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CONTRACTION REGULATION
✓ Acetylcholine released by somatic motor
neurons
Skeletal Cardiac
LOCATION
✓ Attached to bones via tendon
FIBRE DIAMETER
✓ Very Large (10 – 100 µm)
CONTRACTION REGULATION
✓ Acetylcholine norepinephrine released by
autonomic motor neurons; several hormones
✓ Local chemical changes
✓ Stretching
2. Muscle contraction: Calcium floods into the muscle Movements are produced by a group of skeletal
cell binding with troponin allowing actin and myosin to muscles. These muscles are arranged in opposing pairs
bind. The actin and myosin cross bridges bind and at joints. The prime mover and the antagonist are
contract using ATP as energy (ATP is an energy located on the opposite ends of the bone or joint. No
compound that all cells use to fuel their activity – this is movement would be produced if the two excert equal
discussed in greater detail in the energy system folder force at the same time.
here at ptdirect). Agonist or Prime Mover
3. Recharging: ATP is re-synthesised (re- Is the one that generates action through
manufactured) allowing actin and myosin to maintain contraction. It sometimes crosses other joints before it
their strong binding state reaches the joint.
Origin
Is the part in which the muscle tendon is
attached to the stationary bone.
Insertion
Parallel
Is the part in which the muscle's other tendon is
The fascicles are parallel to longitudinal axis of attached to the movable bone.
muscles, which terminate at the ends in flat tendons.
Belly
Fusiform
The portion of the muscle that is fleshy.
The fascicles are nearly parallel to longitudinal
Actions
axis of the muscles, which are spindle shaped, and
terminate in flat tendons. It is the main movement of the muscle
which occurs whenever the muscle contracts.
Circular
RMA (Reverse Muscle Action)
Also called Sphincters, in which the fascicles
form rings around a certain body opening. It increases in Is a movement which only a certain muscles are
size when it is relaxed, and shrinks when contracted. capable of. It occurs during specific actions are reserved
in which the positions of the origin and insertion are also
Triangular
reversed
Also called Convergent, where the fascicles are
fan-shaped. It is broad at one end and narrower at the
other. 3.d. ACCORDING TO NUMBER OF DIVISION
Pennate
The fascicles are shaped somewhat like the quill Uniarticular Muscles
of a feather. It inserts obliquely on a tendon that runs
the lengths of the muscles. These are muscles that cross only one joint ( e.g.
vastus mediales).
Unipennate
Biarticular Muscles
A type of Pennate in which the fascicles are
located at one side of the tendon. These are muscles that cross two joints ( e.g.
rectus femoris). The function of these are complex
to 100 or more muscle fibers, separating them
into bundles called fascicles. Many fascicles are
Multiarticular Muscle large enough to be seen with the naked eye.
These are muscles that cross more than three They give a cut of meat its characteristic
joints ( e.g. finger flexors). “grain”; if you tear a piece of meat, it rips apart
along the fascicles. Perimysium is capable of
increasing muscle stiffness, which is a common
finding in myofascial pain, and seems to adapt
more to changes in mechanical tension than
CONNECTIVE TISSUE COMPONENTS
other intramuscular connective tissues, although
Connective tissue surrounds and protects muscular there are direct connections with the epimysium
tissue. The subcutaneous layer or hypodermis, which and muscle fibers
separates muscle from the skin is composed of areolar
connective tissue and adipose tissue. It provides a
pathway for nerves, blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels
to enter and exit muscles. The adipose tissue of the
subcutaneous layer stores most of the body’s
triglycerides, serves as an insulating layer that reduces
heat loss, and protects muscles from physical trauma.
Fascia is a dense sheet or broad band of irregular
connective tissue that lines the body wall and limbs and
supports and surrounds muscles and other organs of the
body. As you will see, fascia holds muscles with similar
functions together. Fascia allows free movement of
muscles; carries nerves, blood vessels, and lymphatic
vessels; and fills spaces between muscles. Three layers 3. Endomysium - penetrates the interior of each
of connective tissue extend from the fascia to protect and fascicle and separates individual muscle fibers
strengthen skeletal muscle. from one another. The endomysium is mostly
reticular fibers. The endomysium is the thinner
portion of the intramuscular connective tissue
and is directly in contact with and surrounds
every single muscle fibre, forming its immediate
external environment. It extends itself without
interruption to the perimysium collagen.
PRINCIPAL MUSCLE
Head and Neck
Sternocleidomastoid
1. Epimysium - The outermost layer of dense, - It connects the skull to the clavicle and allows
irregular connective tissue, encircling the entire the head to flex or rotate
muscle, is the epimysium. Epimysium consists
of dense connective tissue. Epimysium Suprahyoid
generally extends beyond the fleshy part of the - to elevate the hyoid bone, floor of the oral
muscle, forming a thick rope-like tendon or a
cavity, and tongue during deglutition
broad, flat sheet-like aponeurosis. These form
indirect attachments from muscles to Infrahyoid
the periosteum of bones or to the connective
tissue of other muscles. - depress the hyoid bone and some move the
larynx during swallowing and speech
2. Perimysium - is also a layer of dense, irregular
connective tissue, but it surrounds groups of 10 Auricular Muscle
- Responsible for the wiggling of the ear Occipitofrontalis
Corrugator Supercili - is the counter part of the occipital muscle belly
which is located at the occipital lobe, and they
- Upon contraction the corrugator
are connected by the epicranial aproneurosis
supercilii pulls the skin of the eyebrow
which lies within the scalp
downward and medially and produces vertical
- responsible for elevating the eyebrows and
wrinkles of the forehead.
moving the scalp.
Depressor Anguli Oris
Orbicularis Oculi
- originates from the mandible and inserts on
angles of the mouth to depress the angle of the - lies in the tissue of the eyelid and causes the eye
mouth. to close or blink
- compresses the nearby tear gland, or lacrimal
Depressor Labii Inferioris Muscle gland, aiding the flow of tears over the surface
of the eye
- a muscle of the face that draws the lower lip
down and slightly laterally, as in the expression Orbicularis Oris
of irony.
- called the kissing muscle because it causes the
Epicranius lips to close and pucker
- pulls the scalp back so that the eyebrows are Platysma
lifted and the forehead can wrinkle
- rises over the collarbone (clavicle), proceeding
Galea Aponeurotica upward in a slanting manner along the sides of
the neck
- covers the upper part of the cranium - draws the lower lip and corner of the mouth
- allows it to move the scalp freely over the sideways and down, partially opening the
underlying skull bone mouth, as in an expression of surprise or fright
Levator Labii Superioris Procerus
- raises the upper lip and dilates the nostril - The procerus depresses the medial eyebrow
Levator Labii Superioris Alaque Nasi angle.
- Contractions of procerus are responsible for
- Contractions of the levator labii superioris producing a transverse fold across the root of the
alaeque nasi dilates the nostril, elevates the wing nose.
of the nose and the upper lip, providing the
facial expression that accompanies snarling.
Risorius
- draws the angle of the mouth outward and is
Levator Scapulae
commonly called the laughing muscle
- resides at that back and side of the neck
- its goal is to lift the scapula Scalene
- begin at the first and second ribs and pass up
Masseter
into the sides of the neck
- located in the cheek
- needed for mastication (chewing) and performs Sternohyoid
when it closes the jaws - depresses the hyoid bone
Mentalis Temporalis
- elevates and protrudes the lower lip and wrinkles - if you clench and unclench your jaw, you can
the skin of the chin see and feel it contracting at the temples on both
sides of your head
Omohyoid
- depresses the hyoid bone.
Tongue Chest and Upper Back
- highly mobile structure that is vital for Abdominal Head of Pectoralis Major
mastication (chewing), detection of taste,
- The abdominal head of the pectoralis major
deglutition (swallowing), and speech.
muscle is one of three origins for the pectoralis
- consists of mass of intrinsic muscles, which are
major. It arises from the fascia of the external
located within the tongue and extrinsic muscles,
oblique muscle. Broadly, pectoral is a term
which are located outside but are attached to.
relating to the chest, and the pectoralis major is a
- divided into lateral halves by a median fibrous
large, fan-shaped muscle that covers much of the
septum.
front upper chest. It begins at the breastbone
Transverse Nasalis (sternum) and the cartilage of the second to the
sixth ribs
- Compresses the nostrils
Diaphragm
- dome-shaped sheet of muscle and tendon that
Trapezius
serves as the main muscle of respiration and
- responsible for moving, rotating, and stabilizing plays a vital role in the breathing process
the scapula (shoulder blade) and extending the - serves as an important anatomical landmark that
head at the neck separates the thorax, or chest, from the abdomen
Levator Palpebrae Superioris - resides at that back and side of the neck
- its goal is to lift the scapula
- elevates upper eyelids
Pectoralis Major Ischiocavernus
- covers much of the front upper chest - maintains erection of penis in male and clitoris
- Its main use is in moving the arm across the in female by decreasing urine drainage
body
Ischiococcygeus
Pectoralis Minor
- assists the Levator Ani
- the smaller of the two sets of muscles that - pulls the coccyx anteriorly after it has been
connect the bones of the chest to the shoulder pushed posteriorly during defecation or
and upper arm childbirth
- rises and narrows to the upper and medial
portions of the coracoid process Levator Ani
- brings the arm toward the body and assists in Rectus Abdominis
extending it when the arm is in a flexed position
- flat muscles that extend vertically along the
Teres Minor entire length of the abdomen adjacent to the
umbilicus
- rotates the arm laterally and assists in bringing it - performs the important task of flexing the torso
toward the body and spine in the abdominal region
Serratus Anterior
Abdomen Lower Back and Pelvis
- functions to pull the scapula (shoulder blade)
External Abdominal Oblique down and to the front, and is used to thrust the
shoulder forward as when pushing something
- they are best known for their lateral flexion and
rotation of the trunk known as a side bend Tendinous Intersection
Iliopsoas - cross the Rectus Abdominis in three or more
locations, causing the abdominal wall of a lean,
- iliacus arises from the ilium and the psoas major
arises from the lumbar vertebrae — both well-muscled person to appear segmented
muscles merge at their midpoint to form a Thoracolumbar Fasia
common insertion at the lesser trochanter of the
femur. - As with any individual skeletal muscle, the
- flex the trunk at the hip when other muscles hold muscles of the back are separated from adjacent
the legs steady, as in sitting up from a supine muscles and held in place by layers of fibrous
(lying-down) position connective tissues called fascia
- The flexor retinaculum in the wrist and palm of - This muscle functions to flex and rotate the leg
the hand consists of a group of heavy connective laterally and to extend the thigh
fibers in the tissues of the wrist
Calcaneal Tendon
Lumbirical
- This tendon connects the calf muscle to the heel
- lumbrical muscle flexes the corresponding bone
digital joint to extend the finger in question - puts a spring in the step and helps one to stand
on tiptoe
Opponens Pollicis
Dorsal Interosseous
- opponens pollicis muscle flexes and adducts the
thumb - The dorsal interosseous muscles of the the foot,
or dorsal interossei, are a set of four muscles that
Palmar Interosseous run along the back of the foot and between the
bones of the toes.
- palmar interosseous muscles are adductors of the
digits in the hand Gastrocnemius (Lateral)
Palmaris Longus - a powerful plantar flexor of the foot, that aids in
pushing the body forward when a person walks
- Its function is to flex the hand at the wrist or runs. It also works to flex the leg at the knee
Pronator Quadratus Gastrocnemius (Medial)
- The pronator quadratus muscle runs from the far - gastrocnemius pulls the calcaneus posteriorly
end of the ulna (longest forearm bone) to the far toward the posterior of the femur, flexing the
end of the radius (shortest forearm bone). It knee. The three hamstring muscles also work
assists the pronator teres in rotating the arm with the gastrocnemius to perform knee flexion
toward the inside, as when the hand is turned so
the palm is facing downward.
- retracts, rotates, and fixes scapula. - strongest muscle in the body and covers a large
part of the buttock
Rhomboid Minor - causes the leg to straighten at the hip when a
person walks, runs, or climbs. It is also used to
- retracts, slightly elevates, rotates and fixes raise the body from a sitting position
scapula.
Gluteus Medius
Serratus Anterior
- The gluteus medius muscle is partly covered by
- abducts and rotates scapula the gluteus maximus. Its fibers extend from the
ilium to the femur, and they function to move
Triceps Brachii the thigh out and rotate it medially
Iliacus Pectineus
- The iliacus muscle works with the psoas major - arises from the anterior superior iliac spine on
as a powerful flexor of the thigh at the hip joint. the lateral edge of the hip bone
It joins the psoas in a number of other actions as Piriformis
the iliopsoas.
- origins are spread along the anterior region of
Iliotibial Tract the sacrum
- plays an important role in the movement of the - acts as an external rotator of the thigh
thigh by connecting hip muscles to the tibia of
Semimembranosus
the lower leg
- The semimembranosus muscle is the third
Inferior Extensor Retinaculum hamstring muscle and is the most inner-located
- hold tendons down as they are crossing the front muscle in the back of the thigh. It connects the
of the ankle ischium to the tibia and functions to flex and
rotate the leg medially and to extend the thigh.
Inferior Gemellus
Semitendinosus
- he inferior gemellus muscle arises from the
ischial tuberosity and inserts on the medial - long, band-like muscle on the back of the thigh
surface of the greater trochanter of the femur toward the inside, connecting the ischium to the
and rotates the thigh outward proximal end of the tibia
- functions to flex and rotate the leg medially and
Lumbrical to extend the thigh
Commonly Confused
Certain muscles are commonly confused with composite
muscles which they are not. Examples are: