Sei sulla pagina 1di 13

TYPES OF MUSCLES NERVOUS CONTROL

✓ Voluntary (Somatic Nervous System)

CONTRACTION REGULATION
✓ Acetylcholine released by somatic motor
neurons

CAPACITY FOR REGENERATION


✓ Limited, via satellite cells

Skeletal Cardiac

MICROSCOPIC APPEARANCE MICROSCOPIC APPEARANCE


✓ Long Cylindrical Fiber ✓ Branched Cylindrical Fiber
✓ Peripherally located nuclei
✓ Unbranched
✓ Striated
✓ Several Nuclei Per Cell

LOCATION
✓ Attached to bones via tendon

FIBRE DIAMETER
✓ Very Large (10 – 100 µm)

CONNECTIVE TISSUE COMPONENTS ✓ Centrally located nuclei


✓ Endomysium, perimysium, and epimysium ✓ Striated
✓ Intercalated discs join neighboring fibers
FIBER LENGTH
✓ Very Large (100 µm – 30 cm = 12in.) LOCATION
✓ Heart
CONTRACTILE PROTEINS ORGANIZED INTO
SACROMERES FIBRE DIAMETER
✓ Yes ✓ Large (10 – 20 µm)

SACROPLASMIC RETICULUM CONNECTIVE TISSUE COMPONENTS


✓ Abundant ✓ Endomysium and perimysium

TRANSVERSE TUBULES PRESENT FIBER LENGTH


✓ Yes, aligned with A-I band junction ✓ Large (50 - 100 µm)

JUNCTIONS BETWEEN FIBERS CONTRACTILE PROTEINS ORGANIZED INTO


✓ None SACROMERES
✓ Yes
AUTORYTHMICITY
✓ No SACROPLASMIC RETICULUM
✓ Some
SOURCE OF Ca2+ FOR CONTRACTION
✓ Sarcoplasmic Reticulum TRANSVERSE TUBULES PRESENT
✓ Yes, aligned with each Z disc
REGULATOR PROTEINS FOR CONTRACTION
✓ Troponin and Tropomyosin JUNCTIONS BETWEEN FIBERS
✓ Intercalated discs contain gap junctions and
SPEED OF CONTRACTION desmosomes
✓ Fast
AUTORYTHMICITY
✓ Yes ✓ Intermediate (30 - 200 µm)

SOURCE OF Ca2+ FOR CONTRACTION CONTRACTILE PROTEINS ORGANIZED INTO


✓ Sarcoplasmic Reticulum and interstitial fluid SACROMERES
✓ No
REGULATOR PROTEINS FOR CONTRACTION
✓ Troponin and Tropomyosin SACROPLASMIC RETICULUM
✓ Very Little
SPEED OF CONTRACTION
✓ Moderate TRANSVERSE TUBULES PRESENT
✓ No
NERVOUS CONTROL
✓ Involuntary (Autonomous Nervous System) JUNCTIONS BETWEEN FIBERS
✓ Gap junctions between visceral smooth
CONTRACTION REGULATION muscle
✓ Acetylcholine norepinephrine released by ✓ None in multi-unit smooth muscles
autonomic motor neurons; several hormones
AUTORYTHMICITY
CAPACITY FOR REGENERATION ✓ Yes, in visceral smooth muscles
✓ Limited, under certain conditions
SOURCE OF Ca2+ FOR CONTRACTION
✓ Sarcoplasmic Reticulum and interstitial fluid
Smooth
REGULATOR PROTEINS FOR CONTRACTION
MICROSCOPIC APPEARANCE ✓ Calmodulin and myosin light chain
✓ Fiber thickened in the middle
✓ Tapered at each end SPEED OF CONTRACTION
✓ One centrally positioned nucleus ✓ Slow
✓ Non-Striated
NERVOUS CONTROL
✓ Involuntary (Autonomous Nervous System)

CONTRACTION REGULATION
✓ Acetylcholine norepinephrine released by
autonomic motor neurons; several hormones
✓ Local chemical changes
✓ Stretching

CAPACITY FOR REGENERATION


✓ Considerable (compared with other muscle
tissues, but limited compared with
LOCATION epithelium) via pericytes
✓ Walls of hollow viscera, airways, blood vessels,
iris, ciliary body of eye, arrector pili muscles of
hair follicle DEF. OF TERMS

FIBRE DIAMETER 1. ENDOMYSIUM: Connective tissue that covers


✓ Small (3-8 µm) each individual myocyte (muscle fiber)
2. PERIMYSIUM: Connective tissue that wraps
CONNECTIVE TISSUE COMPONENTS bundles of muscle fibers (fascicles)
✓ Endomysium 3. EPIMYSIUM: Connective tissue that wraps the
whole muscle
FIBER LENGTH
4. STRIATION: Series of ridges, furrows or linear PHYSIOLOGY IN MUSCLE CONTRACTION
marks
5. SARCOMERE: Basic unit of striated muscle Contraction and Relaxation of Skeletal Muscle Fibers
6. MYOFIBRIL: Basic rod-like unit of a muscle
cell; made up of sarcomeres 1. Muscle contraction occurs because cross-bridges
7. CONTRACTILE PROTEINS: Generate force attach to and “walk” along the thin filaments at both
for muscle contraction via actin and myosin ends of a sarcomere, progressively pulling the thin
interacting with each other, with one acting as a filaments toward the center of a sarcomere. As the thin
thin filament and a thick filament respectively, filaments slide
in order to generate movement relative to each inward, the Z discs come closer together, and the
other sarcomere shortens.
8. SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM: 2. The contraction cycle is the repeating sequence of
Membrane-bound structure; stores calcium ions events that causes sliding of the filaments: (1) Myosin
(Ca2+) ATPase hydrolyzes ATP and becomes energized;
9. TRANSVERSE TUBULES: Extensions of the (2) the myosin head attaches to actin, forming a cross-
cell membrane penetrating into the center of the bridge; (3) the crossbridge generates force as it rotates
skeletal and cardiac muscles; Relays the action toward the center of the sarcomere (power stroke); and
potential to the inferior of the muscle fiber (4) binding of ATP to the myosin head detaches it from
10. A-I BAND JUNCTION: Junction between the actin. The myosin head again hydrolyzes the ATP,
A and I bands of the sarcomere, smallest unit of returns to its original position, and
a muscle fiber 3. An increase in Ca2+ concentration in the sarcoplasm
11. TROPONIN: Group of proteins found in starts filament sliding; a decrease turns off the sliding
skeletal and heart muscle fibers that regulate process.
muscular contraction; binds actin in thin 4. The muscle action potential propagating into the T
myofilaments to hold the actin-tropomyosin tubule system stimulates voltage-gated Ca2+ channels in
complex in place so myosin cannot bind actin in the T tubule membrane. This causes opening of
relaxed muscle Ca2+ release channels in the SR membrane. Calcium
12. TROPOMYOSIN: Blocks the binding sites to ions diffuse from the SR into the sarcoplasm and
prevent contraction combine with troponin. This binding causes tropomyosin
13. REGULATOR PROTEINS: Bind to a specific to move away from the myosin-binding sites on actin.
DNA sequence and control it when it is needed 5. Ca2+ active transport pumps continually remove
14. SATELLITE CELLS: Located in the basal Ca2+ from the sarcoplasm into the SR. When the
lamina, quiescent, contains myonuclei for concentration of calcium ions in the sarcoplasm
muscle repair decreases, tropomyosin slides back over and blocks the
15. ACETYLCHOLINE: Chemical that motor myosin-binding sites,
neurons of the nervous system release in order to and the muscle fiber relaxes.
activate muscles 6. A muscle fiber develops its greatest tension when
16. INTERCALATED DISC: Identifying feature there is an optimal zone of overlap between thick and
of a cardiomyocyte; bonds cardiac muscles thin filaments. This dependency is the length–tension
together for transmitting of signals between cells relationship.
17. INTERSTITIAL FLUID: found in spaces 7. The neuromuscular junction (NMJ) is the synapse
around cells; helps bring oxygen and nutrients to between a somatic motor neuron and a skeletal muscle
cells and to remove waste products from them fiber. The NMJ includes the axon terminals and
18. DESMOSOMES: forms adhesion between cells synaptic end bulbs of a motor neuron, plus the adjacent
19. CALMODULIN (CALCIUM-MODULATED motor end plate of the muscle fiber sarcolemma.
PROTEIN): Calcium-binding messenger 8. When a nerve impulse reaches the synaptic end bulbs
protein expressed in all eukaryotic cells of a somatic motor neuron, it triggers exocytosis of the
20. Z DISC: Separates sarcomeres synaptic vesicles, which releases acetylcholine (ACh).
21. MYOSIN: Super family of motors proteins ACh diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to Ach
known for their roles in muscle contraction receptors, initiating a muscle action potential.
22. PERICTYES: Wraps around the endothelial Acetylcholinesterase then quickly breaks down ACh into
cells which lines the capillaries and venules in its component parts.
the body
1. Energy system fatigue: There is no more ATP left in
the muscle cell so it can’t keep contracting.
2. Nervous system fatigue: The nervous system is not
able to create impulses sufficiently or quickly enough to
maintain the stimulus and cause calcium to release.

3. Voluntary nervous system control: The nerve that


tells the muscle to contract stops sending that signal
because the brain tells it to, so no more calcium ions will
enter the muscle cell and the contraction stops.

4. Sensory nervous system information: For example,


a sensory neuron (nerves that detect stimuli like pain or
how heavy something is) provides feedback to the brain
indicating that a muscle is injured while you are trying to
lift a heavy weight and consequently the impulse to that
muscle telling it to contract is stopped.

the sliding filament theory of muscle contraction can be


broken down into four distinct stages, these are;

1. Muscle activation: The motor nerve stimulates an


action potential (impulse) to pass down a neuron to the CLASSIFICATION OF MUSCLES
neuromuscular junction. This stimulates the
sarcoplasmic reticulum to release calcium into the
muscle cell. 3.a. ACCORDING TO ACTION

2. Muscle contraction: Calcium floods into the muscle Movements are produced by a group of skeletal
cell binding with troponin allowing actin and myosin to muscles. These muscles are arranged in opposing pairs
bind. The actin and myosin cross bridges bind and at joints. The prime mover and the antagonist are
contract using ATP as energy (ATP is an energy located on the opposite ends of the bone or joint. No
compound that all cells use to fuel their activity – this is movement would be produced if the two excert equal
discussed in greater detail in the energy system folder force at the same time.
here at ptdirect). Agonist or Prime Mover
3. Recharging: ATP is re-synthesised (re- Is the one that generates action through
manufactured) allowing actin and myosin to maintain contraction. It sometimes crosses other joints before it
their strong binding state reaches the joint.

4. Relaxation: Relaxation occurs when stimulation of Antagonist


the nerve stops. Calcium is then pumped back into the The one that yeilds and stretches the muscle,
sarcoplasmic reticulum breaking the link between actin undoing the effects of the prime mover
and myosin. Actin and myosin return to their unbound
state causing the muscle to relax. Alternatively Synergists
relaxation (failure) will also occur when ATP is no
Is the one that aids the movement of the prime
longer available.
mover, and also stabilizes intermediate joints and
prevents unwanted movement. It is usually found near
In order for a skeletal muscle contraction to occur; the prime mover.
Fixators
1. There must be a neural stimulus
2. There must be calcium in the muscle cells Is the one that stabilizes the prime mover's
3. ATP must be available for energy origin so it could act more efficiently. It does so by
steadying the proximal end whenever movement occurs
at the distal end.
So, a few things can stop a contraction;
Compartment
Is a group of skeletal muscles in the limbs, their Bipennate
associated blood vessels, along with their associated
nerves, which have a common function A type of Pennate in which the fascicles are on
both sides of the tendon, just like the arrangement of a
single feather.
3.b. ACCORDING TO SHAPE Multipennate
Skeletal muscle fibers are arranged in A type of Pennate in which the fasciclesinsert on
bundles, also called as fascicles. These fascicles are then multiplytendons tapering towards a common tendon, just
form a pattern with respect to the tendon. The power and like multiple feathers converging to a common point.
range of motion of a muscle is affected by its
arrangement.

3.c. ACCORDING TO ORIGIN & INSERTION


Skeletal muscles generate movement by
pulling onto tendons, which in turn pull onto bones or
other structures. Muscles are usually connected to
articulating bones and cross a minimum of one joint.

Origin
Is the part in which the muscle tendon is
attached to the stationary bone.
Insertion
Parallel
Is the part in which the muscle's other tendon is
The fascicles are parallel to longitudinal axis of attached to the movable bone.
muscles, which terminate at the ends in flat tendons.
Belly
Fusiform
The portion of the muscle that is fleshy.
The fascicles are nearly parallel to longitudinal
Actions
axis of the muscles, which are spindle shaped, and
terminate in flat tendons. It is the main movement of the muscle
which occurs whenever the muscle contracts.
Circular
RMA (Reverse Muscle Action)
Also called Sphincters, in which the fascicles
form rings around a certain body opening. It increases in Is a movement which only a certain muscles are
size when it is relaxed, and shrinks when contracted. capable of. It occurs during specific actions are reserved
in which the positions of the origin and insertion are also
Triangular
reversed
Also called Convergent, where the fascicles are
fan-shaped. It is broad at one end and narrower at the
other. 3.d. ACCORDING TO NUMBER OF DIVISION
Pennate
The fascicles are shaped somewhat like the quill Uniarticular Muscles
of a feather. It inserts obliquely on a tendon that runs
the lengths of the muscles. These are muscles that cross only one joint ( e.g.
vastus mediales).
Unipennate
Biarticular Muscles
A type of Pennate in which the fascicles are
located at one side of the tendon. These are muscles that cross two joints ( e.g.
rectus femoris). The function of these are complex
to 100 or more muscle fibers, separating them
into bundles called fascicles. Many fascicles are
Multiarticular Muscle large enough to be seen with the naked eye.
These are muscles that cross more than three They give a cut of meat its characteristic
joints ( e.g. finger flexors). “grain”; if you tear a piece of meat, it rips apart
along the fascicles. Perimysium is capable of
increasing muscle stiffness, which is a common
finding in myofascial pain, and seems to adapt
more to changes in mechanical tension than
CONNECTIVE TISSUE COMPONENTS
other intramuscular connective tissues, although
Connective tissue surrounds and protects muscular there are direct connections with the epimysium
tissue. The subcutaneous layer or hypodermis, which and muscle fibers
separates muscle from the skin is composed of areolar
connective tissue and adipose tissue. It provides a
pathway for nerves, blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels
to enter and exit muscles. The adipose tissue of the
subcutaneous layer stores most of the body’s
triglycerides, serves as an insulating layer that reduces
heat loss, and protects muscles from physical trauma.
Fascia is a dense sheet or broad band of irregular
connective tissue that lines the body wall and limbs and
supports and surrounds muscles and other organs of the
body. As you will see, fascia holds muscles with similar
functions together. Fascia allows free movement of
muscles; carries nerves, blood vessels, and lymphatic
vessels; and fills spaces between muscles. Three layers 3. Endomysium - penetrates the interior of each
of connective tissue extend from the fascia to protect and fascicle and separates individual muscle fibers
strengthen skeletal muscle. from one another. The endomysium is mostly
reticular fibers. The endomysium is the thinner
portion of the intramuscular connective tissue
and is directly in contact with and surrounds
every single muscle fibre, forming its immediate
external environment. It extends itself without
interruption to the perimysium collagen.

PRINCIPAL MUSCLE
Head and Neck
Sternocleidomastoid

1. Epimysium - The outermost layer of dense, - It connects the skull to the clavicle and allows
irregular connective tissue, encircling the entire the head to flex or rotate
muscle, is the epimysium. Epimysium consists
of dense connective tissue. Epimysium Suprahyoid
generally extends beyond the fleshy part of the - to elevate the hyoid bone, floor of the oral
muscle, forming a thick rope-like tendon or a
cavity, and tongue during deglutition
broad, flat sheet-like aponeurosis. These form
indirect attachments from muscles to Infrahyoid
the periosteum of bones or to the connective
tissue of other muscles. - depress the hyoid bone and some move the
larynx during swallowing and speech
2. Perimysium - is also a layer of dense, irregular
connective tissue, but it surrounds groups of 10 Auricular Muscle
- Responsible for the wiggling of the ear Occipitofrontalis
Corrugator Supercili - is the counter part of the occipital muscle belly
which is located at the occipital lobe, and they
- Upon contraction the corrugator
are connected by the epicranial aproneurosis
supercilii pulls the skin of the eyebrow
which lies within the scalp
downward and medially and produces vertical
- responsible for elevating the eyebrows and
wrinkles of the forehead.
moving the scalp.
Depressor Anguli Oris
Orbicularis Oculi
- originates from the mandible and inserts on
angles of the mouth to depress the angle of the - lies in the tissue of the eyelid and causes the eye
mouth. to close or blink
- compresses the nearby tear gland, or lacrimal
Depressor Labii Inferioris Muscle gland, aiding the flow of tears over the surface
of the eye
- a muscle of the face that draws the lower lip
down and slightly laterally, as in the expression Orbicularis Oris
of irony.
- called the kissing muscle because it causes the
Epicranius lips to close and pucker
- pulls the scalp back so that the eyebrows are Platysma
lifted and the forehead can wrinkle
- rises over the collarbone (clavicle), proceeding
Galea Aponeurotica upward in a slanting manner along the sides of
the neck
- covers the upper part of the cranium - draws the lower lip and corner of the mouth
- allows it to move the scalp freely over the sideways and down, partially opening the
underlying skull bone mouth, as in an expression of surprise or fright
Levator Labii Superioris Procerus
- raises the upper lip and dilates the nostril - The procerus depresses the medial eyebrow
Levator Labii Superioris Alaque Nasi angle.
- Contractions of procerus are responsible for
- Contractions of the levator labii superioris producing a transverse fold across the root of the
alaeque nasi dilates the nostril, elevates the wing nose.
of the nose and the upper lip, providing the
facial expression that accompanies snarling.
Risorius
- draws the angle of the mouth outward and is
Levator Scapulae
commonly called the laughing muscle
- resides at that back and side of the neck
- its goal is to lift the scapula Scalene
- begin at the first and second ribs and pass up
Masseter
into the sides of the neck
- located in the cheek
- needed for mastication (chewing) and performs Sternohyoid
when it closes the jaws - depresses the hyoid bone
Mentalis Temporalis
- elevates and protrudes the lower lip and wrinkles - if you clench and unclench your jaw, you can
the skin of the chin see and feel it contracting at the temples on both
sides of your head
Omohyoid
- depresses the hyoid bone.
Tongue Chest and Upper Back

- highly mobile structure that is vital for Abdominal Head of Pectoralis Major
mastication (chewing), detection of taste,
- The abdominal head of the pectoralis major
deglutition (swallowing), and speech.
muscle is one of three origins for the pectoralis
- consists of mass of intrinsic muscles, which are
major. It arises from the fascia of the external
located within the tongue and extrinsic muscles,
oblique muscle. Broadly, pectoral is a term
which are located outside but are attached to.
relating to the chest, and the pectoralis major is a
- divided into lateral halves by a median fibrous
large, fan-shaped muscle that covers much of the
septum.
front upper chest. It begins at the breastbone
Transverse Nasalis (sternum) and the cartilage of the second to the
sixth ribs
- Compresses the nostrils
Diaphragm
- dome-shaped sheet of muscle and tendon that
Trapezius
serves as the main muscle of respiration and
- responsible for moving, rotating, and stabilizing plays a vital role in the breathing process
the scapula (shoulder blade) and extending the - serves as an important anatomical landmark that
head at the neck separates the thorax, or chest, from the abdomen

Zygomaticus Major Infraspinatus


- aid in articulation of the mouth, nose, and - The infraspinatus muscle is one of the rotator
cheeks cuff muscles. The stability of the shoulder joint
is mainly provided by the tendons of the
Zygomaticus Minor subscapularis, teres minor, infraspinatous, and
supraspinatous muscles that together form the
- small bundle of muscle fibers lying in the area of
rotator cuff. The cuff is fused to the underlying
the cheek
joint capsule except inferiorly. Because of the
lack of inferior stability, most dislocations or
Eye Movement subluxations

Superior Rectus Intercostal


- These muscles play a vital role in the movement
- moves the eye to a superior and medial position
of the chest during breathing. They also help to
Inferior Rectus solidify the thoracic region and protect the
lungs.
- moves the eye to an inferior and medial position
Latissimus Dorsi
Medial Rectus
- “broadest muscle of the back,” is one of the
- allows medial movement widest muscles in the human body
- Also known as the “lat,” it is a very thin
Lateral Rectus triangular muscle that is not used strenuously in
common daily activities but is an important
- allows lateral movement muscle in many exercises such as pull-ups, chin-
ups, lat pulldowns, and swimming
Superior Oblique - primary function of the lat is the adduction of
- allows the eye to move down and in the arm, which is often used when performing a
pull-up or chin-up or when pulling a heavy
Inferior Oblique object down from a shelf above one’s head

- allows eye to move up and in Levator Scapulae

Levator Palpebrae Superioris - resides at that back and side of the neck
- its goal is to lift the scapula
- elevates upper eyelids
Pectoralis Major Ischiocavernus
- covers much of the front upper chest - maintains erection of penis in male and clitoris
- Its main use is in moving the arm across the in female by decreasing urine drainage
body
Ischiococcygeus
Pectoralis Minor
- assists the Levator Ani
- the smaller of the two sets of muscles that - pulls the coccyx anteriorly after it has been
connect the bones of the chest to the shoulder pushed posteriorly during defecation or
and upper arm childbirth
- rises and narrows to the upper and medial
portions of the coracoid process Levator Ani

Serratus Anterior - supports the pelvic viscera and resists the


inferior thrust that accompanies increases in
- located on the side of the chest intra-abdominal pressure during functions such
- pull the scapula (shoulder blade) down and to as forced exhalation, coughing, vomiting,
the front, and is used to thrust the shoulder urination, and defecation
forward as when pushing something
Linea Alba
Supraspinatus
- Responsible for maintaining a certain proximity
- located in the depression above the spine of the of the abdominal muscles
scapula on the back surface
- acts to abduct the upper arm Pubococcygeus and Iliococygeus

Teres Major - maintains position of pelvic viscera

- brings the arm toward the body and assists in Rectus Abdominis
extending it when the arm is in a flexed position
- flat muscles that extend vertically along the
Teres Minor entire length of the abdomen adjacent to the
umbilicus
- rotates the arm laterally and assists in bringing it - performs the important task of flexing the torso
toward the body and spine in the abdominal region

Serratus Anterior
Abdomen Lower Back and Pelvis
- functions to pull the scapula (shoulder blade)
External Abdominal Oblique down and to the front, and is used to thrust the
shoulder forward as when pushing something
- they are best known for their lateral flexion and
rotation of the trunk known as a side bend Tendinous Intersection
Iliopsoas - cross the Rectus Abdominis in three or more
locations, causing the abdominal wall of a lean,
- iliacus arises from the ilium and the psoas major
arises from the lumbar vertebrae — both well-muscled person to appear segmented
muscles merge at their midpoint to form a Thoracolumbar Fasia
common insertion at the lesser trochanter of the
femur. - As with any individual skeletal muscle, the
- flex the trunk at the hip when other muscles hold muscles of the back are separated from adjacent
the legs steady, as in sitting up from a supine muscles and held in place by layers of fibrous
(lying-down) position connective tissues called fascia

Internal Abdominal Oblique Transversus Abdominis


- below the external oblique and above the - deep to the Internal Abdominal Oblique
transverse abdominal muscle
- flex the vertebral column by drawingthe pubis
toward the xiphoid process
Arm and Hand - located along the outer surface of the ulna
(longer forearm bone) and connects the humerus
Anconeous (upper arm bone) to the hand. It acts to extend
- assists in extending the forearm and is supplied the wrist and assists in abducting it
by a branch of the radial nerve
Extensor Digiti Minimi
Biceps Brachii (Long Head) - arises from the humerus bone and inserts with
- From the merger point, the entire muscle the little finger’s extensor expansion
continues beyond the distal end of the humerus - straighten the little or pinkie finger
and inserts on the radial tuberosity of the radius
Extensor Digitorum
- acts as a flexor of the arm at the elbow joint and
a supinator of the forearm - extrinsic muscle of the hand that originates at
the lateral epicondyle in the elbow. The muscle
Biceps Brachii (Short Head) crosses the posterior forearm to insert on the
- short head is a flexor and supinator of the elbow posterior of the phalanges, serving to extend the
joint. At the shoulder joint, the short head aids in fingers and the wrist
adduction of the humerus.
Extensor Pollicis Brevis
Brachialis - a short muscle originating from the radius to
- large muscle beneath the biceps brachii insert on the thumb and serves to straighten it
- connects the shaft of the humerus (upper arm out
bone) to the ulna (longest forearm bone) and is
Extensor Retinaculum
the strongest flexor of the elbow
- The extensor retinaculum of the hand consists of
Brachioradialis a group of heavy connective fibers in the tissues
- aids in flexing the elbow of the wrist. It connects the lateral margin of the
radius (shorter forearm bone) with the inside
border of the ulna (longer forearm bone) and
with certain bones of the wrist

Flexor Carpi Radialis


Coracobrachialis
- arises from the medial epicondyle at the elbow
- originates from the coracoid process of the
to insert on the second metacarpal bone, on the
scapula, inserts on the middle, inner border of
anterior base. It serves to flex the wrist
the humerus and functions to raise and adduct
arm Flexor Carpi Ulnaris
Deltoid - It arises from the medial epicondyle, medial
olecranon, and proximal ulnar head at the elbow
- located on the uppermost part of the arm and
to insert on several of the carpal bones
the top of the shoulder
- results in a wide range of movement of the arm Flexor Digiti Minimi Brevis
at the shoulder due to its location and the wide
separation of its muscle fibers - arising from the hamate bone of the wrist and
inserting on the phalanx of the little finger,
Extensor Carpi Radialis Brevis serving to flex that finger
- companion of the extensor carpi radialis longus Flexor Digitorum Profundus
and extends toward the middle of it
- also assists in abducting the hand - a large muscle that connects the ulna (longest
forearm bone) to the bones of the fingers. It acts
Extensor Carpi Radialis Longus to flex the distal joints of the fingers, as when a
fist is made
- functions to extend the wrist and assists in
abducting the hand Flexor Digitorum Superficialis
Extensor Carpi Ulnaris
- runs along the bottom of the forearm from all Leg and Foot
the bones at the elbow to the four fingers. It
serves to flex or curl the fingers Biceps Femoris (Long)
- originates from the lower end of the ischium to
Flexor Pollicis Brevis
cross the front of the knee and insert on the tibia
- a short muscle that runs from the wrist to the and fibula
proximal phalanx of the thumb to bend the - functions to flex and rotate the leg laterally and
thumb toward the palm to extend the thigh

Flexor Retinaculum Biceps Femoris ( Short)

- The flexor retinaculum in the wrist and palm of - This muscle functions to flex and rotate the leg
the hand consists of a group of heavy connective laterally and to extend the thigh
fibers in the tissues of the wrist
Calcaneal Tendon
Lumbirical
- This tendon connects the calf muscle to the heel
- lumbrical muscle flexes the corresponding bone
digital joint to extend the finger in question - puts a spring in the step and helps one to stand
on tiptoe
Opponens Pollicis
Dorsal Interosseous
- opponens pollicis muscle flexes and adducts the
thumb - The dorsal interosseous muscles of the the foot,
or dorsal interossei, are a set of four muscles that
Palmar Interosseous run along the back of the foot and between the
bones of the toes.
- palmar interosseous muscles are adductors of the
digits in the hand Gastrocnemius (Lateral)
Palmaris Longus - a powerful plantar flexor of the foot, that aids in
pushing the body forward when a person walks
- Its function is to flex the hand at the wrist or runs. It also works to flex the leg at the knee
Pronator Quadratus Gastrocnemius (Medial)
- The pronator quadratus muscle runs from the far - gastrocnemius pulls the calcaneus posteriorly
end of the ulna (longest forearm bone) to the far toward the posterior of the femur, flexing the
end of the radius (shortest forearm bone). It knee. The three hamstring muscles also work
assists the pronator teres in rotating the arm with the gastrocnemius to perform knee flexion
toward the inside, as when the hand is turned so
the palm is facing downward.

Rhomboid Major Gluteus Maximus

- retracts, rotates, and fixes scapula. - strongest muscle in the body and covers a large
part of the buttock
Rhomboid Minor - causes the leg to straighten at the hip when a
person walks, runs, or climbs. It is also used to
- retracts, slightly elevates, rotates and fixes raise the body from a sitting position
scapula.
Gluteus Medius
Serratus Anterior
- The gluteus medius muscle is partly covered by
- abducts and rotates scapula the gluteus maximus. Its fibers extend from the
ilium to the femur, and they function to move
Triceps Brachii the thigh out and rotate it medially

- extensor of the elbow Gluteus Minimus


- The gluteus minimus muscle lies beneath the Adductor Magnus
gluteus medius and is its companion in
attachments and functions. Its fibers extend from - rising from the pelvic bones and inserting on the
the ilium to the femur, and they function to femur
move the thigh out and rotate it medially. Both - powerfully adducts the hip, while the hamstring
muscles lie beneath the superficial and largest of portion of the adductor magnus rotates the leg
the posterior thigh muscles, the gluteus medially
maximus. Sartorius
Gracilis - longest muscle in the entire human body
- functions to adduct the thigh and to flex and - functions as an important flexor and rotator of
rotate the leg medially at the knee the thigh at the hip joint

Iliacus Pectineus

- The iliacus muscle works with the psoas major - arises from the anterior superior iliac spine on
as a powerful flexor of the thigh at the hip joint. the lateral edge of the hip bone
It joins the psoas in a number of other actions as Piriformis
the iliopsoas.
- origins are spread along the anterior region of
Iliotibial Tract the sacrum
- plays an important role in the movement of the - acts as an external rotator of the thigh
thigh by connecting hip muscles to the tibia of
Semimembranosus
the lower leg
- The semimembranosus muscle is the third
Inferior Extensor Retinaculum hamstring muscle and is the most inner-located
- hold tendons down as they are crossing the front muscle in the back of the thigh. It connects the
of the ankle ischium to the tibia and functions to flex and
rotate the leg medially and to extend the thigh.
Inferior Gemellus
Semitendinosus
- he inferior gemellus muscle arises from the
ischial tuberosity and inserts on the medial - long, band-like muscle on the back of the thigh
surface of the greater trochanter of the femur toward the inside, connecting the ischium to the
and rotates the thigh outward proximal end of the tibia
- functions to flex and rotate the leg medially and
Lumbrical to extend the thigh

- lumbrical muscles help articulate and curl the Superior Gemellus


lesser toes
- The superior gemellus muscle arises from the
Adductor Brevis ischial tuberosity and inserts on the greater
- adductor muscles move a limb toward the trochanter. It rotates the thigh outward.
central line of the body or a digit toward the axis
of a limb Vastus Intermedius
- arises from the pubic body and finds insertion at - one part of the large, fleshy group called the
the posterior of the femur, in its upper third quadriceps femoris, which occupies the front
- primarily adducts but also helps in lateral and sides of the thigh and is primary extensor of
rotation of the hip the knee
Adductor Longus Vastus Lateralis
- The adductor longus muscle is a long, triangular - Contraction of the vastus lateralis draws the
muscle that runs from the pubic bone to the patella towards the anterior surface of the femur.
femur. It functions to adduct, or move the thigh The net result of the contraction of the vastus
inward, and assists in flexing and rotating it to lateralis is therefore extension of the leg at the
the side knee
Soleus • Rectus femoris
• Omohyoid
- The soleus muscle is a thick, flat muscle located
• Occipitofrontalis
beneath the gastrocnemius. These two muscles
make up the calf of the leg. The soleus rises • Ligament of Trietz
from the tibia and fibula, and it extends to the
heel by way of the Achilles tendon. It acts with
the gastrocnemius to cause plantar flexion of the
foot.

COMPOSITE MUSCULAR SYSTEM


Composite or hybrid muscles are those
muscles which have more than one set of fibers but
perform the same function and are usually supplied by
different nerves for different set of fibers.
Examples:

• Brachialis: Musculocutaneous nerve is motor and


radial nerve is propioceptive.
• Adductor magnus : Its adductor part by posterior
division of obturator nerve and hamstring part by
tibial part of sciatic nerve.
• Biceps femoris: Its long head is supplied by the
tibial part of sciatic nerve, whereas the short head is
supplied by the common peroneal nerve. This
reflects the composite derivation from the flexor and
extensor musculature.
• Pectineus: Its anterior set of fibers are supplied by
the femoral nerve, whereas posterior set of fibers are
supplied by the obturator nerve.
• Flexor digitorum profundus: Its radial half of is
supplied by the median nerve and the ulnar half is
supplied by the ulnar nerve.
• Trapezius: Its motor fibres are supplied by the
spinal accesory nerve and proprioception is carried
by C3 and C4 dorsal rami.
• Iliopsoas: It is a composite muscle performing
flexion at the hip.
• The tongue is a composite muscle made up of
various components like longitudinal, transverse,
horizontal muscles with different parts innervated
having different nerve supply.
• Digastric muscle: Its anterior belly is supplied by
nerve to mylohyoid (a branch of trigeminal nerve).
The posterior belly is supplied by the facial nerve.

Commonly Confused
Certain muscles are commonly confused with composite
muscles which they are not. Examples are:

Potrebbero piacerti anche