Title: Energy Recovery from Waste In Integrated Waste

Management System (?)

1. Introduction
 Sustainability and Waste-to-Energy plants
 Waste-disposal vs Energy recovery
 Waste hierarchy
 Advantages and drawbacks of WtE Technologies
o Advantages from Environmental perspective points of view
 Reduction of emissions (GHG &Pollutants)
 If MSW waste would have been sent to landfill
 Energy recovery
 Reduction of waste volume
 Primary energy saving
 Increasing share of renewable energy
 Reducing dependency on fossil fuels
o Reduction of CO2 emissions
o Drawbacks
 Stringent emission regulations
 Leads to use costly of flue gas treatment systems
 Increase overall cost of the plant
 Thus the emission from these plants is very low compared to
fossil fuel fired plant according to many literatures
o But it comes with a price
 Variability of waste composition and its implications
 High excess air requirement for complete combustion
o Low boiler efficiency
o Large volume of flue gas to be cleaned
 Increases cost of flue gas cleaning systems
 High moisture content and ash content
o High auxiliary consumptions
 Waste handling
 Ash handling
 Lower Calorific Value
o Size matters
 Feasible effects on Isentropic efficiency of
Steam turbine
 Large amount of waste must be burned
 Large is how much?
 Depends on population, amount of
Waste each person discharge per year
 Corrosive nature of combustion products
o Corrosion problems
o Limits the maximum operating steam pressure and
temperature: Crucial parameters to increase the
efficiency
 Corrosion leads to lower efficiency
1.1. The energy recovery paths for thermal treatment options
1.1.1. Combustion
 1.1.2. Gasification
1.1.3. Pyrolysis
1.1.4. Energy recovery paths and focus of this project
1.2. The challenges faced by Waste-to-Energy plants

 Problems of corrosion due to corrosive nature of flue gas

 Unfavorable nature of waste compositions
o Large excess air
o Lower boiler efficiency
o High auxiliary consumptions
 Stringent emissions regulations
o Costly flue gas treatment options
 Scale adopted
o Restricts us to use less isentropic efficiency of Steam turbines
 Greatly affects the net electric efficiency
 Regulations set by the Europeans commissions to increase the energy recovery
potential of waste (R1 index)
 Incentives depends on how much efficient our systems are
 Why we are interested on increasing efficiency
o Environmental benefits
o Economical benefits
o Avoiding technical limitations

1.3. Motivation and Objectives of this project

 Finding innovative ways to increase the efficiency of Waste-To-Energy plants without

facing corrosion problems of boiler tubes and to propose a cost effective (cost
estimates ) and environmental friendly Waste-To-Energy plant configurations
o External superheating
o Reheating
o CHP as a means to increase the efficiency
 Off - design analysis of WtE plants
o For electricity production as well as combined heat and power
 Thermoeconmic optimization of Waste-to-Energy plants
o To find an optimized Waste-to-Energy plant configuration that can minimize
the cost of the product formations and increase the efficiency of conversion
 Environmental benefits
 Highly efficient
 Higher R1 index
 Environmental analysis
o CO2 avoided
1.4. Layout of the report - Approach and structure of the report

 Reference
2. State of the art of WTE plants

2.1. Conventional Waste-to-Energy plants

2.2. Innovative configurations emerged from literature
 External superheating – Natural gas turbine combined with WTE plants
o Description of configuration, characteristics and details
 o Bilbao (Spain), Moerdijk (The Netherland), Germany
o Problems : 80 % of the total energy coming from natural gas
 Cost vs environmental _ disadvantageous
 Gaps : few plants
 External superheating – SteamBoost concept
o Description of configuration, characteristics and details
o Relevant problem of this configuration
 Secondary Superheater materials
 Membrane wall very sensitive
 Reheating with steam Amsterdam
o Description of configuration, characteristics and details
o Relevant problem of this configuration
o Steam quality
 Innovative configuration : External superheating
o Description of configuration, characteristics and details
o Relevant problem of this configuration
 Reheating with flue gas
o Germany
o Problem of corrosion
 Gap: Corrosion problems and maximum efficiency of the state of the art WtE plant is
30 %
o Problems to solve : To increase the efficient more than 30 %
 Without facing corrosion problem
 Enviurnematl friendly way
 Economically feasible way
 Innovative configuration 1: reheating + quenching
o Description of configuration, characteristics and details
o Relevant problem of this configuration
2.3. Summary

 Reference

3. Methodology
3.1. General methodology
o Schematic drawing of the methodology
3.2. Tools used for the simulations
3.2.1. GS(code)
 How it works
 Reliability
 Other related works simulated by this software
 Basic advantageous
3.2.2. Thermo flow
 Why these software used
 Design conditions
 Engineering design
 Off design analysis
 Cost estimations
 Emissions results from Thermo flow
3.3. Simulation of highly efficient waste to energy plants and proposing a new one
 A very brief summary why we do this
  Configurations
 Main assumptions
3.4. Simulation of reheating cases
 Benchmark cases
 Reheating
 Reheating with quenching
 Basic assumptions
o Waste compositions
o Operating parameters
o Economic cost assumptions
o Flue gas speed, reheating pressure…..
3.5. Off –design analysis of Technoborgo
3.6. CHP as a means to increase the efficiency of Waste-to-Energy plants
 Explanation of the four configurations
 Basic additional equations used during CHP
 Off-design analysis
 Assumptions
 Software used
3.7. Thermo economic analysis
 Clear methodology part
 Objective functions
 Why this objective functions
 Parameters selected: EGR and Peva? Why?
 Assumptions during economic analysis
 Methods used for the optimizations
 POD- RBD procedure
 References

4. Results and discussions

4.1. Results
4.1.1. Highly efficient WtE plants and proposed one : main simulation results + corrosion
diagram for each of the technologies
4.1.2. Simulation results : reheating + quenching
4.1.2.1. Performance
4.1.2.2. Cost estimates
4.1.2.3. Environmental implications
4.1.3. Off- design analysis _For electricity production _case study result on Tecnoborgo
4.1.3.1. Part load analysis : 50 %, 80 %
4.1.3.2. Esankey diagram for part load analysis (50 %,
80% and 100 %)
4.1.3.3. Validation of off design analysis
4.1.4. CHP as means to increase efficiency of WTE plants + Off-Design analysis
4.1.4.1. Biogas as an external superheating +
cogeneration (Modified configurations)
4.1.5. Thermo-economic Optimization
4.1.5.1. Results of optimized configurations
4.1.6. Key finding from each simulation result and common connections among each
simulation results
4.1.7. Brief explanation on how each results answers the questions raised in the
introduction part
4.2. Discussions
 4.3. Conclusions

5. Future works
6. Reference