Wood Members Under Axial

and Bending Forces

Chapter 7
Wood Members Under Axial and Bending Forces
Tension
• Truss members

Tension plus bending

• Truss bottom chords

Compression
• Columns, wall studs, truss members

Compression plus bending

• Exterior columns and wall studs, truss
top chord members
11/5/2019 Wood Members Under Axial and Bending Forces 2
Axial Tension Only

𝑇
𝑓𝑡 = ≤ 𝐹𝑡′
𝐴𝑛
One row of bolts
𝑇 = applied tensile force
𝐴𝑛 = net area at the critical section
1
𝐴𝑛 = 𝐴𝑔 − ෍ 𝑑𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑡 + 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠
16
Two rows of bolts
𝐹𝑡′ = adjusted allowable stress for tension

11/5/2019 Wood Members Under Axial and Bending Forces 3

Axial Tension Only
Example 7.1:
A 2x8 wood member is subjected to an axial tension load of 6400 lb caused
by dead load plus roof live load. Check the adequacy of this member. The
lumber is hem-fir No. 2, normal temperature conditions apply, and the
moisture content is less than 19%. Assume that the connections are made
with one row of 7/8-in-diameter bolts.

7/8” + 1/16”

11/5/2019 Wood Members Under Axial and Bending Forces 4

Axial Tension Only
𝐴𝑛 = 𝐴𝑔 − 𝐴𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑡 ℎ𝑜𝑙𝑒 Projected Example 7.1
𝐴𝑔 = 10.88 𝑖𝑛2 A 2x8 wood member is subjected to an axial
7 1 tension load of 6400 lb caused by dead load plus
𝐴𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑡 ℎ𝑜𝑙𝑒 = + 1.5 = 1.40625 roof live load. Check the adequacy of this
8 16
member. The lumber is hem-fir No. 2, normal
𝐴𝑛 = 10.88 − 1.40625 = 9.47375 𝑖𝑛2 temperature conditions apply, and the moisture
𝑇 6400 content is less than 19%. Assume that the
𝑓𝑡 = =
𝐴𝑛 9.47375 connections are made with one row of 7/8-in-
𝒇𝒕 = 𝟔𝟕𝟔 𝒑𝒔𝒊 diameter bolts.
𝐹𝑡′ = 𝐹𝑡 𝐶𝐷 𝐶𝑀 𝐶𝑡 𝐶𝐹 𝐶𝑖
𝐶𝐷 = 1.25 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝐷 + 𝐿𝑟
𝐶𝑀 , 𝐶𝑡 , 𝐶𝑖 = 1.0
𝐶𝐹 = 1.2
𝐹𝑡′ = 525 1.25 1.0 1.0 1.2 1.0 7/8” + 1/16”
𝑭′𝒕 = 𝟕𝟖𝟕. 𝟓 𝒑𝒔𝒊 > 𝑓𝑡 𝑶𝑲 5
Axial Tension Only
Example 7.2:
Design member AF of the typical interior truss shown assuming the following
design parameters:
The wood is No.1 Red Maple.
The truss are spaced 4 ft o.c.
The dead load is 25 psf and roof live load is 20 psf on the horizontal plan area.
The ends of the truss members are connected with one row of ½-in-diameter
bolts.

11/5/2019 Wood Members Under Axial and Bending Forces 6

 Axial Tension Only
𝑤𝐷+𝐿 = 180 𝑙𝑏/𝑓𝑡
D+L = 25+20 = 45 psf
Spacing = 4 ft
𝑤𝐷+𝐿 = 45(4) = 180 lb/ft

2160 − 540
𝐹𝐴𝐵 = = 5122.89
sin 18.43°
𝐹𝐴𝐹 = 𝐹𝐴𝐵 cos 18.43° = 𝟒𝟖𝟔𝟎 𝒍𝒃
1080
540 (180 × 6)
1080 1080
5122.89 180 × 3
4860 = 𝐹𝐴𝐹 540 540
𝜃 = 18.43°
2160
11/5/2019 Wood Members Under Axial and Bending Forces 7
 Axial Tension Only
D+L = 25+20 = 45 psf 𝐹𝑡′ = 𝐹𝑡 𝐶𝐷 𝐶𝑀 𝐶𝐹 𝐶𝑡 𝐶𝑖
Spacing = 4 ft 𝐶𝐷 = 1.25 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑
𝑤𝐷+𝐿 = 45(4) = 180 lb/ft 𝐶𝑀 = 1.0 𝑑𝑟𝑦 𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑖𝑐𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝐶𝑡 = 1.0 𝑛𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒
2160 − 540 𝐶𝑖 = 1.0 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑛𝑜 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝐹𝐴𝐵 = = 5122.89 𝐶𝐹 = 1.4 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒 ℎ𝑖𝑔ℎ 𝐶𝐹
sin 18.43°
𝐹𝐴𝐹 = 𝐹𝐴𝐵 cos 18.43° = 𝟒𝟖𝟔𝟎 𝒍𝒃 𝐹𝑡 = 550 𝑝𝑠𝑖 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑚𝑎𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑁𝑜. 1
𝑭′𝒕 = 𝟗𝟔𝟐. 𝟓 𝒑𝒔𝒊
540
5122.89 𝑇 4860
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑑 = ′= = 5.049350649 𝑖𝑛2
4860 = 𝐹𝐴𝐹 𝐹𝑡 962.5
𝜃 = 18.43° 2. 1 × 8 → 5.438
Trial Sections:
2160 3. 2 × 5 → 6.750
1. 2 × 4 → 5.250
11/5/2019
4. 1 × 10 → 6.938 8
 Axial Tension Only
Try 2 × 4: 𝐹𝑡′ = 𝐹𝑡 𝐶𝐷 𝐶𝑀 𝐶𝐹 𝐶𝑡 𝐶𝑖
𝑇 𝐶𝐷 = 1.25 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑
𝑓𝑡 = 𝐶𝑀 = 1.0 𝑑𝑟𝑦 𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑖𝑐𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝐴𝑛
1 1 𝐶𝑡 = 1.0 𝑛𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒
𝐴𝑛 = 5.25 − + 1.5 = 4.40625 𝐶𝑖 = 1.0 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑛𝑜 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛
2 16
4860 𝐶𝐹 = 1.4 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒 ℎ𝑖𝑔ℎ 𝐶𝐹
𝑓𝑡 = = 1103 𝑝𝑠𝑖 𝐹𝑡 = 550 𝑝𝑠𝑖 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑒 𝑚𝑎𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑁𝑜. 1
4.40625
𝑭′𝒕 = 𝟗𝟔𝟐. 𝟓 𝒑𝒔𝒊
𝐶𝐹 = 1.5
𝑇 4860
𝑭′𝒕 = 𝟏𝟎𝟑𝟏 𝒑𝒔𝒊 < 𝒇𝒕 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑑 = =′ 962.5 = 5.049350649 𝑖𝑛2
𝐹𝑡
𝑡𝑟𝑦 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
Trial Sections: 2. 1 × 8 → 5.438
1. 2 × 4 → 5.250 3. 2 × 5 → 6.750
11/5/2019 9
4. 1 × 10 → 6.938
 Axial Tension Only
Try 2 × 4: 𝐹𝑡′ = 550 1.25 1.0 𝐶𝐹 1.0 1.0
𝑇
𝑓𝑡 = Trial Sections:
𝐴𝑛
1 1 1. 2 × 4 → 5.250 3. 2 × 5 → 6.750
𝐴𝑛 = 5.25 − + 1.5 = 4.40625 2. 1 × 8 → 5.438 4. 1 × 10 → 6.938
2 16
4860
𝑓𝑡 = = 1103 𝑝𝑠𝑖 Try 1 × 8:
4.40625
1 1 3
𝐴𝑛 = 5.438 − + = 5.016125
𝐶𝐹 = 1.5 2 16 4
𝑭′𝒕 = 𝟏𝟎𝟑𝟏 𝒑𝒔𝒊 < 𝒇𝒕 4860
𝑓𝑡 = = 969 𝑝𝑠𝑖
𝑡𝑟𝑦 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 5.016125
𝐶𝐹 = 1.2 → 𝑭′𝒕 = 𝟖𝟐𝟓 𝒑𝒔𝒊 < 𝑓𝑡
𝑡𝑟𝑦 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
11/5/2019 Wood Members Under Axial and Bending Forces 10
Axial Tension Only
Try 2 × 5: Ag = 6.750 𝐹𝑡′ = 550 1.25 1.0 𝐶𝐹 1.0 1.0
1 1
𝐴𝑛 = 6.750 − + 1.5 = 5.90625 Trial Sections:
2 16 1. 2 × 4 → 5.250 3. 2 × 5 → 6.750
4860
𝑓𝑡 = = 823 𝑝𝑠𝑖 2. 1 × 8 → 5.438 4. 1 × 10 → 6.938
5.90625
Try 1 × 8:
𝐶𝐹 = 1.4
1 1 3
𝑭′𝒕 = 𝟗𝟔𝟐. 𝟓 𝒑𝒔𝒊 > 𝑓𝑡 𝑂𝐾 𝐴𝑛 = 5.438 − + = 5.016125
2 16 4
4860
Use 2x5 for 𝑓𝑡 = = 969 𝑝𝑠𝑖
5.016125
member AF 𝐶𝐹 = 1.2 → 𝑭′𝒕 = 𝟖𝟐𝟓 𝒑𝒔𝒊 < 𝑓𝑡
𝑡𝑟𝑦 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
11/5/2019 Wood Members Under Axial and Bending Forces 11
Axial Tension + Bending
Design Checks
1. Tension on the Net Area 5
2. Tension on Gross Area
3. Bending
4. Bending + Tension 4
5. Possible compression (Bending -
Tension)

1 2

𝑓𝑡 ≤ 𝐹𝑡′ 𝑓𝑡 ≤ 𝐹𝑡′ 𝑓𝑏 ≤ 𝐹𝑏′

11/5/2019 Wood Members Under Axial and Bending Forces 12
Axial Tension + Bending
4. Bending + Tension
𝑓𝑡 𝑓𝑏𝑡 5
′+ ∗ ≤1
𝐹𝑡 𝐹𝑏

5. Possible compression
- This check is done when the resultant of 𝑓𝑏𝑐
minus 𝑓𝑡 is [positive] or compression

𝑓𝑏𝑐 − 𝑓𝑡 ≤ 𝐹𝑏∗∗

𝐹𝑏 ∗ does not include lateral stability factor

11/5/2019 Wood Members Under Axial and Bending Forces 13

Axial Tension + Bending
Example 7.3:
The roof section of a building shown has 40-ft-span trusses spaced at 2 ft o.c. The design loads are:
roof dead load = 20.514 psf, roof live load = 16.25 psf, and ceiling dead load = 13.75 psf. Design the
typical bottom chord for the truss assuming the following design parameters. Neglect beam self
weight in the design and analysis.
• No. 1 and Better hem-fir
• Dry service condition and normal temperature
• Members are connected with a single row of ¾-in-diameter bolts.
• Full lateral support is provided.
Lr = 16.25 psf
D = 20.514 psf

Ceiling D = 13.75 psf

Axial Tension + Bending
Calculate joint loads
8
𝑊𝐿𝑟 = 16.25 × 2 = 32.5 𝑙𝑏/𝑓𝑡 6+
𝜃 = tan−1 12 = 18.43°
1
𝑊𝐷 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑓 = 20.514 × 2 × = 43.247 𝑙𝑏/𝑓𝑡 20
cos 𝜃
𝑊𝐷 𝑐𝑒𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 = 13.75 × 2 = 27.5 𝑙𝑏/𝑓𝑡

757.47

757.47 757.47

378.735 378.735

275 550 275

= 2064.9
11/5/2019 Wood Members Under Axial and Bending Forces 15
Axial Tension + Bending
𝑤 = 27.5 𝑙𝑏/𝑓𝑡
𝑇𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 4233.615 𝑙𝑏
4233.615 4233.615 𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 16500 𝑙𝑏 ∙ 𝑖𝑛

757.47

757.47 757.47

378.735 378.735

275 550 275

= 2064.9
11/5/2019 Wood Members Under Axial and Bending Forces 16
TRIAL SECTIONS (Sreqd = 11.418 in3, Ag,reqd = 3.594 in2)
1. 2x8 (1.5x7.25)
CF =1.2 (Fb) CF =1.2 (Ft)
Ag = 10.88 | Sxx = 13.14
2. 3x6 (2.5x5.5)
CF =1.3 (Fb) CF =1.3 (Ft)
Ag = 13.75 | Sxx = 12.60
3. 1x12 (0.75x11.25)
CF =1.0 (Fb) CF =1.0 (Ft)
Ag = 8.438 | Sxx = 15.82
4. 2x10 (1.5x9.25)
CF =1.1 (Fb) CF =1.1 (Ft)
Ag = 13.88 | Sxx = 21.39

(please check attached pdf file for continuation of the solution for this problem)
11/5/2019 Wood Members Under Axial and Bending Forces 17
Axial Compression Only
x y For a certain column or
compression member,
buckling only occurs in one
axis. And is determined by
the governing slenderness
ratio.
𝑙𝑒 𝑙𝑒
𝑟 𝑑
General For Rectangular

𝑙𝑒 𝑙𝑒 = effective unbraced length

𝑙𝑒
= simply, effective length
𝑑 𝑦 𝑑 𝑥
𝑙𝑒 = 𝐾𝑒 𝑙
Buckling about y-axis Buckling about x-axis 𝐾𝑒 = effective length factor
11/5/2019 Wood Members Under Axial and Bending Forces 18
Axial Compression Only
Euler Critical Buckling Load, Pcr
𝜋 2 𝐸𝐼
𝑃𝑐𝑟 =
𝐾𝑒 𝑙 2
= the minimum load at which the column first bows out
Dividing by area [A] we obtain the Euler critical
buckling stress, FcE
3 2
2 𝑏𝑑 2 𝑑
𝜋 2 𝐸𝐼 𝜋 𝐸 12 𝜋 𝐸 12
𝐹𝑐𝐸 = 2 = 2 =
𝐾𝑒 𝑙 𝐴 𝐾𝑒 𝑙 𝑏𝑑 𝐾𝑒 𝑙 2
Buckling failure
𝜋2
𝐸 ′
0.822𝐸𝑚𝑖𝑛 d = dimension of the section
𝐹𝑐𝐸 = 12
2 → 𝐹𝑐𝐸 = that is perpendicular to the
𝐾𝑒 𝑙 𝐾𝑒 𝑙 2
𝑑 axis of buckling
𝑑
11/5/2019 Wood Members Under Axial and Bending Forces 19
Axial Compression Only
′
0.822𝐸𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝐹𝑐𝐸 = 2
𝐹𝑐∗ = 𝐹𝑐 𝐶𝐷 𝐶𝑀 𝐶𝐹 𝐶𝑡 𝐶𝑖 𝐶𝑃 Ylinen equation
𝐾𝑒 𝑙
𝑑 - describes the
1 + 𝐹𝑐𝐸 /𝐹𝑐∗ 1 + 𝐹𝑐𝐸 /𝐹𝑐∗
2
𝐹𝑐𝐸 /𝐹𝑐∗ interaction between
𝐶𝑃 = − − the two modes of
2𝑐 2𝑐 𝑐
failure of wood –
c = 0.8 for sawn lumber
crushing and buckling
= 0.85 for round timber and piles
= 0.9 for glulam - Unlike Euler buckling
stress which goes to
𝐹𝑐′ = 𝐹𝑐 𝐶𝐷 𝐶𝑀 𝐶𝐹 𝐶𝑡 𝐶𝑖 𝐶𝑃 infinity as slenderness
ratio becomes zero,
Ylinen compression
design value becomes
𝐹𝑐∗ (adjusted stress w/o Crushing failure
𝐶𝑃 )
11/5/2019 Wood Members Under Axial and Bending Forces 20
Axial Compression Only
x y
Let 𝐿 = length of the
column
Unsupported lengths
𝑙𝑥 = 𝐿
Assuming added
𝐿 support is at
𝑙𝑦 =
2 midspan

Slenderness ratios
𝑙𝑒 𝐾𝑒𝑥 𝑙𝑥 𝐾𝑒𝑥 𝐿
= =
𝑑 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑙𝑒 𝐾𝑒𝑦 𝑙𝑦 𝐾𝑒𝑦 𝐿/2
= =
𝑑 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦

11/5/2019 Wood Members Under Axial and Bending Forces 21

Axial Compression Only

𝐾𝑒𝑥 = 1.0
SIDESWAY PREVENTED SIDESWAY 𝐾𝑒𝑦 = 1.0
OCCURS
11/5/2019 Wood Members Under Axial and Bending Forces 22
Axial Compression Only

Happens in frames with bracing/shear Happens in rigid frames

wall to prevent drift/sidesway – normally on reinforced
– normally on wood and/or steel frames concrete and/or steel frames
11/5/2019 Wood Members Under Axial and Bending Forces 23
Axial Compression Only
Example 7.4: As usual, for allowable stress design
A 4x6 10-ft column is subjected to 15 k which is 𝑓𝑐 ≤ 𝐹𝑐′
derived from the governing load combination
of dead load and roof live load. Ends of the 4x6 (3.5x5.5)
column are idealized to be pinned and no A = 19.25
relative translation between ends can be • The additional lateral support is
observed due to the presence of supporting provided to prevent buckling in the
shearwall. Lateral supports are provided at the weak axis.
ends. To further increase the strength of the 𝑙𝑥 = 10 𝑓𝑡 𝑙𝑦 = 5 𝑓𝑡
member, additional lateral support is provided 𝑑𝑥 = 5.5 𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑦 = 3.5 𝑖𝑛
at the midspan (in the weak axis). Is the 𝐾𝑒𝑥 = 1.0 𝐾𝑒𝑦 = 1.0
member adequate to carry the load? Assume
the following conditions; normal temperature, 𝑙𝑒 9 𝑙𝑒 1
dry service condition, and no. 1 and better = 21 = 17
𝑑 𝑥 11 𝑑 𝑦 7
douglas fir larch is used.
24
Axial Compression Only
Critical axis is x (axis with larger slenderness As usual, for allowable stress design
ratio) 𝑓𝑐 ≤ 𝐹𝑐′
′
0.822𝐸𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝐹𝑐𝐸 = 4x6 (3.5x5.5)
𝑙𝑒 2
𝑑 A = 19.25
′
𝐸𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝐸𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝐶𝑀 𝐶𝑡 𝐶𝑖 = 660000 1.0 1.0 1.0 • The additional lateral support is
′ provided to prevent buckling in the
0.822𝐸𝑚𝑖𝑛 0.822 660000
𝐹𝑐𝐸 = 2 = weak axis.
𝑙𝑒 9 2
𝑑 21 𝑙𝑥 = 10 𝑓𝑡 𝑙𝑦 = 5 𝑓𝑡
11
𝐹𝑐𝐸 = 1139.7 𝑝𝑠𝑖 𝑑𝑥 = 5.5 𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑦 = 3.5 𝑖𝑛
𝐹𝑐∗ = 𝐹𝑐 𝐶𝐷 𝐶𝐹 𝐶𝑀 𝐶𝑡 𝐶𝑖 𝐶𝑃 𝐾𝑒𝑥 = 1.0 𝐾𝑒𝑦 = 1.0
= 1550 1.25 1.1 1.0 1.0 1.0
𝑙𝑒 9 𝑙𝑒 1
𝐹𝑐∗ = 2131.25 psi = 21 = 17
𝑑 𝑥 11 𝑑 𝑦 7
11/5/2019 Wood Members Under Axial and Bending Forces 25
Axial Compression Only
Critical axis is x (axis with larger slenderness 𝐹𝑐𝐸
ratio) ∗ = 0.53476
𝐹𝑐
′
0.822𝐸𝑚𝑖𝑛 1 + 𝐹𝑐𝐸 /𝐹𝑐∗ 1 + 𝐹𝑐𝐸 /𝐹𝑐∗
2
𝐹𝑐𝐸 /𝐹𝑐∗
𝐹𝑐𝐸 = 𝐶𝑃 = − −
𝑙𝑒 2 2𝑐 2𝑐 𝑐
𝑑 𝑐 = 0.8 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑎𝑤𝑛 𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟
′
𝐸𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝐸𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝐶𝑀 𝐶𝑡 𝐶𝑖 = 660000 1.0 1.0 1.0 𝐶𝑃 = 0.458
′
0.822𝐸𝑚𝑖𝑛 0.822 660000 𝐹𝑐′ = 𝐹𝑐∗ 𝐶𝑃 = 976.11 𝑝𝑠𝑖
𝐹𝑐𝐸 = 2 =
𝑙𝑒 9 2
𝑑 21
11 𝑃 15000
𝐹𝑐𝐸 = 1139.7 𝑝𝑠𝑖 𝑓𝑐 = = = 779.22 𝑝𝑠𝑖 < 𝐹𝑐′
𝐴 19.25
𝐹𝑐∗ = 𝐹𝑐 𝐶𝐷 𝐶𝐹 𝐶𝑀 𝐶𝑡 𝐶𝑖 𝐶𝑃 𝑂𝐾
= 1550 1.25 1.1 1.0 1.0 1.0
𝐹𝑐∗ = 2131.25 psi

11/5/2019 Wood Members Under Axial and Bending Forces 26

Axial Compression Only
Example 7.5:
Determine the adequacy of a built-up
column made of 4 3x8 planks. The
column is 12 ft high with pinned-end
supports and is to carry 100 kips.
Assume the following parameters:
• The load is combination of roof live
load and dead load
• Dry service and normal
temperature condition apply
• Lateral support is provided only at
ends.
• Lumber used is made of no. 1
Alaska hemlock
• Planks are connected by bolts
This is not the figure for the
problem. This is a guide for
the l and d to be used in
the calculation.
𝒍𝟏 = 𝑢𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ
𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠
𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑘𝑠
𝒍𝟐 = 𝑢𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ
𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑤𝑒𝑎𝑘 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 𝑜𝑓
𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑘𝑠
𝒅𝟏 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝒅𝟐 = 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔
𝒅 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑙1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑙2 , 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑦
27
Axial Compression Only
For built-up columns, This is not the figure for the
problem. This is a guide for
Two 𝐶𝑃 values are computed, 𝐶𝑃 for
the l and d to be used in
strong axis of each laminate and 𝐶𝑃 the calculation.
for the weak axis. Whichever the
smaller will be used. 𝒍𝟏 = 𝑢𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ
This is done due to the required 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠
𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑘𝑠
application of 𝐾𝑓 in the formula of 𝐶𝑃 .
𝒍𝟐 = 𝑢𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ
𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑤𝑒𝑎𝑘 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 𝑜𝑓
2
𝐹 𝐹 𝐹𝑐𝐸 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑘𝑠
1 + 𝑐𝐸 1 + 𝑐𝐸
𝐹𝑐∗ 𝐹𝑐∗ 𝐹𝑐∗ 𝒅𝟏 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝒅𝟐 = 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔
𝐶𝑃 = 𝐾𝑓 − −
2𝑐 2𝑐 𝑐 𝒅 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑙1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑙2 , 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑦
𝐾𝑓 :
1.0 for the strong axis of the laminates
0.6 for the weak axis if laminates are connected by nails
0.75 for the weak axis if laminates are connected by bolts
11/5/2019 Wood Members Under Axial and Bending Forces 28
Axial Compression Only
Strong axis of laminates (1) 4 - 3x8 (actual: 2.5x7.25) will form 10x7.25
′
𝐸𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝐸𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝐶𝑀 𝐶𝑡 𝐶𝑖 = 580000 1.0 1.0 1.0
′
0.822𝐸𝑚𝑖𝑛 0.822 580000
𝐹𝑐𝐸 = = 7.25
𝑙𝑒 2
25 2
19
𝑑 29
𝐹𝑐𝐸 = 1208.5 𝑝𝑠𝑖 10
𝐹𝑐∗ = 𝐹𝑐 𝐶𝐷 𝐶𝐹 𝐶𝑀 𝐶𝑡 𝐶𝑖 𝑙1 = 12 𝑓𝑡 𝑙2 = 12 𝑓𝑡
= 1100 1.25 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 𝑑1 = 7.25 𝑖𝑛 𝑑2 = 10 𝑖𝑛
𝐹𝑐∗ = 1375 𝐾𝑒1 = 1.0 𝐾𝑒2 = 1.0
𝐹𝑐𝐸
∗ = 0.87891 𝑙𝑒 25 𝑙𝑒 2
𝐹𝑐
= 19 = 14
𝑐 = 0.9 𝑑 1 29 𝑑 2 5
𝐾𝑓 = 1.0
𝐶𝑃 = 0.708
11/5/2019 Wood Members Under Axial and Bending Forces 29
Axial Compression Only
Weak axis of laminates (2) 4 3x8 will form 10x7.25
′
𝐸𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝐸𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝐶𝑀 𝐶𝑡 𝐶𝑖 = 580000 1.0 1.0 1.0
′
0.822𝐸𝑚𝑖𝑛 0.822 580000
𝐹𝑐𝐸 = 2 = 7.25
𝑙𝑒 2 2
14
𝑑 5
𝐹𝑐𝐸 = 2299.2 𝑝𝑠𝑖 10
𝐹𝑐∗ = 𝐹𝑐 𝐶𝐷 𝐶𝐹 𝐶𝑀 𝐶𝑡 𝐶𝑖 𝑙1 = 12 𝑓𝑡 𝑙2 = 12 𝑓𝑡
= 1100 1.25 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 𝑑1 = 7.25 𝑖𝑛 𝑑2 = 10 𝑖𝑛
𝐹𝑐∗ = 1375 𝐾𝑒1 = 1.0 𝐾𝑒2 = 1.0
𝐹𝑐𝐸
∗ = 1.6721 𝑙𝑒 25 𝑙𝑒 2
𝐹𝑐
= 19 = 14
𝑐 = 0.9 𝑑 1 29 𝑑 2 5
𝐾𝑓 = 0.75 (connected by bolts)
𝐶𝑃 = 0.672
11/5/2019 Wood Members Under Axial and Bending Forces 30
Axial Compression Only
Weak axis of laminates (2)
′
𝐸𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝐸𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝐶𝑀 𝐶𝑡 𝐶𝑖 = 580000 1.0 1.0 1.0 USE smaller 𝐶𝑃 :
′
0.822𝐸𝑚𝑖𝑛 0.822 580000 𝐶𝑃 = 0.672
𝐹𝑐𝐸 = 2 =
𝑙𝑒 2 2 𝐹𝑐′ = 𝐹𝑐∗ 𝐶𝑃 = 1375(0.672) = 924 𝑝𝑠𝑖
14 𝑃 100000
𝑑 5
𝐹𝑐𝐸 = 2299.2 𝑝𝑠𝑖 𝑓𝑐 = = = 1379.31 𝑝𝑠𝑖 > 𝐹𝑐′
𝐴 4 18.13
𝐹𝑐∗ = 𝐹𝑐 𝐶𝐷 𝐶𝐹 𝐶𝑀 𝐶𝑡 𝐶𝑖 𝐹𝐴𝐼𝐿,
= 1100 1.25 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 inadequate
𝐹𝑐∗ = 1375
𝐹𝑐𝐸
∗ = 1.6721
𝐹𝑐
𝑐 = 0.9
𝐾𝑓 = 0.75 (connected by bolts)
𝐶𝑃 = 0.672
11/5/2019 Wood Members Under Axial and Bending Forces 31
Axial Compression Only
Example 7.6:
Determine the capacity of a stud wall shown
assuming it only carries vertical load combination
of roof live and dead loads.
The stud wall is composed of 2x4 member spaced
16” o.c. It is made of mixed maple stud.
Assume dry service and normal temperature
condition, use 𝑙 = 9.5′ and do not consider the
bearing at the bottom and top plates.

Important:
The sheathing provides full lateral support in the
weak axis of each stud. Thus, 𝑙𝑦 = 0 forcing
buckling about the strong axis.
11/5/2019 Wood Members Under Axial and Bending Forces 32
Axial Compression Only
Example 7.6: 𝑙𝑥 = 9.5 𝑓𝑡 𝑙𝑦 = 9.5 𝑓𝑡
Determine the capacity of a stud wall shown 𝑑𝑥 = 3.5 𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑦 = 1.5 𝑖𝑛
assuming it only carries vertical load combination 𝐾𝑒𝑥 = 1.0 𝐾𝑒𝑦 = 1.0
of roof live and dead loads.
The stud wall is composed of 2x4 member spaced 𝑙𝑒 4 𝑙𝑒
16” o.c. It is made of mixed maple stud. = 32 = 76
𝑑 𝑥 7 𝑑 𝑦
Assume dry service and normal temperature
condition, use 𝑙 = 9.5′ and do not consider the ′
bearing at the bottom and top plates. 𝐸𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝐸𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝐶𝑀 𝐶𝑡 𝐶𝑖
= 370000 1.0 1.0 1.0
′
Important: 0.822𝐸 𝑚𝑖𝑛 0.822 370000
𝐹𝑐𝐸 = 2 =
The sheathing provides full lateral support in the 𝑙𝑒 4 2
32
weak axis of each stud. Thus, 𝑙𝑦 = 0 forcing 𝑑 7
buckling about the strong axis. 𝐹𝑐𝐸 = 286.68 𝑝𝑠𝑖
11/5/2019 Wood Members Under Axial and Bending Forces 33
Axial Compression Only
𝑙𝑥 = 9.5 𝑓𝑡 𝑙𝑦 = 9.5 𝑓𝑡
𝐹𝑐∗ = 𝐹𝑐 𝐶𝐷 𝐶𝐹 𝐶𝑀 𝐶𝑡 𝐶𝑖
= 350 1.25 1.05 1.0 1.0 1.0 𝑑𝑥 = 3.5 𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑦 = 1.5 𝑖𝑛
𝐹𝑐∗ = 459.375 𝑝𝑠𝑖 𝐾𝑒𝑥 = 1.0 𝐾𝑒𝑦 = 1.0
𝐹𝑐𝐸
∗ = 0.62407 𝑙𝑒 4 𝑙𝑒
𝐹𝑐 = 32 = 76
𝑐 = 0.8 𝑑 𝑥 7 𝑑 𝑦
𝐶𝑃 = 0.515
𝐹𝑐′ = 𝐹𝑐∗ 𝐶𝑃 = 236.58 𝑝𝑠𝑖 ′
𝐸𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝐸𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝐶𝑀 𝐶𝑡 𝐶𝑖
𝑃𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 = 𝐹𝑐′ 𝐴 = 370000 1.0 1.0 1.0
𝑃𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 = 𝐹𝑐′ 5.25 = 1242 𝑙𝑏 ′
0.822𝐸𝑚𝑖𝑛 0.822 370000
𝑃𝑐𝑎𝑝 𝐹𝑐𝐸 = =
1242 𝑙𝑏 𝑙𝑒 2
4 2
𝑤= = = 931 𝑙𝑏/𝑓𝑡 32
𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔 16" 𝑑 7
Of combined roof 𝐹𝑐𝐸 = 286.68 𝑝𝑠𝑖
live and dead load
11/5/2019 Wood Members Under Axial and Bending Forces 34
Axial Compression + Bending
Beam-Column Elements
-structural members subjected to
combined compression and bending

Aside from the failure caused by

direct compression (i.e. crushing and
buckling) and direct bending (i.e.
lateral torsional buckling), P-Δ effect
should also be accounted.

P-Δ effect is a second-order effect

since it is not directly calculated,
instead, accounted by amplifying the
bending stress.
11/5/2019 Wood Members Under Axial and Bending Forces 35
Axial Compression + Bending
To account for the P-Δ effect, the bending
stress is amplified using the following
amplifying factor:

1
← 𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑓𝑦𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑓𝑏𝑥
1 − 𝑓𝑐 /𝐹𝑐𝐸𝑥

The above factor accounts for two

variables:
1. Axial force P
2. Deflection Δ due to bending about the 2
x axis 𝑓𝑐 1 𝑓𝑏𝑥
+ ′ ≤ 1.0
𝐹𝑐′ 1 − 𝑓𝑐 /𝐹𝑐𝐸𝑥 𝐹𝑏𝑥

11/5/2019 Wood Members Under Axial and Bending Forces 36

Axial Compression + Bending
For eccentric loading P, the
interaction formula gets a
little more complicated.
(See following slide.)

𝑓𝑐
2
1 𝑓𝑏𝑥 𝑓𝑏𝑦 → General Interaction
+ ′ + ≤ 1.0 Formula for Combined
𝐹𝑐′ 1 − 𝑓𝑐 /𝐹𝑐𝐸𝑥 𝐹𝑏𝑥 ′ 𝑓𝑐 𝑓𝑏𝑥 2
Compression and
𝐹𝑏𝑦 1− −
𝐹𝑐𝐸𝑦 𝐹𝑏𝐸 Bending (if no eccentric
axial force)
11/5/2019 Wood Members Under Axial and Bending Forces 37
Axial Compression + Bending
General Interaction Formula
- This includes the effects of moments induced by transverse loads,
eccentricity and P-Δ effect

6𝑒𝑥
𝑓𝑐
2 𝑓𝑏𝑥 + 𝑓𝑐 1 + 0.234 𝑓𝑐 /𝐹𝑐𝐸𝑥
𝑑𝑥
+
𝐹𝑐′ ′
𝐹𝑏𝑥 1 − 𝑓𝑐 /𝐹𝑐𝐸𝑥
2
6𝑒𝑥
𝑓𝑏𝑥 + 𝑓𝑐
𝑑𝑥
𝑓𝑏𝑦 + 𝑓𝑐 6𝑒𝑦 /𝑑𝑦 1 + 0.234 𝑓𝑐 /𝐹𝑐𝐸𝑦 + 0.234 𝐹𝑏𝐸
+ 2
≤ 1.0
6𝑒𝑥
𝑓𝑏𝑥 + 𝑓𝑐
′ 𝑓𝑐 𝑑𝑥
𝐹𝑏𝑦 1− −
𝐹𝑐𝐸𝑦 𝐹𝑏𝐸

11/5/2019 Wood Members Under Axial and Bending Forces 38

Axial Compression + Bending

Analysis is somehow similar for tension+bending

1. Compression on the Net Area
2. Compression on Gross Area
3. Bending
4. Bending + Compression (Interaction)

Example 7.7:
Determine if 2x8 dimension lumber is adequate as top chord of a truss. The axial force
and bending load is shown. Use no. 1 and btr DF-L and assume normal temperature and
dry service condition. Connections will be made with a single row of ¾-in diameter bolts.
The top chord is braced laterally throughout its length by roof sheathing. The trusses are
4-ft o.c. The governing load combination is D+S.
11/5/2019 Wood Members Under Axial and Bending Forces 39
Axial Compression + Bending
A = 10.88
S = 13.14

1. Compression at net area

3 1
𝐴𝑛 = 10.88 − 1.5 + = 9.66125
4 16
𝑃 4960
𝑓𝑐 = = = 513.39 𝑝𝑠𝑖
𝐴𝑛 9.66125
𝐹𝑐∗ = 𝐹𝑐 𝐶𝐷 𝐶𝑀 𝐶𝑡 𝐶𝐹 𝐶𝑖 2. Compression at gross area (stability check)
𝐹𝑐∗ = 1550 1.15 1.0 1.0 1.05 1.0 𝑃 4960
𝑓𝑐 = = = 455.88 𝑝𝑠𝑖
= 1871.6 𝑝𝑠𝑖 > 𝑓𝑐 𝑂𝐾 𝐴 10.88
𝑙𝑒 𝑙𝑒
= 13.887 = 67.12
𝑑 𝑑 𝑦
𝑥
11/5/2019 Wood Members Under Axial and Bending Forces 40
Axial Compression + Bending
Lateral bracing should be provided in the
y axis since le/dy > 50. But as stated in
the problem, roof provides lateral
support, that is, le/dy=0.
∴ slenderness ratio = 13.887
′
𝐸min = 𝐸min (𝐶𝑀 )(𝐶𝑡 )(𝐶𝑖 )
′
𝐸min = 660000
′
0.822𝐸𝑚𝑖𝑛 0.822 660000
𝐹𝑐𝐸 = =
2 13.887 2 2. Compression at gross area (stability check)
𝑙𝑒 𝑃 4960
𝑑 𝑓𝑐 = = = 455.88 𝑝𝑠𝑖
𝐹𝑐𝐸 = 2813.2 𝑝𝑠𝑖 𝐴 10.88
𝐹𝑐∗ = 1871.6 𝑙𝑒 𝑙𝑒
𝐹𝑐𝐸 = 13.887 = 67.12
𝑑 𝑑
∗ = 1.5031 𝑥 𝑦
𝐹𝑐
11/5/2019 Wood Members Under Axial and Bending Forces 41
Axial Compression + Bending
Lateral bracing should be provided in the 𝑐 = 0.8
y axis since le/dy > 50. But as problem → 𝐶𝑃 = 0.810
stated, roof provides lateral support, that 𝐹𝑐′ = 𝐹𝑐∗ 𝐶𝑃 = 1516.0 𝑝𝑠𝑖 > 𝑓𝑐 𝑂𝐾
is, le/dy=0.
∴ slenderness ratio = 13.887 3. Bending
′
𝐸min = 𝐸min (𝐶𝑀 )(𝐶𝑡 )(𝐶𝑖 ) 𝑤𝐿2 176 7.5 2
′ 𝑀= = = 14850 𝑙𝑏 ∙ 𝑖𝑛
𝐸min = 660000 8 8
′ 𝑀 14850
0.822𝐸𝑚𝑖𝑛 0.822 660000
𝐹𝑐𝐸 = = 𝑓𝑏 = = = 1130.1 𝑝𝑠𝑖
𝑙𝑒 2
13.887 2 𝑆 13.14
′
𝑑 𝐹𝑏 = 𝐹𝑏 𝐶𝐷 𝐶𝑀 𝐶𝑇 𝐶𝐿 𝐶𝐹 𝐶𝑟 𝐶𝑖
𝐹𝑐𝐸 = 2813.2 𝑝𝑠𝑖 𝐹𝑏′ = 1200 1.15 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.2 1.0 1.0
𝐹𝑐∗ = 1871.6 𝐹𝑏′ = 1656 𝑝𝑠𝑖 > 𝑓 𝑂𝐾
𝑏
𝐹𝑐𝐸
∗ = 1.5031
𝐹𝑐
11/5/2019 Wood Members Under Axial and Bending Forces 42
Axial Compression + Bending
4. Compression+Bending 𝑐 = 0.8
2 → 𝐶𝑃 = 0.810
𝑓𝑐 1 𝑓𝑏𝑥
+ ′ ≤ 1.0
𝐹𝑐′ = 𝐹𝑐∗ 𝐶𝑃 = 1516.0 𝑝𝑠𝑖 > 𝑓𝑐 𝑂𝐾
𝐹𝑐′ 1 − 𝑓𝑐 /𝐹𝑐𝐸𝑥 𝐹𝑏𝑥
𝑓𝑐 = 455.88 𝑝𝑠𝑖 3. Bending
𝐹𝑐′ = 1516.0 𝑝𝑠𝑖 𝑤𝐿2 176 7.5 2
𝑀= = = 14850 𝑙𝑏 ∙ 𝑖𝑛
𝑓𝑏𝑥 = 1130.1 𝑝𝑠𝑖 8 8
𝐹𝑏′ = 1656 𝑝𝑠𝑖 𝑀 14850
𝑓𝑏 = = = 1130.1 𝑝𝑠𝑖
𝐹𝑐𝐸𝑥 : 𝑆 13.14
𝑙𝑒 ′
𝐹𝑐𝐸𝑥 = 2813.2 𝑝𝑠𝑖 ← 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐹𝑏 = 𝐹𝑏 𝐶𝐷 𝐶𝑀 𝐶𝑇 𝐶𝐿 𝐶𝐹 𝐶𝑟 𝐶𝑖
𝑑 𝑥 𝐹𝑏′ = 1200 1.15 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.2 1.0 1.0
0.905 < 1.0 𝑂𝐾! 𝐹𝑏′ = 1656 𝑝𝑠𝑖 > 𝑓 𝑂𝐾
𝑏
2x8 is adequate

11/5/2019 Wood Members Under Axial and Bending Forces 43