All FEED documents for review will be issued at R01, with subsequent R02, R03, etc

as required with status

IFR or IFA
All revisions approved for issue or design will be issued at A01, with subsequent
A02, A03, etc as required with
status AFD.
All Detailed design documents for review will be issued at D01, with subsequent
D02, D03, etc as required
Documents approved for Construction will be issued at C01, C02, and C03
respectively with status AFC.
Revisions approved for Tender will be issued as T01, with subsequent come as T02,
T03 etc with status AFT
All revisions approved for Purchase will be issued as P01, with subsequent P02,
P03, etc with status AFP
All Cancelled documents will be issued at X01, X02, and X03 respectively with
status CAN.
Documents or drawings revised as “As built” will be issued as Z01, Z02, Z03 etc
with status ASB.
Narrative sections revised from previous approved issues are to be noted in the
table below and/or highlighted
in the RH margin (using the appropriate revision status) thus: | A02
Previous revision details to be removed from the cover page at subsequent issues
Drawings/diagrams revised from previous approved issues are highlighted by
'clouding' the affected areas and
by the use of a triangle containing the revision status.
Vent valves
• 1. The vent valves shall be tight shut-off quarter-turn ball valves, pressure
balanced plug
valves or gate valves to isolate the vent line from the barrel.
2. For gas pipelines, if the vent valve will be subject to regular throttling
service,
consideration should be given to the use of an additional globe valve or pressure
balanced plug valve.
2.6.10 Blowdown valve
1. For gas service, the blowdown valve shall be a tight shut-off valve with a
downstream
globe valve, pressure balanced plug valve or an orifice restriction for controlled
depressurisation of the barrel.
2.6.11 Purge connection valve
1. A DN 50 (NPS 2) isolating valve and a DN 50 (NPS 2) check valve shall be
installed in
the purge connection (if applicable).
2. The isolating valve shall be installed on the barrel side for tight shut-off of
the purge
connection.
The check valve is intended to prevent hydrocarbons entering the purge/flush line.

5.1. Bypass Line

A bypass line is required to connect the pipeline with related facilities such as a
booster station. The sizes for the bypass line shall be between 18-26 inches.
5.2. Kicker Line
A kicker line is required to connect the major barrel with the bypass line to
enable diversion of the fluid through the barrel to launch or receive a pig. For a
launcher the kicker line shall be connected to the major barrel as close as
possible to the end closure and for a receiver as close as possible to the reducer.
The kicker line of both launcher and receiver shall be located at the centre of the
major barrel because of bi-directional pigging operation. The sizes for the kicker
line is 12’’.
5.3. Balance Line
A balance line shall be provided on launchers to enable filling and pressurising or
depressurising (equalizing) of the barrel on both sides of the pig at the same
time.
This is to prevent a pig, which is ready to be launched from moving either forwards
(and thereby hitting and possibly damaging the pig trap valve) or backwards (and
losing the seal in the reducer). To ensure this, the balance line, branching off
from the kicker line, shall be connected to the minor barrel as close as possible
to the pig trap valve. The sizes for the balance line is 4’’.
5.4. Safety Relief Line
A pig trap system shall be protected against overpressure by providing relief
valves. The valve shall be provided at the highest point on the pig trap major
barrel and piped to vent system.
Where flare/vent system is not available, the valve shall be piped to a safe
location (atmosphere). Relief valves discharging to atmosphere should be located at
the maximum practical elevation to keep discharge piping (to safe location) as
short as possible. Dispersion analysis shall be performed to determine the safe
distances. The sizes for the bypass line is 2’’ in accordance with DEP 31.40.10.13-
Gen. Ref. [9].
5.5. Drain Line
Drain points shall be provided near end closure and near the pig trap valve at
lowest point of the barrel to allow maximum drainage of liquid accumulated in the
barrel.
Connection of drain lines to pressurized systems should be avoided to enable the
contents of the barrel to be emptied as necessary. In addition, before opening the
drain valve(s) the barrel shall be depressurised and vented to minimise vapour
release or over pressurisation of the drain system.

Welded Pipe
H.3.3.2.1 Unless otherwise agreed, coil and plate used for the manufacture of
welded pipe shall be
rolled from continuously cast (strand cast) or pressure cast slabs. The pipe shall
be SAWL, SAWH, or
HFW.
H.3.3.2.2 For HFW pipe, the abutting edges of the coil or plate should be sheared,
milled, or machined
before welding.
H.3.3.2.3 Coil and plate used for the manufacture of welded pipe shall be inspected
visually after
rolling. Visual inspection of coil used for the manufacture of welded pipe may be
either of the uncoiled
strip or of the coil edges.
H.3.3.2.4 If agreed for HFW pipe, such coil and plate shall be inspected
ultrasonically for laminar
imperfections or mechanical damage in accordance with K.4, either before or after
cutting the coil or
plate, or the completed pipe shall be subjected to full-body inspection, including
ultrasonic inspection.
H.3.3.2.5 If agreed, helical seam pipe made from coil/plate and containing
coil/plate end welds may be
delivered, provided that such welds are located at least 300 mm from the pipe ends
and have been
subjected to the same nondestructive inspection required in Annex K for coil/plate
edges and welds.
H.3.3.2.6 Intermittent tack welding of the SAWL or SAWH groove shall not be used,
unless the
purchaser has approved data furnished by the manufacturer to demonstrate that the
mechanical
properties specified for the pipe are obtainable at both the tack weld and
intermediate positions.
H.3.3.3 Jointers
Jointers shall not be delivered, unless otherwise agreeddescription of more
advanced iterative operations made possible by the programming
operators in Mathcad Professional, turn to Chapter 15, “Programming.”
Defining and using range variables
To define a range variable, type the variable name followed by a colon and a range
of
values. For example, here’s how to define the variable j ranging from 0 to 15 in
steps
of 1:
1. Type j and then press the colon key (:), or click on the
Calculator toolbar. The empty placeholder indicates that Mathcad
expects a definition for j. At this point, Mathcad does not know whether j is to be
a conventional variable or a range variable.
2. Type 0. Then press the semicolon key (;), or click on the
Calculator toolbar. This tells Mathcad that you are defining a range
variable. Mathcad displays the semicolon as two periods “..” to indicate a range.
Complete the range variable definition by typing 15 in the remaining placeholder.
This definition indicates that j now takes on the values . To define a range
variable that changes in steps other than 1, see the section “Types of ranges” on
page
103.
Once you define a range variable, it takes on its complete range of values every
time
you use it. If you use a range variable in an equation, for example, Mathcad
evaluates
that equation once for each value of the range variable.
You must define a range variable exactly as shown above. There must be:
• a variable name on the left,
• either a “:=” or a “≡” in the middle, and
• a valid range on the right.
Not e You cannot define a variable in terms of a range variable. For example, if
after having defined j
as shown you now define , Mathcad assumes you are trying to set a scalar variable
equal to a range variable and marks the equation with an appropriate error message.
One application of range variables is to fill up the elements of a vector or
matrix. You
can define vector elements by using a range variable as a subscript. For example,
to
define for each value of j:
• Type x[j:j^2[Space]+1.
Figure 8-4 shows the vector of values computed by this equation. Since j is a range
variable, the entire equation is evaluated once for each value of j. This defines
for
each value of j from 0 to 15
Exposures
Chloride-containing and carbonated samples (series 1 and 3) were exposed
out of doors in Milan. Ponding, i.e. accelerated chloride penetration (series
2), has been carried out using three-week cycles: one week of wetting the
concrete surface with 1 L of 3.5% NaCl solution, and two weeks of drying.
15.3.3 Corrosion tests
The free corrosion potential and polarisation resistance (Rp) of each rebar
were monitored. Corrosion potential was measured versus a saturated calomel
electrode (SCE) put in contact with the concrete surface by means of a wet
sponge. Rp was measured using the linear polarisation technique [25], by
applying a potential scan rate of 10 mV per minute in the range ±10 mV with
respect to the free corrosion potential. The mean corrosion rate (µm per
year) was calculated by means of the Stern–Geary relationship: icorr = 1.17 ×
C/R
p where Rp is the measured polarisation resistance (evaluated from the
slope of the potential/current density curve) and the constant C is assumed to
be equal to 26 mV [26].

The crevicegeometry is another factor which influences the repassivating

temperature. In
these experiments, the same crevice assembly was used in all tests and the currents
were
restrictedathigh temperatureto getareproducible crevicegeometryandthereby
reproducible
results. In general, the repassivation temperature increases with
increasingcrevicewidth due
to a higher diffusion flux out of the crevice. For the tests with a commercial
gasket it was
impossibleto maintain active corrosion for temperatures below 40°C. Visual
examination of
these specimens after exposure showed corrosion attack at only a few points. The
rest of the
crevicearea was coveredwithmaterial from the gasket.It appearsthat the gasket is
gluing itself
to the metal surface which gives a very tight crevice and a little electrolyte
volume. For such
a tight crevice redistribution of ion concentrations and current density may not
occur easily.
Inspection of attack profiles of less tight crevices at various temperatures (not
shown here)
indicates that sucharedistribution maybe a prerequisite
formaintaininganactivecrevice. This
may then explain the very high repassivation temperature observed with the soft
commercial
gaskets.For surfacesfacing commercial gasketsin practical systems, like large
flange connections, the same tightness may not be present over the entire surface
due to uneven surface
pressure and a less smooth surface finish. Thus, crevice corrosion may also be
possible with
commercial gaskets at temperatures below 4OOC.
Apart from being an interesting observation with respect to the mechanism of
crevice
corrosion, the temperaturehysteresis also has a practical implication which can
lead to serious
corrosion problems. If a temporary temperature increase during service initiates
crevice
corrosion, the materials studied here, and others of similar quality, may remain
active even if
the temperature is brought back to a low level within a short time.
Pipeline or riser span oscillations induced by
internal or external fluid flow should be considered.
The design should either prevent pipeline
oscillation or show the oscillations to be acceptable
with respect to the following:
a) service considerations;
b) strength;
c) fatigue (see 4.2.8);
d) coating integrity (see 4.12.2).
4.7 Pipeline and cable crossings
4.7.1 Functional requirements
The design of each crossing should ensure that
separation is maintained between the new pipeline
and the existing pipeline or cable.
The functional requirements for each crossing are
the following.
a) The weight of the new pipe should not be
supported by the existing pipeline or cable, unless
an interaction analysis can demonstrate that the
integrity of the crossed line is not impaired,
taking account of short and long term settlement
and overburden loads.
b) The crossing design should accommodate
pipeline expansion effects.
c) The cathodic protection systems should be
isolated.
4.7.2 Design considerations
4.7.2.1 Consultation
At the initial stages of the design of a crossing there
should be consultation with the operator of the
existing pipeline or cable.

Flattening Retests
Flattening retest provisions are as follows.
a) Nonexpanded electric welded pipe in grades higher than L175 or A25 and
nonexpanded laser welded
pipe smaller than 323.9 mm (12.750 in.) produced in single lengths.
The manufacturer may elect to retest any failed end until the requirements are met,
providing the
finished pipe is not less than 80 % of its length after initial cropping.
b) Nonexpanded electric welded pipe in grades higher than L175 or A25 and
nonexpanded laser welded
pipe smaller than 323.9 mm (12.750 in.) produced in multiple lengths.
Where one or more of the flattening tests fail to conform to the specified
requirements, the
manufacturer may retest the pipe end after cropping the defective pipe end.
Alternatively the
manufacturer may reject the defective pipe(s) and retest the adjacent end of the
next pipe. The retest
shall consist of two specimens, one tested with the seam weld at 0º and one tested
with the seam
weld at 90º. If the retest fails to conform to the specified requirements, the
manufacturer may either
reject the pipe produced from the affected multiple length or retest each end of
each remaining
individual length produced from the coil with the weld alternatively at 0º and 90º.
If the retest conforms to
the specified requirements, the remaining portion of the multiple lengths shall be
accepted.
c) Cold-expanded electric welded pipe in grades higher than L175 or A25, each
welded Grade L175 or
A25 in sizes 60.3 mm (2.875 in.) and larger; and cold-expanded laser welded pipe
smaller than size
323.9 mm (12.750 in.).
The manufacturer may elect to retest one end of each of two additional lengths of
the same test unit.
If both retests are acceptable, each length in the test unit shall be accepted,
except the original failed
length. If one or both retests fail, the manufacturer may elect to repeat the test
on specimens cut from
one end of each of the remaining individual lengths in the test unit.
If applicable, reprocessing shall be as defined in 10.2.11.
10.2.12.4 Bend Retests
If the specimen fails to conform to the specified requirements, the manufacturer
may elect to make retests
on specimens cut from two additional lengths from the same test unit. If each
retest specimen conforms to
the specified requirements, each of the lengths in the test unit shall be accepted,
except the length from
which the initial specimen was taken. If one or more of the retest specimens fail
to conform to the
specified requirements, the manufacturer may elect to repeat the test on specimens
cut from the
individual lengths remaining in the test unit.

General Requirements
4.1 Product furnished to this specification shall conform to
the requirements of Specification A 960, including any supplementary requirements
that are indicated in the purchase order.
Failure to comply with the general requirements of Specification A 960 constitutes
nonconformance with this specification.
In case of conflict between the requirements of this specification and
Specification A 960, this specification shall prevail.
5. Materials and Manufacture
5.1 The material for fittings shall be fully killed fine-grain
material made by a melting process that is intended to produce
rounded, well dispersed, fine sulphide inclusions, that promote
good notch toughness, assists in the resistance to hydrogen
induced cracking, and for weldability suitable for field welding.
5.2 Starting materials shall consist of plate, sheet, forgings,
forging quality bar, and seamless or fusion-welded tubular
products with filler metal added. The chemical composition
shall conform to Table 1.
5.3 A starting material that specifically requires the addition
of any element beyond those listed in Table 1 is not permitted.
1 This does not preclude the use of deoxidi

Test method
Tensile testing at ambient temperature shall be carried out in accordance with ISO
6892. If specified, tensile testing
at elevated temperatures shall be carried out in accordance with ISO 783. The
frequency and acceptance criteria
shall be by agreement.
For base metal, Rt0,5, Rm, and percentage elongation after fracture shall be
determined. For tensile tests transverse
to the weld, it is required only to determine Rm.
The percentage elongation after fracture shall be reported with reference to a
gauge length of 5,65 Ao . If other
gauge lengths are used, the elongation referred to a gauge length of 5,65 Ao shall
be determined in accordance
with EN ISO 2566-1.
9.4.2.3 Requirements
The tensile properties shall meet the requirements of the corresponding part of ISO
3183.
Table 4 — Chemical composition for product analyses
Maximum permitted alloy content, mass fraction, %
Element
Class A Classes B and C Class CS
C 0,20 0,18 0,18
Mn 1,60 1,60 1,30
Si 0,40 0,40 0,40
P 0,025 0,025 0,025
S 0,010 0,010 0,003a
V 0,10 0,10 0,10
Nb 0,05 0,05 0,05
Ti 0,04 0,04 0,04
Cr 0,25 0,25 0,25
Mo 0,10 0,10 0,10
Ni 0,50 0,50 0,50
Cu 0,35 0,35 0,35
Al 0,05 0,05 0,05
N 0,012 0,012 0,012
B 0,000 5 0,000 5 0,000 5
Caa 0,006 0,006 0,006
CEb 0,45 0,43 0,43
P
cm
c 0,23 0,21 0,21
V + Nb + Ti shall not exceed 0,15 %.
Cr + Mo + Ni + Cu shall not exceed 0,6 %. Higher Cr, Mo and Ni content may be
acceptable by
agreement, where required for special applications such as low temperatures and/or
thick
sections.
The total Al:N ratio shall not be less than 2:1.
a Ca:S ratio shall be a minimum of one (1) for S in the range 0,001 5 % to 0,003 0
%.
b Carbon equivalent, calculated as follows:
15
Ni Cu
5
VMoCr
6
Mn
C CE ++= ++ + +
c Crack measurement parameter, calculated as follows:
5B
20
MnCr Cu
15
Mo
10
V
60
Ni
30
Si
CP
cm +
++
+++++=
www.bzfxw.co
All works associated with Heat Shrink Sleeves manufacturing shall be described in a
coating Manufacturing Procedure Specification (MPS) conforming to this document.
MPS
shall be submitted to QP for approval prior to start of works. It shall include but
not limited
to the details of materials (properties, compatibility, handling, storage and
safety), surface
preparation, field joint coating application (equipment, control and calibration
process),
inspection and testing (parameters, equipment, personnel), coating repair
procedures,
Quality Assurance and documentation.
4.3 The Contractor shall perform a Pre -application Qualification Test (PQT). This
test shall be
based on the approved MPS. PQT shall be submitted for QP approval prior to field
joint
coating application. The PQT shall qualify the coating materials and the coating
procedure
against the acceptance criteria specified in this document/MPS and approved by QP.
PQT inspection and testing results shall be fully documented and compiled in PQT
report

The origin of the lower design factor for fabricated assemblies is the 1955 edition
of ASME B31.8. There
was concern about the high stress levels that would be present in the case of a
field-fabricated branch
connection with a large diameter side outlet for a pipeline intended to be stressed
to 72% (Class 1
location) of the specified minimum yield strength of the pipe. When a sufficient
amount of
reinforcement is provided for branch connections, the stress level in the crotch
can be held down to
acceptable levels; however, when this reinforcement is a saddle or pad, tests
indicated that a
concentration of stress occurs at the points where tangents to the outside
circumference of the pad are
parallel to the axis of the header. In these two regions, the stresses resulting
from the tendency of the
pipe to bend around the edges of the reinforcement are directly additive to the
hoop stress. To lower
the stresses for this Class 1 location situation, the design factor for the header
pipe was set at 0.60
(equivalent to pipe for general use in a Class 2 location). At mainline valves, the
maximum hoop stress
permissible in the mainline pipe was 60% of the specified minimum yield strength of
the header pipe. In
1968, this requirement was included in the first edition of CSA Z184. Although the
effective design
factor (design factor times the location factor) is still 0.60 (0.8 times 0.75),
other changes in design and
location factors through the years have made it such that the pipe specified for a
fabricated assembly in
a Class 1 location is now heavier than the pipe specified for general use in a
Class 2 location;
consequently, the original concept of using readily available Class 2 location pipe
for the fabrication has
been undermined.
DGAs are intended to be surface water bodies of special concern where a heightened
protection might
be required. By allowing options other than increasing wall thickness recognizes
that many upstream
pipelines operate at very low stress levels (< 30% SMYS).
Notes:
1) For guidance, see CAPP 2015-011.
2) The concept of DGAs is similar in concept to high consequence areas (HCAs) for
hazardous liquid pipelines in
the United States. These HCAs include unusually sensitive areas (USAs) which mean
drinking water or
ecological resource areas that are unusually sensitive to environmental damage from
a hazardous liquid
pipeline release. See 49 CFR 195 – Transportation of Hazardous Liquids by Pipeline
195.450, for definitions,
and 195.6 for USAs. Drinking water USAs do not have adequate alternative drinking
water sources. If these
USAs are impacted, this would have a detrimental effect on human health
AUTOPIPE creates soil springs at every 1m spacing. The soil stiffness (K) per one
meter is determined as follows:
W d
K = s
Where: Ws = Pipe submerged weight (kg/m)
d = Pipe settlement (m)
4.3.3 Key Input
Design pressure, temperature and other operating parameters are defined as input
data. Maximum content density has been used in the analysis for operating
condition.
The rest of the key input is presented below.
Equivalent Density
Since there is no provision in AUTOPIPE to input individual coating thicknesses and
densities, an equivalent insulation thickness and density has been input.
Hydrodynamic Loading
Hydrodynamic loading has been applied using AUTOPIPE’s wave module.
AUTOPIPE computes hydrodynamic loading using Morison’s equations. Stokes 5th
Order wave theory has been used to calculate the flow velocities and the
accelerations.
The UDL has been calculated using Morison’s equations as given below:
FLat = 1/2 * ñ * Cd * D * U *I U I + /4 * ñ * CM * D2 * A
FL = 1/2 * ñ * CL * D * U *I U I
Where, FLat = Lateral force
FL = Lift Force
ñ = Fluid density
CD = Drag coefficient
CL = Lift Coefficient
D = Pipe diameter
U = Particle velocity
CM = Inertia coefficient
A = Particle acceleration
Considering export pipelines and risers, gas pipelines are the most vulnerable to
hydrate
problems. Blockages have occurred in export gaslines when as little as one barrel
of
water was accidentally diverted into the dry gas stream. The resulting hydrate plug
was
removed by depressurizing the line, with the excess gas routed either to a flare or
to an
alternative pipeline. The gas pipeline was then restarted behind a train of pigs
designed
to clear the water out of the line. Considering import flowlines and risers, in
which most
production fluids are very susceptible to hydrate formation, it is much better to
prevent
hydrates than to remediate hydrate plugs after they form. The conventional
techniques
of staying out of the hydrate region are as follows:
• The flowlines and risers are thermally insulated to a sufficient level that the
heat in
the fluids from the subsea wells is retained all the way to the platform, provided
that
a minimum fluid throughput is maintained. This insulation also provides a slow
cooldown when the subsea system is shut down.
• Before any short-term shut-downs, sufficient methanol or glycol is injected into
the
flowlines at the wells to delay hydrate formation.
• Before any long-term shut-downs, the flowlines and risers are depressurized, with
the excess gas routed into the export gas pipeline, and the fluid contents are
displaced by “dead oil” (oil from which all gas has been removed).
• Before restarting the subsea system, the flowlines and risers are heated by
circulating hot “dead oil”. Additional methanol or glycol is injected just prior to
re-introducing
the production fluids into the flowline.
1.7. Conflict of Information
The edition of each document current at the date of enquiry shall apply, together
with all published amendments. Where conflict occurs between the requirements of
this Specification and referenced Codes and Standards, the SUPPLIER shall notify
EMPLOYER in writing immediately for resolution. In all cases, the most stringent
shall apply. All deviations from the requirements of this Specification, its
appendices and the referenced Codes and Standards shall be stated on the
Purchase Order. In the absence of such a statement, full compliance with the order
of precedence below shall be assumed. The order of precedence for the documents
shall be as follows:
• Purchase Order
• This Specification
• Material Data Sheet
• Project Specifications
• International Codes and Standards
1.8. References
The Heat Shrinkable Sleeve (HSS) shall be designed in accordance with the Nigerian
National Standards and legislation, and International standards. Unless the edition
of any code, standard, regulation or document is specifically referenced the latest
edition shall be used.
1.8.1. Nigerian National Standards and Legislation
• The Mineral Oils (Safety) Regulations of the Federal Republic of Nigeria
• The Oil Pipeline Act (CAP 338 LFN 1990)

his recommended practice covers the pressure testing of

new and existing liquid petroleum pipelines. It recommends
minimum procedures to be followed, suggests equipment to
be used, and points out factors to be considered during the
pressure testing of liquid petroleum pipelines. This recommended practice does not
address low pressure pneumatic
testing.
This recommended practice suggests procedures that are
based on sound engineering judgment, but certain governmental requirements may
differ from the procedures set forth
in this recommended practice. Such requirements should be
fulÞlled because this recommended practice is not intended to
supersede or override them.
Please be advised that this document does not preclude
requalifying a line for liquid service under the provisions of
ASME 31.8, Appendix N (as provided for 49 Code of Federal
Regulations 195.5 (a) (1) (I.)).
2 Referenced Publications
Unless otherwise speciÞed, the most recent editions of
the following standards, codes, and speciÞcations shall,
to the extent speciÞed herein, form a part of this standard.
ASME1
B31.4 Liquid Transportation Systems for Hydrocarbons, Liquid Petroleum Gas,
Anhydrous Ammonia, and Alcohols
DOT2
Research and Special Programs Administration
(Title 49 Code of Federal Regulations Part 195)
3 Pressure Testing of Liquid Petroleum
Pipelines
3.1 DEFINITION
In pressure testing, internal pressure above the normal or
maximum operating pressure is applied to a segment of
pipeline, under no-ßow conditions, for a Þxed period of
time. A liquid test medium is used to apply the internal pressure.
3.2 CODE REQUIREMENTS FOR PRESSURE
TESTING
3.2.1 New Construction and the Replacement of
Existing Pipelines
The pressure testing of newly constructed pipelines and
replaced segments of existing pipelines should be performed
in accordance with ASME B31.4, 49 Code of Federal Regulations Part 195 and any
other applicable governmental regulations.
3.2.2 Qualification of Existing Pipelines For a
Higher Operating Pressure
The qualiÞcation of existing piping systems for an operating pressure higher than
the previously established operating pressure should be performed in accordance
with ASME
B31.4, 49 Code of Federal Regulations Part 195 and any
applicable governmental regulations.
3.2.3 Requalification of Existing Pipelines for
Continued Operation at the Current
Operating Pressure
The requaliÞcation of existing piping systems for continued operation at the
previously established operating
pressure should be performed in accordance with ASME
B31.4, 49 Code of Federal Regulations Part 195 and any
applicable governmental regulations.
3.3 TEST MEDIUM

A suitable pig signaller should be fitted to signal the launch of each pig and the
total number of pigs
launched, similarly, a pig signaller should be fitted to the pig receiver to signal
receipt of each pig and
the total number of pigs received.
Equipment should also be supplied to locate a stuck or stalled pig within the
pipeline.
Pig signalling and location equipment data sheets and specifications are to be
submitted to COMPANY
for review prior to inclusion in specific project procedures.
The volume of fluid injected behind a pig or pigs should not be used as the sole
method for the
determination of pig location.
7.5.2. Pig Design
All pigs introduced into pipeline will be of the metal-bodied bi-directional type,
supplied by a reputable
manufacturer, specifically for the project, or refurbished to as new condition. Pig
disks must be new
and unused. All pigs will be able to accept signalling and location equipment. All
pigs will be uniquely
and permanently marked with numbers such that they can be visibly identified in
photographs. Pigs
will be Dual Diameter where required.
All bi-directional pigs will be fitted with a minimum of four sealing discs. Pig
design(s) including the
suppliers scaled, dimensioned drawings and specification sheets must be submitted
to COMPANY for
review prior to inclusion in project procedures.
7.5.3. Gauge Plates
Gauging pigs will be bi-directional disc type. The gauging plate will be fitted in
front of the third disc.
Gauge plates will be machined aluminium, 6-12 mm thick and be removable from the
pig. The leading
edge of each gauge plate will be chamfered 45° to half the plate thickness.
The gauge plate diameter is to be calculated according the following formula

The standard was revised in 1978 to include SI metric dimensions. The outside
diameter and
wall thicknesses were converted to millimeters by multiplying the inch dimensions
by 25.4.
Outside diameters larger than 16 in. were rounded to the nearest millimeter, and
outside diameters
16 in. and smaller were rounded to the nearest 0.1 mm. Wall thicknesses were
rounded to the
nearest 0.01 mm. These converted and rounded SI metric dimensions were added to
Table 2. A
formula to calculate the SI metric plain end mass, in kilograms per meter, using SI
metric diameters
and thicknesses was added to section 5. The SI metric plain end mass was calculated
and was
added to Table 2. These changes in the standard were approved and it was designated
an American
National Standard on July 18, 1979.
Further revisions were made in 1984. The ANSI designations, which are no longer in
use, were
deleted from Table 1, and the list of specifications was revised to agree with
current ASTM and
API specifications. Additional sizes and thicknesses which had been added to API
specifications
were added to Table 2. That edition was approved as an American National Standard
on August
19, 1985.
The next edition included additional wall thicknesses and was approved by the
American
National Standards Institute on August 24, 1995.
The 1996 edition contained revisions to Table 2, adding pipe sizes, changing some
plain end
weights and masses, identifying metric pipe by the dimensionless designator DN, and
eliminating
the API Specification column. The 1996 edition was approved as an American National
Standard
on September 23, 1996.
The 2000 edition contained revisions to Table 2 to include the revised density for
steel incorporated into Section 5 previously. Table 1 was deleted and other
editorial changes to Sections 1, 2,
3, 5, 8, and 9 were made. The 2000 edition was approved as an American National
Standard on
December 1, 2000.
The current edition contains revisions to Section 5 and Table 1. It corrects the
equation for
nominal plain end weight. It adds the missing DN schedule numbers in Table 1. This
edition
was approved as an American National Standard on June 23, 2004.

Metallic bearing strips are prohibited. Side protection shall

be provided for pipe shipped in gondola cars where the pipe
may contact the sides of the car. Blocking, where required
because of uneven car sides, should be introduced between
car sides and stakes, and firmly attached to stakes.
The thickness of the bearing strips shall be sufficient to
prevent the pipe from touching the bed or protrusions thereon,
but in no case less than 2-in. (50 mm) nominal thickness and
4-in. (100 mm) nominal width. Furthermore, the following
situations shall require 2-in. (50 rum) nominal thickness and
6-in. (150 mm) nominal width for bearing strips, except
whereAAR stipulates greater dimensions: pipe size ~ 6 floating loads, and pipe size
~ 20 in. loads other than floating.
Strip height shall not exceed strip width. A minimum of four
bearing strips shall be used, and an even number of bearing
strips should be used for each pipe stack. Bearing strips shall
be evenly spaced (see 4.5 and 4.6 for bearing-strip requirements for pipe with Dlt
ratios of 50 or more).
The bearing strips shall be aligned so that the load on individual bearing members
is not excessive. All intermediate
bearing members should be level with respect to the end
bearing members within approximately 1/2 in. for pipe of
sizes 65/8 - 16 exclusive, and within approximately 114 in. for
pipe of sizes 16 and larger or for any pipe having a Dlt ratio
of 50 or more. The blocking used for leveling shall be firmly
3 The Contractor is required to submit As-Built records in CAD format. The
Contractor must also submit Red Line Drawings detailing all relevant As-Built
records. All submitted records are to be approved by the Superintendent’s
Representative.

9.4 Documentation Submittals

9.4.1 The Contractor shall liaise closely with the Superintendent’s

Representative during the documentation of survey work, and shall provide the
Superintendent’s Representative with ade-quate opportunity to verify any
measurement or detail the Contractor considers necessary prior to the commencement
of reinstatement operations.

9.5 Post-Construction Dilapidation Report

9.5.1 The Contractor is responsible for all pre-construction and post-

construction property as-sessments. These assessments shall be a means of
determining whether and to what extent, damage has resulted from the Contractor’s
operations during the Works.

10.Principal Representation

10.0.1 The works under the contract will be delivered with a Technical Advisory
Inspector on site to ensure the works are executed safely, in an environmentally
friendly manner and to an ac-ceptable quality standard.

10.0.2 The availability and need for onsite Principal Representation will be based
on the project size, contract value and project risk and will be outlined in the
Project Specific Specification.
10.0.3 The Contractor must allow the Superintendent or their Representative access
to the drill cab and all drilling records at any time during the project.

Prior to commencement of production coating, Contractor shall have compressive

strength test specimens of the design mix prepared and tested in accordance with
ASTM Method C-39 or British Standards Institute Method BS 1881. Test
specimens shall be tested after a period of 24 hours and shall have a minimum
compressive strength of 1000 psi. If more than one design mix is to be used
because of the use of more than one source of any one material for the concrete,
testing shall be done for all design mixes. Testing shall be by an independent
agency approved by Company and test results shall be submitted to Company.
No coating shall commence until Company has accepted all design mixes.
If the mix is changed for any reason after commencement of coating, the new mix
shall be tested, and test results accepted by Company before the mix is used.
5.2 Batching and Mixing
Prior to commencement of production coating, Contractor shall have compressive
strength test specimens of the design mix prepared and tested in accordance with
ASTM Method C-39 or British Standards Institute Method BS 1881. Test
specimens shall be tested after a period of 24 hours and shall have a minimum
compressive strength of 1000 psi. If more than one design mix is to be used
because of the use of more than one source of any one material for the concrete,
testing shall be done for all design mixes. Testing shall be by an independent
agency approved by Company and test results shall be submitted to Company.
No coating shall commence until Company has accepted all design mixes.
If the mix is changed for any reason after commencement of coating, the new mix
shall be tested, and test results accepted by Company before the mix is used.
5.2 Batching and Mixing
5.2.1 Primary mixed concrete shall be placed within a time-temperature controlled
period so that it will produce a homogenous cohesive grout.
The concrete materials shall be accurately proportioned and mixed in a machine
that will ensure a thorough intermingling of all materials in the concrete. The
metering and feed systems shall be initially calibrated by weight before the start
of
the concrete application. The amount of water and the method of its introduction
into the mix shall result in a mixture providing the physical properties stipulated
in
this specification.
5.2.2 Should Contractor propose a method other than batching or using sacked and
weighed materials, a description of such method, including the measures to be
taken to assure a coating conforming to the specification, shall be presented to
Company for approval prior to beginning of coating.
5.2.3 For the impingement method of application, the use of reclaimed rebound
material
shall be allowed if placed within 30 minutes. Both freshly mixed material and
rebound material shall be placed so that there is no detrimental effect to the fina
5.2.1 Primary mixed concrete shall be placed within a time-temperature controlled
period so that it will produce a homogenous cohesive grout.
The concrete materials shall be accurately proportioned and mixed in a machine
that will ensure a thorough intermingling of all materials in the concrete. The
metering and feed systems shall be initially calibrated by weight before the start
of
the concrete application. The amount of water and the method of its introduction
into the mix shall result in a mixture providing the physical properties stipulated
in
this specification.
5.2.2 Should Contractor propose a method other than batching or using sacked and
weighed materials, a description of such method, including the measures to be
taken to assure a coating conforming to the specification, shall be presented to
Company for approval prior to beginning of coating.
5.2.3 For the impingement method of application, the use of reclaimed rebound
material
shall be allowed if placed within 30 minutes. Both freshly mixed material and
rebound material shall be placed so that there is no detrimental effect to the fina

It is recommended that the boundary between location class 1 and class 2 in

relation to population density is determined in a manner equivalent to that
used in IGEM/TD/1 Edition 5:2012 to determine the boundary between Type R
and Type S areas. On this basis, the point at which the required degree of
protection changes adjacent to the boundary between location class 1 and
class 2 areas should be determined as the point at which the population density
exceeds the class 1 limit. In order to determine the boundary position, the
population should be calculated within circles of diameter equivalent to twice
the 0.3 cpm risk contour distance from the pipeline or eight times the distance
calculated in accordance with 5.5.3.2. By using such circles in sequence outwards
from the high density area, the circle within which the population density first
falls below/above 2.5 persons per hectare should be determined. The centre of
this circle should then be taken as the class 1/class 2 boundary.
Occasionally the method of population density assessment can lead to an
anomaly in location class such as might occur, for example, in a ribbon
development area. In such cases, a more stringent classification than would be
indicated by population density alone should be used where necessary. Societal
risk should be taken into account in these instances.

Flanged valves shall have raised face flanges with dimensions and tolerances in
accordance
with the requirements of ASME B16.5 or MSS SP-44-1996.
Welded ends shall be beveled to accommodate a butt weld connection to pipe in
accordance
with the manufacturing specification. The specifics of the matching pipe are
provided on the
Application Datasheet.
The Vendor shall indicate whether pipe transition pieces would be required to
accommodate the
butt weld to the matching pipe. Valves ends made of cast materials shall have
transition pieces
supplied and installed by the Vendor to accommodate the butt weld to matching pipe.
In some cases, the Company will require transition pieces and will specify this on
the
Application Datasheet. If transition pieces are required, the Company and Vendor
shall agree on
the supply of materials and the design of the end connection.
The theory o f auto frettage is based on the fact that the stress in a thick‐
walled cyl indrical vesse l is h igher at the
bore than at the outs ide surface for a given internal pressure . I f such a vesse
l is sub j ected to a continuous ly increas ing
pressure , the entire vesse l wi l l deform e las tical ly unti l some pressure is
reached at which the material at the bore begins
to p lastical ly deform . As the pressure continues to increase , the boundary at
which material begins to yie ld moves from
the bore through the vesse l wall unti l it reaches the outer wal l , caus ing p
lastic co llapse [see KD -2 1 0 (e) (6 ) ] . In the pro -
cess of autofrettage , the pressure is increased from the po int o f first yie
lding at the bore to a pressure that wi l l p lace the
e lastic–p las tic interface at the des ired radius . The removal o f this pressure
then produces compress ive res idual tangential s tress at the bore and tens ile
res idual tangential stress at the outer wall .
(b) The effects of these res idual compress ive tangential s tresses are to
(1 ) increase the value of any subsequent app l ication of internal pressure which
wi l l cause the onset of additional
permanent deformation of the cyl inder
(2) reduce the effective mean stress value of the cyclic bore s tresses and thus
increase the fatigue l ife
(3) reduce the effective fracture mechanics stress intens ity factor at the tip of
a crack or crackl ike flaw near the bore
due to internal pressure . This wi ll retard the growth of fatigue or s tress
corros ion cracks near the bore surface .
KD-502 NOMENCLATURE
Non-welded line-up clamps shall be used for alignment of all pipes and equipment
work. Ground clamps shall be provided and insulated electrode holders and/or leads
shall be employed.
The clamps shall preferably be of the internal type for establishing concentricity
of the pipe bores without scoring or otherwise damaging the metal surfaces.
Application of external clamps is subject to where the use of internal clamps is
impracticable and at tie-in points and shall be approved by PRINCIPAL
Representative. The use of internal line up clamps for all nominal pipe sizes of 12
inches and larger is mandatory.
Clamps actual design shall be subject to the approval of PRINCIPAL Representative.
SUPPLIER shall use clamp types specified by an authorized inspector representing
PRINCIPAL specific for the work being done. Pipes shall have a length of at least 3
m for application with internal clamps.

desirable because a softer and more ductile grain structure is then obtained in the
metal in the area of the weld.
When welding mild steel pipe, the s~ower cooling rate of thethin-walled pipe does
make it possible to deposit the weld at a faster
rate without harmful effects to the welded joint. For this reason,downhill welding
is preferred when welding thin-wall mild steel pipe.
The ductility of the metal in the weld and in the surrounding areacan be further
improved by depositing several beads around the
weld. Each succeeding bead heats the previous bead, which coolsrelatively
slowly.The fabrication of cross-country transmission pipelines and other
low pressure storage vessels are examples where the downhill method of arc welding
(SMAW) is used. Since such fabrications will be ofmaterials less than 3/8 ofan inch
thick, the downhill technique allows
faster welding speeds with less tendency to bum through the root of the joint. In
contrast, thicker materials and many of the alloy steel materials require the
uphill welding method.
Downhill welding requires the use of fast-freezing, lightly coated electrodes such
as 6010, 6011, 6012, 7010, and 7014 that produce
minimum slag. As the electrode is moved down along the joint the molten puddle and
it's slag covering will tend to smother
Law wave and steep wave
Flanged valves shall have raised face flanges with dimensions and tolerances in
accordance
with the requirements of ASME B16.5 or MSS SP-44-1996.
Welded ends shall be beveled to accommodate a butt weld connection to pipe in
accordance
with the manufacturing specification. The specifics of the matching pipe are
provided on the
Application Datasheet.
The Vendor shall indicate whether pipe transition pieces would be required to
accommodate the
butt weld to the matching pipe. Valves ends made of cast materials shall have
transition pieces
supplied and installed by the Vendor to accommodate the butt weld to matching pipe.
In some cases, the Company will require transition pieces and will specify this on
the
Application Datasheet. If transition pieces are required, the Company and Vendor
shall agree on
the supply of materials and the design of the end connection.
In the wave type, buoyancy and weight are added along a longer length of the riser,
to
decouple the vessel motions from the touch down point of the riser. Lazy waves are
preferred
to steep waves because they require minimal subsea infrastructure. However lazy
waves are
prone to configuration alterations if the internal pipe fluid density changes
during the riser
lifetime. On the other hand, steep wave risers require a subsea base and subsea
bend stiffener,
and yet are able to maintain their configuration even if the riser fluid density
changes.
Buoyancy modules are made of syntactic foam which has the desirable property of low
water
absorption. The buoyancy modules need to be clamped tightly to the riser to avoid
any
slippage which could alter the riser configuration and induce high stress in the
armor wires.
On the other hand the clamping arrangement should not cause any significant damage
to the
external sheath of the riser as this might cause water ingress into the annulus.
Buoyancy
modules tend to lose buoyancy over time, and wave configurations are inherently
designed to
accommodate up to a 10% loss of buoyancy.
- L a qSand steep S
In the lazy S and steep S riser configuration there is a subsea buoy, either a
fixed buoy, which
is fixed to a structure at the seabed or a buoyant buoy, which is positioned by
e.g. chains. The
addition of the buoy removes the problem with the TDP, as described above. The
subsea buoy
absorbs the tension variation induced by the floater and the TDP has only small
variation in
tension if any.
‘S’ configurations are considered only if catenary and wave configurations are not
suitable for
a particular field. This is primarily due to the complex installation required. A
lazy-S
configuration requires a mid-water arch, tether and tether base, while a steep4
requires a buoy
and subsea bend stiffener. The riser response is driven by the buoy hydrodynamics
and
complex modeling is required due to the large inertial forces in action. In case of
large vessel
motions a lazy-S might still result in compression problems at the riser touchdown,
leaving a
steep4 as a possible alternative.
- Pliant wave
The pliant wave configuration is almost like the steep wave configuration where a
subsea
anchor controls the TDP, i.e. the tension in the riser is transferred to the anchor
and not to the
TDP. The pliant wave has the additional benefit that it is tied back to the well
located beneath
the floater. This makes well intervention possible without an additional vessel.
This configuration is able to accommodate a wide range of bore fluid densities and
vessel
motions without causing any significant change in configuration and inducing high
stress in
the pipe structure. Due to the complex subsea installation that is required, it
would be required
only if a simple catenary, lazy wave or steep wave configurations are not
viable.404 Part IV Riser Engineering
22.1.4 Component Descriptions
The components of a riser system must be strong enough to withstand high tension
and
bending moments, and have enough flexibilityto resist fatigue, yet be as light as
practicableto
minimize tensioning and floatation requirements, A short description of the most
common
riser components and auxiliary components (such as end fittings and bend
stifferners) is given
below.
- Riser joints
A riser joint is constructed of seamless pipe with mechanical connectors welded on
the ends.
For drilling risers, choke and kill lines are attached to the riser by extended
flanges of the
connector. The riser can be run in a manner similar to drill pipes by stabbing one
stalk at a
time into the string and tightening the connector.
- Buoyancy modules
Buoyancy modules can be attached to the riser to decrease the tension required at
the surface.
These modules may be thin-walled air cans or fabricated syntactic foam modules that
are
strapped to the riser. These buoyancy modules require careful design and the
material for their
construction needs to be selected appropriately so as to ensure that they have a
long-term
resistance to water absorption.
- Bend Stiffeners and Bellmouths
One of the critical areas of a flexible riser is the top part of the riser just
before the hang-off
arrangement. This area is prone to over-bending and hence an ancillary device is
incorporated
into the design to increase the stiffness of the riser and prevent over-bending of
the riser
beyond its allowable bend radius. The two devices used for this application are
bend
stiffeners and bellmouths. Figure 22.2 illustrates a schematic of both devices.
Flexible pipe
manufacturers tend to have a preference for one or the other device, yet bend
stiffeners are
known to provide a better performance in applications with high motion vessels.
Bend
stiffeners also provide a moment transition between the riser and its rigid end
connection. The
ancillary devices are designed separately from the pipe cross section analysis, and
specialized
software is used for this purpose. Global loads from the flexible riser analysis
are used as
input to the ancillary device design.
Bend stiffeners are normally made of polyurethane material and their shape is
designed to
provide a gradual stiffening to the riser as it enters the hang-off location. The
bend stiffener
polyurethane material is itself anchored in a steel collar for load transfer. Bend
stiffeners are
sometimes utilized subsea, such as in steep-S or steep-wave applicationsto provide
support to
the riser at its subsea end connection, and to prevent over-bending at this
location. Design
issues for bend stiffeners include polyurethane fatigue and creep characteristics.
Figure 22.3
shows an example of a bend stiffener. It is to be noted that bend stiffeners longer
than 20 ft
have been manufactured and are in operation in offshore applications.
Bellmouths are steel components that provide the same function as bend stiffeners,
Le. to
prevent over-bending of the riser at its end termination topsides. The curved
surface of aChapter22 Design of Deepwater Riser 405
bellmouth is fabricated under strict tolerances to prevent any kinks on the surface
that might
cause stress concentrations, and damage to the pipe external sheath.
Where piggy back lines or umbilicals are to be located on the pipelines for
installation as a bundle, then the piggy back lines/umbilicals shall be located
at the top center of the mainline. Piggy back lines shall be strapped to the
mainline by means of monel straps every 4 m all throughout the length of
the line. Suitable spacers/guide supports shall be provided at every 2 m.
Between the strap and the line as well as between the spacer and the line, a
strip of 6 mm thick neoprene shall be provided to avoid any damage to the
corrosion coating. Care shall be exercised to ensure the piggy back
line/umbilical does not foul with the pipeline anodes.
7.8.14 Stub End Pipelines
Incase the Contractor is required to tie-in to any existing stub-line,
Contractor shall deploy divers and shall check the condition of the lay down
heads and disconnect any shackles, slings, etc. Depending on the condition
of the pipeline from pre-construction survey, a survey may be carried out by
a ROV for 500 m length of the stub-ends, measured from the lay-down
heads to identify any obstruction, which may hamper the recovery
operations.
Further revisions were made to the standard in 1975. Additional sizes and
thicknesses
of steel pipe that had been added to API specifications were added to Table 2.
Table 3,
Dimensions and Weights of Welded Wrought Iron Pipe, was deleted in its entirety,
since
wrought iron pipe is no longer produced. These changes in the standard were
approved
and it was designated an American National Standard on June 5 , 1975.
The standard was revised in 1978 to include SI metric dimensions. The outside
diameter
and wall thicknesses were converted to millimeters by multiplying the inch
dimensions by
25.4. Outside diameters larger than 16 in. were rounded to the nearest millimeter,
and
outside diameters 16 in. and smaller were rounded to the nearest 0.1 mm. Wall
thicknesses
were rounded to the nearest 0.01 mm. These converted and rounded SI metric
dimensions
were added to Table 2. A formula to calculate the SI metric plain end mass, in
kilograms
per meter, using SI metric diameters and thicknesses was added to section 5. The SI
metric
plain end mass was calculated and was added to Table 2. These changes in the
standard
were approved and it was designated an American National Standard on July 18, 1979.
Further revisions were made in 1984. The ANSI designations, which are no longer in
use, were deleted from Table 1, and the list of specifications was revised to agree
with
current ASTM and API specifications. Additional sizes and thicknesses which had
been
added to API specifications were added to Table 2. That edition was approved as an
American National Standard on August 19, 1985.
The next edition included additional wall thicknesses and was approved by the
American
National Standards Institute on August 24, 1995.
The 1996 edition contained revisions to Table 2, adding pipe sizes, changing some
plain
end weights and masses, identifying metric pipe by the dimensionless designator DN,
and
eliminating the API Specification column. The 1996 edition was approved as an
American
National Standard on September 23, 1996.
The current edition contains revisions to Table 2 to include the revised density
for steel
incorporated into Section 5 previously. Table 1 was deleted and other editorial
changes to
Sections 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, and 9 were made. This edition was approved as an American
National
Standard on December I , 2000.
7. MANUFACTURING
7.1. Mother Pipe
Mother pipe shall be manufactured as within the requirements as stated in the DEP
31.40.20.37 Ref. [8] and line pipe specifications report. The carbon steel shall be
ISO 3183 Ref [22] PSL 2.
Company shall be notified if there is intent to upgrade or modify the strength of
either the mother pipe or induction bend after the bending process.
7.2. Qualification Test Bend
The test bends shall be manufactured with approved MPS as stated in the DEP
31.40.20.33 Gen. Ref. [6]
7.3. Production Bending
Induction bending shall be carried out in accordance with the qualified MPS.
Interruption of the induction bending operation shall result in rejection of the
bend.
7.4. Post-Bending Heat Treatment
Except acceptable properties can be demonstrated after bending for any L450 X65
line, the
Contractor shall provide a quench and temper heat treatment of the entire joint.
The temperature of each furnace-load of bends shall be monitored by thermocouples
connected directly to selected bends and shall be recorded. The type and location
of the thermocouples shall be as specified in the MPS.
7.5. Strip/Plate End Welds
Induction bends shall not contain coil-strip end welds or plate end welds.
7.6. Forming and Sizing after Bending
This shall be done according to ISO 15590-1 Ref [20] as amended by DEP 31.40.20.33-
Gen. Ref. [6]
7.7. Jointers and Girth Welds
Induction bends ordinarily should not contain girth welds. The DEP 31.40.20.33-Gen
Ref. [6] permits jointers during manufacture of bends on the condition that on
completion of the bend, the joiner shall be removed such that no effect from the
joiner shall remain including the heat affected zone.
7.8. End Preparation
Bends shall be square except otherwise specified by company. The cutting method
shall not affect the properties of the bend when compared to the mother pipe.
 

Tension
Tension on the pull section results from three primary sources: (1) frictional
drag between the pipe and the wall of the hole, (2) fl uidic drag from
viscous drilling fl uid surrounding the pipe, and (3) the effective (submerged)
weight of the pipe as it is pulled through the hole. In addition
to these forces that act within the drilled hole, frictional drag from the
portion of the pull section remaining on the surface (typically supported
on rollers) also contributes to the tensile load on the pipe.
Additional loads that the horizontal drilling rig must overcome during
pull back result from the length of the drill string in the hole and the
reaming assembly that precedes the pull section. These loads don ’ t act on
the pull section and therefore have no effect on pipe stresses. Nonetheless,
if a direct correlation with the overall rig force is desired, loads resulting
from the reaming assembly and drill string must be estimated and added
to the tensile force acting on the pull section.
Calculation of the tensile load required to install a pipeline by HDD
is complicated due to the fact that the geometry of the drilled path must
be considered along with properties of the pipe being installed, subsurface
materials, and drilling fl uid. Assumptions and simplifi cations
are typically required. A theoretical pulling load may be calculated by
hand or with the aid of one of several commercially available software
packages.
Regardless of the method used to calculate an HDD pulling load, the
design engineer should be aware that numerous variables affect pulling
loads, many of which depend upon site-specifi c conditions and individual
contractor practices. These include prereaming diameter, hole stability,
removal of cuttings, soil and rock properties, drilling fl uid properties,
drilled path geometry, and the effectiveness of buoyancy control measures.
Such variables cannot easily be accounted for in a theoretical
calculation method designed for use over a broad range of applications.
For this reason, theoretical calculations are of limited benefi t unless
combined with engineering judgment derived from experience in HDD
construction.
The fi rst step in calculating a pulling load is to analyze the drilled path.
This analysis can be based on the designed drilled path, a “worst-case”
drilled path, or “as-built” pilot-hole data, if available. Bearing in mind
that most pilot holes are drilled longer, deeper, and to tighter radii than
designed, a conservative approach in the absence of as-built pilot-hole
data is to evaluate a worst-case drilled path that accounts for potential
deviations from the design. This worst-case path should be determined
based on allowable tolerances for pilot-hole length, elevation, and curve
radius as defi ned in the contract documents. The design engineer should
be aware that deviations in these parameters are typical and are often due

At least one (1) reading per drill rod is required during the drilling of the pilot
hole, registering inclination, heading, length, depth and the orientation of the
bent sub. This information shall be recorded on the steering log and be available
for inspection of the superintendent as and when required.
7.7.2.3 The Contractor shall ensure proper calibration of all equipment before
commencing directional drilling operation and provide proof of calibration
documentation to the Superintendent’s Representative
For steel piping operating above –20F, alloy steel studs ASTM
A193 Grade B7, with ASTM A194 Class 2H semi-finished heavy
hex nuts shall be used except for sulphide stress cracking service
where stud bolts shall be ASTM A193 Grade B7M. For steel piping
operating below –20F, ie: blowdown service, ASTM A320, Gr L7
studs, with ASTM A194, Gr 7 semi-finished hex nuts shall be used,
except for sulfide stress cracking services where stud bolts shall be
ASTM A320, Gr L7M.
(2) Bolting threads and lengths shall conform to the dimensions listed
in the appropriate national or industry flange standard. Headed
bolts (rather than stud bolts) shall not be used without prior PTT
approval.
For steel piping operating above –20F, alloy steel studs ASTM
A193 Grade B7, with ASTM A194 Class 2H semi-finished heavy
hex nuts shall be used except for sulphide stress cracking service
where stud bolts shall be ASTM A193 Grade B7M. For steel piping
operating below –20F, ie: blowdown service, ASTM A320, Gr L7
studs, with ASTM A194, Gr 7 semi-finished hex nuts shall be used,
except for sulfide stress cracking services where stud bolts shall be
ASTM A320, Gr L7M.
(2) Bolting threads and lengths shall conform to the dimensions listed
in the appropriate national or industry flange standard. Headed
bolts (rather than stud bolts) shall not be used without prior PTT
approval.
(3) All bolts and nuts shall be coated with PTFE, or equivalent
material.
(4) For Austenitic bolting materials shall be in accordance with piping
material classification data sheets.
1.4.6 Proprietary Connectors
Proprietary connectors shall be used as required by project Specifications.
1.5 Design Considerations for Particular Piping Systems
1.5.1 General
This
(3) All bolts and nuts shall be coated with PTFE, or equivalent
material.
(4) For Austenitic bolting materials shall be in accordance with piping
material classification data sheets.
1.4.6 Proprietary Connectors
Proprietary connectors shall be used as required by project Specifications.
1.5 Design Considerations for Particular Piping Systems
1.5.1 General
This

Hole Conditioning
7.6.11.1 Conditioning of the borehole will be conducted when the reaming has been
completed. This operation is to remove any excess cuttings still left within the
hole and to improve the condition and stability of the borehole and the borehole
walls.
7.6.11.2 Conditioning reaming tools are to be in good working order and appropriate
to the ground conditions indicated.
7.6.12 Pipe Pullback

The finish required by B16.5 for steel raised-face flanges is also to

be used for non-steel metallic flanges, for steel male and female
flanges, that is 125 to 250 micro inches. For steel tongue and
grove flanges gasket face finish shall be 32-63 micro inches.
(5) For NPS 26” and larger, ASME B16.47 SERIES A flanges shall be
used. Use SERIES B flanges only when needed to mate with
equipment flanges. When attached to pipe with a yield strength
greater than 248.4 MPa (36000 psi), the hub thickness requires
prior PTT approval.
(6) Except for galvanized piping threaded flanges shall not be used
without prior PTT approval and then only in steel NPS 2 and
smaller.
(7) The bore of weld neck flanges to be used in severe cyclic
conditions, ie: reciprocating pumps and compressors, or in services
with high corrosion rates shall have the same ID as the attached
piping. If the ID is not the same, the flange shall be taper bored
conditions may bear on the abandonment decision-making process.
The development and implementation of an abandonment plan consists of at least the
following seven steps:
(1) review prevailing regulatory requirements applicable to the abandonment
project; (2) compile all relevant information on the pipeline system, including
easement agreements; (3) analyze by segment taking into account the factors
addressed in Section 3 of this paper, including present and future land use; (4)
develop the abandonment plan in consultation with stakeholders (such as landowners,
government authorities, and other directly affected parties), incorporating the
information compiled in the above steps; (5) secure regulatory and landowner
approvals as required for the pipeline abandonment and site reclamation; (6)
implement the abandonment plan, the scope of which should include post-abandonment
responsibilities (addressed in Section 4); and (7) secure final regulatory release.

A proponent undertaking an abandonment plan should follow these six steps,

recognizing that site-specific conditions may require additional steps in the
development of the plan.
Please refer to the next page for a flowchart of the abandonment planning process
and to Appendix B for a detailed abandonment checklist.
Page
the removal of equipment or buildings or other structures or appurtenances; # the
conducting of investigations to determine the presence of substances; # the
decontamination of buildings or other structures or other appurtenances, or land or
water; # the stabilization, contouring, maintenance conditioning, or
reconstruction of the land surface; or # any other procedure, operation, or
requirement specified in the regulations
(as defined in the Alberta Environmental Protection and Enhancement Act)
Removal The pipeline is completely removed from the rightof-way.
Roach Excess soil placed over the ditch line to compensate for soil settlement.
Road or Railway Crossing
The crossing by a pipeline of a highway, road, street, or railway.
Sight Block
A mechanism to restrict the visual impact of a pipeline right-of-way.
Soil The naturally occurring, unconsolidated mineral or organic material at least
10 centimetres thick that occurs at the earth's surface and is capable of
supporting plants. It includes disturbance of the surface by human activities such
as cultivation and logging but not displaced materials such as mine spoils.
Spoil Soil materials other than topsoil excavated from the trench. In most cases,
the excavated soil is suitable for return to the pipeline trench, and allows for
recontouring of the right-of-way.
Subsoil Although a common term it cannot be defined accurately. It may be the B
horizon of a soil with a distinct profile. It can also be defined as the zone below
the plowed soil in which roots normally grow.
Surface Water
Water in a watercourse and water at a depth of not more than 15 metres beneath the
surface of the ground.
Suspension The cessation of normal operation of a pipeline pursuant to its licensed
use. The pipeline need not be rendered permanently incapable of its licensed use,
but must be left in a safe and stable state during this period of suspension, as
prescribed by the applicable regulations and guidelines. See also "deactivation".

The SDV valve will be provided at the station inlet and outlet. In case of an
emergency event the SDV valves will cut off the gas supply from the suppliers and
to the pipelines.
The compressor station will be designed for locally manned, fully automatic,
permanent operation from Station Control Room with remote monitoring of the station
from the Central Control Room.
9.2 Pig Receiver
Pig Receivers will be provided at all pipelines entering the compressor station.
The pig receiver is described in section 10.8.
9.3 Filter Separator Skid
The filter separators, as described in section 10.1, shall be provided at Obigbo
Compressor Station at each gas supply source.
The filter separator design and operating conditions are: Parameter Value QIT
Source Obigbo Node Source Cawthorne and Alakiri Source Okono/Okpoho
Design Pressure
98.0 barg
98.0 barg
98.0 barg

Abrasive Blast Cleaning shall be in accordance with DEP 31.40.30.37-Gen, Section

9.2.1 through 9.2.6.
4.3. Blast Profile
The blast cleaned profile shall be sharp and angular. Angular profile value shall
be determined by heat
shrink sleeve manufacturer in accordance with ISO 8503-5 requirements and
acceptance criteria.
4.4. Surface Cleaning
After blast cleaning to the specified quality, surfaces shall be brushed, vacuumed
or blown clean with
dry, oil-free compressed air to remove all dust and blast cleaning abrasive from
the surface and in
particular from pockets and corners. The pipe surface shall be cleaned of mill
scale, rust and other
foreign matter to achieve a minimum surface cleanliness of Sa 2½ in accordance with
the DEP
31.40.30.37-Gen, Section 9.2.6.
4.5. Mechanical Cleaning
Where, with the agreement of COMPANY, it is recognized that abrasive blast cleaning
cannot be
carried out; the area to be coated shall be cleaned by power wire brushing in
accordance Swedish
Standard SIS 055900 Standard ST3.
The prepared joint area shall be freed of all slag, weld spatter, mill scale, dirt
or other foreign matter, as
in abrasive blast cleaning.

such as adjacent utilities or structures. The survey should be performed in an area

sufficient in size to show equipment set-up and storage locations.
Information to be gathered during the survey should include, but not be limited to,
the following:
• Existing grade elevation data referenced to a public datum if practical;
• Surface features such as roadways, sidewalks, utility poles, overhead power
lines, fire hy-drants,
• Ledge or rock outcrops;
• Boring/test pit locations;
• Waterways;
• Potentially delineated wetlands;
• Culverts;
• Visible subsurface utility landmarks such as manholes or valve boxes; and
• Structures such as buildings, towers, or bridges adjacent to the proposed
drilled path.
Waterway crossings also require a hydrographic survey. The hydrographic survey
should include tidal ranges and edges of waterways. It should be conducted along
the proposed drill path and in-clude data as appropriate upstream and downstream of
the path.
Construction control points shall be established sufficiently far away from the
work so as not to be affected by ground movement caused by the construction
operations. Such control points shall be checked regularly against permanent bench
marks to ensure the accuracy of the HDD construc-tion is not compromised by ground
movement.
6.8.2 SUBSURFACE INVESTIGATION
Once the surface survey data have been obtained, evaluation of subsurface features
can be initi-ated. Subsurface feature concerns that may affect HDD design and
therefore should be investi-gated include the presence of existing utilities,
adjacent structure foundations or other manmade
Obstructions, and geotechnical and hazardous materials conditions along the
proposed HDD alignment.
6.8.3 Geotechnical Investigation
The contractor will carry out geotechnical investigation of the HDD route.
A second phase of subsurface investigation for HDD projects is the determination of
soil conditions. Once the proposed routing has been identified, a geotechnical
investigation should be performed. The geotechnical investigation should be
tailored to suit the complexity of the installation being de-signed. A general
geologic review involves examining existing geological data to determine what
conditions might be encountered in the vicinity of the installation. Existing data
may be available from construction project records in the area of the HDD
(buildings, piers, bridges,).
A typical geotechnical survey consists of taking exploratory borings to collect
soil samples for clas-sification and laboratory analysis.
The number, location, and depth of exploratory borings should be determined taking
into account site-specific conditions such as the general geology of the area,
availability of access, availability of existing data, cost, etc. Borings should be
located off of the drilled path centerline to reduce the

Pigging and gauging activities shall be submitted as part the Contractors pressure
testing procedure.
7.6.17.2 At the completion of the carrier pipe pull, the carrier pipes are to be
pigged and flushed clean. A number of cleaning passes may be required until clean
water remains in the carrier pipes. Pig selection shall be relevant to the pipeline
material and confirmed with a pig supplier and/or manufacturer. Cleaning acceptance
criteria shall be ≤10mm dust penetration with a low density foam pig for a maximum
length of 2km. For sections exceeding 2km an agreed value between Unitywater and
the Contractor is to be established.
7.6.17.3 Cleaning pigs shall be numbered, logged, condition noted and comments
surrounding debris removed. Any pigging near residents or the general public shall
be controlled to ensure material exiting the pipeline is controlled and does not
impact the surrounding area. Silencers shall be used when appropriate.
7.6.17.4 When pigging with compressed air, gauges shall be used at both ends with
constant communication between launching and receiving ends. No tools shall be used
on the pipeline until both ends of the pipeline have confirmed the gauges read
0kPa.
7.6.17.5 The gauging pig is to be sized to the internal diameter of each carrier
pipe according to the project specific specification. The Contractor is to complete
this work and use a fit for purpose cleaning pig and gauging pig. The gauge plate
shall be a minimum 3mm thick, 95% of the internal diameter, segmented and shall be
free of defects once received. Location of the gauge plate on the gauging pig is to
be at the Contractors discretion. Gauge plate material shall not be able to damage
the parent material of the pipeline.
7.6.18 Alignment Tolerances
7.6.18.1 The HDD bore path must follow the approved designed alignment and conform
to the allowable tolerances depicted in Table 12 below unless otherwise detailed in
the Project Specific Specification.
7.6.18.2 The alignment shall be constructed on the project specific centre lines
and agreed to by the Superintendent’s Representative and Principal.
Table 12

i. The Contractor shall be responsible for the design and construction of all
aspects of the HDD works including any temporary works and temporary supporting
structures. All de-sign assumptions regarding subsurface conditions, equipment
requirements, groundwater and other factors are the responsibility of the
Contractor and shall be fully documented.
ii. Based on the alignment shown in the Principal Drawings, the Contractor shall
design and size the excavated profile to accommodate all temporary and permanent
works.
iii. A design vertical and horizontal profile shall be submitted to the
Superintendent’s
Representative for review prior to commencement of work.
iv. The Contractor shall not proceed with any work until the Contractor’s RPE
certified design has been accepted by the Superintendent’s Representative.
Acceptance of the Contrac-tor’s design by the Superintendent’s Representative in no
way diminishes the responsibility of the Contractor for the design.
v. The HDD crossing shall be designed in accordance with this Specification and
the refer-enced documents by a person suitably qualified and having experience with
the design considerations required for this type of work. The profile design shall
take into account the following:
• Temporary works associated with the HDD construction;

The Contractor shall notify the Company of any conflict between this specification,
the Codes and Standards and any other specification included as part of the Project
documen-tation.
This specification and the guidelines set forth do not relieve the Contractor, its
Sub- Con-tractors and Vendors of the responsibility to provide a finished product
capable of perform-ing its intended service.
Any exception to this specification and referenced documentation shall be raised by
the Contractor and approved by the Company in writing, following the applicable
procedure for concession requests as defined in the Quality Management Procedures
of the Project.
During further stages of the project (detailed design) Contractor is obliged to
verify calcula-tions, the design and dimensions of all equipment using its own
calculations based on pro-cess, design, safety and warranty data given in the
tender documentation. The detailed de-sign must be agreed upon with the Company.

HDD crossings are often undertaken to minimize the adverse environmental

effects at watercourse crossings. Nevertheless, an HDD does not guarantee that all
adverse environmental effects will be prevented. Common adverse effects are the
result of:
• inadvertent returns of drilling fluids into the aquatic, terrestrial or
social/cultural environments; and, to a lesser extent,
• disturbance of soils, vegetation, wildlife and social/cultural elements arising
from either construction of drill sites, exit areas, access roads and temporary
vehicle crossings, or the HDD activity.
Further details on the environmental effects of inadvertent releases can be found
in many documents, including:
• Horizontal Directional Drilling Best Management Practices Manual, Topical
Report. Gas Research Institute. May, 2002; and
• Quantifying the Effects of Sediment Release on Fish and Fish Habitats,
Anderson, P.G., B.R. Taylor and G. Balch. 1995. Prepared for the Department
of Fisheries and Oceans.
7.1 Aquatic

Tension
Tension on the pull section results from three primary sources: (1) frictional
drag between the pipe and the wall of the hole, (2) fl uidic drag from
viscous drilling fl uid surrounding the pipe, and (3) the effective (submerged)
weight of the pipe as it is pulled through the hole. In addition
to these forces that act within the drilled hole, frictional drag from the
portion of the pull section remaining on the surface (typically supported
on rollers) also contributes to the tensile load on the pipe.
Additional loads that the horizontal drilling rig must overcome during
pull back result from the length of the drill string in the hole and the
reaming assembly that precedes the pull section. These loads don ’ t act on
the pull section and therefore have no effect on pipe stresses. Nonetheless,
if a direct correlation with the overall rig force is desired, loads resulting
from the reaming assembly and drill string must be estimated and added
to the tensile force acting on the pull section.
Calculation of the tensile load required to install a pipeline by HDD
is complicated due to the fact that the geometry of the drilled path must
be considered along with properties of the pipe being installed, subsurface
materials, and drilling fl uid. Assumptions and simplifi cations
are typically required. A theoretical pulling load may be calculated by
hand or with the aid of one of several commercially available software
packages.
Regardless of the method used to calculate an HDD pulling load, the
design engineer should be aware that numerous variables affect pulling
loads, many of which depend upon site-specifi c conditions and individual
contractor practices. These include prereaming diameter, hole stability,
removal of cuttings, soil and rock properties, drilling fl uid properties,
drilled path geometry, and the effectiveness of buoyancy control measures.
Such variables cannot easily be accounted for in a theoretical
calculation method designed for use over a broad range of applications.
For this reason, theoretical calculations are of limited benefi t unless
combined with engineering judgment derived from experience in HDD
construction.
The fi rst step in calculating a pulling load is to analyze the drilled path.
This analysis can be based on the designed drilled path, a “worst-case”
drilled path, or “as-built” pilot-hole data, if available. Bearing in mind
that most pilot holes are drilled longer, deeper, and to tighter radii than
designed, a conservative approach in the absence of as-built pilot-hole
data is to evaluate a worst-case drilled path that accounts for potential
deviations from the design. This worst-case path should be determined
based on allowable tolerances for pilot-hole length, elevation, and curve
radius as defi ned in the contract documents. The design engineer should
be aware that deviations in these parameters are typical and are often due

At least one (1) reading per drill rod is required during the drilling of the pilot
hole, registering inclination, heading, length, depth and the orientation of the
bent sub. This information shall be recorded on the steering log and be available
for inspection of the superintendent as and when required.
7.7.2.3 The Contractor shall ensure proper calibration of all equipment before
commencing directional drilling operation and provide proof of calibration
documentation to the Superintendent’s Representative

For steel piping operating above –20F, alloy steel studs ASTM
A193 Grade B7, with ASTM A194 Class 2H semi-finished heavy
hex nuts shall be used except for sulphide stress cracking service
where stud bolts shall be ASTM A193 Grade B7M. For steel piping
operating below –20F, ie: blowdown service, ASTM A320, Gr L7
studs, with ASTM A194, Gr 7 semi-finished hex nuts shall be used,
except for sulfide stress cracking services where stud bolts shall be
ASTM A320, Gr L7M.
For steel piping operating above –20F, alloy steel studs ASTM
A193 Grade B7, with ASTM A194 Class 2H semi-finished heavy
hex nuts shall be used except for sulphide stress cracking service
where stud bolts shall be ASTM A193 Grade B7M. For steel piping
operating below –20F, ie: blowdown service, ASTM A320, Gr L7
studs, with ASTM A194, Gr 7 semi-finished hex nuts shall be used,
except for sulfide stress cracking services where stud bolts shall be
ASTM A320, Gr L7M.
(2) Bolting threads and lengths shall conform to the dimensions listed
in the appropriate national or industry flange standard. Headed
bolts (rather than stud bolts) shall not be used without prior PTT
approval.
(3) All bolts and nuts shall be coated with PTFE, or equivalent
material.
(4) For Austenitic bolting materials shall be in accordance with piping
material classification data sheets.
1.4.6 Proprietary Connectors
Proprietary connectors shall be used as required by project Specifications.
1.5 Design Considerations for Particular Piping Systems
1.5.1 General
This
(2) Bolting threads and lengths shall conform to the dimensions listed
in the appropriate national or industry flange standard. Headed
bolts (rather than stud bolts) shall not be used without prior PTT
approval.
(3) All bolts and nuts shall be coated with PTFE, or equivalent
material.
(4) For Austenitic bolting materials shall be in accordance with piping
material classification data sheets.
1.4.6 Proprietary Connectors
Proprietary connectors shall be used as required by project Specifications.
1.5 Design Considerations for Particular Piping Systems
1.5.1 General
This

Technical and Environmental Issues

3.1 Issue Identification

The finish required by B16.5 for steel raised-face flanges is also to

be used for non-steel metallic flanges, for steel male and female
flanges, that is 125 to 250 micro inches. For steel tongue and
grove flanges gasket face finish shall be 32-63 micro inches.
(5) For NPS 26” and larger, ASME B16.47 SERIES A flanges shall be
used. Use SERIES B flanges only when needed to mate with
equipment flanges. When attached to pipe with a yield strength
greater than 248.4 MPa (36000 psi), the hub thickness requires
prior PTT approval.
(6) Except for galvanized piping threaded flanges shall not be used
without prior PTT approval and then only in steel NPS 2 and
smaller.
(7) The bore of weld neck flanges to be used in severe cyclic
conditions, ie: reciprocating pumps and compressors, or in services
with high corrosion rates shall have the same ID as the attached
piping. If the ID is not the same, the flange shall be taper bored
conditions may bear on the abandonment decision-making process.
The development and implementation of an abandonment plan consists of at least the
following seven steps:
(1) review prevailing regulatory requirements applicable to the abandonment
project; (2) compile all relevant information on the pipeline system, including
easement agreements; (3) analyze by segment taking into account the factors
addressed in Section 3 of this paper, including present and future land use; (4)
develop the abandonment plan in consultation with stakeholders (such as landowners,
government authorities, and other directly affected parties), incorporating the
information compiled in the above steps; (5) secure regulatory and landowner
approvals as required for the pipeline abandonment and site reclamation; (6)
implement the abandonment plan, the scope of which should include post-abandonment
responsibilities (addressed in Section 4); and (7) secure final regulatory release.

A proponent undertaking an abandonment plan should follow these six steps,

recognizing that site-specific conditions may require additional steps in the
development of the plan.
Please refer to the next page for a flowchart of the abandonment planning process
and to Appendix B for a detailed abandonment checklist.
Page
the removal of equipment or buildings or other structures or appurtenances; # the
conducting of investigations to determine the presence of substances; # the
decontamination of buildings or other structures or other appurtenances, or land or
water; # the stabilization, contouring, maintenance conditioning, or
reconstruction of the land surface; or # any other procedure, operation, or
requirement specified in the regulations
(as defined in the Alberta Environmental Protection and Enhancement Act)
Removal The pipeline is completely removed from the rightof-way.
Roach Excess soil placed over the ditch line to compensate for soil settlement.
Road or Railway Crossing
The crossing by a pipeline of a highway, road, street, or railway.
Sight Block
A mechanism to restrict the visual impact of a pipeline right-of-way.
Soil The naturally occurring, unconsolidated mineral or organic material at least
10 centimetres thick that occurs at the earth's surface and is capable of
supporting plants. It includes disturbance of the surface by human activities such
as cultivation and logging but not displaced materials such as mine spoils.
Spoil Soil materials other than topsoil excavated from the trench. In most cases,
the excavated soil is suitable for return to the pipeline trench, and allows for
recontouring of the right-of-way.
Subsoil Although a common term it cannot be defined accurately. It may be the B
horizon of a soil with a distinct profile. It can also be defined as the zone below
the plowed soil in which roots normally grow.
Surface Water
Water in a watercourse and water at a depth of not more than 15 metres beneath the
surface of the ground.
Suspension The cessation of normal operation of a pipeline pursuant to its licensed
use. The pipeline need not be rendered permanently incapable of its licensed use,
but must be left in a safe and stable state during this period of suspension, as
prescribed by the applicable regulations and guidelines. See also "deactivation".

The SDV valve will be provided at the station inlet and outlet. In case of an
emergency event the SDV valves will cut off the gas supply from the suppliers and
to the pipelines.
The compressor station will be designed for locally manned, fully automatic,
permanent operation from Station Control Room with remote monitoring of the station
from the Central Control Room.
9.2 Pig Receiver
Pig Receivers will be provided at all pipelines entering the compressor station.
The pig receiver is described in section 10.8.
9.3 Filter Separator Skid
The filter separators, as described in section 10.1, shall be provided at Obigbo
Compressor Station at each gas supply source.
The filter separator design and operating conditions are: Parameter Value QIT
Source Obigbo Node Source Cawthorne and Alakiri Source Okono/Okpoho
Design Pressure
98.0 barg
98.0 barg
98.0 barg
98.0 barg
Design Temperature
Abandonment issues arise from the need to address public safety, environmental
protection, and future land use. An initial scoping exercise was carried out to
identify the various technical and environmental issues associated with
abandonment. Following the development of a detailed issues list, field studies of
existing abandoned facilities were performed to verify the issues. In some cases,
detailed studies were commissioned in order to better understand the effects and
interactions of certain issues. 2
____________________ 2 (Refer to the Bibliography in Appendix E for a list of the
studies, copies of which are available for public viewing in the libraries of CAPP,
CEPA, the EUB, and the NEB.)
The primary issues that were identified, and which are addressed in this section,
are as follows:
# land use management; # ground subsidence; # soil and groundwater contamination;
# pipe cleanliness; # water crossings; # erosion; # utility and pipeline
crossings; # creation of water conduits; # associated apparatus; and # cost of
abandonment.
It was determined that most issues are not unique to the abandonment phase of the
pipeline life-cycle, but could involve an altered scope, varied timeline, or
additional stakeholders when compared to the issues of pipeline installation and
operation. In order to responsibly abandon a pipeline, the operator must consider
all of the issues and determine how they relate to the specific pipeline under
consideration, in addition to addressing stakeholder concerns and incorporating
collected input.
In any abandonment project, it is possible that a combination of both the
abandonment-in-place and removal options would be used, based on sitespecific
requirements. Thus, it is important that all aspects of the abandonment issues be
considered. As the following discussion illustrates, the abandonmen-in-place option
does not eliminate the need for land disturbance or field activity, while pipeline
removal need not encompass the same level of disturbance or activity as that of
pipeline construction.
3.2 Land Use Management
Land use is the most important factor to consider in determining whether a pipeline
section should be abandoned in place or removed. Therefore, an understanding of the
current and potential land uses along the pipeline right-of-way is essential to
making informed decisions on available

abandonment. The issue was not pursued again until 1990, when industry, the Alberta
Energy Resources Conservation Board (now the EUB), and Alberta Environmental
Protection (AEP) discussed the issue of pipeline abandonment while considering
amendments to the pipeline regulations issued pursuant to the Pipeline Act (Revised
Statutes of Alberta 1980). The issue was not resolved at that time, and was again
raised in 1993 by the Alberta Pipeline Environmental Steering Committee, an
industry, government, and public stakeholder group established to address pipeline
related issues.
In October 1993, the Canadian Association of Petroleum Producers (CAPP) received
the endorsement of the Alberta Petroleum Industry Government Environment Committee
to establish a steering committee to oversee the issue of pipeline abandonment.
Shortly thereafter, the EUB requested that CAPP and the Canadian Energy Pipeline
Association (CEPA) organize a steering committee to resolve the concerns
surrounding abandonment.
In April 1994, representatives from CAPP, CEPA, the EUB, and the NEB met to
establish a pipeline abandonment steering committee. It was also decided at that
time that separate subcommittees be struck to address the technical, environmental,
legal, and financial aspects of pipeline abandonment. The technical and
environmental subcommittees were the first to be formed and, together with the
steering committee, were responsible for this discussion paper. The legal and
financial subcommittees have not yet been struck.
1.3 Scope
This discussion paper is intended to apply to all buried metallic pipeline
facilities falling within the scope of the CSA Z662-94 "Oil and Gas Pipeline
Systems" standard, except for offshore pipelines. Many of the same issues and
concepts (such as those relating to land use and pipe cleanliness) also apply to
plastic and fibreglass pipelines. It addresses pipeline abandonment only (i.e.
permanent removal from service), and does not consider pipeline deactivation (i.e.
temporary removal from service). Likewise, this document does not address the
abandonment of aboveground facilities associated with pipelines, such as stations
or tank farms, or specific facilities such as underground vaults.
This paper addresses the technical and environmental aspects of pipeline
abandonment. In order to complete the assessment, a review of the legal and
financial aspects of pipeline abandonment needs to be undertaken. More
particularly, the core issues of long-term liability and funding need to be
addressed both in the context of orphaned pipelines and those with an identifiable
owner/operator.
1.4 Abandonment Options
The two basic options that are considered in this paper are (i) abandonment-in-
place and (ii) pipeline removal. In the former case, it is assumed for the purposes
of this paper that cathodic protection of the pipeline is discontinued and that no
other measures are taken to maintain the structural integrity of the abandoned
pipeline (other than the potential use of solid fill material at roadway and
railway crossing sites or other locations highly sensitive to ground subsidence).
As noted in Section 2, for any large-scale abandonment project it is unlikely that
only one of these options will be employed. Rather, a project will usually
Page

Fire Fighting Pumping Station Shed

 Buildings in Common Area including: Administration & Security Building, Entrance
Security Check Building, , Guesthouse, Prayer House.
 Two paved Storage Areas
 One Storage Area with shelter
 Civil installations including: equipment and piping foundations, helipad, access
road, car parking lots, internal roads, site closed and open drain systems and
security fencing.
During Early Gas Phase and Phase 1 the provision for required facilities shall be
made to allow for expansion from Phase 1 to Phase 2. This will include sizing of
main inlet and outlet headers for Phase 2 flow rates, provision of blind flanged,
valved connections for future TUCOs. Appropriate free space and CS arrangement
shall allow for installation and connection of the Phase 2 TUCO units and coolers
with required piping. The utility systems shall not be designed for Phase 2.
9.1 General Information & Process Description
The main purpose of the Obigbo Compressor Station is to gather the gas supplied
from QIT and existing adjacent gas plants, to boost and transfer the gas to OB3
pipeline and Ajaokuta.
The gas will be delivered to the Obigbo Compressor Station from the following
sources:
 QIT through the QIT-Obigbo CS pipeline section;
 Cawthorne Channel and Alakiri GP through Cawthorne Channel-Alakiri-Obigbo CS
pipeline section;
 Existing Obigbo Node and Okoloma through interconnecting pipeline section
connecting 14” Obigbo CS Tie-in Station;
 Okono/Okpoho through pipeline that is beyond TNGP Project scope of work.
The gas supply flow rates to the Compressor Station for the individual gas supply
pipeline will be controlled by the gas supplier. The supplier will set the
sufficient gas pressure at the inlet to the pipeline system based on agreed gas
nomination. The gas from each gas supplier will arrive at the CS and will be
transferred to the dedicated for each gas supplier Inlet Filter Separators
installed to protect the subsequent process components from potential damages and
malfunction. From filters, the gas will be transferred to the Inlet Metering and
Control Packages. Since the gas arrives at compressor station at different pressure
from different suppliers, the PCV which is part of the metering and control package
will equalize the gas arrival pressure supplied from different sources and to
maintain constant gas supply to the CS suction header,