Before 1750 CE ​ ​At 1750 CE​ I​ ndustrialization​ ​Revolutions​ ​Ideology​ ​Imperialism

Main concepts:
- Southernization​ : Cultural revolutions and important developments = widespread
change over Southern Asia through trade (started from India b/c of demand for cotton)
- China
- Muslim Caliphates
- Christian Mediterranean
- India Gupta Kings
- Europe
- Industrialization​ : Invention of machines to produce goods = technological and
organizational changes = new divisions of labor (started in Britain b/c [see BRITISH
EMPIRE]
- US, Europe and Japan ( ← industrialized by the end of the 19th century)
- Requirements of industrialization
- Increased agriculture
- Increased innovation / change
- Access to resources
- High Demand
- High investment / wealth
- Effects of industrialization
- Demographic: Birth rates and death rates drop = generally population growth
- Migration: urbanization = ppl move to cities where factories and jobs are
- Environmental: Densely populated, air pollution, easily spread disease
- Enlightenment
- Set of beliefs / ideas abt. How ppl and gov should interact w/ each other
- Social contract: (Locke)
- Gov protecting life, liberty and property of the ppl
- Ppl should rebel if not happening
- Individual benefit
- Popular sovereignty: (Rousseau)
- Gov protecting life, liberty and property of the ppl
- Ppl gives the gov right to rule
- Mutual benefit
- Individual liberty: (Voltaire)
- Freedom of speech, press, religion, etc.
- Separation of powers: (Montesquieu)
- Power spread out amongst groups of ppl to make sure one
doesn’t overpower the other
- Create laws
- Execute laws
- Judge laws
- Revolutions​: (b/c of)
- Industrialization: merchants became wealthier and began to question the political
and social hierarchy → enlightenment values / ideas → diffusing to different
places of the world → start revolutions
 - Political Ideology
- Conservative : Gradual change is necessary but big change like revolutions will
only lead to anarchy (Edmin Burke)
- Liberal : Change is welcomed and normal ; managing change is of the best
interest of society (John Stewart Mills)

- New Philosophies
*To address the problems caused by industrialization (inequalities)*
- Utopianism : a settlement based on
- Cooperation
- Rational thinking
- Free education + healthcare
- Marxism : the idea that the working class should rebel against the owning class
and form their own government

- Nationalism
- A type of community w/ common traditions, beliefs, holidays, etc.
- Cultural nationalism : attempt to bring unity to diverse groups of ppl
- Political nationalism : a group who identifies as one culture but doesn’t
have their own independent state
- Limits of Enlightenment
- Women, slaves and lower class were: denied the right to vote
- Poll taxes
- Literacy tests
- Grandfather clauses
- Imperialism
- Domination of power of industrialized states around the world / putting colonies
around the world to gain more power
- Power: ability to create and enforce policy either by direct or indirect power
- Authority figures influence people to do things in your favor by using either force
or diplomacy
- Causes
- Industrialization : extracting resources using machines from
industrialization, unifying the working and owning class caused by
industrialization
- Taking control / forming an alliance with a state b/c it gives access to
another state
- Types
- Settler: getting money through crops / primarily farming
- Non-settler: extracting resources from the colony and shipping back to
imperialists
- Effects of Imperialism (general)
- Extraction of resources (from colonies)
- Social inequality (b/t colonizers and colonized)
 - Stagnant economy (of local areas being colonized)
- Increased migration (b/c of jobs in colonies)
- Conflict and resistance (against being imperialized / imperialistic powers)
- Cultural diffusion (enlightenment values and nationalistic ideas)
- Attempt at reforms (by imperialized states to become imperialists)

- Effects of Imperialism (on imperialists)

- Economic growth (factories were buying supplies cheaply and selling them
expensively)
- Increased resources
- Conflict and diplomacy (conflict b/t imperialists because of competitiveness for
colonies)

Europe (Before 1750):

- Weren’t part of trade / Southernization, not as powerful as Asian states
- Conquered Native American Land (US) = become part of trade

BRITISH EMPIRE:
- Monarch & Parliament → subordinates
- Colonies:
- Charter (Permission from monarchy develop a colony in states)
- Councils (set of laws / ppl. that deal w/ local problems)
- Governor (king / queen’s overseer of colony)
- Subordinates
- Southernization b/c of colonization of Native American lands and became part of trade
- Industrialized first b/c:
- Navigable rivers and canals
- Lots of coal and iron + skilled craftsmen
- Liberal government (open to change)
- Railroads helped support industrialization by carrying passengers, raw materials and
manufactured goods efficiently to many places
- American Revolution
- 7 years war (European states fight over colonizing lands) = taxes from colonies in
America = colonists become angry = war b/t British gov and colonists
- Colonists victory = become US
- Constitution : separation of powers into three branches, elected
representatives in the government
- Individual rights granted (Bill of Rights)

FRENCH EMPIRE:
*absolute monarchy*
- Monarch → subordinates
- Power of Versailles (used by Louis XIV [14th])
 - Make gov. Workers live together
- Make gov. Workers compete w/ each other for king’s favor
- Unhappiness among merchants who were wealthy but treated as a lower class
- French Revolution
- Three estates: clergy, landowners and everyone else
- Bourgeoisie believed that they should be able to have more power in the estates
general (leaders of three estates come to make laws)
- Bourgeoisie and peasants protested and finally formed the national assembly
- Napoleonic French Revolution
- National assembly kills the monarchy
- Political party in national assembly began to take advantage (Jacobin party led
by Robespierre)
- New belief system: Cult of reason = peasants don’t like and rebel =
Jacobin party began to execute rebels (Reign of Terror)
- Napoleon came back to France
- Concordat agreement: National assembly stop persecuting rebels
but rebels have no power
- Brought back and spread enlightenment values

SPANISH EMPIRE:
*absolute monarchy*
- King → government → bureaucrats
- Colonies:
- Viceroys (king’s rep. in colony)
- Governor
- Bureaucrats
*Audiencias: ppl. chosen by the monarch to go to the ppl. of the colonies and ask the abt. the
viceroys (people can complain directly to the monarch)*

- Latin / South American revolutions

- Creoles (whites born in Americas) rebelled against the peninsulares (whites born
in Europe) for more power = Creole victory [Simon Bolivar]
- Divided into 4 major states → divided into even smaller states b/c of
disagreements
- Military leaders and caudillos began to take over power in these states
- Revolutions in Mexico
- Creoles be local to the Spanish government while Mestizos and Indigenous rebel
(inspired by Hidalgo, a priest that wanted the rebellion to happen) [​Mestizos and
Creoles War​]
- Iturbide leads war against the Spanish gov and names himself emperor→
rebellion led by Santa Ana b/c of absolute monarchy of Iturbide → established a
Republic based on Enlightenment values

RUSSIAN EMPIRE:
*absolute monarchy*
- Czar → subordinates
- “Westernization”
- Russian doesn’t trade → not wealthy → less power
 - Peter the Great “westernized” Russia:
- Changed gov. (meritocracy: people who earned their position instead of
just friends / hereditary)
- Changed culture (EX: forbade beards, etc.)
- Changed economics

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Mongol Empire (Before 1750)

- Strong military horses and expert archers = conquered many places = became very
powerful

Kingdom of Kongo (At 1750)

*absolute monarchy*
- King (nkani) → subordinates
- Conflict w/ Angola (portuguese colony)
- Portuguese leadership clashing w/ Kingdom of Kongo
- Portuguese taking people of Kongo and selling them as slaves

Mughal Empire (At 1750)

*absolute monarchy*
- Emperor → subordinates
- Castes:
- Groups of organization of occupation
- Leaders to deal w/ issues within the castes
- Rank from most to least cleanliness
- Ranks not allowed to interact with each other
- Occupations are hereditary
- Muslims (minority) ruling over Hindus (majority)

China:
- Southernization ← Indian math, Champa rice and Buddhism
- Developed cotton canvas for sailing, printing and gunpowder (1200 CE)
- Since they failed to industrialize, imperialists took advantage of that and gained lots of
spheres of influence on them

*absolute monarchy*
- Emperor → subordinates (scholar bureaucrats)
- Meritocracy : Scholar bureaucrats has to earn their position through education
performances
- Manch (minority) rule over Han (majority)

Tokugawa Shogunate / Japan:

*absolute monarchy*
- 1.​ Emperor
- Removed from society
- Trusts the shogun to run daily affairs
- Seen as a deity / god
- 2. Shogun
- Earn position by conquering enemies and forming alliances
- Chose the daimyo
- 3. Daimyo
- Wealthy landowners
- Ability to tax people in the land
- Profit from goods made in the land
- 4. Samurai
- Help the Daimyo for smth. in return
- 5. Lesser Daimyo + their samurai

*Made rules to isolate Japan to avoid rebellion. (christianity and gunpowder)*

South Asia / India:

- Started Southernization [cotton drove trade] → Mediterranean and East Africa
- Malay sailors helped establish sea lanes in the Indian Ocean = better trade and
flourishing economy
- Accomplishments:
- Discovery of the concept of zero
- Discovery of how to turn sugarcaine juice to granules
- Sailed across Asia and Africa
- Started cotton textiles trading
- Opened up sea-routes to China

Ottoman Empire:
-