MCQ in Radiation and Wave Propagation PDF

1. ________ is the amount of voltage induced in wave by an electro magnetic wave.
 a. receive voltage
 b. magnetic induction
 c. field strength
 d. power density
2. An electro magnetic wave consists of ___________.
 a. both electric and magnetic fields.

 b. an electric field only
 c. a magnetic field only
 d. non-magnetic field only
3. What is the lowest layer of the ionosphere?
 a. F1
 b. F2
 c. E
 d. D
4. Who propounded electro magnetic radiation theory?
 a. Sir Edward Appleton

 b. James Clerk Maxwell
 c. Christian Huygens
 d. Sir Isaac Newton
5. The D, E and F layers are known as ____________.
 a. Mark – space Layers

 b. Davinson- Miller Layers
 c. Kennely – Heaviside Layers
 d. Appleton Layers
6. Different grouping of the electromagnetic spectrum.
 a. band
 b. bandwidth
 c. channel
 d. group
7. What is the relation in degrees of the electric and magnetic fields in an electromagnetic
wave?
 a. 180 degrees
 b. 90 degrees
 c. 270 degrees
 d. 45 degrees
8. A changing electric field gives rise to ________.
 a. a magnetic field
 b. sound field
 c. electromagnetic waves
 d. near and far fields
1. field strength
2. both electric and magnetic fields.
3. D
4. James Clerk Maxwell
5. Kennely – Heaviside Layers
6. band
7. 90 degrees
8. a magnetic field
9. Frequencies in the UHF range propagate by means of
 a. ground waves
 b. sky waves
 c. surface waves
 d. space waves
10. In electromagnetic waves, polarization __________.
 a. is caused by reflection
 b. is due to the transverse nature of the waves
 c. results from the longitudinal nature of the waves
 d. is always vertical in an isotropic medium
11. Electromagnetic Waves are refracted when they ___________.
 a. pass into a medium of different dielectric constants

 b. are polarized at right angles to the direction of propagation
 c. encounter a perfectly conducting surface
 d. pass through a small slot in a conducting plane
12. What is the highest layer of the atmosphere?
 a. ionosphere
 b. stratosphere
 c. troposphere
 d. ozone layer
13. What is the thickest layer of the ionosphere?
 a. F2
 b. F1
 c. D
 d. E
14. Effective Earth radius to true earth radius ratio.
 a. index of refraction
 b. K factor
 c. Fresnel zone
 d. path profile
15. Fading due to interference between direct and reflected rays.
 a. atmospheric-multipath
 b. Fresnel zone
 c. reflection-multipath
 d. Rayleigh fading
16. The layer that reflects very low frequency waves and absorbs medium frequency waves.
 a. D Layer
 b. E Layer
 c. F1 Layer
 d. F2 Layer
9. space waves
10. is due to the transverse nature of the waves
11. pass into a medium of different dielectric constants
12. ionosphere
13. F2
14. K factor
15. reflection-multipath
16. D Layer
17. What layer is used for high-frequency day time propagation?
 a. D Layer
 b. E Layer
 c. F1 Layer
 d. F2 Layer
18. What is the highest frequency that can be sent straight upward and be returned to
earth?
 a. MUF
 b. skip frequency
 c. critical frequency
 d. gyro frequency
19. High frequency range is from?
 a. 0.3 to 3MHz
 b. 3 to 30MHz
 c. 30 to 300MHz
 d. 3to 30MHz
20. Medium frequency range is from
 a. 0.01 to 0.03 MHz

 b. 0.03 to 0.3MHz
 c. 0.3 to 3MHz
 d. 3 to 30 MHz
21. In tropospheric scatter propagation, the attenuation is dependent on
 a. scatter angle
 b. take-off angle
 c. antenna size
 d. the troposphere
22. If the transmitter power remains constant, an increase in the frequency of the sky wave
will
 a. lengthen the skip distance

 b. increase the range of the ground wave
 c. reduce the length of the skip distance
 d. have no effect on the ground wave range
23. What is the unit of electric field strength?
 a. volts per square meter

 b. volt per square cm
 c. volts per meter
 d. millivolt per watt
24. Velocity of a radio wave in free space.
 a. 186,000 miles per sec

 b. 300×106 meters per sec
 c. 162,000 nautical mile per sec
 d. all of the above
17. E Layer
18. critical frequency
19. 3 to 30MHz
20. 0.3 to 3MHz
21. scatter angle
22. lengthen the skip distance
23. volts per meter
24. all of the above

25. Refers to the direction of the electric field vector in space.
 a. polarization
 b. directivity
 c. radiation
 d. ERP
26. An TEM wave whose polarization rotates.
 a. vertically polarized
 b. omnidirectional
 c. horizontally polarized
 d. circularly polarized
27. velocity of light in free space
 a. 300×106 m/s
 b. 300×106 km/s
 c. 186,000 km/s
 d. 186,000 m/s
28. What is the effective radiated power of a repeater with 200W transmitter power output,
4dB feed line loss, 4dB duplexer and circulator loss, and 10dB feed line antenna gain?
 a. 2000 W
 b. 126 W
 c. 317 W
 d. 260 W
29. Radio wave that is far from its sources is called
 a. Plane wave
 b. isotropic wave
 c. vertical wave
 d. horizontal wave
30. Light goes from medium A to medium B at angle of incidence of 40 degrees. The angle
of refraction is 30 degrees. The speed of light in B
 a. is the same as that in A

 b. is greater than that in A
 c. maybe any of these, depending on the specific medium
 d. is less than that in A
31. In a vacuum, the speed of an electromagnetic wave
 a. depends on its constant

 b. depends on its wavelength
 c. depends on its electric and magnetic fields
 d. is a universal constant
32. The depth of an object submerged in a transparent liquid
 a. always seems more that its actual depth

 b may seem less or more than its actual depth, depending on the object
 c. always seems less than its actual depth
 d. may seem less or more than its actual depth, depending on the transparent liquid
25. polarization
26. circularly polarized
27. 300×106 m/s
28. 317 W
29. Plane wave
30. is less than that in A
31. is a universal constant
32. always seems less than its actual depth

33. What is a wave front?
 a. a voltage pulse in a conductor

 b. a current in a conductor
 c. a fixed point in an electromagnetic wave
 d. a voltage pulse across a resistor
34. VHF ship station transmitters must have the capability of reducing carrier power to
 a. 1 W
 b. 10 W
 c. 25 W
 d. 50 W
35. Most of the effects an electro magnetic wave produces when it interacts with matter are
due to its
 a. magnetic field
 b. speed
 c. frequency
 d. electric field
36. A mobile receiver experiences “dead” areas of reception as a result of
 a. atmospheric absorption
 b. tropospheric scatter
 c. sporadic E
 d. shading of the RF signal by hills and trees
37. When the electric field is perpendicular in the surface of the earth, what is the
polarization of the TEM wave?
 a. elliptical
 b. vertical
 c. horizontal
 d. circular
38. When the magnetic field is perpendicular to the surface of the earth, what is the
polarization of the TEM wave?
 a. circular
 b. horizontal
 c. vertical
 d. elliptical
39. When the magnetic field is parallel to the surface of the earth, what is the polarization
of the TEM wave?
 a. elliptical
 b. horizontal
 c. vertical
 d. circular
40. What are the two interrelated fields considered to make up an electromagnetic wave
 a. an electric field and a current field

 b. an electric field and voltage field
 c. an electric field and a magnetic field
 d. a voltage and current fields
33. a fixed point in an electromagnetic wave

34. 1 W
35. electric field
36. shading of the RF signal by hills and trees
37. vertical
38. horizontal
39. vertical
40. an electric field and a magnetic field

41. How does the bandwidth of the transmitted signal affect selective fading?
 a. it is more pronounced at narrow bandwidths

 b. it is equally pronounced at both narrow and wide bandwidths
 c. it is more pronounced at wide bandwidths
 d. the receiver bandwidth determines the selective fading
42. A wide-bandwidth communications systems in which the RF carrier varies according to
some predetermined sequence.
 a. amplitude compandored single sideband

 b. SITOR
 c. spread spectrum communication
 d. time-domain frequency modulation
43. A changing magnetic field gives rise to
 a. sound field
 b. magnetic field
 c. electric field
 d. nothing in particular
44. When a space-wave signal passes over a mountain ridge, a small part of the signal is
diffracted down the far side of the mountain. This phenomenon is called
 a. discontinuity scattering
 b. troposheric ducting
 c. knife-edge diffraction
 d. space-wave refraction
45. The index of refraction of a material medium
 a. is greater than 1
 b. is less than 1
 c. is equal to 1
 d. maybe any of the above
46. At what speed do electromagnetic waves travel in free space?
 a. approximately 468 million meters per second

 b. approximately 186300 ft/s
 c. approximately 300 million m/s
 d. approximately 300 million miles/s
47. What is the effective earth radius when surface refractivity, and N equals 300?
 a. 6370 km
 b.7270 km
 c.7950 km
 d. 8500 km
48. If N = 250, what is the earth radius K-factor?
 a. 1.23
 b. 1.29
 c. 1.33
 d. 1.32
49. Electric field that lies in a plane perpendicular to the earths surface
 a. vertical polarization
 b. horizontal polarization
 c. circular polarization
 d. elliptical polarization
50. Electric field that lies in a plane parallel to the earth’s surface
 a. vertical polarization
 b. horizontal polarization
 c. circular polarization
41. it is more pronounced at wide bandwidths
42. spread spectrum communication
43. electric field
44. knife-edge diffraction
45. is greater than 1
46. approximately 300 million m/s
47. 8500 km
48. 1.23
49. vertical polarization
50. horizontal polarization

51. Indicate which one of the following terms applies to troposcatter propagation
 a. SIDs
 b. fading
 c. atmospheric storms
 d. faraday rotation
52. VLF waves are used for some types of services because
 a. of the low power required

 b the transmitting antennas are of convenient size
 c. they are very reliable
 d. they penetrate the ionosphere easily
53. Indicate which of the following frequencies cannot be used for reliable beyond-the-
horizon terrestrial communications without repeaters
 a. 20 KHz
 b. 15 MHz
 c. 900 MHz
 d. 12 GHz
54. High-frequency waves are
 a. absorbed by the F2 layer

 b. reflected by the D layer
 c. capable of use for long-distance communications on the moon
 d. affected by the solar cycle
55. Distances near the skip distance should be used for sky-wave propagation
 a. to avoid tilting
 b. to prevent sky-wave and upper ray interference
 c. to avoid the faraday effect
 d. so as not to exceed the critical frequency
56. A ship-to-ship communications system is plague by fading. The best solution seems to
be the use of
 a. a more directional antenna

 b. a broadband antenna
 c. frequency diversity
 d. space diversity
57. A range of microwave frequencies more easily passed by the atmosphere than are the
others is called a
 a. window
 b. critical frequency
 c. gyro frequency range
 d. resonance in the atmosphere
58. frequencies in the UHF range normally propagate by means of
 a. ground waves.
 b. sky waves
 d. space waves
51. fading
52. they are very reliable
53. 12 GHz
54. affected by the solar cycle
55. to prevent sky-wave and upper ray interference
56. frequency diversity
57. window
58. space waves

59. Tropospheric scatter is used with frequencies in the following range
 a. HF
 b. VHF
 c. UHF
 d. VLF
60. The ground wave eventually disappears as one moves away from the transmitter
because of
 a. interference from the sky wave

 b. loss of line – of – sight conditions
 c. maximum single-hop distance limitation
 d. tilting
61. in electromagnetic waves, polarization means
 a. the physical orientation of magnetic field in space

 b. the physical orientation of electric field in space
 c. ionization
 d. the presence of positive and negative ions
62. an electromagnetic waves travel in free space, only one of the following can happen to
them.
 a. absorption
 b. attenuation
 c. refraction
 d. reflection
63. the absorption of a radio waves by the atmosphere depends on
 a. their frequency
 b. their distance from the transmitter
 c. the polarization of the waves
 d. the polarization of the atmosphere
64. diffraction of electromagnetic waves
 a. is caused by reflections from the ground

 b. arises only with spherical wavefronts
 c. will occur when the waves pass through a large slot
 d. may occur around the edge of a sharp object
65. In an electromagnetic wave the electric field is
 a. Parallel to both magnetic field and the wave direction

 b. Perpendicular to both the magnetic field and the wave direction
 c. Parallel to the magnetic field and perpendicular to the wave direction
 d. Perpendicular to the magnetic field and parallel to the wave direction
66. The highest frequencies are found in
 a. X-rays
 b. Radio waves
 c. Ultraviolet rays
 d. Radar waves
59. UHF
60. tilting
61. the physical orientation of electric field in space
62. attenuation
63. their frequency
64. may occur around the edge of a sharp object
65. Perpendicular to both the magnetic field and the wave direction
66. X-rays
67. Electromagnetic waves transport
 a. Wavelength
 b. Charge
 c. Frequency
 d. Energy
68. The ionosphere is a region of ionized gas in the upper atmosphere. The ionosphere is
responsible for
 a. The blue color of the sky

 b. Rainbows
 c. Long distance radio communication
 d. The ability of satellites to orbit the earth
69. Light of which the following colors has the shortest wavelength
 a. Red
 b. Yellow
 c. Blue
 d. Green
70. The quality in sound that corresponds to color in light is
 a. Amplitude
 b. Resonance
 c. Waveform
 d. Pitch
71. All real images
 a. Are erect
 b. Can appear on screen
 c. Are inverted
 d. Cannot appear on a screen
72. When a beam of light enters one medium from another, a quality that never changes is
its
 a. Direction
 b. Frequency
 c. Speed
 d. Wavelength
73. Relative to the angle of incidence, the angle of refraction
 a. Is smaller
 b. Is larger
 c. Is the same
 d. Either A or B above
74. A light ray enters one medium from another along the normal. The angle of refraction is
 a. 0
 b. 90 degrees
 c. Equal to the critical angle
 d. Dependent on the indexes of refraction of the two media
67. Energy
68. Long distance radio communication
69. Blue
70. Pitch
71. Can appear on screen
72. Frequency
73. Either A or B above
74. Dependent on the indexes of refraction of the two media

75. What layer aids MF surface-wave propagation a little and reflects some HF waves in
daytime?
 a. E layer
 b. D layer
 c. F1 layer
 d. F2 layer
76. Dispersion is the term used to describe
 a. The splitting of white light into its component colors in refraction

 b. The propagation of light in straight lines
 c. The bending of a beam of light when it goes from one medium to another
 d. The bending of a beam of light when it strikes a mirror
77. The depth of an objects submerged in a transparent liquid
 a. Always seems less than its actual depth

 b. Always seems more than its actual depth
 c. May seems more than its actual depth, depending on the index of refraction of the
liquid
 d. May seem less or more than its actual depth depending on the angle of view
78. Total internal reflection can occur when light passes from one medium to another
 a. That has a lower index of refraction

 b. That has a larger index of refraction
 c. That has the same index of refraction
 d. At less than the critical angle
79. When the light ray approaches a glass-air interface from the glass side at the critical
angle, the angle of refraction is
 a. 0
 b. 90 degrees
 c. 45 degrees
 d. Equal to the angle of incidence
80. The brightness of light source is called its luminous intensity , whose unit is
 a. Candela
 b. Lux
 c. Lumen
 d. Footcandle
81. Luminous efficiency is least for a
 a. Low-wattage light bulb

 b. Mercury vapor lamp
 c. High-wattage light bulb
 d. Fluorescent tube
82. The minimum illumination recommended for reading is
 a. 8000 cd
 b. 8000 lx
 c. 8000 lm
 d. 800 W
75. E layer
76. The splitting of white light into its component colors in refraction
77. Always seems less than its actual depth
78. That has a lower index of refraction
79. 90 degrees
80. Candela
81. Low-wattage light bulb
82. 8000 lx
83. Light enters a glass plate whose index of refraction is 1.6 at an angle of incidence of 30
degrees . the angle of refraction is
 a. 18 degrees
 b. 48 degrees
 c. 19 degrees
 d. 53 degrees
84. Light leaves a slab of transparent material whose index of refraction is 2 at an angle of
refraction of 0 degrees. The angle of incidence is
 a. 0 degrees
 b. 45 degrees
 c. 30 degrees
 d. 90 degrees
85. Light enters a glass plate at an angle of incidence of 40 degrees and is refracted at an
angle refraction of 25 degrees. The index refraction of the glass is
 a. 0.625
 b. 1.52
 c. 0.66
 d. 1.6
86. An underwater swimmer shines a flash light beam upward at an angle of incidence of 40
degrees. The angle of refraction is 60 degrees. The index of refraction of water is
 a. 0.67
 b. 1.3
 c. 0.74
 d. 1.5
87. The critical angle of incidence for light going from crown glass (n=1.5) to ice (n=1.3) is
 a. 12 degrees
 b. 50 degrees
 c. 42 degrees
 d. 60 degrees
88. The solid angle subtended by a hemisphere about its center is
 a. π/2 sr
 b. 2 π sr
 c. π sr
 d. depends on the radius of the hemisphere
89. the luminous flux emitted by a 60-cd isotropic light source is concentrated on an area of
0.5m2. the illumination of the area is
 a. 9.6 lx
 b. 377 lx
 c. 120 lx
 d. 1508 lx
90. Microwave signals propagate by way of the
 a. Direct wave
 b. Sky wave
 c. Surface wave
 d. Standing wave
83. 18 degrees
84. 0 degrees
85. 1.52
86. 1.3
87. 60 degrees
88. 2 π sr
89. 1508 lx
90. Direct wave

91. The ionosphere causes radio signals to be
 a. Diffused
 b. Absorbed
 c. Refracted
 d. Reflected
92. Ground wave communications is most effective in what frequency range?
 a. 300 KHz to 3 MHz

 b. 3 to 30 MHz
 c. 30 to 300 MHz
 d. Above 300 MHz
93. The ionosphere has its greatest effect on signals in what frequency range?
 a. 300 KHz to 3 MHz

 b. 3 to 30 MHz
 c. 30 to 300 MHz
 d. Above 300 MHz
94. The type of radio wave responsible for long distance communications by multiple skips
is the
 a. Ground wave
 b. Direct wave
 c. Surface wave
 d. Sky wave
95. Line of sight communications is not a factor in which frequency range?
 a. VHF
 b. UHF
 c. HF
 d. Microwave
96. A microwave-transmitting antenna is 550ft high. The receiving antenna is 200ft high.
The minimum transmission distance is
 a. 20 mi
 b. 33.2 mi
 c. 38.7 mi
 d. 53.2 mi
97. To increase the transmission distance of UHF signal, which of the following should be
done?
 a. Increase antenna gain

 b. Increase antenna height
 c. Increase transmitter power
 d. Increase receiver sensitivity
98. States that power density is inversely proportional to the distance from its source.
 a. Principle of reciprocity
 b. Inverse square law
 c. Huygen’s Princple
 d. Faraday’s law
99. gets in contact with the ionosphere and reflected by it.
 a. Space wave
 b. Sky wave
 c. Surface wave
 d. Satellite wave
100. Highest layer in the ionosphere
 a. F1
 b. D
 c. F2
 d. E
91. Refracted
92. 300 KHz to 3 MHz
93. 3 to 30 MHz
94. Sky wave
95. HF
96. 53.2 mi
97. Increase antenna height
98. Inverse square law
99. Sky wave
100. F2
101. Next lowest layer in the ionosphere.
 a. D
 b. E
 c. F1
 d. F2
102. What is the primary cause of ionization in the atmosphere?
 a. Sun spot
 b. Cosmic rays
 c. Galactic disturbance
 d. Ultraviolet radiation
103. Which layer does not disappear at night?
 a. D
 b. E
 c. F1
 d. F2
104. Which of the following uses surface wave propagation?
 a. ELF
 b. VLF
 c. MF
 d. All of these
105. The ability of the ionosphere to reflect a radio wave back to the earth is determined by
 a. Operating frequency
 b. Ion density
 c. Angle of incidence
 d. All of these
106. Highest frequency that can be used for sky wave propagation between two given
points on earth.
 a. Critical frequency
 b. MUF
 c. Cut –off frequency
 d. UHF
107. The shortest distance measured along the earth’s surface that a sky wave is returned
to earth.
 a. MUF
 b. Quarter-wavelength
 c. Skip distance
 d. Skip zone
108. Fluctuation in the signal strength at the receiver.
 a. Interference
 b. Fading
 c. Tracking
 d. Variable frequency
101. E
102. Ultraviolet radiation
103. F2
104. All of these
105. All of these
106. MUF
107. Skip distance
108. Fading
109. Two or more antennas are used separated by several wavelengths
 a. Space diversity
 b. Frequency diversity
 c. Hybrid diversity
 d. Polarization diversity
110. Two or more receivers are used using a single antenna.
 c. Hybrid diversity
111. One of the following is not a cause of fading.
 a. Interference between upper and lower rays of a sky wave.

 b. Sky waves arriving at different number of hops
 c. Interference due to ground reflected wave and sky wave
 d. Diversity
112. What do you call the gigantic emissions of hydrogen from the sun?
 a. Solar flares
 b. SIDs
 c. Kennely-Heaviside
 d. Sun spots
113. Sudden ionospheric disturbance
 a. Solar flares
 b. SIDs
 c. Sun spots
 d. Intertropical convergence
114. A means beyond the line of sight propagation of UHF signals.
 a. Microwave propagation
 b. Space wave propagation
 c. Troposcatter propagation
 d. Surface wave propagation
115. Two directional antennas are pointed so that their beams intersect in the troposphere.
 a. Skywave
 b. Surface wave
 c. Microwave
 d. Troposcatter
116. Super refraction.
 a. Ducting
 b. Trposcatter
 c. Skywave
 d. Space wave
117. A layer of warm air trapped above cooler air
 a. Troposphere
 b. SID
 c. Duct
 d. Huygen’s principle
109. Space diversity
110. Frequency diversity
111. Diversity
112. Solar flares
113. SIDs
114. Troposcatter propagation
115. Troposcatter
116. Ducting
117. Duct
118. Corresponds to voltage
 a. Electric field
 b. Magnetic field
 c. Gyro
 d. Direction of propagation
119. Absence of reception
 a. Skip distance
 b. Maximum usable
 c. Shadow zone
 d. Twilight zone
120. Each point in a spherical waveform maybe a source of a secondary spherical
wavefront.
 a. Senll’s law
 b. Huygen’s principle
 c. Rayleigh’s principle
 d. De Morgan’s theorem
121. Ducting occurs in which region of the atmosphere?
 a. Stratosphere
 b. Troposphere
 c. Ionosphere
 d. Ozone layer
122. When is the E region most ionized?
 a. At midday
 b. At midnight
 c. At duck
 d. At dawn
123. Transequatorial propagation is best during
 a. Night time
 b. Afternoon or early evening
 c. Noontime
 d. Morning
124. Which of the following is most affected by knife-edge refraction?
 a. Very high and ultra high frequencies

 b. High frequencies
 c. Medium frequency
 d. Low frequency
125. Which ionosphere layer has an average height of 225 km at night?
 a. D layer
 b. E layer
 c. F1 layer
 d. F2 layer
118. Electric field
119. Shadow zone
120. Huygen’s principle
121. Troposphere
122. At midday
123. Afternoon or early evening
124. Very high and ultra high frequencies
125. F2 layer
126. A range of frequency little attenuated by the atmosphere is called
 a. slide
 b. door
 c. window
 d. frame
127. It is defined as either of two acute angles formed by the intersection of the two
portions of the tropospheric scatter beam tangent to the earth’s surface.
 a. critical angle
 b. scatter angle
 c. backscatter angle
 d. sidescatter angle
128. It is a device that permits two different transmitters to operate with a single antenna.
 a. duplexer
 b. diplexer
 c. isolator
 d. circulator
129. It is a gradual shift in polarization of the signal in the medium.
 a. fading
 b. faraday effect
 c. ghosting
 d. multipath fading
130. A diversity scheme wherein the receiver receives two fading signals from two different
directions.
 a. frequency diversity
 b. time diversity
 c. angle diversity
131. The radio wavelength known as _________ falls within the medium frequency range.
 a. centimetric wave
 b. decametric wave
 c. hectometric wave
 d. myriametric wave
132. The most dense of all ionized layer of the ionosphere
 a. E
 b. F1
 c. F2
 d. D
133. The frequency band used as sub-carriers, or signals which carry the baseband
modulating information but in turn modulate another higher-frequency carrier is
_________.
 a. LF
 b. MF
 c. VLF
 d. VH
126. window
127. scatter angle
128. diplexer
129. faraday effect
130. angle diversity
131. hectometric wave
132. F2
133. LF
134. The range of frequency band termed as super high frequency (SHF) is within
_________.
 a. 30 – 300 GHz
 b. 30 – 300 MHz
 c. 3 – 30 GHz
 d. 300 – 3000 MHz
135. Electric field that lies in a plane perpendicular to the earth’s surface.
 a. circular polarization
 b. vertical polarization
 c. horizontal polarization
136. The magnetic field of an antenna is perpendicular to the earth. The antenna’s
polarization
 a. is vertical
 b. is horizontal
 c. is circular
 d. cannot be determined from the information given
137. The surface wave is effective only at frequencies below about _________ MHz.
 a. 30
 b. 3
 c. 300
 d. 0.3
138. What wave propagation are attenuated within a few miles?
 a. space
 b. sky
 c. ground
 d. direct
139. What happens to wave velocity as it passes from air to ionosphere?
 a. increases
 b. decreases
 c. remain the same
 d. not a factor
140. What wavelength radiations tend to be transmitted entirely between ionosphere and
earth?
 a. long
 b. short
 c. medium
 d. millimeter
141. What effect do sunspots have on the ionosphere?
 a. makes more rare and regular

 b. makes more dense and irregular
 c. makes less dense and regular
 d. makes less dense and irregular
134. 3 – 30 GHz
135. vertical polarization
136. is horizontal
137. 3
138. ground
139. increases
140. long
141. makes more dense and irregular

142. What is a double-hop signal?
 a. ground, ionosphere, ground and back to ionosphere

 b. ground, ground, ionosphere, and ionosphere
 c. ionosphere, ionosphere, ground and ground
 d. ionosphere, ground, ionosphere and back to ground
143. What is the major cause of fading?
 a. phase difference
 b. topographic variation
 c. climate
 d. ionosphere variation
144. Where is the skip zone?
 a. between the sky and the first reflected wave

 b. between end of ground and first reflected wave
 c. between end of ground and farthest reflected wave
 d. between the end of sky to the farthest reflected wave
145. What wave is the same day or night?
 a. sky
 b. space
 c. direct
 d. ground
146. Why do HF communications system shift frequencies at different times of day?
 a. to take advantage of best reflected signals

 b. to conserve the energy used
 c. to create diversity
 d. to improve noise performance
147. Scatter transmission is used at what frequencies?
 a. EHF and VLF

 b. HF and VHF
 c. VHF and UHF
 d. ELF and VLF
148. Over what areas ducts often form?
 a. desert
 b. water
 c. forest
 d. mountain
149. Polarization named for _________ component of the wave?
 a. static
 b. magnetic
 c. direction
 d. propagation
150. What polarization is employed in an AM broadcasting?
 a. horizontal
 b. parallel
 c. transverse
 d. vertical
142. ionosphere, ground, ionosphere and back to ground
143. ionosphere variation
144. between end of ground and first reflected wave
145. ground
146. to take advantage of best reflected signals
147. VHF and UHF
148. water
149. static
150. vertical
151. What propagation condition is usually indicated when a VHF signal is received from a
station 500 miles away?
 a. D-layer absorption
 b. Faraday rotation
 c. Tropospheric ducting
 d. Moonbounce
152. How does the bandwidth of the transmitted signal affect selective fading?
 a. It is more pronounced at wide bandwidths

 b. It is more pronounced at narrow bandwidths
 c. It is equally pronounced in both narrow and wide bandwidth
 d. The receiver bandwidth determines the selective fading effect
153. How much farther does the radio-path horizon distance exceed the geometric horizon?
 a. By approximately 15% of the distance

 b. By approximately twice the distance
 c. By approximately one-half the distance
 d. By approximately four times the distance
154. Determine the dB gain of a receiving antenna which delivers a microvolt signal to a
transmission line over that of an antenna that delivers a 2 microvolt signal under identical
circumstances.
 a. -6
 b. -3
 c. 6
 d. 3
155. What is transequatorial propagation
 a. Propagation between two points at approximately the same distance north and south
of the magnetic equator
 b. Propagation between two points on the magnetic equator
 c. Propagation between two continent by way of ducts along the magnetic equator
 d. Propagation between any two station at the same latitude
156. Knife edge diffraction:
 a. Is the bending of UHF frequency radio waves around a building, mountain

or obstruction
 b. Causes the velocity of wave propagation to be different than the original wave
 c. Both a and b above
 d. Attenuate UHF signal
157. The average range for VHF communications is
 a. 5 miles
 b. 15 miles
 c. 30 miles
 d. 100 miles
158. A 500 kHz radiates 500 W of power. The same antenna produces a field strength equal
10 1.5 mV/, If the power delivered by the antenna is increased to 1 kW, what would be the
expected field intensity?
 a. 3 mV/m
 b. 1.732 mV/m
 c. 2.12 mV/m
 d. 1.456 mV/m
151. Tropospheric ducting
152. It is more pronounced at wide bandwidths
153. By approximately 15% of the distance
154. -6
155. Propagation between two points at approximately the same distance north and south
of the magnetic equator
156. Both a and b above
157. 30 miles
158. 2.12 mV/m

159. The earth’s layer is struck by a meteor; a cylindrical region of free electron is formed
at what layer of the ionosphere?
 a. F1 layer
 b. E layer
 c. F2 layer
 d. D layer
160. What happens to a radio wave as it travels in space and collides with other particles
 a. Kinetic energy is given up by the radio wave

 b. Kinetic energy is gained by the radio wave
 c. Aurora is created
 d. Nothing happens since radio waves have no physical substance
161. Find the characteristic impedance of polyethylene, which has a dielectric constant of
2.4.
 a. 163.9 ohms
 b. 377 ohms
 c. 243 ohms
 d. 250 ohms
162. What is the maximum range for signals using transequatorial propagation
 a. About 1000 miles

 b. About 2500 miles
 c. About 5000 miles
 d. About 7500 miles
163. Calculate the electric field intensity in millivolts per meter at 30 kW from a 5 km
source.
 a. 190 mV/m
 b. 95.49 uV/m
 c. 0.189 W/m
 d. 13.416 V/m
164. What is the index of refraction of a certain substance if light travels through the
substance at 100 meters at a time it is 140 meter to air?
 a. 1.183
 b. 1.4
 c. 0.714
 d. 0.845
165. What s selective fading?
 a. A fading effect caused by small changes in beam heading at the receiving station
 b. A fading caused by phase difference between radio wave components of the same
transmission as experienced at the receiving station
 c. A fading caused by large changes in the height of the ionosphere as experienced at
the receiving station
 d. A fading effect caused by the time difference between the receiving and transmitting
stations
159. E layer
160. Kinetic energy is given up by the radio wave
161. 243 ohms
162. About 5000 miles
163. 190 mV/m
164. 1.4
165. A fading caused by phase difference between radio wave components of the same
transmission as experienced at the receiving station
166. To what distance is VHF propagation ordinarily limited?
 a. Approximately 100 miles

 b. Approximately 500 miles
 c. Approximately 1500 miles
 d. Approximately 2000 miles
167. Why does the radio path horizon distance exceed the geometric horizon?
 a. E-layer skip
 b. D-layer skip
 c. Auroral skip
 d. Radio waves may be bent
168. Determine the effective radiated power of 20kW TV broadcast transmitter whose
antenna has a field gain of 2.
 a. 40 kW
 b. 80 kW
 c. 20 kW
 d. 10 kW
169. What is the major cause of selective fading?
 a. Small changes in beam heading at the receiving station

 b. Large changes in the height of the ionosphere as experienced in the receiving station
 c. Time difference between the receiving and transmitting station
 d. Phase differences between the radio waves components of the same transmission as
experienced in the receiving station
170. Determine the critical frequency value of an HF signal if its maximum usable frequency
is 7050.50 kHz at 35 degrees incidence.
 a. 4936.8 kHz
 b. 5775 kHz
 c. 4044 kHz
 d. 4908.75 kHz
171. What is the propagation effect called when phase difference between radio wave
components of the same transmission are experiences at the recovery station?
 a. Faraday’s rotation
 b. Diversity reception
 c. Selective fading
 d. Phase shift
172. What is the best time for transequatorial propagation?
 a. Morning
 b. Noon
 c. Afternoon or early evening
 d. Transequatorial propagation only works at night
173. The dielectric strength of a certain medium is about 2.85 MV/m. what is the maximum
power density of an electromagnetic wave in this medium?
 a. 23.9 GW/ sq. m

 b. 67.7 GW/ sq. m
 c. 21.5 GW/ sq. m
 d. 6.86 GW/ sq. m
166. Approximately 500 miles
167. Radio waves may be bent
168. 80 kW
169. Phase differences between the radio waves components of the same transmission as
experienced in the receiving station
170. 5775 kHz
171. Selective fading
172. Afternoon or early evening
173. 21.5 GW/ sq. m

174. What is the knife edge diffraction?
 a. Allows normally line-of-sight signals to bend around sharp edges, mountain ridges,
building and other obstruction
 b. Arching in sharp bends of conductors
 c. Phase angle image rejection
 d. Line-of-sight causing distortion to other signals
175. The total power delivered to the radiator of an isotropic antenna is 200, 000 W.
determine the power density at a distance of 100 meters
 a. 1.59 W/sq m
 b. 24.49 W/sq m
 c. 3.18 W/sq m
 d. 244.95 W/sq m
176. The bending of radio waves passing over the top of a mountain range disperse a weak
portion of the signal behind the mountain is
 a. Eddy-current phase effect

 b. Knife-edge diffraction
 c. Shadowing
 d. Mirror refraction effect
177. A radio wave moves from air (er=1) to glass (er=7.8). Its angle of incidence is 20
degrees. What is the angle of refraction?
 a. 7 degrees
 b. 29 degrees
 c. 10.3 degrees
 d. 72.79 degrees
178. A dipole antenna requires to be feed with 20 kW of power to produce a given signal
strength available with an input power of 11 kW. What is the dB gain obtained by the use of
the reflector? (gain referred to this particular dipole)
 a. -2.6 dB
 b. 2.6 dB
 c. 5.19 dB
 d. -5.19 dB
179. What is a wavefront?
 a. A voltage pulse in a conductor

 b. A current pulse in a conductor
 c. A voltage pulse across a resistor
 d. A fixed point in an electromagnetic wave
180. What is meant by referring to electromagnetic waves as having circular polarization?
 a. The electric field is bent into a circular shape

 b. The electric field rotates
 c. The electromagnetic wave continues to circle the earth
 d. The electromagnetic wave has been generated by a quad antenna
181. An automobile travels at 90 km/h, find the time between fades if the car uses a
cellphone at 800 MHz
 a. 11.2 ms
 b. 15 ms
 c. 7.5 ms
 d. 4.7 ms
174. Allows normally line-of-sight signals to bend around sharp edges, mountain ridges,
building and other obstruction
175. 1.59 W/sq m
176. Knife-edge diffraction
177. 7 degrees
178. 2.6 dB
179. A fixed point in an electromagnetic wave
180. The electric field rotates
181. 7.5 ms
182. When the electric field is parallel to the surface of the earth, what is the polarization of
the electromagnetic wave?
 a. Vertical
 b. Horizontal
 c. Circular
 d. Elliptical
183. At what speed do electromagnetic waves travel in space?
 a. Approximately 300 million meters per second

 b. Approximately 468 million meters per second
 c. Approximately 186, 300 feet per second
 d. Approximately 300 million miles per second
184. The maximum number of free electrons in a certain ionospheric layer is 3.256x 10 ^
13 per cu m. the critical frequency is
 a. 51.355 MHz
 b. 17.118 MHz
 c. 34.237 MHz
 d. 5.706 MHz
185. What are electromagnetic waves?
 a. Alternating currents in the core of an electromagnet

 b. A wave consisting of two electric fields at right angles to each other
 c. A wave consisting of an electric field and a magnetic field at right angles to each
other
 d. A wave consisting of two magnetic fields at right angles to each other
186. When the electric field is perpendicular to the surface of the earth, what is the
polarization of the electromagnetic wave?
 a. Circular
 b. Vertical
 c. Horizontal
 d. Elliptical
187. Determine the refractive index of an ionospheric layer with 1.567×10^6 free electrons
per cu m. The frequency of the radio wave is 32 kHz.
 a. 0.999
 b. 0.936
 c. 0.956
 d. 0.987
188. What is meant by electromagnetic waves as horizontally polarized?
 a. The electric field is parallel to the earth

 b. The magnetic field is parallel to the earth
 c. Both the electric and magnetic field are horizontal
 d. Both the electric and magnetic field are vertical
189. Why do electromagnetic waves not penetrate a good conductor to any great extent?
 a. The electromagnetic field induces currents in the insulator

 b. The oxide on the conductor surface acts as a shield
 c. Because of eddy currents
 d. The resistivity of the conductor dissipates the field
182. Horizontal
183. Approximately 300 million meters per second
184. 51.355 MHz
185. A wave consisting of an electric field and a magnetic field at right angles to each other
186. Vertical
187. 0.936
188. The electric field is parallel to the earth
189. Because of eddy currents

190. A transmitter has a power output of 250 W at a carrier frequency of 325 MHz. it is
connected to an antenna with a gain of 12 dBi. The receiving antenna is 10 km away and
has a gain of 5 dBi. Calculate the power delivered to the receiver, assuming free-space
propagation. Assume that there are no losses or mismatches in the system.
 a. 404 nW
 b. 2.04 nW
 c. 960 nW
 d. 680 nW
191. What is the frequency to use for skywave propagation if the critical frequency is 15
MHZ and the angle of radiation is 60 degrees?
 a. 17.32 MHz
 b. 30 MHz
 c. 25.5 MHz
 d. 14.722 MHz
192. When the magnetic field is parallel tot eh surface of the earth, what is the polarization
of the electromagnetic field?
 a. Circular
 b. Horizontal
 c. Elliptical
 d. Vertical
193. What is the index of refraction of a certain medium if the velocity of propagation of a
radio wave in this medium is 1.527×10^8 m/s?
 a. 0.509
 b. 0.631
 c. 0.713
 d. 1.965
194. When the magnetic field is perpendicular to the surface of the earth, what is the
polarization of the electromagnetic field?
 a. Circular
 b. Horizontal
 c. Elliptical
 d. Vertical
195. Frequencies most affected by knife-edge refraction are
 a. Low and medium frequencies

 b. High frequencies
 c. Very high and ultra high frequencies
 d. 100 kHz to 3 MHz
 a. Diffused
 b. Absorbed
 c. Refracted
 d. Reflected
190. 680 nW
191. 25.5 MHz
192. Vertical
193. 0.509
194. Horizontal
195. Very high and ultra high frequencies
196. Refracted
197. To increase the transmission distance of a UHF signal, which of the following should be
done?
 a. Increase antenna gain

 b. Increase antenna height
 c. Increase transmitter power
 d. Increase receiver sensitivity
198. A receiver-transmitter station used to increase the communications range of VHF, UHF
and microwave signals is called a(an)
 a. Transceiver
 b. Remitter
 c. Repeater
 d. Amplifier
199. A taxi company uses a central dispatcher with an antenna at the top of a 25 m tower,
to communicate with the taxicabs. The taxi antennas are on the roofs of the cars,
approximately 1.5 m above the ground. Calculate the maximum communication distance
between the dispatcher and a taxi.
 a. 25.7 km
 b. 8.8 km
 c. 21 km
 d. 10.1
200. Microwave propagate by means of
 a. Direct wave
 b. Sky wave
 c. Surface wave
 d. Standing wave
197. Increase antenna height

198. Repeater
199. 25.7 km
200. Direct wave

201. The cumulative sum of the direct, ground-reflected, and surface waves is reflected to
as _________.
 a. Space wave
 b. Ground wave
 c. Sky wave
 d. Direct waves
202. The D layer of the ionosphere reflects _________ waves.
 a. MF and HF
 b. VLF and MF
 c. MF and VHF
 d. VLF and LF
203. A diversity scheme wherein the same radio signal is repeated or transmitted more than
once.
 a. polarization diversity
 b. field component diversity
 c. time diversity
 d. frequency diversity
204. The disadvantage of ground wave propagation is
 a. Ground waves require a relatively high transmission power

 b. Ground waves are limited to very low, low and medium frequencies requiring large
antennas
 c. Ground losses very considerably with surface material
 d. Any of these
205. A range of microwave frequencies more easily passed by the atmosphere than the
others is called a
 a. window
 b. critical frequency
 c. gyro frequency range
 d. resonance in the atmosphere
206. It is simply the orientation of the electric field vector in respect to the surface of the
Earth
 a. Polarization
 b. Wavefront
 c. Rays
 d. Power density
207. For an isotropic antenna radiating 100W of power, what is power density 1000m from
the source?
 a. 1.99 µW/m^2
 b. 7.96 µW/m^2
 c. 3.22 µW/m^2
 d. 9.17 µW/m^2
208. The ground wave eventually disappears, as moves away from the transmitter, because
of
 a. interference from the sky wave
 b. loss of line-of-sight conditions
 c. maximum single hop distance limitations
 d. tilting
201. Ground wave
202. VLF and LF
203. time diversity
204. Any of these
205. window
206. Polarization
207. 7.96 µW/m^2
208. tilting
209. If the electric field is propagating parallel to the surface of the Earth, the polarization is
_________.
 a. Circular
 b. Vertical
 c. Horizontal
 d. Elliptical
210. A taxi company uses a central dispatcher, with an antenna at the top of a 15m tower,
to communicate with taxi cabs. The taxi antennas are on the roofs of the cars,
approximately 1.5m above the ground. What is the maximum communication distance
between the dispatcher and a taxi?
 a. 21 km
 b. 30 km
 c. 25 km
 d. 33 km
211. The E layer of the ionosphere aid _________ propagation and reflects _________
waves
 a. MF, HF
 b. HF, MF
 c. LF, MF
 d. MF, LF
212. When microwave signals follows the curvature of the earth, it is known as
 a. the Faraday effect

 b. ducting
 c. tropospheric scatter
 d. ionospheric scatter
213. If the polarization vector rotates 360 degrees as the wave moves one wavelength
through space and field strength is equal at all angles of polarization, the polarization is
_________.
 a. Vertically polarized
 b. Horizontally polarized
 c. Circularly polarized
 d. Elliptically polarized
214. _________ travels essentially in a straight line between the transmit and the receive
antennas
 a. Direct waves
 b. Sky waves
 c. Space waves
 d. Surface waves
215. Variations brought about the revolution of the earth around the sun
 a. weather variation
 b. cyclical variation
 c. diurnal variation
 d. seasonal variation
209. Horizontal
210. 21 km
211. MF, HF
212. ducting
213. Circularly polarized
214. Direct waves
215. seasonal variation

216. The dielectric strength of air is about 3MV/m. Arching is likely to take place at field
strengths greater than that. What is the maximum power density of an electromagnetic
wave in air?
 a. 40 GW/m^2
 b. 15.5 GW/m^2
 c. 23.9 GW/m^2
 d. 18.9 GW/m^2
217. It is a single location from which rays propagate equally in all directions
 a. point source
 b. omnidirectional source
 c. ideal polarization
 d. isotropic polarized
218. Diffraction of electromagnetic waves
 a. is caused by reflections from the ground

 b. arises only with spherical waveforms
 c. will occur when the waves pass through a large slot
 d. may occur around the edge of a sharp obstacle
219. The critical frequency at a particular time is 11.6MHz. What is the MUF for a
transmitting station if the required angle of incidence for propagation to a desired
destination is 70 degrees?
 a. 34 MHz
 b. 45 MHz
 c. 40 MHz
 d. 15.5 MHz
220. The rate at which energy passes through a given surface area in free space is called
_________.
 a. capture power
 b. capture area
 c. captured power density
 d. power density
221. A radio wave moves from air (relative permittivity is 1) to glass (relative permittivity is
7.8). Its angle of incidence is 30 degrees. What is the angle of refraction?
 a. 10.3 degrees
 b. 11.2 degrees
 c. 20.4 degrees
 d. 0.179 degrees
222. It is the intensity of the electric and the magnetic fields of the electromagnetic wave
propagating in free space
 a. field intensity
 b. field density
 c. power intensity
 d. power intensity
216. 23.9 GW/m^2
217. point source
218. may occur around the edge of a sharp obstacle
219. 34 MHz
220. power density
221. 10.3 degrees
222. field intensity

223. Radio propagation was predicted mathematically by
 a. Heinrich R. Hertz
 b. Guglielmo Marconi
 c. James Clerk Maxwell
 d. Alexander Graham Bell
224. Tropospheric scatter is used with frequencies in the following range
 a. HF
 b. VHF
 c. UHF
 d. VLF
225. A point source that radiates power at a constant rate uniformly in all directions.
 a. isotropic source
 b. isotropic radiator
 c. point source
 d. any of these
226. The transmitting distance with direct waves is limited to short distances and strictly a
function of the _________ of the transmitting and receiving antenna.
 a. frequency
 b. phase
 c. power
 d. height
227. One nautical mile is equal to _________ statute miles.
 a. 2.12
 b. 1.15
 c. 2.54
 d. 1.90
228. It is the deflection or bending of electromagnetic waves such as radio waves, light or
even sound when the waves cross the boundary line between two mediums with different
characteristics.
 a. reflection
 b. diffraction
 c. refraction
 d. dispersion
229. The reduction of power density with distance is equivalent to a power loss.
 a. absorption
 b. attenuation
 c. distance loss
 d. power dissipation
230. The signal refracted back from the ionosphere strikes the earth and is reflected back
up to the ionosphere again to be bent and sent back to earth.
 a. skip transmission
 b. multi-hop transmission
 c. multi transmission
 d. hop transmission
223. James Clerk Maxwell
224. UHF
225. any of these
226. height
227. 1.15
228. refraction
229. attenuation
230. multi-hop transmission

231. Electromagnetic waves are refracted when they
 a. pass into a medium of different dielectric constant

 b. are polarized at right angles to the direction of propagation
 c. encounter a perfectly conducting surface
 d. pass through a small slot in a conducting plane
232. The reduction in power density due to non free-space propagation
 a. absorption
 b. attenuation
 c. power dissipation
 d. distance loss
233. _________ is the signal that is radiated by the antenna into the atmosphere where it
is bent or reflected back to earth.
 a. ground wave signal

 b. sky wave signal
 c. space wave signal
 d. direct waves signal
234. It is a type of fading having different effect different frequencies
 a. Selective fading
 b. Polarization fading
 c. Interference fading
 d. Absorption fading
235. It is defined as the modulation or redistribution of energy within a wave front as it
passes near the edge of an opaque object.
 a. refraction
 b. scattering
 c. reflection
 d. diffraction
236. What type of modulation is primarily used in ground wave propagation?
 a. Frequency modulation
 b. Amplitude modulation
 c. Phase modulation
 d. Pulse modulation
237. It states that every point on a given spherical wavefront can be considered as a
secondary point source of electromagnetic waves from which other secondary waves or
wavelets are radiated outward.
 a. Hertzian principle
 b. Maxwell’s principle
 c. Huygen’s principle
 d. Marconi’s principle
238. Calculate the electric field intensity, in volts per meter, 20 km from a 1-kW source.
 a. 3.44 mW/m
 b. 7.65 mW/m
 c. 8.66 mW/m
 d. 1.45 mW/m
231. pass into a medium of different dielectric constant
232. absorption
233. sky wave signal
234. Selective fading
235. diffraction
236. Amplitude modulation
237. Huygen’s principle
238. 8.66 mW/m

239. The absorption of radio waves by the atmosphere depends on
 a. their frequency
 b. their distance from the transmitter
 c. the polarization of waves
240. Calculate the radio horizon for a 500-ft transmitting antenna and receiving antenna of
20 ft.
 a. 23.1 mi
 b. 31.2 mi
 c. 14.8 mi
 d. 37.9 mi
241. Calculate the power received from a 20-W transmitter, 22,000 miles from earth, if the
receiving antenna has an effective area of 1600m^2
 a. 4.06 x 10^-12 W
 b. 2.03 x 10^-12 W
 c. 1.02 x 10^-12 W
 d. 0.91 x 10^-12 W
242. As electromagnetic waves travel in free space, only one of the following can happen to
them
 a. absorption
 b. attenuation
 c. refraction
 d. reflection
243. Electromagnetic waves travelling within Earth’s atmosphere is called
 a. Space wave
 b. Surface wave
 c. Terrestrial wave
 d. Sky-wave
244. Calculate the power density in watts per square meter (on earth) from a 10-W satellite
source that is 22,000 miles from earth.
 a. 3.17 x 10^ -16 W/m^2

 b. 6.35 x 10^ -16 W/m^2
 c. 2.31 x 10^ -16 W/m^2
 d. 1.21 x 10^ -16 W/m^2
245. It is termed used to describe variations in signal strength that occur at the receiver
during this time a signal is being received.
 a. skipping
 b. attenuation
 c. absorption
 d. fading
246. The constant temperature stratosphere is called _________.
 a. E-layer
 b. S-layer
 c. isothermal region
 d. ionosthermal region
239. their frequency
240. 37.9 mi
241. 2.03 x 10^-12 W
242. attenuation
243. Terrestrial wave
244. 6.35 x 10^ -16 W/m^2
245. fading
246. isothermal region

247. It is the tendency of the sun to have grayish-black blemishes, seemingly at random
times and at random place, on its fiery surface.
 a. solar intensity
 b. sunspot
 c. solar flare
 d. solar flux
248. In electromagnetic waves, polarization
 a. is caused by reflection
 b. is due to the transverse nature of the waves
 c. results from the longitudinal nature of waves
249. It is an earth-guided electromagnetic wave that travels over the surface of the Earth
 a. Surface waves
 b. Sky waves
 c. Direct waves
 d. Space waves
250. Frequencies in the UHF range normally propagate by means of
 a. Ground waves
 b. Sky waves
 c. Surface waves
 d. Space waves
247. sunspot
248. is due to the transverse nature of the waves
249. Surface waves
250. Space waves

251. The curvature of the Earth presents a horizon to space wave propagation commonly
called _________.
 a. Optical horizon
 b. Radio horizon
 c. Horizontal horizon
 d. Vertical horizon
252. Electromagnetic waves that are directed above the horizon level is called _________.
 a. direct waves
 b. sky waves
 c. space waves
 d. surface waves
253. The refracting and reflecting action of the ionosphere and the ground is called
 a. sliding
 b. skipping
 c. hopping
 d. boosting
254. An electrical energy that is escaped in free space
 a. Electrical signal
 b. Electromagnetic waves
 c. Magnetic waves
 d. Electromagnetism
255. The layer of the ionosphere which farthest from the sun
 a. D layer
 b. E layer
 c. F1 layer
 d. F2 layer
256. A condition which manifest itself in the form of double-image distortion
 a. running
 b. fading
 c. ghosting
 d. snowing
257. The D layer of the ionosphere absorbs _________ waves.
 a. LF and MF
 b. MF and HF
 c. HF and VHF
 d. VHF and UHF
258. The E layer of the ionosphere is sometimes called _________
 a. Kennely-Heavisides
 b. Sporadic-E layer
 c. E-densed layer
 d. Kennely layer
259. It is defined as the higher frequency that can be propagated directly upward and still
be returned to earth by the ionosphere
 a. critical angle
 b. maximum usable frequency
 d. virtual height
251. Radio horizon
252. sky waves
253. skipping
254. Electromagnetic waves
255. D layer
256. ghosting
257. MF and HF
258. Kennely-Heavisides
259. critical frequency

260. The maximum vertical angle at which electromagnetic waves can be propagated and
still be reflected back by the ionosphere
 a. numerical aperture
 b. incident angle
 c. critical angle
 d. refracted angle
261. It is defined as the plane joining all points of equal phase
 a. rays
 b. electromagnetic wave
 c. wavefront
 d. isotropic source
262. It is the height above Earth’s surface from which a reflected wave appears to have
been reflected.
 a. virtual height
 b. maximum height
 c. vertical height
 d. horizontal height
263. It is the highest frequency that can be used for sky wave propagation between two
specific points on Earth’s surface
 a. optimum working frequency

 b. maximum usable frequency
 d. maximum frequency
264. The polarization of electromagnetic waves can be determined by the direction of the
 a. E field
 b. H field
 c. propagation
 d. both E and H field
265. 85 percent of the maximum usable frequency (MUF) is called _________.
 a. maximum usable frequency

 b. optimum working frequency
 d. maximum frequency
266. It is defined as the minimum distance from the transmit antenna that a sky wave at a
given frequency will be returned to earth.
 a. skip distance
 b. skip zone
 c. skip frequency distance
 d. skip zone frequency
267. At distance greater than the skip distance, two rays can take different paths and still
be returned to the same point on Earth. The two rays are called lower rays and _________.
 a. Pedersen ray
 b. Light ray
 c. Huygen’s ray
 d. Miller’s ray
260. critical angle
261. wavefront
262. virtual height
263. maximum usable frequency
264. E field
265. optimum working frequency
266. skip distance
267. Pedersen ray

268. Undesired radiated energy from a radio transmitter or in another source.
 a. ESD
 b. EMI
 c. RFI
 d. ESI
269. The area between where the surface waves are completely dissipated and the point
where the first sky wave returns to earth is called _________.
 b. skip distance zone
 c. optical horizon
 d. quiet zone
270. The undesired radiated energy that may cause interference with other electronic
equipment in the vicinity.
 a. ESD
 b. EMI
 c. RFI
 d. ESI
271. It is defined as the loss incurred by an electromagnetic wave as it propagates in a
straight line through a vacuum with no absorption or reflection of energy from nearby
objects.
 a. free-space path loss

 b. free space loss
 c. path loss
 d. any of these
272. To increase the transmission distance of a UHF signal, which of the following should be
done?
 a. increase the antenna gain

 b. increase antenna height
 c. increase transmitter power
 d. increase receiver sensitivity
273. For a carrier frequency of 6 GHz and a distance of 50 km, determine the free-space
path loss
 a. 132 dB
 b. 123 dB
 c. 142 dB
 d. 152 dB
274. A microwave-transmitting antenna is 550 ft. high. The receiving antenna is 200 ft.
high. The maximum transmission distance is
 a. 20 mi
 b. 33.2 mi
 c. 38.7 mi
 d. 53.2 mi
268. EMI
269. quiet zone
270. RFI
271. any of these
272. increase antenna height
273. 142 dB
274. 53.2 mi
275. Indicate which one of the following term applies to troposcatter propagation
 a. SIDs
 b. Fading
 c. Atmospheric storms
 d. Faraday’s rotation
276. Line-of-sight communications is not a factor in which frequency range?
 a. VHF
 b. UHF
 c. HF
 d. Microwave
 a. of the low powers required

 b. the transmitting antenna are of convenient size
 c. they are very reliable
278. Microwave signals propagate by way of the
 a. direct wave
 b. sky wave
 c. surface wave
 d. standing wave
279. Indicate which of the following frequencies cannot be used for reliable beyond-the-
horizon terrestrial communications without repeaters:
 a. 20 kHz
 b. 15 MHz
 c. 900 MHz
 d. 12 GHz
280. The type of radio wave responsible for long-distance communications by multiple skips
is the
 a. ground wave
 b. direct wave
 d. sky wave
281. High-frequency waves are
 a. absorbed by the F2 layer

 b. reflected by the D layer
 c. capable of use for long-distance communications on the moon
282. The ionosphere has its greatest effect on signals in what frequency range?
 a. 300 kHz to 3 MHz

 b. 3 to 30 MHz
 c. 30 to 300 MHz
 d. above 300 MHz
275. Fading
276. HF
277. they are very reliable
278. direct wave
279. 12 GHz
280. sky wave
281. affected by the solar cycle
282. 3 to 30 MHz
 a. to avoid tilting
 b. to prevent sky-wave and upper ray interference
 c. to avoid Faraday effect
 d. so as not to exceed the critical frequency
284. Ground-wave communications is most effective in what frequency range?
 a. 300 kHz to 3 MHz

 b. 3 to 30 MHz
 c. 30 to 300 MHz
 d. above 300 MHz
 a. diffused
 b. absorbed
 c. refracted
 d. reflected
286. Helical antenna are often used for satellite tracking at VHF because of
 a. troposcatter
 b. superrefraction
 c. ionospheric refraction
 d. the Faraday effect
287. A ship-to-ship communication system is plagued by fading. The best solution seem to
use of
 a. a more directional antenna

 b. a broadband antenna
 c. frequency diversity
288. It is defined as the ratio of the electric field intensity of the reflected wave to that of
the incident wave
 a. refractive index
 b. numerical aperture
 c. reflection coefficient
 d. absorption coefficient
289. It is the measure of energy received per unit time, per unit area, per unit frequency
interval.
 a. solar intensity
 b. sunspot
 c. solar flare
 d. solar flux
290. A long period with lack of any solar activity
 a. El Niño
 b. La Niña
 c. Maunder period
 d. Sunspots
283. to prevent sky-wave and upper ray interference
284. 300 kHz to 3 MHz
285. refracted
286. the Faraday effect
287. frequency diversity
288. reflection coefficient
289. solar flux
290. Maunder period

291. As a ground-wave signal moves away from the transmitter, the ground wave
eventually disappears due to the
 a. absorption
 b. tilting
 c. refraction
 d. diffraction
292. It is the lowest layer of the atmosphere where all weather disturbances takes place
 a. D layer
 b. Stratosphere
 c. Ionosphere
 d. Troposphere
293. It is the lower limit of the range of frequencies that provide useful communication
between two given points by the way of the ionosphere.
 a. MUF
 b. LUF
 c. OWF
 d. MMF
294. It is the area that lies between the outer limit of the ground-wave range and the inner
edge of energy return from the ionosphere
 b. skip zone
 c. virtual height
 d. optical horizon
295. Variations brought about by the rotation of the earth around its axis.
 a. cyclical rotation
 b. seasonal variation
 c. diurnal variation
 d. weather variation
296. Ionospheric irregularity caused by solar flares, which are gigantic emissions of
hydrogen from the sun.
 a. Sudden ionospheric disturbances

 b. Dillenger fadeouts
 c. Mogul-Delliger fadeouts
 d. Any of these
297. It is a type of fading caused by so-called Faraday effect or Faraday rotation
 a. interference fading
 b. absorption fading
 c. selective fading
 d. polarization fading
298. Radio horizon is _________ greater than the optical horizon.
 a. one-third
 b. four-third
 c. two-third
 d. twice
299. An increase in temperature with height which gives rise to superrefraction or ducting is
known as _________.
 a. height inversion
 b. depth inversion
 c. temperature inversion
 d. ionospheric inversion
300. A region in which superrefraction occurs which is formed in the troposphere when the
layer of cool air becomes trapped underneath a layer of warmer air.
 a. duct
 b. dielectric area
 c. gateway
 d. window
291. tilting
292. Troposphere
293. LUF
294. skip zone
295. diurnal variation
296. Any of these
297. polarization fading
298. one-third
299. temperature inversion
300. duct
301. Whether or not polarization of an antenna is linear depends on changes in direction in
which:
 a. The direction in which the electric plane is radiated.

 b. The horizontal or vertical plane of the electric wave.
 c. The direction in which magnetic wave is radiated.
 d. None of these
302. The D, E and F layers of the ionosphere are called
 a. Mark-Space Layers
 b. Davidson-Miller Layers
 c. Kenelly Heaviside Layers
 d. Maxwell Layer
303. ________ refers to the ratio of an electric field component to a magnetic field
component at the same point of the wave.
 a. Characteristics impedance
 b. Load impedance
 c. Intrinsic impedance
 d. Wave impedance
304. The field strength of a radio signal varies according to the output or transmitted power
and the distance of the receiver from the transmitter. This wave behavior is described by
 a. The field strength

 b. Huygen’s Principle
 c. Faraday’s Law
 d. Inverse Square Law
305. The antenna theory states that reception and transmission functions are
interchangeable is
 a. Poynting Theorem
 b. Snell’s Law
 c. Huygen’s Principle
 d. Law of Reciprocity
306. The frequency band where electromagnetic waves travel in straight path or in a direct
line of sight between the transmitter and receiver antenna is
 a. ELF
 b. HF
 c. VLF
 d. VHF and above
307. This mode of electromagnetic wave propagation uses the earth’s surface or curvature
as a guide to transmit vertically polarized waves
 a. Sky wave
 b. Tropospheric wave
 c. Transionospheric wave
 d. Ground wave
308. Frequencies in the UHF range propagate by means of
 a. Ground waves
 b. surface waves
 c. sky waves
 d. space waves
301. The direction in which the electric plane is radiated.
302. Kenelly Heaviside Layers
303. Wave impedance
304. The field strength
305. Law of Reciprocity
306. VHF and above
307. Ground wave
308. space waves

309. the ground wave eventually disappear as it moves farther away from the transmitter,
because of
 a. tilting
 b. reflection
 c. refraction
 d. diffraction
310. as electromagnetic waves travel in free space, only one of the following can happen
 a. absorption
 b. attenuation
 c. refraction
 d. reflection
311. In polarization diversity, two signals are
 a. Both polarized at one specific location

 b. Vertically and horizontally polarized separately
 c. Polarized in the same manner
 d. Vertically and horizontally polarized using a common antenna
312. If the direction of the electric field of a radio wave is horizontal. That wave is known to
be _____ polarized.
 a. Negatively
 b. Vertically
 c. Positively
 d. Horizontally
313. The property of a material that determines how much change electrostatic energy can
be stored per unit volume when voltage is applied
 a. Miller effect
 b. Permeability
 c. Capacitance
 d. Permitivity
314. According to this law or principle, a wavefront may be considered to consist of an
infinite number of isotropic radiators, each one sending out wavelets, always away from the
source.
 a. Snell’s Law
 b. Maxwell’s Law
 c. Huygen’s Principle
 d. Archimedes Principle
315. A number, which when multiplied by the speed of light in free space gives the speed of
light in the medium in question is
 a. Fibonacci number
 b. Fermat’s number
 c. Velocity factor
 d. K-factor
309. diffraction
310. attenuation
311. Vertically and horizontally polarized separately
312. Horizontally
313. Permitivity
314. Huygen’s Principle
315. Velocity factor

316. The ability of a radio wave to be bent slightly over the edge of a sharp obstacle such as
a steep hill or mountain top is
 a. Diffraction
 b. Reflection
 c. Refraction
 d. Attenuation
317. A space wave is
 a. Sky wave
 b. Radio wave
 c. Surface wave
 d. Line of sight propagation wave
318. It is a diagram indicating the intensity in volts/meter, in all directions, of the radiated
filed of an antenna as it would occur under actual operating conditions.
 a. Constellation diagram
 b. Argand diagram
 c. Funicular diagram
 d. Radiation pattern
319. Equivalent to capacitance in electrical circuits
 a. Inductance
 b. Permittivity
 c. Permeability
 d. Power density
320. All of these cause attenuation except
 a. Tilting
 b. Ground absorption
 c. Atmospheric absorption
 d. Surface wave propagation
321. The transmission of radio waves far beyond line of sight distances by using high power
and large transmitting antennas to beam the signal upward into the atmosphere and a
similar large receiving antenna to pick up a small portion of the signal scattered by the
atmosphere is called
 a. Forward scatter propagation

 b. Beyond the horizon propagation
 c. Either a or b
 d. Meteoric Scatter Propagation
322. The apparent height of an ionized layer of the atmosphere; as determined from the
time interval between the transmitted signal and the ionospheric echo at vertical incidence.
This height is the maximum height reached if the actual paths are projected forming
straight lines from the ascent to the descent of waves.
 a. Optimum height
 b. Virtual height
 c. Complex height
 d. Critical height
316. Diffraction
317. Line of sight propagation wave
318. Radiation pattern
319. Permittivity
320. Surface wave propagation
321. Either a or b
322. Virtual height

323. The highest frequency whereby a wave will be returned back to earth by an
ionospheric layer having been beamed up at it and ranges from 5 to 12 MHz. For F2 layers.
This frequency is directly proportional to the secant function of the smallest angle, which
allows reflection of sky waves.
 a. Apex frequency
 b. Critical frequency
 c. Carrier frequency
 d. Baseband frequency
324. The distant at which sky-wave signals are reflected back to earth depend on
 a. Height of the reflecting layer

 b. The takeoff angle of the waves
 c. Both a and b
 d. Conductivity of the soil
325. Perfect reflection of waves occur when
 a. The magnitude of the incident is equal to the reflected waves

 b. The magnitude of the incident is less than the reflected waves
 c. The magnitude of incident is greater than reflected waves
 d. Both and b
326. The process by which a radio wave is bent and returned to earth from one medium to
another after striking them is
 a. Reflection
 b. Refraction
 c. Diffraction
 d. Absorption
327. An incident, traveling obliquely from one medium to another, will undergo a change in
direction if the velocity of the wave in one medium is different from that in the other and
the ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of refraction is the
same ratio of respectively wave velocities in these media. This law is called
 a. Snell’s Law
 b. Fisher’s Law
 c. Hooke’s Law
 d. Newton’s Law
328. The lowest layer of the ionosphere which exists between 50 to 90 km from the earth’s
surface and reflects VLF and LF waves while absorbing MF and HF waves during daytime is
the
 a. D layer
 b. E layer
 c. F layer
 d. Vantress layer
329. This phenomenon occurs when the thicker air is on top instead of being at the bottom
when the temperature of water vapor gradient is lesser or greater than the standard rate.
 a. Thermal inversion
 b. Horizontal ducting
 c. Elevated ducting
 d. Sporadic E
323. Critical frequency
324. Both a and b
325. The magnitude of the incident is equal to the reflected waves
326. Refraction
327. Snell’s Law
328. D layer
329. Thermal inversion

330. An ionospheric layer, which exists between 90 to 120 km above the earth’s surface and
is about 25 km thick. It aids MF surface propagation while reflecting some HF during
daytime
 a. D-layer
 b. E-layer
 c. F layer
331. Atmospheric condition is controlled by
 a. Pressure
 b. Temperature
 c. Humidity
 d. All of these
332. This ionospheric layer forms at night at about 300 km from the earth’s surface and is
responsible for long distance HF wave propagation due to reflection and refraction. It splits
during daytime due to the ionizing energy from ultraviolet rays of the sun.
 a. D layer
 b. E layer
 c. F layer
333. When the transmitting and receiving antennas are line-of-sight of each other, the
mode of propagation is _____ wave.
 a. Space or direct
 b. Sky
 c. surface
 d. ground
334. Power density is inversely proportional to the square of the distance from the source or
transmitter to the destination or receiver. This law is called:
 a. Coulomb’s law
 b. Law of Universal Gravitation
 c. Inverse Square Law
 d. Lenz’s Law
335. A one-hop, full duplex, microwave system is in a space diversity arrangement.
Determine how many receivers in all are used?
 a. 6
 b. 2
 c. 8
 d. 4
336. ________ is the extra ionization of the E-layer resulting to irregular and intermittent
reflection of frequencies of up to 80 MHz in temperate and lower latitudes of frequencies of
up to 80 MHz in temperate and lower latitudes. It is variable in time of occurrence, height.
Geographical distribution, penetration frequency and ionization density.
 a. Sporadic E
 b. Dillinger Effect
 c. Faraday rotation
 d. Scintillations
330. E-layer
331. All of these
332. F layer
333. Space or direct
334. Inverse Square Law
335. 2
336. Sporadic E
337. The decrease in signal strength as a result of absorption or scattering of energy along
a transmission path is called:
 a. Attenuation
 b. Microbending
 c. Dispersion
 d. Multipath fading
338. The transfer of electromagnetic waves or acoustical energy from one place to another
through a suitable transmission medium is
 a. Wave propagation
 b. RF induction
 c. Radio Frequency Interference
 d. Forward Scatter
339. The upper limit of frequencies that can be used at a specified time for radio
transmission between two points and involving propagation by reflection from regular
ionized layers of the ionosphere is
 a. Maximum usable frequency

 b. Optimum traffic frequency
 c. Minimum usable frequency
 d. Carrier frequency
340. Waves whose oscillations are perpendicular to the direction of propagation are called
 a. Huygen’s waves
 b. Transverse waves
 c. Longitudinal waves
 d. Fraunhoffer waves
341. Indicate which one of the following terms applies to troposcatter propagation:
 a. SIDs
 b. Fading
 c. Atmospheric storms
 d. Faraday rotation
 a. Of the low power required

 b. The transmitting antennas are of convenient size
 c. They are very reliable
 d. They penetrate the ionosphere easily
343. High frequency waves are
 a. Absorbed by the F2 layer

 b. Reflected by the D layer
 c. Capable of use for long-distance communications on the moon
 d. Affected by the solar cycle
 a. To avoid tilting
 b. To prevent sky-wave and upper ray interference
 c. To avoid the faraday effect
 d. So as not to exceed the critical frequency
337. Attenuation
338. Wave propagation
339. Carrier frequency
340. Transverse waves
341. Fading
342. They are very reliable
343. Affected by the solar cycle
344. To prevent sky-wave and upper ray interference

345. The ground wave eventually disappears, as one moves away from the transmitter,
because of
 a. Interference from the sky wave

 b. Loss of line of sight conditions
 c. Maximum single-hop distance limitation
 d. Tilting
346. In electromagnetic waves, polarization
 a. Is caused by reflection
 b. Is due to the transverse nature of the waves
 c. Results from the longitudinal nature of the waves
 d. Is always vertical in an isotropic medium
347. Radio fading resulting from obstruction losses.
 a. Log normal fading

 b. Rayleigh Fading
 c. Multi-path fading
 d. None of these
348. The absorption of radio waves by the atmosphere depends on
 a. Their frequency
 b. Their distance from the transmitter
 c. The polarization of the waves
 d. The polarization of the atmosphere
349. Electromagnetic waves are refracted when they
 a. Pass into a medium of different dielectric constant

 b. Are polarized at right angles to the direction of propagation
 c. Encounter a perfectly conducting surface
 d. Pass through a small slot in a conducting plane
350. Diffraction of electromagnetic waves
 a. Is caused by reflection from the ground

 b. Arises only with spherical wavefronts
 c. Will occur when the waves pass through a large slot
 d. May occur around the edge of a sharp obstacle
345. Tilting
346. Is due to the transverse nature of the waves
347. Log normal fading
348. Their frequency
349. Pass into a medium of different dielectric constant
350. Arises only with spherical wavefronts

351. What do you call of the travel of electromagnetic waves through a medium at the
speed of light?
 a. RF propagation
 b. Radio propagation
 c. Wave propagation
 d. All of these
352. Electromagnetic waves are
 a. Consist of electric and magnetic component that are parallel to each other
 b. Oscillations that propagate through free space
 c. Irregular oscillations
 d. Oscillations that are produced by an oscillating circuit
353. The region around an electrically charged body in which other charged bodies are
acted by an attracting or repelling force.
 b. Radiation field
 c. Magnetic field
 d. Electromagnetic field
354. What are the two components of electromagnetic field?
 a. Ray and wavefront

 b. Magnet and electricity
 c. Polar electrons and magnetic field
 d. Electric field (E-field) and magnetic field
355. Shows a surface of constant phase of a wave and is formed when points of equal phase
on rays propagated from the source are joined together.
 a. Ray
 b. Wavefront
 c. Point source
 d. Isotropic source
356. It is a line drawn along the direction of propagation of an electromagnetic wave used
to show the relative direction of electromagnetic wave propagation.
 a. Ray
 b. Wavefront
 c. Point source
 d. Isotropic source
357. Refers to the rate at which energy passes through a given surface area in free space
 a. Field intensity
 b. Power density
 c. Refractive index
 d. Absorption coefficient
358. It it’s the intensity of the electric and magnetic fields of an electromagnetic wave
propagating in free space
 a. Field intensity
 c. Refractive index
 d. Absorption coefficient
351. All of these
352. Oscillations that propagate through free space
353. Electric field
354. Electric field (E-field) and magnetic field
355. Wavefront
356. Ray
357. Power density
358. Field intensity

359. In a lossless transmission medium, _______ of free space is equal to the square root
of the ratio of its magnetic permeability to its electric permittivity
 a. Resistance
 b. Field intensity
 c. Characteristic impedance
 d. A or C is correct
360. Electromagnetic wave measures all except
 a. Inductance
 c. Magnetic field intensity
 d. Permittivity of the medium
361. A reduction in power density due to the inverse square law presumes free-space
propagation is called
 a. Absorption
 b. Wave attenuation
 c. Space attenuation of the wave
 d. B or C is correct
362. Which of the following are optical effects of radio waves?
 a. Refraction and reflection

 b. Diffraction and interference
 c. Induction and diffraction
 d. A and B
363. What is diffraction?
 a. Is the change in direction of a ray as it passes obliquely from one medium to another
with different velocities or propagation
 b. Refers to the modulation or redistribution of energy within a wavefront when it
passes near the edge of an opaque object
 c. Is the phenomenon that allows light or radio waves to travel (peek) around corners
of an obstacle.
 d. A or C is right
364. A rare refracting medium has
 a. Smaller value of dielectric constant

 b. Higher value of dielectric constant
 c. Variable value for dielectric constant
 d. A dielectric constant dependent on the medium
365. Refractive index refers to
 a. The ratio of velocity of light in free space to the velocity of light in a given material
 b. The ratio of the light in free space towards the light in a given medium
 c. The ratio of the angle of refraction
 d. The amount of bending or refraction that occurs at the interface of two material of
different densities
359. A or C is correct
360. Inductance
361. B or C is correct
362. A and B
363. A or C is right
364. Smaller value of dielectric constant
365. The ratio of velocity of light in free space to the velocity of light in a given material
366. Why is it that rays traveling near the top of the medium travel faster than those at the
bottom?
 a. The medium is more dense near the bottom

 b. The medium is less dense at the top
 c. The medium is less dense near the bottom and more dense at the top
 d. A and B are incorporated
367. When does reflection if wave occur?
 a. When an incident wave strikes a boundary of two media, and some of the incident
power does not enter the second material
 b. When the reflective surface is irregular or rough
 c. When two or more electromagnetic waves combine in such a way that the system
performance is degraded.
 d. A and B
368. What is meant by specular reflection?
 a. Is a reflection from a perfectly smooth surface

 b. Is an incident wavefront striking an irregular surface, randomly scattered in many
directions
 c. Reflection of surfaces that fall between smooth and irregular
 d. Is a combination of diffused and semirough surfaces
369. ________ states that a semirough surface will reflect as if it were a smooth surface
whenever the cosine of he angle of incidence is greater than 1/8d, where d is the depth of
the surface irregularity and I is the wavelength of the incident wave.
 a. Rayleigh criterion
 b. Huygen’s principle
 c. Linear superposition
 d. Reflection coefficient
370. Energy that has neither been radiated into space nor completely transmitted
 a. Modulated waves
 b. Captured waves
 c. Standing waves
 d. Incident waves
371. What property of radio waves occurs whenever two or more waves simultaneously
occupy the same point in space?
 a. Reflection
 b. Refraction
 c. Diffraction
 d. Interference
372. Pertains to a source which radiates equally in all directions
 a. Isobaric source
 b. Isotropic source
 c. Isentropic source
 d. Isothermal source
366. A and B are incorporated
367. A and B
368. Is a reflection from a perfectly smooth surface
369. Rayleigh criterion
370. Standing waves
371. Interference
372. Isotropic source

373. Electromagnetic waves travel at _____ in free space
 a. 300,000 km/sec
 b. 200 km/sec
 c. 400,000 km/sec
 d. 100,000 km/sec
374. Any space or region wherein a magnetic force is exerted on moving electric charges
 b. Radiation field
 c. Magnetic field
 d. Electromagnetic field
375. Which of the following is a characteristic of electromagnetic wave?
 a. Measures power, voltage, capacitance and impedance of a system

 b. Measures power density, voltage, and inductance
 c. Measures power density, magnetic field intensity, and electric field intensity
 d. All of the above
376. Reflection waves
 a. Should take place at one medium

 b. Does not necessarily take place at one medium
 c. Occurs at any other medium at the same time
 d. Is not possible
377. Way(s) of propagating electromagnetic waves:
 a. Ground-wave propagation
 b. Space wave propagation
 c. Sky-wave propagation
 d. All of these
378. At frequencies below 1.5 MHz, what propagation provides the best coverage?
 a. Ground wave
 b. Space wave
 c. Sky wave
 d. All of these
379. Which of these causes the wavefront to tilt progressively forward?
 a. Gradient density
 b. Electric field intensity
 c. Absorption coefficient
 d. Magnetic field intensity
380. Which of following of must be taken into consideration to ensure proper ground-wave
propagation?
 a. Power
 b. Terrain
 c. Frequency
 d. B and C
373. 300,000 km/sec
374. Magnetic field
375. Measures power density, magnetic field intensity, and electric field intensity
376. Should take place at one medium
377. All of these
378. Ground wave
379. Gradient density
380. B and C
381. What are the applications of ground–wave propagation?
 a. Ship-to-ship and ship-to-shore communications

 b. Maritime mobile communications
 c. Radio navigation
 d. All of these
382. The curvature of the earth presents a horizon to space wave propagation which is
approximately 4/3 that of the optical horizon
 a. Standard atmosphere
 b. Optical horizon
 c. Radio horizon
 d. All of these
383. Refraction is caused by what factors?
 a. Changes in troposphere’s density and temperature

 b. Water vapor content
 c. Relative conductivity
 d. All of the above
384. Any of the flowing can be caused to lengthen radio horizon:
 a. Elevating the transmit or receive antennas above Earth’s surface

 b. Elevating both antennas
 c. Installing the transmit and/or receive antennas on top of mountains or high buildings
 d. All of these
385. A special condition which occurs when the density of the lower atmosphere is such that
electromagnetic waves are trapped between it and earth’s surface
 a. Duct propagation
 b. Sky wave propagation
 c. Space wave propagation
 d. Ground wave propagation
386. The vibrating electrons at the ionosphere decrease current which is equivalent to
reducing the dielectric constant, which in turn, will also cause the velocity of propagation
to______.
 a. Increase
 b. Decrease
 c. Remain constant
 d. Decrease by a factor of 2
387. Increasing the velocity of propagation causes a/an _____ of the electromagnetic
waves.
 a. Increasing refraction
 b. Decreasing reflection
 c. Increasing diffraction
 d. Decreasing interference
388. What layer has its maximum density at approximately 70 mi a noon, when the sun is
at its highest point?
 a. D layer
 b. E layer
 c. Kennelly-Heaviside layer
 d. B or C
381. All of these
382. Radio horizon
383. All of the above
384. All of these
385. Duct propagation
386. Increase
387. Increasing refraction
388. B or C
389. The sporadic E layer is a thin layer with a very high ionization density. It is considered
separately from the other layers and when it appears, gives an unexpected improvement in
long distance radio transmissions. What cause(s) its unpredictable appearance?
 a. Sunspot activity
 b. Sunspot cycle
 c. Solar flares
 d. A and C
390. The region in the ionosphere with a very high ionization density at roughly 55 to 90
miles and is used for frequencies up to about 20 MHz. It is gone completely at midnight.
 a. D layer
 b. E layer
 c. F layer
 d. G layer
391. A layer in the ionosphere which is the most important reflecting medium fir HF radio
waves. It has 2 sublayers, at 90 to 250 mi height
 a. A layer
 b. D layer
 c. E layer
 d. F layer
392. The apparent height of the ionized layer and is always greater than the actual height
 a. Critical height
 b. Virtual height
 c. Maximum height
 d. Imaginary height
393. Refers to the shortest distance in which a sky-wave signal will be returned to the
earth. It includes the maximum ground-wave range and the width of the skip zone.
 a. Hop
 b. Skip distance
 c. Actual distance
 d. Critical distance
394. Concerns to the highest frequency that is able to return to earth when beamed at a
certain angle of incidence
 a. Relative frequency
 b. Optimum frequency
 c. Resonant frequency
 d. Maximum usable frequency, MUF
395. In ________, the distant of each succeeding hop from earth to ionosphere and back is
also the skip distance.
 a. Hop transmission
 b. Single transmission
 c. Unihop transmission
 d. Multihop transmission
389. A and C
390. E layer
391. F layer
392. Virtual height
393. Skip distance
394. Maximum usable frequency, MUF
395. Multihop transmission

396. Concerns to the single reflection of a radio wave form the ionosphere back to earth.
 a. Jog
 b. Hop
 c. Skip
 d. Fading
397. The fluctuation of signal strength at the receiver that are caused by changes in the
transmission medium
 a. Fading
 b. Hopping
 c. Skipping
 d. Diversity
398. Gradual variation in the field strength of a radio signal is compensated by
 a. Fading techniques
 b. Diversity techniques
 c. Transverse techniques
 d. Transmission techniques
399. A modulation of two different RF carrier frequencies with the same IF intelligence, then
transmitting both RF signals to a given destination.
 a. Diversity
 b. Space diversity
 c. Frequency diversity
400. To increase the availability of the system, a method in which the output of a
transmitter is fed to two or more antennas that are physically separated by an appreciable
number of wavelengths.
 c. Polarization diversity
 d. Space wave propagation
396. Hop
397. Fading
398. Diversity techniques
399. Frequency diversity
400. Space diversity

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1. ________ is the amount of voltage induced in wave by an electro magnetic wave.

 a. both electric and magnetic fields.

 a. Sir Edward Appleton

 a. Mark – space Layers

2. both electric and magnetic fields.

4. James Clerk Maxwell

5. Kennely – Heaviside Layers

 a. pass into a medium of different dielectric constants

10. is due to the transverse nature of the waves

11. pass into a medium of different dielectric constants

 a. 0.01 to 0.03 MHz

 a. lengthen the skip distance

 a. volts per square meter

 a. 186,000 miles per sec

18. critical frequency

20. 0.3 to 3MHz

21. scatter angle

22. lengthen the skip distance

23. volts per meter

24. all of the above

 a. is the same as that in A

 a. depends on its constant

 a. always seems more that its actual depth

26. circularly polarized

27. 300×106 m/s

29. Plane wave

30. is less than that in A

31. is a universal constant

32. always seems less than its actual depth

 a. a voltage pulse in a conductor

 a. an electric field and a current field

33. a fixed point in an electromagnetic wave

35. electric field

36. shading of the RF signal by hills and trees

40. an electric field and a magnetic field

 a. it is more pronounced at narrow bandwidths

 a. amplitude compandored single sideband

 a. approximately 468 million meters per second

41. it is more pronounced at wide bandwidths

42. spread spectrum communication

43. electric field

44. knife-edge diffraction

45. is greater than 1

46. approximately 300 million m/s

49. vertical polarization

50. horizontal polarization

 a. of the low power required

 a. absorbed by the F2 layer

 a. a more directional antenna

52. they are very reliable

54. affected by the solar cycle

55. to prevent sky-wave and upper ray interference

56. frequency diversity

58. space waves

 a. interference from the sky wave

 a. the physical orientation of magnetic field in space

 a. is caused by reflections from the ground

 a. Parallel to both magnetic field and the wave direction

61. the physical orientation of electric field in space

63. their frequency

64. may occur around the edge of a sharp object

 a. The blue color of the sky

68. Long distance radio communication