gages, the bending
of the plates serving to measure the
load. The calibration of the load cells
was performed in the dry and checked in
situ in the wave tank. The models were
placed on three load cells equally
spaced at 1200. A typical supporting
system for the models is shown in Fig.
4a. The model is attached to an angle
supported by a bolt resting on the
strain-gaged plate. The plate is sup-
ported between two 1/8 inch rods and
thus subject to bending from concentrated
loads in the middle.
= l,2,..N (14)
Test Procedure
The tests were performed in the
Chicago Bridge and Iron Companyts wave
tank, which is 250 ft. long, 33 ft. wide
and 18 ft. deep. Its adjustable concrete
(15) floors can be set to any depth up to 18
feet. The hemispherical storage tank
(16)
model was tested in a water depth of
53 1/8 inches. The water depth was
changed to 57 1/2 inches for the tests
on the Khazzan-type storage tank model.
The models were set up on a steel test
slab near the middle of the wave tank.
The vertical gages were preloaded by
distributing 250 lbs. of dead weight in-
side the model. Thus, it was ensured
that the gages would operate in the
linear range and not slacken.
Sinusoidal waves were generated by a
pneumatic type wave generator. The
height of the free surface was recorded
by a capacitance wave probe placed about
'I
OTC-2534 CHAKRABARTI, S.K. AND NAFTZGER, R.A.
16 feet ahead of the model where the sur-
face was essentially unaffected by the
presence of the model. A sonic wave
probe was positioned alongside the
model to provide information on the
phase relationship between the forces
and waves. The layout of the model in
the wave, tank is shown in Fig. 4b. The.
models were tied horizontally in several
directions to prevent movement.
The hemispherical storage tank of
radius a was tested with a uniform gap
size of 3/4 inch which is equivalent to
an angle ct of 1.53 degrees. The depth
to radius ratio in this case was d/a =
1.66, and the periods of the sinusoidal
waves generated varied from 1.35 sec. to
3.00 sec. Thus, the range of the ka
values was approximately 0.52 to 1.80.
The Khazzan type storage tank model had
a gap of 1/2 inch, corresponding to a
value of ct = 0.78 degrees, and was as-
signed an equivalent value of d/a = 1.56.
The wave period ranged from 1.25 sec.. to
3.5 sec., giving a range of ka values
from 0.48 to 2.4. Usually more than one
wave height was run at each period. For
the purpose of presenting the test re-
sults, the forces at each period have
been normalized with respect to the wave
ight and averaged.
DISCUSSION OF RESULTS
Analytical Results
The differential pressure at a
point on the shell is obtained from Eq.
17. On the assumption that the wave
height is small àompared to the size of
the structure the velocity-squared terms
in Eq. 17 can be neglected for moderate
and large values of ka, a being the mean
radius of the shell. The irrotational
solution requires that at the edge of
the shell E = 0 in order that remain
continuous; and thus, to a first approx- in Table 1 for both deep and shallow sub-
imation the differential pressure at the mergence.
edge vanishes.
When the opening between. the edge
of the shell and the bottom is small,
the pressure inside the shell will be
uniform. Consequently, for an axially
symmetric shape the horizontal force
will be about the same as that on the
corresponding sealed body. On the. other to produce a more accurate result due to
hand, the vertical force on the shell
will differ from that on the sealed
object by an amount equal to the pressure that the correlation for both d/a>2 and
inside times the area of its base.
113
Garrison and Snider (3) demonstrated
this result experimentally in measuring
the fOrces on a hemispherical shell sus-
pended by strain gages slightly above
the wave tank floor. The pressure in-
side the shell was measured by a single
pressure transducer. The vertical force
on the sealed body was determined from
these measurements and good correlation
between the theoretical and experimental.
results was found.
In an earlier paper (8) it is shown
that the pressure inside a hemispherical
shell is approximated quite well by two
mean pressures at the bottom of the
corresponding sealed hemisphere. One
of these mean pressures is the arithmetic
mean of the four stagnation point pres-
sures at the bottom, fore and aft and to
the sides. The other mean pressure is
the first term of the Fourier series
expansion of the pressure profile at the
bottom:
= fPo) dO (18)
where 0 is the measure of the angle
around the object and p(0) is the pres-
sure acting at the bottom. Although
both mean pressures were found to repre-
sent accurately the inside pressure in
the case of a deeply submerged_hemisphere
it is believed that generally p repre-
sents the best approximation to this
pressure for a slightly open body.
Halkyard (4) holds to the same opinion
in his discussion of the wave, forces on
three dimensional open bOdies.
To demonstrate the validity of
these notions the pressures and phase
angles for a hemisphere are compared
In the former paper (8), the
inside pressure was computed from the
differential pressure at the top of the
shell and the (outside) pressure at the
top of the corresponding closed hemis-
phere. In this case, the inside pres-
sure is obtained from the difference in
the vertical forces on the two bodies
divided by the base area and is believed
the approximations involved in the nu-
merical analyses. It is seen in Table 1
d/a = l.25 is quite good in the range
114 WAVE INTERACTION WITH A SUBMERGED OPEN-BOTTOM STRUCTURE
.lkal. Above ka = 1, the correlation
is uncertain due to numerical diffi-
culties, as the differential pressure
on the shell and the (outside) pressure
on the sealed body approach each other.
Thus, any error in the numerical solutior
is magnified many times in their differ-
ence. Table 1 suggests that the verti-
cal force on a slightly raised shell can
be obtained from the results of the
corresponding sealed body, at least for
ka up to 1. This hypothesis will be
further verified by the experimental
results in the following section.
Experimental Results
Hemispheres of various sizes have
been tested in both open and sealed po-
sitions and the results have been re-
ported already (8). Reasonably good
correlation of the test data with the
theory for the wave forces was obtained.
It is shown that a substantial reduction
in the vertical force occurs when the
structure is lifted even slightly off
the bottom, particularly at the lower ka
values (longer waves relative to the
structure size).
In a test with a hemisphere raised
about 1/2 degree off the bottom, local
dynamic pressures also were measured at
a few points on the shell. The results
for d/a = 4.18 and ka = 0.48 are shown
in Fig. 5. The solid line represents
the maximum theoretical pressure differ-
ence across the shell while the dashed
line is the maximum outside pressure
on the corresponding sealed hemisphere.
The open circles are the maximum values
of the measured differential pressure.
The overall correlation of the test data
with the theory is seen to be good. Note
that the differential pressure is only
1/2 to 1/3 the outside pressure and
vanishes at the bottom edge.
In the tests on a hemispherical
model by Garrison and Snider (3) the
inside pressure and net forces on the
model were measured. The data obtained
on the forces for d/a = 3 and a = 10 are collected from wave tank tests on such
presented in Fig. 6. The net vertical
force on the shell shown in the figure
was measured directly. The vertical
force on a closed hemisphere was then
estimated by adding the inside pressure
t.imes the hemisphere base area to the
measured force. The maximum measured
inside pressures are compared with the
OTC- 2534
theoretical pressure in Fig. 7. The
theoretical pressures are found from
the difference in the computed verti-
cal forces on the sealed and open hem-
isphere divided by the base area. The
measured pressures are found to be
generally higher than the theory, and
hence the measured vertical forces on
the seated hemisphere also show some-
what higher values. Nevertheless, the
overall correlation is reasonably good.
At CBI the vertical wave forces on
two models of underwater storage tanks
were measured. The results of these
tests are compared with the theory in
Figs. 8 and 9. A sketch of the model
is: included in each figure. The values
of thedepth-toradius ratio and the
opening, a are shown in the respective
figures. The solid lines are the theo-
retical forces on the models and the
open circles represent the measured
forces. The theoretical forces on the
corresponding sealed bodies are also
shown in the figures as dashed lines, so
that the reduction in the uplift due to
the opening at the bottom can be seen.
The mean radii chosen for calculating the
nondimensional quantities are the radii
at the bottom. For example, for the
hemispherical model, the radius, a is
taken as 32 inches, while for the
Khazzan-type tank, a = 36.75 inches.
The forces represent the maximum values
and are normalized with respect to
pga2H/2, where p is the mass density. of
water, g is the gravitational accelera-
tion and H is the incident wave height.
The measured force data .is seen to
compare well with the analytical re-
sults in both the cases.
CONCLUSIONS
An analysis of the wave interaction
with a bottom mounted shell-like struc-
ture has been presented. Generally, the
results of the anlaysis are in good
agreement with the experimental data
structures. it is clearly demonstrated
that at long wave periods a substantial
reduction in the vertical wave force is
achieved by having the structure open at
the bottom. The analysis further shows
that, when the opening at the bottom is
small, the pressure inside is uniform,
fluctuating only with time, and can be
 .K. AND NAFTZGER, R.
'OTC-'2 53 4 ----CHAKRABARTI,-
approximated by the mean outside pres-
sure at the bottom of the corresponding
sea1ed'structure, at least for ka values
up to 1. The vertical force on the open
structure will differ from that on the
sealed tructure by this pressure times
the base area, while the horizontal
forces (to a first approximation) will
be the same. Thus,. the forces on a
slightly open body can be determined
dirctly from those 'on the corresponding
sealed body. Application of this result
to two practical underwater storage tank
concepts ha's been made, and the corre-
lation with model test data indicates
that the theory can be validly extended
to other submerged shapes.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors would like to thank the
CBI Papers Committee for tI-eir permission
to present this paper (CBT 5338). The
assistance of the members of the CBI
Marine Research group in carrying out
the wave tank tests is gratefully ac-
knowledged. Thanks are also extended.
to Robert Snider for providing a part
of the hemispherical test data.
REFERENCES
Black, J.L., "Wave Forces on Verti-
calAxisylilmetriC Bodies," Journal
of Fluid Mechanics. (1975), Vol. 67,
Part 2, pp. 369-376.
Garrison, C.J., and Rao, S.V.,
"Interaction of Waves with Sub-
merged Objects," Journal of the
Waterways, Harbor and Coastal
Engineering Division, ASCE, VOl.
97, No. WW2, Proc. Paper 8111, May,
1971, pp. 259-277.
Garrison, C.J., and Snider, R.H.,
"Wa\e Forces on Large Submerged
Tanks," Sea Grant Publication No.
115
210, Coastal and Ocean Engineering
5iision (Report No. 1l7-COE),
Texas A&M University, Jan., 1970.
Halkyard, J.E., "Wave Force on a
Submerged Object," Ph.D. Thesis,
Department of Ocean Engineering,
Massachusetts Institute of Tech-
nology, 1971.
John, F.., "On 'the 'Motion of Float-
ingBodis,.I," Comm. Pure and
Applied Math., Vol. 3, 1950, pp.
45-100.
Lebreton, J.C., and Cormault, P.,
"Wave Action on Slightly Immersed
Structures, Some Theoretical and
Experimental Conditions," Proceed-
ings, Symposium Research on Wave
Action, Deift Hydraulics Laboratory,
Delft, The Netherlands, July, 1969,
34 pp.
Milgram, J.H., and Halkyard, J.E.,
"Wave Forces on Large. Objects in
the Sea," Journal of Ship Research,
June, '1971, pp. 115-124.
Naftzger, R.A., and' Chakrabarti,
S.K., "Wave Forceson a Submerged
Hemispherical Shell," Proceedings,
Conference on Civil Engineëiñ in
the Oceans/Ill, University of Dela-
ware, Newark, Delaware, June, 1975.
Sommet, and Vignat, P.H.! "Com-
plex Wave Action on Submerged Bod-
ies," Proceedings, Symposium Re-
search On WaVe Action, Deift Hy-
draulics Laboratory, Deift, The
Netherlands, July, 1969, 31 pp.
Wehausen, J.V., and Laitone, E.V.,
"Surface Waves," 'Encyclopedia of
Physics, S. Flugge, ed., FlüidDy
namics III, Vol. 9, Springer-Verlag
Berlin, West Germany, 1960, pp. 522-
553.
 TABLE I
- COMPARISON OF THE PRESSURE INSIDE A SLIGHTLY2
OPEN HEMISPHERE WITH THE AVERAGE PRESSURE AROUND THE
BOTTOM OF THE HEMISPHERE WHEN CLOSED
d/a = 1.25 d/a > 2.0

Phase Anqle l'hase Angle

IpivI of p, deg. of p1, deg. IPivII
0.2 1.000 -0. 025 -0. 025 0.2 1.000
.0.4 1.001 -0.352 -0.356 0.4 0.999
0.6 1.003 -1.65 -1.68 0.6 0.996
0.8 1.005 -4.71 -4.86 0.8 0.991
1.0 1.003 -9.98 -10.58 1.0 0.980
1.2 0.981 -17.08 -19.47 1.2 0.952

Fig. 1 - Definition sketch.

 --
- - .' . - - '- -'- "-- -

Fig. 2 - Segmentation of the sheH for the

numerical solution.

(a)

Fig. 3 - Test models.

- C?
- _.-___z -- -

3 '2

(b)
Fig. 3 - Test models.
 - - _z,4c_ .,

SlDE 0F MODEL

ANGLE

STRAIN GAUGE
BOTTOM OF
ROD MODEL

RUBBER tl/2

BALL BEARINGS \--

'TANK FLOOR

(a)

0-
/
; WAVE

LEGEND
0 CAPACITANCE WAVE
PRO BE
0 VERTICAL GAUGE

igi c
1z'1 IOD
BEACH
(b)
Fig. 4 - Wave tarlk test set-up.
 -

LEGEND

THEORY EXR
RAISED (a: .51°) 0
SEALED(a :0)
4.1$
: 0.48
90'

1800
0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 .0.4
P max.
pg(H/2)
Fig. - Correlation of the measured and theoretical
5
pressures at the center section of a hemispherical
she I I
 THgORY EXP
RAISED (a:1) 0
SEALED (a:0)

2.0 2.0-

1.0 1.0-

0.5 0.5-

0.2 0.2-
K
a
E E
a) a)
0.1 0.1 0

0.05 0.05-

0.02 0.02

0.01 0.01
01 02 0.5 10 2.0 0.1 02 05 1.0 2.0
.ka ka

Fig. Correlation of the measured and

6 -
theoretical pressures at the center section
of a hemispherical shell.
 7-t
\._ I ./ THEORY EXp
RAISE0(a, - 0
a :I.
SEALED

--b-
WAVE
EGE ND

THEORY -
EXR/ 0
RAISED a 10

d1:3 2.

1.0

0.0
00 Q2

hemisphere when closed.

04
ka
06

Fig. 7 - Correlation of the maximum

measured
pressure inside an open hemisphere with the
theoretical mean pressure at the bottom of the
08 10

Figs
0.

0.05

0.0

0.0

8
0.1
/
Q2 0.5 1.0
ka
20 50 10.0

- Correlation of the vertical

wave force amplitudes on a hemis-
pherical storage tank model (d/a1.66)_
measured vs theoretical
P
WAVE

SL
THEO. EXP
RAISED (a:Q.7)- 0
d,,..156 SEALED(a:0)
t

I
a '-

2.0

1.0

0
0.5

'
x I 0.2
E
0

0.1

0.05

0.02

0.01
0.1 02 0.5 1.0 2.0 5.0 10.0
ka

Fig. 9 - Correlation of the vertical

wave force amplitudes on a Khazzan
type storage tank model(d/a1.56)-
measured vs theoretical.