DISCUSSION

The goal of the experiment is to find out legitimacy of the Bernoulli’s

mathematical statement when connected to the relentless flow of water in

a decreased pipe for a hot water distribution system. Bernoulli's Principle

is essentially a work energy conservation principle which states that for

an ideal fluid or for situations where effects of viscosity are neglected,

with no work being performed on the fluid, total energy remains constant.

This principle is a simplification of Bernoulli's equation, which states that

the sum of all forms of energy in a fluid flowing along an enclosed path (a

streamline) is the same at any two points in that path. However it is to be

noted that there might have been some human and apparatus related

errors unintentionally done in the experiment process which might have

given us some deviated results from the actual results. Bernoulli’s

theorem has several applications in everyday lives. In certain problems in

fluid flows when given the velocities at two points of the streamline and

pressure at one point, the unknown is the pressure of the fluid at the

other point. In such cases (if they satisfy the required condition for

Bernoulli's Equation) Bernoulli's Equation can be used to find the

unknown pressure. In this case, the experiment consisted to calculate

Pump’s pressure with:

 a) Bernoulli’s equation
and
b) Pump curving: P=200−0.008 Q2

Using this method of analysis gives six equations and six unknowns (as

shown in the appendix).

In order to determine the velocities of each cross section, two different

equation were used; by using Bernoulli’s Equation (V iB) and by using

continuity equation (ViC). From the calculations we observed that all of

calculated ViB had highest value compared to ViC . The continuity

equation is the conservation of mass on a steady flow process through

a control volume. With uniform density of water, the velocity is equal

to volumetric flow rate over area. ViC took area of cross section into

consideration, which when area increase velocity decrease. V iC is

directly proportional to area. We also had calculated the difference

between ViB and ViC (ViB - ViC ), to show that the value of V iB are greater

than ViC. As we calculated, there was one negative value which was

should not happen. This may be because of parallax error during

taking the reading and air bubble trapped inside the tube.

Cause pipe inner surface cannot frictionless absolutely. When fluid flow

through the pipe, fluid and pipe will produce frictional resistance. This

frictional resistance will consume the fluid pressure. That is the reason
why after fluid flow through a certain length pipe, the pressure of fluid

will decrease. To explain this phenomenon, the formula is shown below:

1 2
FD= ρ v CD A
2

This equation is called drag equation. From this equation, FD is the

drag force, ρ is the density of the fluid, v is the velocity of the object

relative to the fluid, CD is the drag coefficient-a dimensionless number

and A is the cross sectional area.