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Rodinia
Rodinia (from the Russian родить, rodit, meaning "to beget,
to give birth",[2] or родина, rodina, meaning "motherland,
birthplace")[3][4] was a Neoproterozoic supercontinent that
assembled 1.1–0.9 billion years ago and broke up 750–633
million years ago.[5] Valentine & Moores 1970 were probably
the first to recognise a Precambrian supercontinent, which
they named 'Pangaea I'.[5] It was renamed 'Rodinia' by
McMenamin & McMenamin 1990 who also were the first to
produce a reconstruction and propose a temporal framework
for the supercontinent.[6]
Proposed reconstruction of Rodinia
Rodinia formed at c. 1.23 Ga by accretion and collision of for 750 Ma, with orogenic belts of
fragments produced by breakup of an older supercontinent, 1.1 Ga age highlighted in green.
Columbia, assembled by global-scale 2.0–1.8 Ga collisional Red dots indicate 1.3–1.5 Ga A-type
granites.[1]
events.[7]

Rodinia broke up in the Neoproterozoic with its continental

fragments reassembled to form Pannotia 633–573 million years ago. In contrast with Pannotia,
little is known yet about the exact configuration and geodynamic history of Rodinia.
Paleomagnetic evidence provides some clues to the paleolatitude of individual pieces of the Earth's
crust, but not to their longitude, which geologists have pieced together by comparing similar
geologic features, often now widely dispersed.

The extreme cooling of the global climate around 717–635 million years ago (the so-called
Snowball Earth of the Cryogenian Period) and the rapid evolution of primitive life during the
subsequent Ediacaran and Cambrian periods are thought to have been triggered by the breaking
up of Rodinia or to a slowing down of tectonic processes.[8]

Contents
Geodynamics
Paleogeographic reconstructions
Break up
Influence on paleoclimate and life
See also
References
Notes
Bibliography
External links

Geodynamics

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Paleogeographic reconstructions
Life timeline
Ice Ages
0—
Quaternary Primates ←Earliest apes
Flowers
P Birds Mammals
h
Karoo
– a Plants Dinosaurs
Andean
n ←Tetrapoda
e
-500 — r
Arthropods Molluscs
←Cambrian explosion
Cryogenian
o ←Ediacara biota
– z
o
←Earliest animals
i ←Earliest plants
-1000 — c Multicellular
life
–
←Sexual reproduction
P
r
-1500 — o
t
Rodinia at 900 Ma. "Consensus"
– er
reconstruction of Li et al. 2008. Eukaryotes
o
-2000 — z
o
i
The idea that a supercontinent existed in – c
Huronian
←Oxygen crisis
the early Neoproterozoic arose in the
-2500 —
←Atmospheric oxygen
1970s, when geologists determined that
orogens of this age exist on virtually all – Photosynthesis
cratons.[9] Examples are the Grenville Pongola

orogeny in North America and the -3000 — A

r
Dalslandian orogeny in Europe. –
c
h
e
a
Since then, many alternative -3500 — n ←Earliest oxygen
reconstructions have been proposed for the Single-celled
–
configuration of the cratons in this life
supercontinent. Most of these -4000 — ←Earliest life
H
reconstructions are based on the a
water
–d
correlation of the orogens on different e
a ←Earliest water
cratons.[10] Though the configuration of the -4500 — n ←Earth (−4540)
core cratons in Rodinia is now reasonably (million years ago) Clickable
well known, recent reconstructions still (
differ in many details. Geologists try to
decrease the uncertainties by collecting geological and paleomagnetical data.

Most reconstructions show Rodinia's core formed by the North American craton (the later
paleocontinent of Laurentia), surrounded in the southeast with the East European craton (the later
paleocontinent of Baltica), the Amazonian craton ("Amazonia") and the West African craton; in
the south with the Río de la Plata and São Francisco cratons; in the southwest with the Congo and
Kalahari cratons; and in the northeast with Australia, India and eastern Antarctica. The positions
of Siberia and North and South China north of the North American craton differ strongly
depending on the reconstruction:[11][12]

SWEAT-Configuration (Southwest US-East Antarctica craton): Antarctica is on the Southwest

of Laurentia and Australia is at the North of Antarctica.[13]
AUSWUS-Configuration (Australia-western US): Australia is at the West of Laurentia.
AUSMEX-Configuration (Australia-Mexico): Australia is at the location of current day Mexico
relative to Laurentia.
The "Missing-link" model by Li et al. 2008 which has South China between Australia and the
west coast of Laurentia.[14] A revised "Missing-link" model is proposed in which Tarim Block
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serves as an extended or alternative missing-link between Australia and Laurentia.[15]

Siberia attached to the western US (via the Belt Supergroup), as in Sears & Price 2000.[16]
Rodinia of Scotese.[17]
Little is known about the paleogeography before the formation of Rodinia. Paleomagnetic and
geologic data are only definite enough to form reconstructions from the breakup of Rodinia[16]
onwards. Rodinia is considered to have formed between 1.3 and 1.23 billion years ago and broke
up again before 750 million years ago.[18] Rodinia was surrounded by the superocean geologists
are calling Mirovia (from Russian мировой, mirovoy, meaning "global").

According to J.D.A. Piper, Rodinia is one of two models for the configuration and history of the
continental crust in the latter part of Precambrian times. The other is Paleopangea, Piper's own
concept.[19] Piper proposes an alternative hypothesis for this era and the previous ones. This idea
rejects that Rodinia ever existed as a transient supercontinent subject to progressive break-up in
the latter part of Proterozoic times and instead that this time and earlier times were dominated by
a single, persistent "Paleopangaea" supercontinent. As evidence, he suggests an observation that
the palaeomagnetic poles from the continental crust assigned to this time conform to a single path
between 825 and 633 million years ago and latterly to a near-static position between 750 and 633
million years.[8] This latter solution predicts that break-up was confined to the Ediacaran Period
and produced the dramatic environmental changes that characterised the transition between
Precambrian and Phanerozoic times.

Break up
In 2009 UNESCO's IGCP project 440, named 'Rodinia Assembly and Breakup', concluded that
Rodinia broke up in four stages between 825–550 Ma:[20]

The break up was initiated by a superplume around 825–800 Ma whose influence—such as

crustal arching, intense bimodal magmatism, and accumulation of thick rift-type sedimentary
successions—have been recorded in South Australia, South China, Tarim, Kalahari, India, and
the Arabian-Nubian Craton.
Rifting progressed in the same cratons 800–750 Ma and spread into Laurentia and perhaps
Siberia. India (including Madagascar) and the Congo-Säo Francisco Craton were either
detached from Rodinia during this period or simply never were part of the supercontinent.
As the central part of Rodinia reached the Equator around 750–700 Ma, a new pulse of
magmatism and rifting continued the disassembly in western Kalahari, West Australia, South
China, Tarim, and most margins of Laurentia.
650–550 Ma several events coincided: the opening of the Iapetus Ocean; the closure of the
Braziliano, Adamastor, and Mozambique oceans; and the Pan-African orogeny. The result was
the formation of Gondwana.
The Rodinia hypothesis assumes that rifting did not start everywhere simultaneously. Extensive
lava flows and volcanic eruptions of Neoproterozoic age are found on most continents, evidence
for large scale rifting about 750 million years ago.[2] As early as 850 and 800 million years ago,[18]
a rift developed between the continental masses of present-day Australia, East Antarctica, India
and the Congo and Kalahari cratons on one side and later Laurentia, Baltica, Amazonia and the
West African and Rio de la Plata cratons on the other.[21] This rift developed into the Adamastor
Ocean during the Ediacaran.

Around 550 million years ago, on the boundary between the Ediacaran and Cambrian, the first
group of cratons eventually fused again with Amazonia, West Africa and the Rio de la Plata
cratons.[22] This tectonic phase is called the Pan-African orogeny. It created a configuration of

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continents that would remain stable for hundreds of millions of years in the form of the continent
Gondwana.

In a separate rifting event about 610 million years ago (halfway in the Ediacaran period), the
Iapetus Ocean formed. The eastern part of this ocean formed between Baltica and Laurentia, the
western part between Amazonia and Laurentia. Because the exact moments of this separation and
the partially contemporaneous Pan-African orogeny are hard to correlate, it might be that all
continental mass was again joined in one supercontinent between roughly 600 and 550 million
years ago. This hypothetical supercontinent is called Pannotia.

Influence on paleoclimate and life

Unlike later supercontinents, Rodinia would have been entirely barren. Rodinia existed before
complex life colonized dry land. Based on sedimentary rock analysis Rodinia's formation
happened when the ozone layer was not as extensive as it is today. Ultraviolet light discouraged
organisms from inhabiting its interior. Nevertheless, its existence did significantly influence the
marine life of its time.

In the Cryogenian period the Earth experienced large glaciations, and temperatures were at least
as cool as today. Substantial areas of Rodinia may have been covered by glaciers or the southern
polar ice cap.

Low temperatures may have been exaggerated during the early stages of continental rifting.
Geothermal heating peaks in crust about to be rifted; and since warmer rocks are less dense, the
crustal rocks rise up relative to their surroundings. This rising creates areas of higher altitude,
where the air is cooler and ice is less likely to melt with changes in season, and it may explain the
evidence of abundant glaciation in the Ediacaran period.[2]

The eventual rifting of the continents created new oceans and seafloor spreading, which produces
warmer, less dense oceanic lithosphere. Due to its lower density, hot oceanic lithosphere will not
lie as deep as old, cool oceanic lithosphere. In periods with relatively large areas of new
lithosphere, the ocean floors come up, causing the eustatic sea level to rise. The result was a
greater number of shallower seas.

The increased evaporation from the larger water area of the oceans may have increased rainfall,
which, in turn, increased the weathering of exposed rock. By inputting data on the ratio of stable
isotopes 18O:16O into computer models, it has been shown that, in conjunction with quick
weathering of volcanic rock, this increased rainfall may have reduced greenhouse gas levels to
below the threshold required to trigger the period of extreme glaciation known as Snowball
Earth.[23]

Increased volcanic activity also introduced into the marine environment biologically active
nutrients, which may have played an important role in the development of the earliest animals.

See also
Columbia for one possible reconstruction of an earlier supercontinent
List of supercontinents
Supercontinent cycle

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References

Notes
1. "Research paper suggests East Antarctica and North America once linked" (http://antarcticsun.
usap.gov/science/contenthandler.cfm?id=2497). The Antarctic Sun. United States Antarctic
Program. 26 August 2011. Retrieved 15 November 2012. Reconstruction originally published
in Goodge et al. 2008, Fig 3A, p. 238; research paper mentioned is Loewy et al. 2011. See
also: Rejcek 2008 (https://antarcticsun.usap.gov/science/contenthandler.cfm?id=1505).
2. McMenamin & McMenamin 1990, chapter: The Rifting of Rodinia
3. Redfern 2001, p. 335
4. Taube, Aleksandr M., R. S. Daglish, and M. A. Cantab. Russko-angliiskii Slovar' =: Russian-
english Dictionary. Moskva: Russkii iazyk, 1993. Print. ISBN 5200018838
5. Li et al. 2008
6. Meert 2012, Supercontinents in Earth history, p. 998
7. Zhao et al. 2002; Zhao et al. 2004
8. Piper 2013
9. Dewey & Burke 1973; the name 'Rodinia' was first used in McMenamin & McMenamin 1990
10. See for example the correlation between the North American Grenville and European
Dalslandian orogenies in Ziegler 1990, p. 14; for the correlation between the Australian
Musgrave orogeny and the Grenville orogeny see Wingate, Pisarevsky & Evans 2002,
Implications for Rodinia reconstructions, pp. 124–126; fig. 5, p. 127
11. For a comparison of the SWEAT, AUSWUS, AUSMEX, and Missing-link reconstructions see Li
et al. 2008, Fig. 2, p. 182. For a comparison between the "consensus" Rodinia of Li et al. 2008
and the original proposal of McMenamin & McMenamin 1990 see Nance, Murphy & Santosh
2014, Fig. 11, p. 9.
12. Examples of reconstructions can be found in Stanley 1999, pp. 336–337; Weil et al. 1998, Fig.
6, p. 21; Torsvik 2003, Fig. 'Rodinia old and new', p. 1380; Dalziel 1997, Fig. 11, p. 31; Scotese
2009, Fig. 1, p. 69
13. Moores 1991; Goodge et al. 2008
14. Li et al. 2008, Fig. 4, p. 188; fig. 8, p. 198
15. Wen, Bin; Evans, David A. D.; Li, Yong-Xiang (2017-01-15). "Neoproterozoic paleogeography
of the Tarim Block: An extended or alternative "missing-link" model for Rodinia?". Earth and
Planetary Science Letters. 458: 92–106. Bibcode:2017E&PSL.458...92W (https://ui.adsabs.har
vard.edu/abs/2017E&PSL.458...92W). doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2016.10.030 (https://doi.org/10.101
6%2Fj.epsl.2016.10.030).
16. "Other Reconstructions for Rodinia based on sources for Mojavia" (http://www.colorado.edu/G
eolSci/Resources/WUSTectonics/mojavia/others.html). Department of Geological Sciences,
University of Colorado Boulder. May 2002. Retrieved 20 September 2010.
17. Scotese 2009; Torsvik, Gaina & Redfield 2008
18. Torsvik 2003, p. 1380
19. Piper 2010
20. Bogdanova, Pisarevsky & Li 2009, Breakup of Rodinia (825–700 Ma), pp. 266–267
21. Torsvik 2003, Fig. 'Rodinia old and new', p. 1380
22. See for example reconstructions in Pisarevsky et al. 2008, Fig. 4, p. 19
23. Donnadieu et al. 2004

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External links
Scotese Animation: Breakup of Rodinia & Formation of Pacific Ocean (https://www.youtube.co
m/watch?v=C18OdhL6AGo)
"Dance of the Giant Continents: Washington's Earliest History" (http://www.washington.edu/bur
kemuseum/geo_history_wa/Dance%20of%20the%20Giant%20Continents.htm)
IGCP Special Project 440: (https://web.archive.org/web/20090402135500/http://www.tsrc.uwa.
edu.au/440project) mapping Proterozoic supercontinents, including Rodinia
PALEOMAP Project: (http://www.scotese.com/newpage13.htm) Plate Tectonic Animations
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