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Abstract—The paper has as first objective the overview of the network. Possible DC micro-network has an impact on
active distribution networks for the future, their viability with building technology, in isolated sites using renewable energy
existing equipment and components. The presented applications and industrial applications.
are intended for industrial-type networks with local power Scientist [2] show research results related to the evaluation
generation in view of their efficient integration into an intelligent of the energy quality in the isolated voltage networks, which is
distribution network. The main scientific goal of the paper is to a new approach, requiring the initial study of the functioning
test the stability issues of the most used low voltage consumers, of the equipment loads, DC sources, power electronics and
for both type of power supply AC versus DC and to conclude on protections at continuous voltage.
the adaptability of the consumers to a DC micro-network. Taking
In the current and future evolution of power systems there
in account the efficiency and quality of the network cases study,
will be concluded when and if it is major to use the DC micro- are two approaches: the very large use of power electronics in
network power supply. power conversion systems, which has the effect of quality of
power systems, due to the harmonics of the networks and the
Keywords— power systems, efficiency, quality, micro-networks, increase in the share of electricity production from renewable
availability sources. Given the characteristics of primary energy, like the
random and non-stationary nature of wind energy, static
converters are involved in the production of electricity from
renewable sources, which ensures the regulation of the
I. INTRODUCTION
electrical energy parameters. The paper final purpose is to see
The evolution of power systems has led to the transition the adaptability of the consumers to AC versus Dc micro-
from the dominance of the structure of the power supply network with respect to the quality of electricity in networks
macro in the centralized system to that of the power supply where distributed/renewable energy sources and use facilities
micro-network. are present, both of which are sources of pollution due to the
The concept needs increased flexibility of both, sources widespread use of power electronics.
and receivers, a great dynamism, an interfacing for integrated
systems and so on. This type of power system uses new
primary energy sources and new configurations to convert II. ACTIVE MICRO-NETWORK PENETRATION
these primary energies into electric power and to find new
classes of receivers that can fit to the dynamics of new energy Distributed generation consists of supplying electricity
sources. These involve finding special energy storage systems, from low power sources which are usually connected to
impossible in centralized systems, management power systems distribution networks that have not been designed to include
to optimize consumption, reduce costs, and minimum impact power generators. If the 10-15% level of penetration for the
on environment, trends presented in [1], [2]. Both AC and DC active micro-network is achieved, the pick of the electric
micro-networks require the use of new ways to supply power consumed can be easily embedded by the distribution
consumers, depending on the specificity of energy sources and network without big changes in the main distribution
receivers. Availability of the integrated micro-networks means configuration.
to create the possibility of the rapid switching between the Some countries use the voltage-based definition while
micro-network operational phases, detailed in [1], [3]. Such a others consider the distributed generation to be connected to
possibility additionally calls for consumer universality, the the circuits from which consumers are directly supplied. Other
possibility to work both in AC and in DC. definitions are based on the type of primary sources,
In general a DC micro-network consists of a number of renewable or cogeneration (CHP), or generation without
generators with static interfacing modules CC converters/CC dispatch, or maximum energy. The conditions of CIGRE WG
and CC/CA bidirectional, power consumers at continuous 37-23 for distributed generation are: no central planning,
voltage or alternative with inverter modules as well as without centralized dispatching; usually connected to the
transformer and conversion modules to the distribution
national system, less power than 50-100 MW.
978-1-5386-2059-5/17/$31.00 ©2017 IEEE
The purpose of the research studies is a consequence of function by intelligent storage methods, coupled through a
the innovative technologies used for the integration into flexible distribution AC system, that includes isolated
distribution networks of distributed generation/DG and operations, automatic isolation and reconnection, fault level of
intermittent sources. Opposite to the function of the passive micro net, harmonic voltage distortion, energy management
classical grids, which generally allow unidirectional energy and lifetime optimization of the life of the storage system and
flows, active distribution networks offer two major the parallel operation of the converters.
advantages: they allow the integration of DG into distribution To exemplify a complex project like is presented. The park
networks and the active control of flow Energy, as is detailed project in the Netherlands contains 210 chalets, of which 108
in [2], [3], [4]. Also the use of renewable energy sources leads are supplied by PV systems connected to the network. The
to the promotion of green technologies. Most renewable park is powered by a 400 V classical three-phase network that
sources provide electric power at continuous voltage like is connected to a 10kV medium voltage network through a
combustion cells, photovoltaic cells. But other like wind nearby distribution transformer “Fig. 2”. The distribution
turbines, microturbines - hydro or gas deliver electric power to transformer does not feed other loads than those in the park.
alternative voltage, to variable or non-standard frequencies As Inside the park the 400V power supply from the distribution
a consequently the signals at their terminals must be rectified, transformer is distributed through 4 cables each protected by a
converted again into alternating current and corrected until the 200A fuse on three phases. The pick load is about 90kW. The
nominal network parameters. Is more and more usual the
solution for interconnecting these sources into a DC network.
total installed power of PV systems is 315 kW [1], [5 ].
Three common solutions for the active micro-network are
represented in “Fig. 1” which may include distributed
storage/DS. The input power to the converter can be ac/dc
fixed of variable frequency from the source side and it has a
50/60 Hz from the microgrid-side of the converter. A DG unit
has a dispatchable or a non dispatchable control system. A
dispatchable DG unit is a unit that can be controlled
externally, through set points provided by a supervisory
control system. On the other side, the output power of a non
dispatchable DG unit is normally controlled based on the
optimal operating condition of its primary energy resources.
From these figures it can be seen the fact that a DG unit with a
non dispatchable power provider through a dc-ac/dc-dc/ac-dc
Fig.2 AC micro-network structure for a park project in the Netherlands.
converter can provide a dispatchable power at the output of
the unit [1], [3]. Micro-network parameters are measured at both consumer
and network by current transformers (CTs) and voltage
transformers (PTs) “Fig. 3”. Interconnect switches are
designed to fit with the interconnection standards IEEE1547
and UL1741 for North America and to minimize on-site
command and on-site design at the lowest cost. To maximize
applicability and functionality, the control systems are also
designed to be technologically neutral and can be used with a
circuit breaker or quicker based on fast switching thyristors or
with bipolar transistor based technologies applied to a wide
variety of DGs that have conventional generators or power
converters.
-200
network and vice versa.
-400
400
-600
300
-800
0.97 0.975 0.98 0.985 0.99 0.995 1 200
Time (s)
.
Ua (V) Ia (Amps)
100
Fig. 5 Voltage and current for three phase generator. Figura 1.1Sistem
0
generator hexafazat – redresor
-100
400
1500 -200
300
vdc (V) vdc1 (V) vdc2 (V)
ia1 (Amps)
1200 -300
200
-400
100 900 0.12 0.125 0.13 0.135 0.14 0.145 0.15 0.155 0.16
Time (s)
0 600
va1 (V)
400
-100 300
300
-200
Ia (Amps)
0
0.97 0.975 0.98 0.985 0.99 0.995 1
200 Time (s)
-300
100
-400
0.97 0.975 0.98 0.985 0.99 0.995 1
Time (s) 0
Figura 1.2Tensiunea
-100 continua
Fig. 6 Voltage and current for double star-triangular winding system generator.
Ua (V)
-200
-300
1500
vdc (V) vdc1 (V) vdc2 (V)
-400
0.12 0.125 0.13 0.135 0.14 0.145 0.15 0.155 0.16
1200 Time (s)
a
a
Renewable Renewable
source source
- RS1 - - RS2 -
DC/DC
DC Batteries
converter
consumer
b
Fig. 11 DC LAB/SM 1300 LTRS interface, (a) front page, (b) reading the
parameters.
AC
Stabilized
grid
Stabilized
source -SS 2-
For the PC computer tested power supply LC 04064177
source -SS 1-
the data aquisiton was done by step for DC increased voltage
“Fig.12”and for AC increased voltage “Fig.13”.
b
Fig. 9 DC Power Supply DC LAB/SM 1300 LTRS (a), simulating the
DC
micro-network (b) power supply..
AC CONCUSION
[1] Kroposky, R. Lasseter, T. Ise, S. Morozumy, “Making
Microgrids Work”, IEEE Power end Energy Vol 6, pp. 57-68,
2008.
[2] D. Deaconu, A. Chirila, M. Albu, L. Toma, “Studies on a
LV DC network”, 2007 IEEE European Conference on Power
Electronics and Applications, Aalborg, Denmark , pp. 48-57,
September 2007.
[3] M. Dumitrescu, C. Vlad, “Intelligent Power Microgrids
Benefits”. ISEEE 2012, Sinaia, Romania, pp. 86-94, October
2012.
Fig. 15 PC power supply LC 04064177 for AC decreasing voltage acquisition
data. [4] R. Fulton and C. Abbey, "Planned islanding of 8.6 MVA
IPP for BC Hydro system " in First International Conference
There are presented the differences can be observed by on the integration of RE and DER, pp. 9- 17, 2004.
variation of voltage- current in the two study cases (DC grid [5] R. H. Lasseter and P. Paigi, “Microgrid: a conceptual
supply , AC grid supply) for the analyzed power supply in the solution,” in Proceedings of the IEEE 35th Annual Power
computer/PC case. The studied PC consumer can adapt to the Electronics Specialists Conference (PESC 04), pp. 4285–4290,
DC power supply , although generally they are designed for June 2004 .
AC electric power supply. Adding the stability of the DC [6] R. H. Lasseter, “Microgrids,” in Proceedings of the IEEE
voltage, comparing with the instability and distortions of the Power Engineering Society Winter Meeting, vol. 1, pp. 305–
AC voltage, with negative influence on consumers, will lead 308, 2002.
to the use more and more of the DC micro-networks in the
residential or island applications.