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Free-Standing
Clay Brick Walls
While the contents of this publication are
believed to be accurate and complete, the
information given is intended for general
guidance and does not replace the
services of professional advisers on
specific projects. Local or state
regulations may require variation from
thepractices and recommendations
contained in this publication. Think
Brick Australia disclaims any liability
whatsoever regarding the contents of
this publication.
5 Structural design
6 Design tables
20 Design theory
26 References
1. Introduction
Notation
As Cross-sectional area of
2
steel reinforcement mm
Before a masonry fence can be built, The amount of material used in this d Distance from the centre
the building regulation authorities type of free-standing wall is often of steel reinforcement in
require that a permit be obtained. half that required by traditional tension to the outside
Many authorities require that fences methods which are likely to have edge of compression
be designed to resist the wind loads inferior stability. The savings in the zone in direction of
given in the Australian Standard materials employed gives a bending m
Structural Design Actions Part 2 (AS corresponding reduction in
1170.2). The result is that traditional construction costs and excavation of e Estimated long-term
methods of construction and design, the foundations. It is not only those (15 year) unrestrained
in which the mass of the brickwork concerned with large or tall brick expansion of brick mm/m
has to be sufficient to provide the fences who can benefit from the f’m Characteristic unconfined
necessary stability, are often design approach given in this compressive strength of
uneconomical or impracticable. manual. brickwork MPa
The buttresses or piers used with The design method is described in f’uc Characteristic unconfined
these fences only contribute to the detail in Section 5. Various compressive strength
stability of the wall when the wind moment-formulas and allowable of bricks MPa
blows from the side opposite to that stresses are given, but most users of
in which they project. For the this note will only wish to use the H Height of a free-standing
purposes of design, the vertical tabulated information given in wall above ground level m
bending strength of such fences is Section 3 to obtain instant load and
ignored because brickwork, like strength values for their particular L Length of a pier footing
concrete, although strong in application. In this way an in the direction of the
compression is relatively weak in economical and stable wall can be wall panel m
tension. designed in a few minutes. Some
l Length of a wall
design alternatives, including
This manual advocates the use of perpendicular to the
serpentine, staggered and hollow
piers which have reinforcement that direction of the wind m
walls are also considered.
extends into the footings. These
m Force due to mass of a
piers are simple slender members in Because most free-standing walls 3
material (kN/m )
which the steel reinforcement resists will be exposed to the elements on
the tensile stresses induced by wind all faces the quality of the materials M Applied moment due
loads. They work in the same and workmanship should be as to wind pressure kN.m/m
manner as the posts in timber post high as possible. In addition to
and rail fences and, because the the structural requirements for Mr Moment of resistance
fence need no longer be high in mass free-standing walls this manual or stability moment of
to be stable, the wall panels can gives suitable construction details a member kN.m/m
usually be a single leaf in thickness. and material specifications.
p Wind pressure kPa
V Shear force kN
Wind class Wind speed for ultimate Gust pressure Wall length/height ratio (l/H)
limit state (kPa)
(m/s) 1 2 3 4 ≥5
Notes:
1. For details and methods of calculation, refer to Section 5.2.
2. Interpolation for wall length/height ratio is permitted.
Notes:
1. For details of the method of calculation, refer to Section 5.2.1.
2. Interpolation is permitted.
Notes:
1. For details of the method of calculation, refer to Section 5.2.2.
2. Interpolation is permitted.
Notes:
1. A cavity wall using wall ties in accordance with AS 3700 has a stability moment equal to the sum of the moments of
the individual leaves.
2. Two leaves bonded in accordance with AS 3700 with the collar joint filled with mortar.
3. Construction of diaphragm walls to be in accordance with Section 5.3.4.
4. For details of the method of calculation, refer to Sections 5.3.1 and 5.3.4.
5. Interpolation for wall height is permitted.
Notes:
1. For method of calculation, refer to Section 5.4.5
2. Mortar composition 1 cement: 1 lime: 6 sand or stronger
3. The end condition refers to the degree of rotational restraint provided at the point of lateral support which affects the
horizontal spanning ability of the wall panels. (For details refer to Section 5.4.5.). See Figure 2 for end conditions.
B
End condition type B refers to
situations where a wall panel is
simply supported against lateral
loads but is not provided with
rotational restraint.
A B C D
Wall thickness (mm) 110 110 110 110 90 90 90 90 110 110 110 110 90 90 90 90
Shear strength (kN) 33.3 34.1 36.2 39.0 23.4 24.2 26.4 29.2 22.3 23.1 25.2 28.0 15.8 16.6 18.8 21.6
f ’uc f ’m
(Note 2) (Note 3) Bending strength (kN.m)
5 3.1 9.5 13.4 22.2 28.7 7.7 10.6 16.3 16.0 6.0 8.3 12.0 11.8 4.7 6.4 6.6 6.5
10 4.4 9.7 13.7 23.2 34.0 7.8 11.0 18.2 22.7 6.1 8.6 14.1 16.7 4.9 6.7 9.4 9.2
15 5.4 9.7 13.8 23.6 35.0 7.9 11.1 18.7 27.0 6.2 8.7 14.5 20.5 5.0 6.9 11.1 11.2
20 6.3 9.8 13.9 23.8 35.6 8.0 11.2 19.0 27.7 6.2 8.8 14.8 21.4 5.0 7.0 11.4 13.0
25 7.0 9.8 13.9 24.0 36.0 8.0 11.3 19.2 28.2 6.3 8.8 14.9 21.8 5.0 7.0 11.6 14.5
30 7.7 9.8 14.0 24.1 36.3 8.0 11.3 19.3 28.6 6.3 8.9 15.1 22.1 5.1 7.1 11.8 15.9
Notes:
1. Each pier contains four reinforcing bars of the diameter indicated.
2. Characteristic unconfined compressive strength of bricks (MPa).
3. Characteristic unconfined compressive strength of the masonry when using a 1 cement:1 lime:6 sand mortar.
4. For the method of calculation of pier strengths, refer to Section 5.4.2.
350
290
350
290
470
390
350
290
A B C D
Pier width (mm) 230 230 290 290 190 190 230 230 190 190 230 230 230 290 290 290
Pier depth (mm) 230 230 190 190 290 290 230 230 290 290 280 280 280 210 210 210
Shear strength (kN) 8.0 8.9 8.3 9.2 8.3 9.2 13.2 15.2 14.3 16.3 9.5 9.9 11.4 9.0 9.5 11.0
f ’uc f ’m
(Note 2) (Note 3) Bending strength (kN.m)
5 3.1 1.5 2.2 1.3 1.9 1.9 2.9 4.7 5.9 6.3 8.5 1.9 2.6 3.3 1.4 1.9 2.3
10 4.4 1.6 2.3 1.3 2.0 2.0 3.0 4.9 5.9 6.6 8.6 1.9 2.7 3.3 1.4 2.0 2.3
15 5.4 1.6 2.4 1.3 2.0 2.0 3.1 5.0 6.1 6.7 8.9 2.0 2.7 3.4 1.5 2.1 2.4
20 6.3 1.6 2.4 1.3 2.1 2.0 3.2 5.1 6.2 6.8 9.1 2.0 2.8 3.5 1.5 2.1 2.4
25 7.0 1.6 2.4 1.3 2.1 2.0 3.2 5.1 6.3 6.8 9.2 2.0 2.8 3.5 1.5 2.1 2.5
30 7.7 1.6 2.5 1.3 2.1 2.0 3.2 5.1 6.4 6.8 9.3 2.0 2.8 3.6 1.5 2.1 2.5
Notes:
1. All steel to be galvanised. Types of steel used are:
A. 1 number plain round N10 bar D. 1 number 25x6 flat bar
B. 1 number deformed N12 bar E. 2 number plain round N10 bars
C. 2 number deformed N12 bars F. 2 number 25x6 flat bars
2. Characteristic unconfined compressive strength of bricks (MPa).
3. Characteristic unconfined compressive strength of the masonry when using a 1 cement:1 lime:6 sand mortar.
4. For the method of calculation of pier strengths, refer to Section 5.4.2.
tp
E F G
Notes:
1. For details and method of design calculation, refer to Section 5.4.3.
2. The length of return used to determine the stability moment should not be greater than the height of the wall.
4.1 General 4.3 Mortar, grout and thoroughly remixed before pouring
concrete (the use of excess water should be
Because most free-standing walls
avoided because this may cause
are exposed to the elements on 4.3.1 Mortar segregation of the materials and
all faces, using high quality The mortar used in free-standing excessive shrinkage). The grout is
workmanship and materials will walls must be durable and develop usually mixed in small quantities
extend their useful life. Particular good bond strength. Durability and poured from a bucket in lifts of
attention should be given to the requirements for various exposure 300 to 600 mm. Grout should not
jointing. All head, bed and collar environments can be obtained be poured into brickwork less than
joints should be completely filled, from AS 3700 Table 5.1 and 24 hours old otherwise hydrostatic
the joints should be tooled to a Table 10.1. This manual pressure may cause damage. The
smooth finish and raked or recommends that the mortar grout should be thoroughly rodded
recessed joints should not be used used in reinforced piers and the to eliminate all air pockets. The
unless the reduction of wall brickwork panels, should be of 1 piers of type E and F shown in Table
thickness has been taken into cement:1 lime:6 sand composition 7 should be constructed in fresh
account in the design stage. by volume or better. While mortars mortar that completely surrounds
stronger than 1:1:6 can be used, and covers the steel reinforcement.
4.2 Bricks they are more prone to shrinkage
cracking than those with a higher 4.3.3 Concrete
The bricks used in free-standing
lime content. Chemical plasticizers The concrete used in footings
walls should have the appropriate
or other additives used in the should have a minimum 28 day
durability for the environment.
mortar should not be of the air- characteristic compressive
Durability requirements for various
entraining type and must not be strength of 20 MPa. Concrete
exposure environments can be
used as a substitute for lime. made from 1 cement: 2 washed
obtained from AS3700 Table 5.1.
Mortar for damp-proof courses is sand: 3 aggregate, usually meets
Bricks used in reinforced brickwork
discussed in Section 4.5.2. this strength. The slump should
must have the required
compressive strength. Only bricks not exceed 100 mm.
If good mortar properties are to
with a low level of permanent
be achieved it is essential that the 4.4 Reinforcement
moisture expansion (less than 1.0
correct procedures and materials
mm/m) should be used in the The reinforcement used in hollow
be used. It is recommended that
reinforced pier and brick panel grouted piers and in concrete
before construction commences
fences described in this manual footings may be black steel which
reference be made to CBPI Manual
(see Section 5.4.2). Bricks that are is free of grease and rust, but it is
10, Construction Guidelines for Clay
to be used in single leaf brickwork desirable that the steel used in
Masonry and that if any doubt
should have an acceptable finish mortar bed joints and in piers of
exists as to whether good bond
on both faces and have low the type shown in Table 7 be
can be achieved, the simple site
variability in width unless one side galvanized.
test described in AS 3700 Clause
of the panels is to be bagged or
D7 be employed.
rendered or an uneven face is Design properties of reinforcement
acceptable. are in accordance with Grade 250N
4.3.2 Grout
The grout used in the reinforced as specified in AS/NZS 4671-2001.
piers illustrated in Table 6 and the All hooks, cogs and other
Type G pier in Table 7 should be construction details must be in
made from 1 cement:2 washed accordance with AS 3600-2001.
sand:4 10mm aggregate by
volume. Sufficient water should The steel used in strip footings
be added to ensure that the grout must have a minimum cover of
flows into and fills all parts of the 50 mm.
grout space. To minimize
segregation the grout should be
English bond
300 300
Paving unit
Mortar flaunching
2/3 bricks
2/3 bricks
Header brick
Stretcher
2/3 bricks
2/3 bricks
Stretcher
Header brick
5.1 General Table 1 gives the design wind Table 4 includes single-leaf and
pressures for free-standing walls solid twin-leaf walls constructed
This section describes the methods
based on the wind class determined in modular and traditional bricks.
of computation used in the
from AS 4055 and the width/height The stability moment of cavity
formulation of the tables in Section
ratio for the wall. walls, with the leaves connected
3. The limit states method of design
with wall ties in accordance with
has been used throughout. 5.2.1 Overturning moment AS 3700, can be assumed to be
Reference may need to be made to Table 2 gives the overturning equal to the sum of the moments
the following standards: moments (M) on free-standing of the individual leaves. For fully
• AS 3700-2001, Masonry walls up to three metres in height, bonded diaphragm walls, the
Structures in kN.m per metre length of the stability moment is based on the
• AS 3600-2001, Concrete wall. For values outside this table overall thickness of the wall.
Structures or for greater accuracy, the
• AS/NZS 1170.1:2002, Structural overturning moment can be The stability moment of a solid
Design Actions Part 1: Permanent, calculated using the formula: wall in which the centre line is also
Imposed and Other Actions and the centre of gravity can be
Part 2: Wind Actions calculated using the expression:
Wall panels
AS 3600–2001, Concrete
Structures, Standards Australia,
Sydney
AS 3700–2001, Masonry
Structures, Standards Australia,
Sydney