Chapter 5 Variation Among Individuals 6) In DNA, the substitution of a purine for a pyrimidine or a

1) Which of the following is NOT one of the types of pyrimidine for a purine is called
variation that occurs within individuals? a(n) ________.
A) genetic variation A) inversion
B) environmental variation B) transmutation
C) normalizing variation C) transversion
D) genotype-by-environment variation D) transition
Answer: C E) substitution
Answer: C
2) Daphnia pulex grows protective armor upon sensing
chemicals produced by the predatory 7) The genetic code, which specifies the three-letter codons
phantom midge by the process of ________. that specify particular amino acids, is
A) barrier defense said to be redundant because ________.
B) inducible defense A) amino acid sequences are produced by different alleles
C) stimulatory defense B) it is observed in virtually all know organisms
D) predatory defense C) one codon can code for more than one amino acid
Answer: B D) phenotypic variation is observed depending on the codon
usage
3) The patterns of phenotypes an individual may develop E) some amino acids are coded for by more than one codon
upon exposure to different Answer: E
environments is called its ________.
A) predictability norm 8) Genes that are duplicated within a genome and later
B) variability norm diverge in function, such as the RNASE1
C) response norm and RNASE1B genes in douc langur monkeys, are described
D) reaction norm as ________.
Answer: D A) duplicated genes
B) orthologous genes
4) Many studies on genetic variation in humans have been C) homologous genes
done with the perception of taste. The D) paralogous genes
chemical phenylthiocarbamide (PTC) has been used E) derived genes
extensively in these studies. Although many Answer: D
individuals cannot taste PTC, many individuals find the taste
of PTC to be ________. 9) Genes that are derived from a common ancestral
A) umami sequence, and are separated by a speciation
B) salty event such as the RNASE1 gene in douc langur monkeys and
C) sour the RNASE1 gene in humans, are
D) bitter described as ________.
E) sweet A) duplicated genes
Answer: D B) orthologous genes
C) homologous genes
5) In DNA, the substitution of a purine for a purine or a D) paralogous genes
pyrimidine for a pyrimidine is called E) derived genes
a(n) ________. Answer: B
A) inversion
B) transmutation
C) transversion
D) transition
E) in-kind substitution
Answer: D
10) A hypothetical population has two alleles for a gene: A 14) According to the studies of Eyre-Walker and Keightley
and a. In a random sample of 50 (2007), there appear to be four types
individuals, 20 are homozygous for a, 20 are homozygous of mutations observed in most organisms. Which of the
for A, and 10 are heterozygous. What following is NOT a type of mutation that
is the frequency of A? is observed?
A) 20% A) deleterious
B) 40% B) lethal
C) 50% C) neutral
D) 60% D) additive
E) 80% E) beneficial
Answer: C Answer: D

11) Chromosome inversions often result from a multistep 15) The haploid human genome contains approximately 3.2
process that begins when radiation billion base pairs. How many
causes ________. mutations, on average, does each individual inherit from
A) a duplication event, followed by reannealing of each of the gametes that united to form
chromosomes the zygotes from which he or she grew?
B) four double-stranded breaks in a chromosome A) 3
C) two double-stranded breaks in a chromosome B) 36
D) two single-stranded breaks in a chromosome C) 360
Answer: C D) 3,600
Answer: B
12) Organisms with more than two chromosome sets are
said to be ________. 16) An organism that develops different phenotypes in
A) multiploid different environments is said to exhibit
B) polyploid what trait?
C) diploid Answer: phenotypic plasticity
D) haploid
E) None of the above.
17) What DNA modifications characterize epigenetic marks?
Answer: B
Answer: Attachment of methyl groups to cytosine
nucleotides in DNA, or other similar
13) Frequencies of inversions and/or allele frequencies
chemical modifications to DNA.
often vary regularly when examined over
a geographic area changing in either latitude or climate. This
18) What does one call a mutation that occurs in a DNA
type of regular change is called a
sequence, but leaves the resulting amino
________.
acid sequence unchanged?
A) zonality
Answer: synonymous or silent mutation
B) cline
C) gradient
D) biome 19) What does one call a mutation that occurs in a DNA
Answer: B sequence that changes the amino acid
specified by that sequence?
Answer: nonsynonymous or replacement substitution

20) The process of producing proteins from DNA involves

two different steps. What is the term
used to describe each step, and what happens during each
of these steps?
Answer: The DNA is transcribed into mRNA during the first
step. The mRNA is then translated
into proteins in the second step.

21) What is the term used to describe the smallest possible

mutation in a DNA strand, which
involves only one base?
Answer: a point mutation

22) Genes can be duplicated when a processed messenger

RNA, from which introns have been
spliced out, is reverse-transcribed to form a double-
stranded DNA segment that is reintegrated
into the main chromosome. What is the name for this
process that may form nonfunctional
pseudogenes?
Answer: retroposition or retroduplication

23) Unequal crossing over often results in the formation of

duplicate copies of existing genes. At
what phase of meiosis can unequal crossing over occur, and
why does this happen?
Answer: Unequal crossing over occurs during prophase of
meiosis I, and occurs when
homologous chromosomes line up incorrectly.

24) What is the term given to the average frequency of

heterozygotes at all loci of an individual?
This value can also be expressed as the fraction of genes
that are heterozygous in the genotype of an average
individual.
Answer: the mean heterozygosity

25) In experiments with Caenorhabditis elegans, deleterious

mutations accumulate at a slow but
steady rate when the populations are grown in as benign an
environment as possible, with
optimal temperature and humidity, minimal crowding of
individuals, abundant food, and no
predators or parasites. From what important evolutionary
force do these conditions insulate C.
elegans?
Answer: natural selection