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1. INSTRUCTION
1.1 OBJECTIVES
1-To experimentally determine the rotational inertia of a rotating body by
measuring its angular acceleration and applying the relation Στ=Iα
2-To practice computation of rotational inertias for objects with different
shapes(different mass distributions );
1.2 THEORETICAL BACKGROUND
When a force is exerted on a rigid object pivoted about an axis, the object
tends to rotate about that axis. The tendency of a force to rotate an object
about some axis is measured y a quantity called torque. The magnitude of a
single torque associated with the force F is defined by
τ=Fr⊥
where F=force,r⊥=shortest distance between the line of F and axis of
rotation O.If the force F accelerates(or tries to rotate) a body
counterclockwise the torque is positive, negative otherwise.
if a rigid object free to rotate about a fixed axis has a net external torque
acting on it, the object undergoes a rotational motion with an angular
acceleration α . This rotational motion could be described by
(2) Στ=Iα
where I is the rotational inertia of the object about this fixed axis
This equation is the rotational analog to Newton’s second law in the
particle under a net force mod el. Rotational inertia I is a measure of the
rigid object’s resistance to change to its rotation about the fixed axis, and
it plays much the same role in rotational dynamics as mass does in linear
dynamics.
The rotational inertia of a rigid object(a system of particles)is defined as:
(3) I=miri
2
, where mi is the mass of the ith particle and ri is its distance from the rotation
axis.
Once the mass distribution of an object relative to the rotation axis is known,
the rotational inertia of the object rotating around this rotation axis could be
calculated.For the same object,when the rotation axis is different,its rotational
inertia will be different. For an object with symmetric shape, the calculation of
the rotational inertia could be greatly simplified, resulting in a simple formula
.In this case, once the mass and dimensions of the object are known,its
rotational inertia could then be calculated using the relevant formula.
Theoretically, the rotational inertial I of a disk with rotating axis through its
2
center of mass is given by I=½MR and one about its diameter is given by
I=¼MR2, where M is the mass of the disk and R is the radius of the disk.The
rotational inertia I of a ring rotating through its center of mass is given by
2 2
I=½M(R1 +R 2), where M is the mass of the ring, R1 is the inner radius of the
ring, and R2 is the outer radius of the ring.
To experimentally determine the rotational inertia of a rotating body such as a
disk and a ring in this lab, a known torque is applied to the rotating body and
the resulting angular acceleration α, is measured.
Since torque Στ=Itotalα, we have
Itotal=τ/a
, where r is the radius of the step pulley about which the string is wound and
T is the tension in the string when the apparatus is rotating.Also a=rα,
where’’α’’ is the linear acceleration of the string that is equal to the tangential
acceleration of the step pulley
Applying Newton’s Second law for the hanging mass,m,gives
Fnet=mg-T=ma T=m(g-a)
once the linear acceleration of the hanging mass (m) is experimentally
determined, the tension (T),torque τ=Tr and angular accelerationα=a/r can be
obtained o determine the total rotational inertia Itotal=τ/a
2-experimental procedure
Lab Computer with capstone software installed,850 universal interface,
Rotational System (‘’A’’ base, a photogate sensor, a step pulley with a string
pulley on a rod), Rotational disk (25.4 cm), Ring(12.7 cm outside diameter),50-
g-Mass hunger,200 g weight ,Bubble level,Venier Calipar,Digital scale on the
counter
Setup
Set up the rotational apparatus and leveled the rotational base with a bubble level. and
logged in to the computer using your UCID and password and connected the USB cable of
the 850 universal interface to a USB port on the computer and connected the AC adapter
power cord to an electrical outlet under the lab table. and pressed the power push button
on the left corner of the interface. The green LED indicator below the power push button
should light up and plugged the phone jack connector from the photogate sensor in Digital
inputs port 1 on the 850 universal interfaces and Openned ‘’Lab 127 torque and rotational
inertia for 111A ‘’ file in ‘’Physics 111A Lab Experiments’’ folder on the desktop.
Experimental procedures and data analysis
part 1;
we Measured the masses of the disk and the ring and the radius of the disk, the inner
and outer radii of the ring .and calculated the theoretical value of the rotational inertia
for the disk (about center of mass and about diameter) and the ring. we Recorded all
the values in Data Table 1.
part 2 : Experimental Determination of Rotational inertia of Disk(through the center
of mass) and Ring
A determination of the rotational inertia of disk rotating through its center of mass.
we removed the rotational disk and measured the diameter of the second pulley from
top of the step-pulley where the thread is wound and recorded the radius in table 2
and placed the disk back on the center shaft . The side of the disk that has a circular
groove should be up and hanging the mass hanger (50g)with a 200 g weight to the
end oo the thread and winded the thread around the pulley by gently turning the
disk until the top 50 g mass hanger is close to the 10-spke pulley hold the disk
stationary and clicked ‘’Record ‘’button on the bottom of the computer screen and
release the disk. The computer screen will display a plot. After two rounds of the trip,
click’’ Stop’’buttom on the bottom of the computer screen. Then, we determined the
slope on the linear speed vs time graph. The slope is equal to the linear acceleration
a of the mass hanger, recorded the value in data table 2.Subsequently, we repeated
the above steps two more times and averaged the values that we have measured.
rotational inertia that we measured is total rotational inertia not only for the disk but
also for any other rotating parts during the rotational motion and determined the
rotational inertia of the step pulley and shaft, and then recorded all these values in
Data Table 2
B.determination of the rotational inertia of both disk and ring we placed the disk back
on the center shaft. The side of the disk that has a circular groove should be up. We
followed the same procedures and determined the rotational inertia of the ring only
and compared this experimentally determined value with a theoretically calculated
one
2. RESULTS
Table 1
Object Mass (kg) Radius(m) rotational inertia Column1
Disk M=1.43kg .226 m through center of mass I=1/2MR2=0.0365
through dimater I=1/4MR2=0.0183
R2(outer radius)=0.127m I=1/2M(R21+R22)=0.0177
Ring M=1.43kg R1(inner radius)=0.073m
Table 2
R=0.025 m
Case Hanging masslinear
(kg) acceleration,a(m/s^2)
Tension{N] T=m(g-a)
torque τ=Tr (Nm) Angular acceleration
Total
(rad/s) α=a/r inertia{kg*m2] Ito
rotational
Disk through center of mass 0.15 0.024 1.4679 0.0367 0.96 0.0382
Step-pulley and shaft 0.05 3.21 0.33 0.00825 128.4 6.43*10(-5)
Disk+Ring 0.15 0.162 1.46709 0.0367 0.648 0.0567
Disk through diameter 0.15 0.042 1.465 0.0366 1.68 0.218
Table 3
3-Discussion
newton’s second and third law in rotation
it was nearly 4% error in the inertia of disk through the center of mass and ring while
the inertia of the disk through diameter is nearly 18 %
a random error especially personal error and lack of sensitivity
3. Conclusions
we verified the rotational inertia of the objects
we suggest that the experiment become more robotized and increase the sensitivity
of the instrument would provide more useful data
4. Reference
Streit, Matthew, Kevin Shockley, and Michael A. Riley. "Rotational inertia and multimodal heaviness
perception." Psychonomic bulletin & review 14.5 (2007): 1001-1006.