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ME51035
Mechanical Vibration
Topic 1: Introduction to Mechanical Vibration
1.1 Objectives
At the end of this lecture, students should be able to:
(1) Understand and think in practical sense about vibration systems
(2) Understand working principle of different elements of a vibrations sytem.
1.2 What is Vibration?
- The repeating or oscillatory motion caused by external forces about equilibrium position
- Or repeating accelerated motion
- It can be pure translation or rotation or combination.
- Vibration is the study of oscillatory motion of the bodies about some equilibrium position.
- Typical examples of vibration are the swinging of pendulum and the motion of the plucked
string.
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2
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22
Frequency(Hz)
Such research studies are conducted to predict the response of those structures and vehicles under
combinations of different types of loadings such as wind, water current, ground motion, seismic
loads, inertia forces.
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The final aim of such studies is to estimate magnitude and frequency range of vibration under both
free and forced vibrations. Then, studies go on to find out proper design to reduce or isolate the
vibration level within acceptable range. Another purpose is to obtain mathematical model of
vibration of those structures and machines and then predict possible vibration amplitudes under
different types of operating conditions and loadings.
Then, research study or continuous monitoring and evaluation of vibration levels under operation
must be done so that severe vibration level could be known in advance. Then, proper maintenance
actions could be determined before the breakdown. Such kind of continuous monitoring of
vibration and predictive maintenance are indispensable especially in machines and important
structures whose failures cost major loss in economy, lives and materials. Some examples include
hydropower plants, aircraft structures, railroads, automobiles, building structures, bridges and
ground itself.
The following figures show some examples of practical model, geometrical and vibration
responses under different loading conditions.
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Figure 1.5 Un-deformed and deformed models of overhung fan in Fig. 1.4
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cylinder, fluid film in journal bearing), viscoelastic damping (rubber plate), hysteretic damping
(damping in structural materials) and Coulomb damping (friction between rubbing surfaces).
Combination of inertial, restoring and dissipating elements, i.e., mass, spring and damper form a
vibration system. Its characteristics depend on the magnitude of those three elements.
x , x, x
F F 0sin(t )
(a) (b)
Figure 1.6 (a) Single degree of vibrating system, (b) Two degree of vibration system
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Any motion which does not repeat over a certain period of time is called non-periodic motion, e.g.,
ground motion during earthquake.
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acceleration [m/s2]
displacement [mm]
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© Thein Min Htike, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Yangon Technological University
Non-Linear System
If inertial, restoring and dissipating elements of a vibration system does not behave linearly, the
system is non-linear.
o Lumped mass system (concentrated rigid bodies e.g. automotive vehicle body)
o Continuous system (deformable bodies e.g. beam)
Figure 1.9 (a) Physical system for forging process, (b) mathematical model of
corresponding vibration system by neglecting stiffness of elastic pad
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Figure 1.10 Physical model of rider and motorbike and corresponding mathematical
models
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© Thein Min Htike, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Yangon Technological University
More Examples
A mass has to be installed at end of cantilever beam as shown in Figure 1.11(a) for some design
requirements. In order to analyze the undamped vibration of such system, single degree of freedom
spring mass model can be used as shown in Figure 1.11(b). For simplicity, distributed mass of the
beam is negligible and only concentrated mass needs to be considered for vibration model.
Equivalent stiffness of the beam can be calculated from beam deflection theory from strength of
materials and it can be used as spring constant in vibration model.
Assumption: Mass of beam is negligible compared to end mass.
keq
(a) (b)
Figure 1.11 (a) Cantilever beam with concentrated mass at the end;
(b) Equivalent spring mass vibration model
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If springs are in parallel, equivalent stiffness can be found by summing all stiffness,
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