Kocher, T. D., Thomas, W. K., Meyer, A., Edwards, S. V., Pa¨a¨bo, S., Villablanca, F. X.

, and
Wilson, A. C. (1989). Dynamics of mitochondrial DNA evolution in animals: Amplification and
sequencing with conserved primers. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86: 6196–6200

Palumbi, S. R., Martin, A. P., Romano, S. L., McMillan, W. O., Stice, L., and Grabowski, G.
(1991). ‘‘The Simple Fool’s Guide to PCR,’’ Univ. of Hawaii Press, Honolulu

Saiki, R. K., Scharf, S., Faloona, F., Mullis, K. B., Horn, G. T., Erlich, H. A., and Arnheim, N. (1985).
Enzymatic amplification of b-globin genomic sequences and restriction site analysis for
diagnosis of sickle cell anemia. Science 230: 1350–1354

Simon, C., Frati, F., Beckenbach, A., Crespi, B., Liu, H., and Flook, P. (1994). Evolution,
weighting, and phylogenetic utility of mitochondrial gene sequences and a compilation of
conserved polymerase chain reaction primers. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 87: 651–701.

Gutell,R.R. et al. (2002) The accuracy of ribosomal RNA comparative structure models. Curr.
Opin. Struct. Biol., 12, 301–310.

Dunon-Bluteau D. The secondary structures of the Xenopus laevis and human mitochondrial
small ribosomal subunit RNA are similar. FEBS Lett. 1986;198:333–337

Hixson JE. A comparison of the small ribosomal RNA genes from the mitochondrial DNA of the
great apes and humans: sequence, structure, evolution, and phylogenetic implications. Mol
Biol Evol. 1986;3:1–18

Pont-Kingdon GA. Mitochondrial DNA of the sea anemone, Metridum senile (Cnidaria):
Prokaryote-like genes for tRNA (f-Met) and small-subunit ribosomal RNA, and standard genetic
code specificities for AGR and ATA codons. J Mol Evol. 1994;39:387–399.

Field KG. Molecular phylogeny of the animal kingdom. Science. 1988;239:748–753

Clary DO. Drosophila mitochondrial DNA: conserved sequences in the A+T-rich region and
supporting evidence for a secondary structure model of the small ribosomal RNA. J Mol
Evol. 1987;25:116–125.

Bibb MJ. Sequence and gene organization of mouse mitochondrial DNA. Cell. 1981;26:167–
180.

Gutell RR. A compilation of large subunit (23S- and 23S-like) ribosomal RNA structures. Nucleic
Acids Res. 1992;20S:2095–2109

Gutell RR. Comparative anatomy of 16S-like ribosomal RNA. Prog Nucleic Acid Res Mol
Biol. 1985;32:155–216.

Woese CR. Bacterial evolution. Microbiol Rev. 1987;51:221–271.

Ortí, G., Petry, P., Porto, J. I. R., Jégu, M., & Meyer, A. (1996). Patterns of nucleotide
change in mitochondrial ribosomal RNA genes and the phylogeny of piranhas. Journal
of Molecular Evolution, 42(2), 169–182. doi:10.1007/bf02198843
Wolstenholme DR. (1992) Genetic novelties in mitochondrial genomes of multicellular
animals. Current Opinion in Genetics & Development 2: 918–925. doi: 10.1016/S0959-
437X(05)80116-9
Lydeard, C., Yoder, J. H., Holznagel, W. E., Thompson, F. G., and Hartfield, P. (1998).
Phylogenetic utility of the 58-half of mitochondrial 16S rDNA gene sequences for inferring
relationships of Elimia (Cerithioidea: Pleuroceridae). Malacologia 39: 183–193.

Lieberman, B. S., Allmon, W. D., and Eldredge, N. (1993). Levels of selection and
macroevolutionary patterns in the turritellid gastropods. Paleobiology 19: 205–215.

Mulvey, M., Lydeard, C., Pyer, D. L., Hicks, K. M., Brim-Box, J., Williams, J. D., and Butler, R. S.
(1997). Conservation genetics of North American freshwater mussels Amblema and
Megalonaias. Conserv. Biol. 11: 868–878

Douris, V., Giokas, S., Lecanidou, R., Mylonas, M., and Rodakis, G. C. (1998). Phylogenetic
analysis of mitochondrial DNA and morphological characters suggest a need for taxonomic re-
evaluation within the Alopiinae (Gastropoda: Clausiliidae). J. Moll. Stud. 64: 81–92

Roe, B. A., Ma, D. P., Wilson, R. K., and Wong, J. F. H. (1985). The complete nucleotide
sequence of the Xenopus laevis mitochondrial genome. J. Biol. Chem. 260: 9759–9774.

Jacobs, H. T., Elliott, D. J., Math, V. B., and Farquarson, A. (1988). Nucleotide sequence and
gene organization of sea urchin mitochondrial DNA. J. Mol. Biol. 202: 185–217

Okimoto, R., Macfarlane, J. L., Clary, D. O., and Wolstenholme, D. R. (1992). The mitochondrial
genomes of two nematodes, Caenorhabditis elegans and Ascaris suum. Genetics 130: 471–498.

Anderson, S., Bankier, A. T., Barrell, B. G., de Bruijn, M. H. L., Coulson, A. R., Drouin, J., Eperon,
I. C., Nierlich, D. P., Roe, B. A., Sanger, F., Schreier, P. H., Smith, A. J. H., Staden, R., and Young,
I. G. (1981). Sequence and organization of the human mitochondrial genome. Nature 290:
457–465.