DIAGNOSTIC TESTS PROCEDURE

OF THE:

A. BREAST AND AXILLA

B. HEART AND CENTRAL VESSELS

C. PERIPHERAL VASCULAR SYSTEM

D. ABDOMEN
 BREAST AND AXILLA
DIAGNOSTIC TEST/S
Mammogram
- is an X-ray of the breast. It is
commonly used to screen for
breast cancer. If an abnormality
is detected on a screening
mammogram, your doctor may
recommend a diagnostic
mammogram to further evaluate
that abnormality.
Breast ultrasound
- Ultrasound uses sound waves
to produce images of structures
deep within the body.
Ultrasound may be used to
determine whether a new breast
lump is a solid mass or a fluid-
filled cyst.
PROCEDURE
1. Patient undress from waist up, taking off any
necklaces.
2. Depending on the testing facility, patient
may either stand or sit during mammogram
3. Each breasts fits onto a flat X-ray plate
4. A compressor will then push the breast down
to flatten the tissue. This provides a clearer
picture of the breast.
5. Patient might have to hold their breath for
each picture. May feel a small amount of
pressure or discomfort, but it’s usually brief.
1. Before the ultrasound, the doctor will
examine the patient’s breast. He/she would
then be ask to undress from the waist up and
to lie on their back on an ultrasound table.
2. A clear gel will be applied to patient’s
breast. This conductive gel helps the sound
waves travel through your skin.
3. A wand-like device called a transducer will
be move over his/her breast. The transducer
sends and receives high-frequency sound
waves. As the waves bounce off the internal
structures of your breast, the transducer
records changes in their pitch and direction.
This creates a real-time recording of the inside
of your breast on a computer monitor. If
something suspicious will be found, multiple
pictures will be taken.
4. Once the images have been recorded, the
clear gel will be clean off the patient’s breast.
He/she could then get dress.
Biopsy
 is the only definitive way to
make a diagnosis of breast
cancer. During a biopsy, your
doctor uses a specialized
needle device guided by X-ray
or another imaging test to
extract a core of tissue from
the suspicious area. Often, a
small metal marker is left at
the site within your breast so
the area can be easily
identified on future imaging
tests.
1. Patient will be positioned lying face up on
the examination table or turned slightly to the
side.
2. A local anesthetic will be injected into the
skin and more deeply into the breast to numb
it.
3. Pressing the transducer to the breast, the
sonographer or radiologist will locate the
lesion.
4. A very small nick is made in the skin at the
site where the biopsy needle is to be inserted.
5. The radiologist, monitoring the lesion site
with the ultrasound probe, will insert the
needle and advance it directly into the mass.
5. Tissue samples are then removed using one
of three methods:
 In a fine needle aspiration, a fine gauge
needle and a syringe withdraw fluid or
clusters of cells.
 In a core needle biopsy, the automated
mechanism is activated, moving the needle
forward and filling the needle trough, or
shallow receptacle, with 'cores' of breast
tissue. The outer sheath instantly moves
forward to cut the tissue and keep it in the
trough. This process is repeated three to
six times.
 With a vacuum-assisted device (VAD),
vacuum pressure is used to pull tissue from
the breast through the needle into the
sampling chamber. Without withdrawing
and reinserting the needle, it rotates
positions and collects additional samples.
Typically, eight to 10 samples of tissue are

Breast Magnetic
Resonance Imaging (MRI)
 An MRI machine uses a
magnet and radio waves to
create pictures of the interior
of your breast. Before a breast
MRI, you receive an injection
of dye. Unlike other types of
imaging tests, an MRI doesn't
use radiation to create the
images.
collected from around the lesion.
6. After this sampling, the needle will be
removed. If a surgical biopsy is being
performed, a wire is inserted into the
suspicious area as a guide for the surgeon.
7. A small marker may be placed at the biopsy
site so that it can be located in the future if
necessary.
8. Once the biopsy is complete, pressure will
be applied to stop any bleeding and the
opening in the skin is covered with a dressing.
No sutures are needed. A mammogram may be
performed to confirm that the marker is in the
proper position. This procedure is usually
completed within an hour.
1. Patient will be positioned on the moveable
examination table. Straps and bolsters may be
used to help him/her to stay still and maintain
the correct position during imaging. For an MRI
of the breast, patient will lie face down on a
platform specially designed for the procedure.
The platform has openings to accommodate
his/her breasts and allow them to be imaged
without compression. It is important to remain
very still throughout the exam.
2. If MRI of the breast is being performed for
the sole purpose of determining if you have a
ruptured breast implant, you will not be given
contrast material. If the exam is being
performed for any other reason, you will need
to have a contrast material injected
intravenously. MRI of the breast without
contrast material is inadequate for identifying
breast cancers.
3. If a contrast material will be used in the MRI
exam, a physician, nurse or technologist will
insert an intravenous (IV) catheter, also known
 as an IV line, into a vein in your hand or arm. A
saline solution may be used to inject the
contrast material. The solution will drip through
the IV to prevent blockage of the IV catheter
until the contrast material is injected.

4. Patient will be placed into the magnet of the

MRI unit and the radiologist and technologist
will perform the examination while working at a
computer outside of the room.

5. If a contrast material is used during the

examination, it will be injected into the
intravenous line (IV) after an initial series of
scans. Additional series of images will be taken
during or following the injection.

6. When the examination is complete, patient

may be asked to wait until the technologist or
radiologist checks the images in case
additional images are needed. Intravenous line
will be removed.

7. MRI exams generally include multiple runs

(sequences), some of which may last several
minutes. The imaging session lasts between 30
minutes and one hour and the total
examination is usually completed within an
hour and a half. MR spectroscopy, which
provides additional information on the
chemicals present in the body's cells, may also
be performed during the MRI exam and may
add approximately 15 minutes to the total
exam time.

REFERENCES:
1. https://www.healthline.com/health/mammography#procedure
2. https://www.healthline.com/health/breast-ultrasound#procedure
3. https://www.radiologyinfo.org/en/info.cfm?pg=breastbius
4. https://www.radiologyinfo.org/en/info.cfm?pg=breastmr#how-its-performed
 HEART AND CENTRAL VESSELS
DIAGNOSTIC TEST/S PROCEDURE
1. Patient will lie on an exam table.
Electrocardiogram
(ECG/EKG) 2. A health care provider will place several
electrodes (small sensors that stick to the skin)
 is a simple, painless on the patient’s arms, legs, and chest. The
procedure that measures provider may need to shave or trim excess hair
electrical signals in your
before placing the electrodes. The electrodes
heart. Each time your heart
beats, an electrical signal are attached by wires to a computer that
travels through the heart. An records your heart's electrical activity.
EKG can show if your heart is
beating at a normal rate and 3. The activity will be displayed on the
strength. It also helps show computer's monitor and/or printed out on
the size and position of your paper.
heart's chambers. An
abnormal EKG can be a sign 4. The procedure only takes about three
of heart disease or damage. minutes.

Cardiac Stress Test 1. Obtain brief history. Check as to

appropriateness of ordered test. Read baseline
ECG, note any baseline abnormalities and
 (also referred to as a cardiac
compare with previous ECG. If patient has prior
diagnostic test,
cardiac stress test, obtain for comparison
cardiopulmonary exercise
posttest. Perform heart and lung exam, and
test, or abbreviated CPX test)
document vital signs. Consult with attending
is a cardiological test that
physician as needed.
measures the heart's ability
to respond to external stress 2. Confirm with technician that the 12 lead
in a controlled clinical hook-up is correct and that the patient has
environment. The stress been instructed as to how to get on and off the
response is induced by exercise equipment.
exercise or by intravenous
pharmacological stimulation. 3. Place or check intravenous line for patency if
using isotope for nuclear study or contrast for
ECHO study.

4. Check resting ECHO, spirometry baseline or

nuclear images as indicated and 2assure
availability of ECHO technician and/or nuclear

Complete Cholesterol Test
- also called a lipid panel or lipid
profile — is a blood test that can
measure the amount of
cholesterol and triglycerides in
your blood. This test can help
determine your risk of the buildup
of plaques in your arteries that
can lead to narrowed or blocked
arteries throughout your body
medicine technician.
5. Do a time out with all appropriate checks
prior to procedure.
6. Explain procedure to patient and/or
parent/guardian. Discuss risks, benefits, and
obtain informed consent.
7. Begin exercise test, monitoring the 12 lead
ECG, vital signs, oxygen saturation, and
symptoms throughout the test.
8. For nuclear tests, have the isotope injected
into the intravenous line at peak exercise as
determined by symptoms, ECG changes, or
peak exercise. If able, have the patient
continue to exercise for about one minute post
injection. If performing ECHO with stress test,
ECHO images are obtained immediately after
exercise is stopped.
9. During the recovery period, monitor the
patient for 8-10 minutes or until symptoms
and/or ECG and vital signs return to baseline.
10. If adverse hemodynamic responses occur,
significant arrhythmias, ST depression greater
than 2 mm or ST elevation greater than 1 mm
occur, stop the test immediately. Perform
emergency procedures. Any adverse effects or
complications are reported to the attending
physician immediately
1. A cholesterol test is a blood test, usually
done in the morning since the patient will need
to fast for the most accurate results. Blood is
drawn from a vein, usually from his/her arm.
2. Before the needle is inserted, the puncture
site is cleaned with antiseptic and an elastic
band is wrapped around the patient’s upper
arm. This causes the veins in his/her arm to fill
with blood.

(atherosclerosis).
Cardiac catheterization
 (cardiac catheterization or
heart catheterization) is a
procedure to examine how
well your heart is working. A
thin, hollow tube called a
catheter is inserted into a
large blood vessel that leads
to your heart.
3. After the needle is inserted, a small amount
of blood is collected into a vial or syringe. The
band is then removed to restore circulation,
and blood continues to flow into the vial. Once
enough blood is collected, the needle is
removed and the puncture site is covered with
a bandage.
4. The procedure will likely take a couple of
minutes. It's relatively painless.
1. Before the catheterization procedure, a
nurse will put an IV (intravenous) line into a
vein in your arm so you can get medicine
(sedative) to help you relax, but you’ll be
awake and able to follow instructions during
the procedure.
2. The nurse will clean and shave the area
where the doctor will be working. This is
usually in the groin area.
3. A local anesthetic is usually given to numb
the needle puncture site.
4. The doctor will make a needle puncture
through your skin and into a large blood vessel.
A small straw-sized tube (called a sheath) will
be inserted into the vessel. The doctor will
gently guide a catheter (a long, thin tube) into
your vessel through the sheath. A video screen
will show the position of the catheter as it is
threaded through the major blood vessels and
to the heart. You may feel some pressure in
your groin, but you shouldn’t feel any pain.
5. Various instruments may be placed at the tip
of the catheter. They include instruments to
measure the pressure of blood in each heart
chamber and in blood vessels connected to the
heart, view the interior of blood vessels, take
blood samples from different parts of the heart,
or remove a tissue sample (biopsy) from inside
the heart.

24-hour Holter Monitoring
 Sometimes called as
ambulatory
electrocardiography. It is a
continuous test to record your
heart’s rate and rhythm for 24
hours. You wear the Holter
monitor for 12 to 48 hours as
you go about your normal
daily routine. This device has
electrodes and electrical leads
exactly like a regular EKG, but
it has fewer leads. It can pick
up not only your heart’s rate
and rhythm but also when you
feel chest pains or exhibit
symptoms of an irregular
heartbeat, or arrhythmia.
6. When a catheter is used to inject a dye that
can be seen on X-rays, the procedure is called
angiography. When a catheter is used to clear
a narrowed or blocked artery, the procedure is
called angioplasty or a percutaneous coronary
intervention (PCI). When a catheter is used to
widen a narrowed heart valve opening, the
procedure is called valvuloplasty.
7. The doctor will remove the catheters and the
sheath. Your nurse will put pressure on the site
to prevent bleeding. Sometimes a special
closure device is used. The procedure lasts
about an hour.
1. The technician first attaches the electrodes
to patient’s chest. If you have a hairy chest, he
or she may shave some hair off to attach the
electrodes firmly.
2. Once the electrodes are in place, the
technician helps to put the Holter monitor on
and explains how to take care of it.
3. Patient can carry the monitor in a pocket or
pouch, slung across their shoulders and neck
like a purse or camera, or attach it to the waist.
4. Patient can do their usual activities while
wearing the monitor with these exceptions:
 Don’t bathe, shower or swim while
wearing the monitor.
 Don’t have X-rays while wearing the
monitor.
 Stay away from high-voltage areas,
metal detectors or large magnets.
5. The technician will show the patient how to
keep a diary of his/her activities and symptoms
during the test. It’s important to keep an
accurate diary. If symptoms will be felt such as
chest pain, shortness of breath, uneven

Tilt Table Testing
- is usually recommended for
people who experience
fainting (syncope) for an
unknown reason and who
do not have a structural
heart disorder (such as
narrowing of an aortic
valve).
Chest X-Rays
- show the shape and size of
the heart and the outline of
the large blood vessels in
the lungs and chest.
Abnormal heart shape or
size and abnormalities,
such as calcium deposits
within blood vessels, are
readily seen. Chest x-rays
also can detect information
about the condition of the
lungs, particularly whether
blood vessels in the lungs
are abnormal and whether
there is fluid in or around
the lungs.
heartbeats or dizziness, note it in the diary the
time of day they began and what activities was
done. The diary will be compared to the
changes in your ECG recorded by the Holter
monitor.
Typically, people are strapped to a motorized
table and remain lying flat for 15 minutes.
Then they are tilted head up at a 60° to 80°
angle for 45 minutes to see whether they feel
faint or their blood pressure and heart rate
decrease. If blood pressure does not decrease,
isoproterenol (a drug that stimulates the heart)
is injected into the person's vein in a dose
large enough to accelerate the heart rate by 20
beats per minute, and the test is repeated.
Unfortunately, the procedure can sometimes
indicate a heart disorder when none is present
(a false-positive result).
1. The X-ray occurs in a special room with a
movable X-ray camera attached to a large
metal arm.
2. Patient will stand next to a “plate.” This
plate may contain X-ray film or a special sensor
that records the images on a computer. He/she
will wear a lead apron to cover their genitals.
This is because the sperm (men) and eggs
(women) could be damaged from the radiation.
3. The X-ray technician will tell the patient how
to stand and will record both front and side
views of the chest. While the images are taken,
the patient will need to hold his/her breathe so
that the chest stays completely still. If the
patient moves, the images might turn out
blurry. As the radiation passes through the
body and onto the plate, denser materials,
such as bone and the muscles of the heart, will
appear white.

Echocardiography
- used to detect whether the
heart muscle is moving
normally and how much
blood the heart is pumping
out with each beat. This
procedure can also detect
abnormalities in the heart's
structure, such as defective
heart valves, birth defects
(such as holes in the walls
between the heart's
chambers), and
enlargement of the heart's
walls or chambers, as
occurs in people with high
blood pressure, heart
failure, or impairment of
the heart's muscular walls
(cardiomyopathy).
4. After the images have been captured —
which should take 20 minutes or so — your
part is complete. You can change back into
your clothes and go about your day.
The ultrasound waves are emitted by a probe
that both emits and detects ultrasound waves
(transducer). Most often, the transducer is
handheld and placed on the chest over the
heart. The examiner places gel on the chest
under the transducer to help transmit the
sound waves into the chest. The transducer is
connected to a computer that displays an
image on a monitor and stores the image
digitally. By varying the placement and angle
of the transducer, doctors can view the heart
and nearby major blood vessels from various
angles and thus get an accurate picture of
heart structure and function. During various
portions of the examination, people will need
to hold their breath for about 10 seconds to
ensure clear images are obtained.
Echocardiography is painless and takes 20 to
30 minutes.
Transesophageal Echocardiography can be
used if doctors need to obtain greater clarity or
to analyze the aorta or structures at the back
of the heart (particularly the left atrium or left
ventricle). For this procedure, a small flexible
tube with an ultrasound transducer at the tip is
passed down the person's throat into the
esophagus so that the transducer lies just
behind the heart. Because this procedure is
uncomfortable, the person is sedated and the
throat is numbed with an anesthetic spray.
Transesophageal echocardiography is also
used when regular echocardiography is difficult
to do because of obesity, lung disorders, or
other technical problems or when doctors are
looking for specific diseases, such as
endocarditis of the mitral valve or aortic valve
or a clot within the heart.
 1. The technician will ask the patient to lie back
on the bench. Pillow and blanket may be given
to the patient if they report trouble or
discomfort while lying on it.

2. The technician will control the movement of

Cardiac MRI
- a powerful magnetic field
and radio waves are used
to produce detailed images
of the heart and chest. It is
used predominantly for the
diagnosis of complex heart
disorders that are present
at birth (congenital) and to
differentiate between
normal and abnormal
tissue.
the bench using a remote control from another
room. They will be able to communicate with
the patient through a microphone.
3. The machine will make loud whirring and
thumping noises as it takes pictures of the
body. Many hospitals offer earplugs. Others
may provide television shows or headphones
with music to help the patient pass the time.
4. The technician will ask the patient to hold
his/her breath for a few seconds as the pictures
are being taken. He/she won’t feel anything
during the test because the machine’s
magnets and radio frequencies — similar to FM
radios — can’t be felt.

5. The entire process can take anywhere from

30 to 90 minutes.

Radionuclide Imaging of the 1. Patient will be positioned on an examination

Heart table. A nurse or technologist will insert an
intravenous (IV) line into a vein in his/her hand
- is particularly useful in the or arm.
diagnosis of chest pain
when the cause is 2. The exam will usually begin with an injection
unknown. If the coronary of tracer while the patient is resting. Within the
arteries are narrowed, first hour after the tracer is injected, he/she will
radionuclide imaging is lie on a moveable imaging table with his/her
used to learn how the arms (or in some cases your left arm only) over
narrowing is affecting the your head for about 15 to 20 minutes while
heart's blood supply and images are recorded.
function. Radionuclide
imaging is also used to 3. Following imaging, the patient will undergo a
assess improvement in stress test, which requires him/her to exercise
blood supply to the heart either by walking on a treadmill or pedaling a
muscle after bypass stationary bicycle for a few minutes. While
surgery or similar he/she exercise, the electrical activity of
his/her heart will be monitored by
 electrocardiography (ECG) and blood pressure
will be frequently measured.

4. When blood flow to the heart has reached its

peak, the patient will be given the radiotracer
through your IV. After the patient complete the
stress test, he/she may be asked to drink some
water. He/she will be placed on the imaging
table a second time so a second series of
images can be recorded. At this time, an ECG
will also be placed to image the motion of the
heart.

5. If the patient is unable to use a treadmill or

bicycle, he/she will not exercise but will be
given a drug that will increase blood flow to the
heart.

procedures and may be 6. Actual scanning time for each heart scan
used to help determine a varies from 15 to 30 minutes, depending on
person's prognosis after a the type of scanner used. Total time in the
heart attack. nuclear medicine department will be
approximately two to four hours.

7. When the examination is completed, patient

may be asked to wait until the technologist
checks the images in case additional images
are needed. Occasionally, more images are
obtained for clarification or better visualization
of certain areas or structures. The need for
additional images does not necessarily mean
there was a problem with the exam or that
something abnormal was found, and should not
be a cause of concern.

8. If the patient had an intravenous line

inserted for the procedure, it will usually be
removed unless he/she is scheduled for an
additional procedure that same day that
requires an intravenous line.

Positron Emission 1. The technologist will place small metal disks

(electrodes) on the patient’s chest, arms and
Tomography (PET) of the legs. The disks have wires that hook to a
machine that records his/her
Heart
- a substance necessary for
heart cell function (such as
oxygen or sugar) is labeled
with a radioactive
substance (radionuclide)
that gives off positrons
(electrons with a positive
charge). The labeled
nutrient is injected into a
vein and reaches the heart
in a few minutes. A sensor
detects the positrons and
uses them to create a
picture of the body part
being studied.
electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG). The ECG
keeps track of his/her heartbeat during the test
and can signal the computer when to take a
scan.
2. The technologist will put an intravenous line
(IV) in the patient’s arm. The tracer will be
injected through the IV line.
3. Patient will lie on a flat table that’s
connected to the PET scanner and a computer.
The table will slide into the scanner, which is
shaped like a giant doughnut.
4. Within the PET scanner, detectors record the
radioactive patterns of the tracer in the
patient’s heart. The information is transformed
into images on a computer screen. Several
scans are done over time to provide pictures of
thin slices of the entire heart from all angles.
It’s very important to hold completely still with
the arms above the head while each scan is
being done.
5. Doctors will take a baseline picture of the
heart before the tracer is injected. This takes
about 15 to 30 minutes.
6. The tracer will be injected and the patient’s
heart will be scanned again.
7. If the patient will have a nuclear chemical
stress test (also called a pharmacologic stress
test), he/she get a medicine that increases the
blood flow in your heart, similar to what
happens during exercise. These medicines may
include adenosine, dipyridamole (Persantine)
or dobutamine. The doctor will examine how
well his/her heart takes up the tracer before
and after receiving the medicine. If the patient
has severe coronary artery disease, some
areas of his/her heart may not get enough
blood during a stress so the tracer won’t show
up in those areas.
 8. The test takes between 1 and 3 hours.

1. Patient may be given a beta-blocker before

the scan. This medication slows down your
heart so that clearer pictures can be taken.

2. Small, sticky discs called electrodes are

placed onto the patient’s chest to record the
scan.

3. The radiology technician inserts an

intravenous line (IV) into a vein so that they
can inject the radioactive dye into his/her arm.
He/she may feel warm or flushed briefly or
have a temporary metallic taste in the mouth
when they inject the dye.
Computed Tomography
(CT) of the Heart 4. Before the start of the scan, patient will lie
down on a bench, possibly in a specific
- may be used to detect position. The technician may use pillows or
structural abnormalities of straps to ensure that you stay in the correct
the heart, the sac that position for long enough to get a quality image.
envelops the heart He/she may also have to hold your breath
(pericardium), major blood during brief individual scans, which last only 10
vessels, lungs, and to 20 seconds.
supporting structures in the
chest. 5. To start the scan, the technician moves the
table — via a remote from a separate room —
into the CT machine. The CT machine looks like
a giant doughnut made of plastic and metal.
The patient will most likely go through the
machine several times. The technician can talk
to him/her via an intercom.

6. After a round of scans, the patient may be

required to wait for a few minutes while the
technicians review the images to ensure
they’re clear enough for your doctor to read.
The whole test shouldn’t take longer than 10
minutes.

REFERENCES

1. https://medlineplus.gov/lab-tests/electrocardiogram/
2. https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/angiography/what-happens/
3. https://health.ucsd.edu/medinfo/medical-staff/application/Documents/SP50%20Cardiac
%20Stress-Exercise%20Testing%20(Adult,%20Peds).pdf
4. https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/heart-attack/diagnosing-a-heart-attack/cardiac-
catheterization
5. https://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/coronary-angiogram/about/pac-20384904
6. https://www.healthline.com/health/holter-monitor-24h
7. https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/heart-attack/diagnosing-a-heart-attack/holter-
monitor
8. https://www.msdmanuals.com/home/heart-and-blood-vessel-disorders/diagnosis-of-
heart-and-blood-vessel-disorders/tilt-table-testing
9. https://www.msdmanuals.com/home/heart-and-blood-vessel-disorders/diagnosis-of-
heart-and-blood-vessel-disorders/x-rays-of-the-chest
10. https://www.healthline.com/health/chest-x-ray#procedure
11. https://www.msdmanuals.com/home/heart-and-blood-vessel-disorders/diagnosis-of-
heart-and-blood-vessel-disorders/echocardiography-and-other-ultrasound-procedures
12. https://www.healthline.com/health/heart-mri#procedure
13. https://www.msdmanuals.com/home/heart-and-blood-vessel-disorders/diagnosis-of-
heart-and-blood-vessel-disorders/magnetic-resonance-imaging-mri-of-the-heart
14. https://www.msdmanuals.com/home/heart-and-blood-vessel-disorders/diagnosis-of-
heart-and-blood-vessel-disorders/radionuclide-imaging-of-the-heart
15. https://www.radiologyinfo.org/en/info.cfm?pg=cardinuclear
16. https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/heart-attack/diagnosing-a-heart-attack/positron-
emission-tomography-pet
17. https://www.msdmanuals.com/home/heart-and-blood-vessel-disorders/diagnosis-of-
heart-and-blood-vessel-disorders/positron-emission-tomography-pet-of-the-heart
18. https://www.healthline.com/health/heart-ct-scan#procedure
19. https://www.msdmanuals.com/home/heart-and-blood-vessel-disorders/diagnosis-of-
heart-and-blood-vessel-disorders/computed-tomography-ct-of-the-heart
20. https://www.msdmanuals.com/home/heart-and-blood-vessel-disorders/diagnosis-of-
heart-and-blood-vessel-disorders/central-venous-catheterization
21. https://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/cholesterol-test/about/pac-
20384601
 PERIPHERAL VASCULAR SYSTEM
DIAGNOSTIC TEST/S PROCEDURE

Ankle-brachial index (ABI)

- This is a common test used
to diagnose peripheral
artery disease. It compares
the blood pressure in your
ankle with the blood
pressure in your arm.
