MASTER OF ENERGY MANAGEMENT (MEM)

DMX9404 HVAC AND BUILDING LIGHTING

ACADEMIC YEAR 2020
ASSIGNMENT 1

H.N.T. Wijesekara
520253279
Academic year 2020
Date of Submission: 3/3/2020
Building Survey

1. Location
City : Kanewala, Pokunuwita, Sri Lanka
Altitude : 11 m above sea level
Latitude : 6o 43’ 3”
Longitude : 80o 1’ 59.15”
Orientation : Front side facing 17o from North to East

Room 2 Varenda North

17°

7.62 m

Room 3
Room 1
Kitchen
Bathroom

12.5 m
2. Shading Effects

Two coconut Trees availbale at West side to the house.

3. Reflective Surfaces

Non Available in the surrounding

4. Physical Dimesions of the House

Length: 12.5 m
Width : 7.62 m

Room 2 Varenda North

17°

7.62 m

Room 3
Room 1
Kitchen
Bathroom

12.5 m
 3.93 m
3.33 m

Maximum Height : 4.27 m

4.27 m
Side wall height : 3.25 m 3.25 m

5. Ceilings 7.62 m
9.144 m
The total house roof has a ceiling underneath. Total area of the
roof into the house is (3.33*12.5) +3.93*(12.5-0.76-1.78) =
80.77 square meters. This will also be the total area of the
ceiling into the house.
North

17°

7.62 m
W9

0.76 m 3.40 m
Room 3

W8
W1

D1
W2

Bathroom
D6
D5
Varenda

W7
W3

W6

12.5 m
Kitchen
D4

D4
Room 2

D2
W4

D3

Room 1

W5

1.78 m

3.40 m

3.93 m
3.33 m

4.27 m
3.25 m

7.62 m
9.144 m
6. Construction materials
Walls:
Cement block built (8 inch=200 mm wide), plastered both sides
(0.5 inch=13 mm) finished with wall putty coated inside (4mm).
All walls are painted in white colour. Wall putty
Cement
Block layer

Cement
Plaster

Roof construction:
Constructed with corrugated asbestos sheets.

Celling:
Fixed underneath the roof. Fabricated with 4.5 mm thick
asbestos ceiling sheets.

Floor:
Polished and painted 20 mm Cement plaster on 75 mm Concrete
layer.

7. Windows and Doors

All doors are of wooden make 20 mm thick. Windows are made
with plain glass (Single glazed) surrounded by a wooden frame.
The details are as given below.
Location Door/Window Size(hxw) Area (m2)

Varenda D1 2.1336 x 0.9144 1.95

W1 1.6764 x 1.8288 3.07
 W2 1.6764 x 2.4384 4.09
W3 0.7620 x 1.3716 1.05
Room 1 D3 2.1336 x 0.9144 1.95
W5 0.9144 x 1.0668 0.98
Room 2 D2 2.1336 x 0.7620 1.63
W4 1.2192 x 1.8288 2.23
Room 3 D6 2.1336 x 0.9144 1.95
W8 0.9144 x 1.0668 0.98
W9 1.2192 x 1.8288 2.23
Kitchen D4 2.1336 x 0.9144 1.95
D5 2.1336 x 0.9144 1.95
W6 0.9144 x 1.0668 0.98
Bathroom D7 2.1336 x 0.7620 1.63
W7 0.4572 x 0.4572 0.21

W4 W3 W2

W1
Room 2 Varenda North
17°
D2 D1

7.62 m
D3
D4 Room 3
D6 W9
Room 1
Kitchen
D7
D5 Bathroom

W5 W6 W7 W8
12.5 m

8. People
Location No. of Duration of occupancy per
people day in hours in weekdays

Varenda 2 2
Room 1 2 8 (mostly in night time)
Room 2 1 2-4 (mostly in night time)
Room 3 NA NA
Kitchen 1 2
Bathroom 1 2

Location No. of Duration of occupancy per

people day in hours in weekends

Varenda 2 2
Room 1 2 8-12 (mostly in night time)
Room 2 2 2-4 (mostly in day time)
 Room 3 NA NA
Kitchen 1 2
Bathroom 1 2

9. Lighting at peak

Lighting at peak hours is around 150 W for the whole house.

10. Appliance Usage

Location Equipment Wattage (W) Max Usage in Hours
per day

Varenda TV 50 2
Room 1 Stand Fan 50 8
Room 2 Laptop 80 4
Iron 1500 0.25
Room 3 Refrigerator 180 max 24
Washing machine 310 max 0.75
Kitchen Rice cooker 600 0.75
Blender 400 0.1
Bathroom Water heater 3500 max 0.75

11. Electricity and Water Services

Month Electricity Usage (kWh) Water Usage (m3)

Feb-19 69 13
Mar-19 80 17
Apr-19 67 12
May-19 59 14
Jun-19 69 14
Jul-19 54 20
Aug-19 87 15
Sep-19 61 14
Oct-19 53 12
Nov-19 56 13
Dec-19 68 13
Jan-20 59 16
125 (After installing water 19
Feb-20
heater)
Air Conditioning Load Estimation

Based on the building survey it is obvious air conditioning is

needed only for Room 1 since it has the highest occupancy hours.
Room 1

1)
Climate zone: (EEBC SL 2008)
Warm humid
Dry bulb temperature: 31o C
Wet bulb temperature: 27o C

Design Conditions: (EEBC SL 2008)

Outdoor Design Temperature: 31o C

Outdoor RH: 55% ± 5%

Indoor Design Temperature: 24o C

Indoor RH: 50%
Design humidity ratio: 0.0136 kg vapor per kg dry air
Consider daily range of external temperature variation to be 9
K to 14 K. This is a medium daily range.

Limits of Noise Level: 63 dB

2) Thermal zones
A thermal zone is defined as an area with similar heat gain,
similar temperature and similar humidity control requirements.
The thermal zone considered under this is Room 1.This decision
is made based on the occupancy levels.

3) Cooling load through the roof and ceilings

The cooling load is given by q  Uroof ceiling .ACLTD

. .
Area of the roof/ceiling which falls into consideration in
this thermal zone is 3.93 m x `3.66 m = 14.38 m2.
 This corrugated asbestos roofing sheet and the asbestos
ceiling sheet under it is equivalent to a system as shown
below.

Asbestos 6 mm

Air gap
24 mm

Asbestos 4.5 mm

1 1
R   Rasbestos ,roof  Rairgap  Rasbestos ,ceiling
ho hi
Here R is the total thermal resistance of the roof and ceiling.
ho is the outside air heat transfer coefficient.
hi is the inside air heat transfer coefficient.
Thermal conductivity of asbestos is 0.58 W / m.K .
Thermal conductivity of open air gap is is 8.75 W / m.K .

hi  9.36 W / m2 .K (Same source given above)

ho  19.86 W / m2 .K (Same source given above)
1 1 0.006 0.024 0.0045
Now R     
19.86 9.36 0.58 8.75 0.58
R  0.178 m .K/ W 2

1
U roof ceiling   5.62 W / m2 .K
0.178

CLTD can be calculated from ASHRAE table 1.(Medium range

considered)
Design Temperature oC Value
29 21
 31 CLTD31
32 23

CLTD31=22.33

q  Uroof ceiling .ACLTD

. .
q  5.62 14.38  22.33  1804.61 W

4) Cooling load through exterior walls

q  U walls . A.CLTD
The cooling load is given by .

13 mm, 200 mm, 13 mm, 4 mm are the layer

thicknesses from out to in respectively.

1 1
R   Rblock  Rplaster  Rplaster  Rputty
ho hi
Here R is the total thermal resistance of Wall facing outside.
ho is the outside air heat transfer coefficient.
hi is the inside air heat transfer coefficient.
Thermal conductivity of cement block is 0.9 W / m.K . (Lecture slides)
Thermal conductivity of cement plaster, sand aggregated is
0.72 W / m.K (ASHRAE values)
Thermal conductivity of wall putty is 1 W / m.K . (Assumed)
hi  9.36 W / m2 .K
ho  19.86 W / m2 .K
1 1 0.013 0.2 0.013 0.004
Now R      
19.86 9.36 0.72 0.9 0.72 1
R  0.42 m .K/ W
2

1
U wall   2.38 W / m 2 .K
0.42
 Area of the exterior walls which falls into consideration in
this thermal zone is located in different directions. Let us
consider them separately.
Wall facing east:

Area= (3.25 m x 3.66 m)-0.98 m2 = 10.92 m2

CLTD can be calculated from ASHRAE table 1.(Medium range
considered)
Design Temperature oC Value
29 7
31 CLTD31
32 9
CLTD31=8.33
Wall facing south:

Area= (3.25 m + 4.27 m)* 3.81 m/2 = 14.36 m2

CLTD can be calculated from ASHRAE table 1.(Medium range

considered)
Design Temperature oC Value
29 3
31 CLTD31
32 6

CLTD31=5

q  U walls  A east .CLTD  Asouth .CLTD 

q  2.38  10.92  8.33  14.36  5 .
q  387.38 W

5) Cooling load through glasses

This cooling load is given by
q  A  GLF 
GLF can be found by
 Design Temperature oC Value
29 278
31 GLF31
32 284
GLF=282
q  A  GLF 
q  0.98  282 
q  276.36 W

6) Cooling load through shaded, inside walls and doors

Here shaded walls and inside walls are considered separately.

Shaded walls are of similar construction to exterior walls. But
inside walls have a layer of wall putty on both sides.
q  U walls . A.CLTD
The cooling load is given by .

Shaded Walls
For shaded walls
R  0.42 m2 .K/ W
1
U wall , shaded   2.38 W / m 2 .K
0.42

Area of the totally shaded walls which falls into

consideration in this thermal zone is given below.
Area= (4.27 m x 1.58 m) = 6.75 m2
CLTD can be calculated from ASHRAE table 1.(Medium range
considered)
Design Temperature oC Value
29 2
31 CLTD31
32 5
CLTD31=4
 Inside walls:

Area= (14.36 m2-1.95 m2)+ (4.27 m x (3.66m-1.58 m))=21.29 m2

CLTD is same as of shaded walls.
CLTD31=4

For inside walls

1 1
R   Rblock  Rplaster  Rplaster  Rputty  R putty
ho hi
1 1 0.013 0.2 0.013 0.004 0.004
R      
19.86 9.36 0.72 0.9 0.72 1 1
R  0.424 m .K/ W
2

1
U wall ,inside   2.36 W / m 2 .K
0.424
q  U wall , shaded  A shaded U wall ,inside  A inside   CLTD
q   2.38  6.75  2.36  21.29   4
q  265.24 W

Doors:

Area of the door is 1.95 m2. Door is made of 20 mm thick

wood.Heresince the door is inside the house it is considered as a
partition to calculate CLTD values.

1 1
R   Rwood
ho hi
1 1 0.02
R  
19.86 9.36 0.15
R  0.29 m 2 .K/ W
1
U Door   3.45 W / m 2 .K
0.29
CLTD can be calculated from ASHRAE table 1.(Medium range
considered)
Design Temperature oC Value
29 2
31 CLTD31
32 5
CLTD31=4
q  U Door  Area  CLTD
q  3.54  1.95  4
q  26.91 W
7) Cooling load due to people

Since the number of people in the house is 2.

q  2  67  134 W
8) Cooling load due to lights
This room has 2 lights with total wattage 25 W. Assuming light
efficiency of LEDs to be 40%. The total heat output from LEDs
would be 25*0.6=15 W.
q  25  0.6  15 W
9) Cooling load due to appliances
Only a stand fan is operated in this room. The wattage is 50
W. Assume the efficiency to be 60%.
Hence the cooling load would be
q  50  0.4  20 W

10) Cooling load due to infiltration

Here cooling load is given by

q  1.2  Q  t
Q=Volumetric air flow rate in l/s
t is the temperature difference between inside and outside.
1000
Q  ACH  room _ volume 
3600
ACH refers to air changes per hour.
Room volume is given by (14.36 m2 x 3.66 m) = 52.56 m3

The air tightness of this room is loose. Hence using the below
chart we calculate ACH.
`
Design Temperature oC Value
29 0.68
 31 ACH31
32 0.70
ACH =0.693

1000
Q  0.693  52.56   10.12 l/s
3600
q  1.2 10.12  (31  24)  85 W

11) Cooling load due to fresh air

ACH is 0.693 which is higher than 0.5 level for good indoor
air quality. Fresh air is not separately introduced into the
room since it will be kept close when air conditioned. Air
will come and go to the room in means of infiltration.
12) Summary
Climate zone: (EEBC SL 2008)
Warm humid
Dry bulb temperature: 31o C
Wet bulb temperature: 27o C

Design Conditions: (EEBC SL 2008)

Outdoor Design Temperature: 31o C

Outdoor RH: 55% ± 5%

Indoor Design Temperature: 24o C

Indoor RH: 50%
Design humidity ratio: 0.0136 kg vapor per kg dry air
Consider daily range of external temperature variation to be 9
K to 14 K. This is a medium daily range.

Sensible Cooling Load through Cooling Load in Watts

Roof and ceilings 1804.61

Exterior walls
East wall 216.49
South Wall 170.89

Windows 276.36

Shaded walls 64.26

Inside walls 200.98
Doors 26.91

People 134

Lights 15

Appliances 20

Infiltration 85

Fresh air 0
Total 3014.5
New total with duct losses 2% 3014.5*1.02 = 3074.79
(if any)
Latent factor correction 3074.79*1.15 = 3536
(x by1.15 for the design
humidity ratio as per figure 1)
 Equipment Selection

Most air conditioning options are rated not in Watts but in

BTU/hr. So let us convert our total cooling load into BTU/hr.

BTU / hr  3.41 Wattage

Cooling load=12057.76 BTU/hr

We have two alternatives to supply this cooling load:

1) Use an Air conditioner fixed type
2) Use an Air cooler
3) Use a Portable Air conditioner
Air Conditioner-Fixed
https://www.samsung.com/africa_en/air-conditioners/ar12m-air-
conditioner/
Air Cooler
https://www.honeywellstore.com/store/products/indoor-outdoor-
portable-evaporative-air-cooler-co70pe.htm
Air Conditioner-Portable
https://rollibot.com/product/rollicool-cool310/
Comparison
Item Split type Air Air Cooler Portable air
Conditioner- Conditioner
Fixed
Brand Samsung Honeywell Rollicool
Cooling Capacity 12,000 BTU/hr or - 12,000
3.517 kW BTU/hr
EER Cooling W/W 3.11 - -
Power 1130 W 280 W -
Consumption
Air Circulation 10.3 m3/min 588 cfm = 16.65 -
m3/min
De-humidifying Yes No Yes
Effect
Water tank NA 70 liters NA
capacity
Temperature Yes No Yes
control
Locally Yes Yes No
Available
Cost Around 115000 560 USD= 101000 450 USD
lkr lkr =82000 lkr
Monthly Energy Consumption
Maximum Daily usage is considered to be 8 hours for a 30 day month.
Therefore monthly usage will be 240 hours.
Energy consumption for each option will be

 AC unit Split type:1.13*240=271.2 kWh

 Air cooler : 0.28*240=67.2 kWh
 Portable AC : Unknown
Out of the 3 options the split type AC unit is selected.
Below are the reasons to select it.

 Availability of all the necessary technical data required.

 Local availability
 Availability of warranty
 Spare parts can be easily found
 There are plenty of AC service providers
 Operates well in the local high humid climate
 In most cases the average compressor running time is 80% of
the totally operated time.
 If an AC with inverter technology is used it can save up to
30% from energy.
 Availability of proven examples.
 Availability of Cost effective easy payment systems with zero
percent interest.
Reasons not to use the air cooler

 Insufficient technical data.

 Poor performance in high humid conditions.
 Can cause respiratory problems (Cold) in users due to addition
of water vapour to the environment.
 Inability to set a temperature for the output air.
Reasons not to use portable air conditioner

 Insufficient data to get to a conclusion

 Not locally available
 Need to be kept near a window at all times to put out the hot
air after cooling the condenser.
 Difficulty in sealing the room when trying put out exhaust
air.
 Unavailability of proven examples.