Leo Rustan M.

Miasco BSA 1G

Igneous Rock – from when magma (molten rocks) cools and crystallizes, either at volcanoes on the surface of the earthier while the melted rock is still inside the crust. All magma
develops underground, in the lower crust or upper mantle, because of the intense heat. The two main categories of igneous rocks are extrusive and intrusive. Extrusive rocks
formed on the surface of the earth from lava, which is magma that has emerged from underground. Intrusive rocks are formed from magma that cools and solidifies within the crust
of the planet.

Examples Colour Texture Mineral Composition Image

Diorite Dark Grey Coarse-grain Silicate, plagioclase feldspar

typically andesine, biotite,
hornblende, or pyroxene

Obsidian Blackish green Glassy, smooth Silicon dioxide, and extremely

felsic

Pumice White, cream, blue, grey, green, Highly vesicular rough Silicates, aluminates, rhyolite,
black dactite, andesite, phonolite,
pantellerite, trachyte

Gabbro Dark green Coarse-grained with Pyroxene, augite, orthopyroxene

allotriomorphic

Basalt Black Fine-grained Plagioclase, pyroxene

Sedimentary Rock – Sedimentary rocks are formed on or near the Earth’s surface, in contrast to metamorphic and igneous rocks, which are formed deep within the Earth. The most
important geological processes that lead to the creation of sedimentary rocks are erosion, weathering, dissolution, precipitation, and lithification. Precipitation and lithification are
processes that build new rocks or minerals. Precipitation is the formation of rocks and minerals from chemicals that precipitate from water. Finally, lithification is the process by
which clay, sand, and other sediments on the bottom of the ocean or other bodies of water are slowly compacted into rocks from the weight of overlying sediments.

Examples Colour Texture Mineral Composition Image

Breccia Can be any color lava Silica, calcite, and iron oxides

Chert Dirty white, Green, yellow, None-clastic, smooth to touch, Microcrystalline, or

orange, red glassy cryptocrystalline form of silicon
dioxide

Limestone White, yellow, grey, to blue, Granular, crystalline, clastic Calcium carbonate,
beige, and cream

Oil shale Dark gray to brown to black Fine-grained, clastic Silicate, carbonate such as calcite,
dolomite, siderite

Iron ore Dark grey, bright yellow, deep Hematite, always opaque Iron oxides, hematite, magnetite
purple, to rusty red
Metamorphic Rock – metamorphosis” is a broad term that indicates a change from one thing to another. Even rocks, a seemingly constant substance, can change into a new type of
rock. Rocks that undergo a change to form a new rock are referred to as metamorphic rocks. A metamorphic rock, on the other hand, began as a rock—either a sedimentary, igneous,
or even a different sort of metamorphic rock. Then, due to various conditions within the Earth, the existing rock was changed into a new kind of metamorphic rock. The conditions
required to form a metamorphic rock are very specific. The existing rock must be exposed to high heat, high pressure, or to a hot, mineral-rich fluid.

Examples Colour Texture Mineral Composition Image

Amphibolite Black, dark green schistose Plagioclase, quartz

Anthracite Black, brownish Smooth, slippery carbom

Gneiss Dark, light, black, white, pink, Medium coarse-grained, Dark bands, quartz, feldspar,
gold semischistose biotite, hornblende, garnet

Marble White, pink, yellow, black, bluish, uniform Calcium carbonate, dolomite,
gray magnesium

Lapis lazuli Blue Sparkly pyrite, cloudly Calcite and pyrite, lazurite, blue
silicate