F L E X U R A L DUCTILITY OF

R E I NF OR CE D CO NC RET E BEAMS

AL F RED O RO B E R T O ^ D O N O S O DI D ONA TO

A di sse rtation submitted to the Faculty of Engineering,

U n i v e rs it y of the W i t w a t e r s r a n d , Johann es bur g in partia
fulfilment for the Degree of Master of Science in
Engineering.

JULY, 1984
 ABSTRACT

rhis report descri bes a study of variab le s affecting

cne flexural ductil ity of s i mp ly -s u p p o r t e d sing./-
reinforced concrete beams subjected to a c on c e n t r a e

r edi str ib uti on of mo me nt s in the vic ini ty o ulti --

initial tests were made to establish the section geometry

and pe rcentage of steel to be used s u b s e q u e n t l y ^ rne

rotation capacity. An assessment of the influence of

sectional widtn was also made.

Although Shear re in fo rce men t must ensure that the strength

in shear must exceed the strength in flexure, the tests
suggested that binders alone . without c omp res si on re i n ­
forcement. do not nave a be neficial influence on rotation

capacity.

, or per­

ce n tag e of tension steel « yield stress decreases, the

inelastic rotat.on and rotation ca pac ity increases.

Potation capac seems not to be a function of the soan-

to-depth ratio. ...hough if span decrea ses the inelastic
rotation and rotation capacity seems to increase.

Alt hou gh it was not possible in a six-month project to reach

def ini te conclusions, a number of interesting and important
features were observed during the project.
 DECLA RAT ION

I, Alfredo Roberto Donoso Di D o n a t o , declare that this

dis se rtation is my o w n , unaided w o r k . It is being sub­
mitted in partial fulfilment for the degree of Master
of Science in Enginee ri ng to the un iversity of tne
Aitwatersrand, Johannesburg. It has not been submitted
before for any degree or examin ati on in any other Uni­

versity .

ALFR ED O R OB ERT O DONOSO DI DONATO

Signed at t h i s ________day of 1984

 DE DICATION

All the effort spent in the realization of this d i s s e r t a ­

tion leading towards the degree of Master of Science in
Engineering, is dedicated to my father and to the memory
of my beloved m o t h e r .
 AC KNOW I.EDGEMENIS

I would like to express my ap pre ciation to the ro 1 l o w i n g :

My supervisor, Profess A.R.Kemp, whose assistance,

guidance and advice I grite fully acknowledge.

Rotary Foundation of Rotary International for granting

me a graduate scholarship, which enabled me to come to
South Africa and further my studies, providing me with
educational ana living expenses from February 1983 to
November 1983.

The Un iv ers it y of the W i t w a t e r s r a n d , J o h a n n e s b u r g , r or

assigning me a senior bursary award, which gave me fi n an ­
cial support from January 1984 to June 1984.

The academic and workshop staff of the Depar tmen _ of

Civil E n g i n e e r i n g , who were involved in one way or
another in providing advice, ideas and support.

My colleagues at the Uni versity for their fr ie nds hi p and

help.

My family for the much appreciated moral support and

encouragement.
 TABLE OF CO NTE NTS

PAGE
D E S C R I P T ION

1
INTRODUCTION

4
flexural ductility of concrete members
4
2.1 Introduction
4
2.2 M o me nt -C ur va tu re relationship
4
2.2.1 Cur va tu re of a member
8
2.2.2 Theoretical moment and neutral
axes -at ios vs. curvature
12
2.3 Ductility of unconfined beam sections
23
2.4 Effects of confin in g the concrete
26
2.5 Flexural rotation of a member

41
experimental programme

41
3.1 Test specimens
42
3.2 Materials and fabrication of specimens
42
3.2.1 Con cre te
44
3.2.2 Steel
49
3.2.3 Instruments
51
3.3 Test procedure

53
RESULTS AND DISCU SSI ON

53
4.1 Introduction
53
4.2 Idealized loading system
56
4.3 Terminology used in interpreting
results
56
4.3.1 Theoretical values
4.3.2 Ex oerimental results 56

57
4.4 General results
4.5 variables affecting rotation capacity 71

4.5.1 Theoretical and exp er imental 71

moment and neutral axis ratio-

curvature curves
 11

TABLE OF CO NTENTS (C O N T 1 )
PAGE
CHARTED D E SCRIPTION

4 4.5.2 Effect of tension r ei n f o r c e ­ 73

ment
82
4.5.3 Effect of span
90
4 . 5.4 Effect of height and stress
b lock
90
4.5.5. Effect of binders and width
of specimens
97
4 . 5 . 6 . Effect of concrete strength

99
5 C ON CL USI ON S

5.1 Ex per imental review 99

5 .2 Test results 99

5.3 Further areas of research 102

103
REF ERENCES
bibliography
105

APPE ND ICE S D ES CRI PT ION

Details of s a n d , aggregat. and 107

concrete mix

Experimental stre ss- st rai n curves 114

for steel bars cor res po ndi ng to
each beam

Experimental load-deflect ion and 130

mom en t-e nd rotation curves together

with theoretical and experimental
plots of the ratio moment to th eo ­
retical ultimate moment ard the ratio
of neutral axis depth to effective
depth as a function of curvature
corresp on din g to each beam
 NO TATION

Area of tensile reinforcement

Area of co mpr es siv e reinforcement

Depth of the equivalent rectangular stress block

Width of rectangular section

The neutral axis depth

Distance from extreme co mpr ess iv e fibre to

neutral axis at ultimate strength, or neutral

axis depth at ultimate strength.

Distance from extreme c om pr es siv e fibre to

neutral axis that satisfies force e q u i li b ri um at

first yield of tension steel

Distance from extreme co mp re ss ive fibre to

centroid of tensile r e i n f o r c e m e n t , or ef fective

nepth

Distance from extreme co mpr e ss iv e fibre to

centroid of compre ssi ve re inforcement

Modulus of ela sticity of steel

Secant modulus of elasticity of concrete

Maximum concrete c press ive strain ca lc ul a te d

according to CEB- FIP

Modulus of strain- har den in g

Strain at beginning of strain- har de nin g

Flexural rigid i y

Bond factor

Strength of a concrete cylinder of dia meter 150mm

Cube crushing strength of concrete

Max imu m tensile strength for concrete

 NO TAT ION (CONT')

M ax imu m concrete compress ive stress at yield of

tension re inforcement

Cylinder crushing strength of concrete

Stress In co mp res sio n reinforcement

Yield point stress of tension re inforcement

Yield point of the stirrup steel

Span of the beam

Hy pot hetical length of tne member over which

a uniform inelastic curvature is assumed to be

s p r e a d , creating an equivalent rectangle with

an area equal to the value of the inelastic

notation for half span of the beam

Women t

Ultimate moment of resistance

Design moment at ultimate strength according

to ACI

Design moment at ultimate strength according

to C P 1 10

Moment at first yield of tension re inforcement

ratio of modu lus of elasticity of steel to

that of concrete : Es/Ec

Midspan load

Tensile steel ratio, As/bd

compressive ste* ratio, A :s/bd

Steel ratio at balanced ultimate strength

conditions in a beam without compres si on rei n­

forcement according to ACI code

Binding ratio expressed as the ratio of the

 NOTATION (CONT')

volume of the binding reinforcement (one s t i r ­

rup plus co mpressive steel) to the volume of the

concrete bound ''area enclosed by one stirrup

m ul ti pli ed by the stirrup spacing)

Radius of curvature

Plate width

Plastic neutral axis cal cul at ed according to

C P 1 10

Distance between the points of zero and m ax im um

moment

Distance between neutral axis depth and the

centroid of the tension r e i n f o r c e m e n t , that is :

lever arm.

Reduction factor equal to 0,85 for f - 2 7 , 6MPa,

which reduces co nti nu ous ly by 0,05 for each

6 , 89MPa of str- jth of concrete in excess of

2 7,6 M P a .

Small element of length of a member

Co ncrete strain in the extreme compres si ve fibre

M ax imu m strain in axial c o m p r e ss io n( av er ag e of

0,0022 adopted in code)
 NOTATI ON (CONT')

Maxi mum concrete com press ive strain

Tension steel strain

Steel strain at com me nc em en t of yield of the

tension re inforcement

Ratio of ec / ‘c1

Total rotation

Elastic rotation

Inelastic rotation

Concrete stress at strain Ec in N/mm'

Curva tur e

Plastic curvature

Curva tur e at ultimate strength

Curva tur e at co mmencement of yield of the

tension rei nforcement

 V 1. 1

LIST Oh FTC,lipr0

■ IG U H fc NO OF.SCR LPTION PAGE

C H A P TER 2

2.1 D efo rma ti on of a flexural member 5

2.2 M ome nt- cu rv at u re re lationships for 6
;ng ly -r ein for ce d beam sections
2.3 Idealized m om en t- cu r v a t u r e curves for
a si ngl y-r ei nfo rc ed section failing
after yielding of the reinforcement
2 .* Moment and neutral axes height ratios
vs. curvature
2 .5a Co ncrete stress-strain curves 10
2. 5b Idealized stress rat io-strain curve 11
for steel
Doubly reinforced beam section with 14
flexure
ir iations of 2 /0 for beams with 16
u y
icor red concrete and f y = 4 0 K u i ( 2 7 6 N / m m ' )
2.8 va riations of 0^/0 for beams with 17
mi confined concrete and fy = 6 0 K s i ( dN/mm1 )
ffect of concrete and steel grades of 18
steel percentages on ductility : M - 0
diagrams
Effect of st ra in -h ard eni ng of steel on 19
d u c t i l i t y : 0^/0^ - p diagrams
Effect of concrete and steel grades and 20
i.tee 1 percentages on ductility:
0 u / 0 y - p diagrams

Effect on tension steel percentage on 20

ductility : M - 0 diagrams
Effect of compression reinforcement on 21
duc tility : M - 0 diagrams
2.14 Effect of tie spacing on du ctility : 21
M - 0 diagrams
 v i.i i

LIST OF FIGURES (CO:.r

FIGURE NO. DE SCRIPTION

CHAPTER 2

2.15 Effect of tie spacing on due: .

0^/0^ - p diagrams

2.16 Effect of tie size on ductility :

0^/dy - p diagrams

2.17 E f • .ct of loading duration on ductility:

0/0 - p diagrams
u y
2.18 Experimental mo me nt - ro ta ti on curves for
reinforced concrete beams.
2.19 Load-deflect ion curves on test beams
2.20 Influence of loading plate width or
deflections
2.21 Curvature distr ib uti on for loading ;tagei-
A , 9, C and D .
2.22 Effect of cracking of a reinforced con­
crete flexural element
2.23 The actual curvature di stribution over
the member at yield compared with the
equivalent elastic c on tr ibu ti ons c al cul at ed
for the following values of flexural
rigidity : (1) Fr max , (2) Fr m e a n ,
(3) F r min .
2 .24 Cu rvature distri but io n near the support
section of a member with fixed ends after
yield has occurred :
(1 ) Elastic curvature distribution based
on F rm a x .
(2) Elastic Cirvature distribution based
Fr mean
2 .25 Effect of binding reinforcement
2.26 Effect of b/Z ratio
2.27 Variation of effective hinging, 1, , -vith
distance from section of maxi mum moment
to section of zero moment, Z.
 ix

LIST OF FIGURES (CONT')

FIGURE NO. DE SCRIPTION PAGE

CHAPTER 2

2.28 Permissible local plastic rotation 36b

disr ega rdi ng co nfinement
2.29 Plots of moment per unit width against "7
rotation : beams with b/h = 1,0
2. 30 Plots of moment per unit width against 33
rotation : beams with b/h = %
2 .31 Plots of moment per unit width against 39
rotation : beams with b/n = V 4
2.32 Plots of moment per unit width against 40
rotation : beams with b/h >1,0

CHAPTER 3

3.1 Rela tio nsh ip between dist rib ut ion of 41

moments in the test beams and those

near a support in a con tinuous beam
3.2 Di agrammatic rep re sentation of the test
spec imen
3.3 General set-up of tests 49

CHAPTER 4

4.1 Spread of load at midspan 54

4.2a Response of a beam as the load ap proaches 58
42,8% of ihe ultimate load
4.2b Response of a beam as the load approaches 58
78,6% of the ultimate load
4.2c Beam at the end of the test 59
4.3 Relat ion sh ip between moment or neutral
60
axis height and curvature for beam A 1
4.4a Load-deflect ion curve at midspan for beam 61
A1
4.4b Momen t- rot at ion curve for half span for 62
beam A1
 ■

LIST OF FIGURES (CONT')

FIGURE No. DE SCRIPTION PAGE

CHA PTE R 4

4.5 Strain in steel when bond failure 73

occurs
4.6 Moment ratios- cur vat ur e for a section 74
near midspan and at midspan
4.7 Moment ratios- cur va tur e for a section 75
near midspan and at midspar
4. S Load rat io-deflect ion curve at midspan 76
4.9 Moment rat 1 0 -c urvature for midspan 77
sect ion
4.10 Total rotation for half span vs. pe r­ 78
centage of steel x yield stress
4.11 Moment rac io-rotat ion curve for half 79
span
4.12 Inelastic rotation for half span vs. 80
percentage of steel x yield stress
4.13 Rotation capacity vs. percentage o 4' 31
steel x yield stress
4.14 Rotation ca pac ity vs. span of the beam 84
4.15 Inelastic rotation for half span vs. 85
span of beam
4.16 Rotation capacity vs. effective depth 86
of beam
4.17a Rotation capacity vs. span/height of 87
stress block
4.17b Rotation ca pacity vs. span/height of 88
stress block
4.18 Rotation capacity vs. span/effective depth 89
4.19a Spread of pla sticity vs. span of the beam
91
4.19b Spread of pla sticity vs. effective depth
9:
of beam
4.20 Inelastic rotation vs. height of stress 93
blo ck/ eff ec tiv e depth
4.21a Rotation capaci ty vs. height of stress
94
blocK/effect ive depth
 LIST OF FIGURES (CONT*)

FIGURE N o . DESCRIPTION

CHAPTER 4

4.21b Rotation capacity vs. height of stress

blo ck/ eff ec tiv e depth
4.22 Inelastic rotation vs. height of stress
blo ck/ eff ec tiv e depth
 x ii

LIST OF TABLES

TABLE No. DES CRI PTI ON PAGE

C HA PTE R 2

2 .1 Comp ari son of measured maximum c o n ­ 36a

crete compressive strain for beams

with similar amounts of stirrup steel

C HA PTE R 3

3. 1 General properties of the test beams 43

3.2 Tension reinforcement stress-strain 46

curve parameters
3.3 Tension steel ratios 47

CHAPTER 4

4. 1 Moment and reduction factors for two 55

sections : At midspan and at 50mm away
from midspan
4.2 M ax imu m concrete compressive strains at 65
ultimate moment
4.3 Neutral axis depth ratios at ultimate 66
moment
4.4 Moments at ultimate strength in [k N x M ] 67
-3
4.5 Rotati ons for each half span or beam xlO 68
4.6 Ductil ity expressed as the ratio of 69
maxim um curvature to curvature at first
yield of the tension reinforcement, and
rotation capacity for each beam
4 .7 Spread of n l a s t i c i t y (1c ) 70

APPENDIX 1
1 Strength of r crete for beams tested at 112
14 days
2 Strength of concrete for beam A2 tested 113
at 59 days
 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

In order to establish the extent to which the concept of

plastic theory may be applied to the analysis of re in ­
forced concrete structures, a greater u nd er st and in g of
the inelastic response of reinforced concrete is necessary.
Both limit design of structural concrete and plastic
design of structural steel are based on the inelastic
behaviour of structures at high loads. The inelastic
behaviour results in a readjustment of the relative m a g ­
nitudes of internal moments and forces at various points
within a structure; but these two design meth ods differ
in an important aspect.

The plastic design methods for structural steel concen­

trate on the formation of a sufficient number of plastic
sections to transform all or part of a structure into a
m e ch an is m and therefore causes its collapse; but little
attention is given to the magnit ud e of the strains at
the individual yielded sections as re dis tribution of m o ­
ments proceeds. The strain at maxim um stress of concrete
in compression in a reinforced concrete member is smaller
than those which develop in a mild steel member. Conse­
quently, it could occur that the strain capacity of a
reinforced concrete yielded section is exhausted oefore
full redistribution of bending moments takes place. It
is this reasoning that makes it necessary to consider the
deforma ti on of the yielded regions in any theory of limit
design for structural concrete, and more spe ci fically to
limit their rotation to known safe values.

While the inelastic flexural behaviour of reinforced

concrete members and structures has been recognized for
a long time, its adoption in design practice is still a
controve rs ial matter since the distrioutior, of moments in
this phase are no longer proportional to the dis tr ibution
of moments in the elastic range. This is explained by
the fact that, after cracking has reached a si gnificant
degree at one or more sections of a m e m b e r , the moment
that results from the application of additional loads
is carried in greater proportion by the portion of the
member that remains u n c r a c k e d .

Once the ultimate moment of resistance is reached at one

critical section of a reinforced concrete s t r u c t u r e , the
extent to which further load can be carried by the struc­
ture depends on the rotation capacity of that one critical
section; provided that this one critical section is d u c ­
tile, moment red is tribution will occur until a collapse
me ch an is m is formed in that structure. Rotation capacity
known as the ratio of inelastic rotation to elastic ro­
tation is an important parameter that indicates q u a n t i ­
tatively the behaviour cf the inelastic response as a
multiple of the well known elastic response.

The investigation described in this report studies the

influence of several variables on the rotation cap ac ity
of sim pl y- su pp or t ed singl y-r ei nfo rc ed concrete beams
subjected to a co nce nt ra te d load at m i d s p a n . The a n a l y ­
sis of the results will lead to a better und ers ta ndi ng
of the inelastic response and therefore to the rotation
capacity of reinforced concrete members in indeterminate
structures. A full knowledge of rotation cap acity will
eve ntually lead to inelastic design methods which will
reflect as closely as possible the actual behaviour of
reinforced concrete structures.

In the second chapter a description is given of the basis

for quantifying ductilit. of re inforced-c on cre te m e m b e r s ,
as well as a discussion of the results of earlier research
on this subject. The fourteen tests which were undertaken
in this project are described in Chapter 3. Four of the
tests were aimed at assessing the effect of b i n d e r s , five
of the tests enables an assessment to be made of the
influence of span and three tests were used to assess
the influence of the strength properties of reinforcing
steel. The remaining two experi men ts of the total fo u r ­
teen are the control tests.

The results are analyzed and discussed in Chapter 4

and fie con clusions summarized in the fifth chapter.
 '

CHA PTER 2

FLEXURAL DUCTIL IT Y OF CONCRETE MEMB ERS

2.1 INTRODUCTION

Ducti li ty has been considered a main factor in­

fluencing rotation capacity of yielded z o n e s , and
also governs the redistribution of moments in a
structure.

In general terms, ductility of a co ncr ete section

is the ability to de form beyond the elastic range
without major al teration of its resistant capacity.

In order for reinforced concrete membe rs to undergo

large de for ma ti on s and rotations for loads near to
'a i l u r e , limitations on the per centage of r e i n f o r c e ­
ment and geometry of the members become necessary.

2 .2 MOMENT-CUR'- AT'jPE RELATIONSHIP

2.2.1 Curva‘ >f a member

a typical element of a reinforced con crete member

is illustrated in Fi g .2.1, where the radius of
curvature R , the neutral axis depth C , concrete
strain in the extreme compress ive fibre c ,
and tension steel strain e will vary along the
member due to the fact that the concrete will carry
some tension between the cracks in the m e m b e r .

Co n si der ing a small element of the member, and

using the notation of Fig. 2.1, the rotation that
occurs between the ends cf the element is given by:

c c
d< cd x sdx
R C d- c

1 i = - e + c Eqn.2.1
c s c s
R d
C d -c
 5
«*

7~ a

£!»m #n! o< m e m tx f S tn m a isir.b uno n

FIGURE 2.1 Deformation of a f l e x u r al member

(Refer to B i b l i o p r a o h v : P a r k 9 )

where p is the curvature at the element

d is the effective depth.

If strains are measured at two levels of a section

of a reinforced concrete b e a m , the curva tur e can
be ca lculated from Eqn.2.1 permitting the moment-
curvature relationship for the section to be o b ­
tained, as the bending moment is increased to
failure.

Fi g . 2.2 shows two mom en t- cu rv at u re re lationships

for singly reinforced beams failing in tension
and compression. I oth curves are linear in the
initial stages for which the flexural rigidity of
the section can be obtained by applying Eqn.2.2

El = M .R $e M Eqn.2.2
0
where M = moment
0 = curvature
El = flexural rigidity

With increase in moment, cracking of the concrete

reduces the flexural rigidity of the sections.
This decrease of rigid it) is greater for
lightly reinforced sections than for the more
heavily reinforced sections.

Moment

A- Crulhm g o l conefete
commence! Oe'ore
steel yie lo i

Section
Moment U nit tn q th
w

F ir it yield o l iteel lU ncon f net) concrete!

Ul <h\
FIGURE 2.2 : M o m e nt -C ur va tu r e relationships for
singly reinforced bear sections (a) Section failing
after yielding of the r e i n f o r c e m e n t , p< p b .(b )
Section failing in co mpr e ss io n P > P b .(Refer to Bi bl io gr ap hy
--------------------------------------------------------- ^ Pa r k9 ) t
Lightly reinforced sections have pr a ct ic al ly a
linear relation between moment and c ur va tur e up to
the point at which the steel yields as shown in
Fig. 2.2a. As the steel yields, a large increase
in curvature occurs as the bending moment rises
slightly due to a small increase of the level arm
and strain hardening and finally for the last stage
of the curve the moment continues to decrease.

Heavily reinforced sections, as in Fig 2.2b, show

that the m o m en t- cu rv at ur e relation becomes non-
linear when th concrete enters the inelastic part
of its tres s-s tra in relationship and failure can
be ou te britt in l u v ; the concrete is a pp r o p r i a t e l y
»i n f o r c e m e n t .

t th. co n c r t - i; no * c o n f i n e d , it crushes at a
■ e t-"ie steel yields,
in the m o m e n t - c a r r y i n g
pact' . niui ductile behaviour, steel con-
' t f i '6 i mited by various codes.

for a b e a m , in which
'h tension steel yielos, can be idealized to a
- ■ near relationship as presented in F i g . 2 . 3a
h h r stage ends at cracking of the c o n ­
crete. th, second stage at the yielding of the
tens O ' n t e l , and the third stags at the limit
f the train i the c o n c r e t e .
M

(at

1 . = X I d e a l i z e d mo m en t-c urv at ure curves for a

m g l y reinforced section failing after yieldi ng of
nfnrcement. (Refnr to Bibliography: Park
It is ofti
curvatur
:

the aimplifie
adopted .

Theoretical Moment, and Neutr aj a_> ■- , kat

Curvature.

For the calculation of mo me nt -c ur va tu re c irvo.

for reinforced concrete sections, .t :> as su m e ^
that plane sections before bending remain plan,
after bending, and that the st ress-strain curve
for concrete and steel are known. Given a maxi­
mum concrete strain for the extreme fibre
compression, and an assessment of the depth o*
the plastic neutral axis required for the concret
to resist the yielded forces in the reinforcement,
it is possible to calculate the maximum cur vatur
to be adopted for this curve.

This maximum curva tur e is divided into a number

of small increments, and for each increment a dept
of neutral axis is assumed. The strain is d e t e r ­
mined at increments of depth over the section and,
from the material str ess-strain properties, the
resulting axial force and bending moment across
the section is determined. For a beam not s ub ­
jected to axial force, the neutral axi^ a ad us t o
progressively until the net axial force across th;
section is negligible. Once this condition of
equilibrium has been reached at a particular
tur

and the resulting bending moment of internal force:

may be used to plot the relationship between moment
or neutral axis depth and curvature. The trial and
error cal cu lations .nvolved in this process are
lengthy and therefore it is convenient to undertake
them using a digital computer. An example of
MOMEN, &

RAT IC5

TUt
n

CURVATURE X DEATH X IZ-3

FIGURE 2.4

MOMENT AND NEUTRAL AXES HE . iT RATIOS VS. CU RVA TUR E

/

moment and neutral axis ratios vs. curvature is

illustrated in F i g . 2.4 cor res pon di ng to a cross-
section with steel percentage of 1,571%.

The idealized non -dimensional stress- str ain curve

for concrete in compres si on under sho rt-term
duration loading used in evaluating this the o re ti ­
cal mo m en t- cu rv at ur e relationship is as prooosed
by C E B - F I P 1cooe shown in Fig. 2.5a, and is re­
presented by the following function :

°c _ K - - n : Eqn.2.3
f ' i *(K-2 ) "n
c

where °c = concrete stress at strain ce in N/mm*

fc = strength )f a concrete cylinder of
diameter 150mm in N/mm'

n =
c

'»Iif'der
• > ^ P»
. 30MPa
o,« . JCMPa

o.i

I 1 4
« 11 • J

:Concrete stress-strain .curves (Refer to Biblioarac

d m.iximum strain in axial co mpr es sio n (avera
of 0, 3022 adopted in calcualt ions)
K 1 .1 x E x c
 '

% -< ^ i

11

strain raroeririg
i.ea

a.

5TRE55 BH,

R F T ID
a.Kj

w 03

STRAIN X I0 - 3

FIGURE 2.5b : IDEALIZED STRESS RAT IO -STRAIN CURVE FOR STEEL

 ly
= secant modulus of elasticity = 9 , 5 ( f^ ) 3k N / m m 2

The stress ratio - strain curve for concrete in

tension was also taken into account although its
influence is small and almost negligible. A
linear relationship is adopted up to failure at
which the m ax imu m tensile strength according to
CEB-FIP is :
f ct = 0,3 f /' Eqn.2.4

The idealized stress ratio-otrain curve for the

steel is shown in Fig. 2.5b, high strength steels
used exhibited a well-defined yield point whereas
the mild steel did not. The modulus of elasticity
2
of the steel, according to the C P 1 10 code, is
defined as 2 0 0GPa up to the yield point; after which
measured hardening is taken into a c c o u n t .

DUCTILITY OF UN CONFINEO BEAM SECTIONS

Although unconf inea reinforced concrete beams are

unusual in practical conditions, concrete is g e n e r a l ­
ly considered to be unconfined unless special
beneficial mea su r em en t s are taken to confine it by
means of transverse reinforcement.

In the design of structural sections in flexure,

it is common practice to evaluate tra ultimate
moment of resistance of a reinforced concrete
section on the basis of a rectangular stress block
in compression, which has the same stress resultant
located at the same level as the actual stress
distribution.

The c u r v a t u r e , neutral axis depth, and moment of

resistance at the ultimate strength for a reinforced
concrete beam can be calculated using the equations
derived from the concepts of co mp ati bi lit y of strains
and eq uilibrium of forces.
Fig . 2 .6 illustrates a general case of a doubly
reinforced concrete beam in flexure The equati on s
defining neutral axis, moment and curvature are :
At first yield : (Refer to Bibliobraphy: M a t t o c k 9 )
c = { [( P - p 1 ) 1n 1 + 2(P - P ' 2 1 ' n ) /z - ( p + p ' ) n ) d E
y d

f =y‘
C > np ' (1-d ’ 7c_ ) • Eqn .2 .6
2d
M = 1 f x C xb(d-C ) + A' f (d-d') E q n . 2.7
y P cy y _x_ s s
3

f ’S* fcyn( E q n . 2 .8
y
0 = c /(d-C ) E q n . 2.9
y y y

where :
0 ^ = distance from extreme compre ssi ve fibre
to neutral axis that satisfies force
equilib riu m at first yield of tension
steel

f^ = yield stress of tension reinforcement

f = max imu m concrete compression stress at

Cy
yield of tension reinforcement

A^ * area of tensile reinforcement

A' = area of compress iv e reinforcement

b * width of rectangular section

p » tensile steel ratio, A^'bd

p' = compress ive steel ratio, A 1„ /bd

n » ratio of modulus of elasticity of steel
to that o c o n c r e t e , E /E
s c

d 1 = distance from extreme compress ive fibre

to centroid of compress ive reinforcement
f' * stress in co mpression reinforcement

M = moment at yield of tension reinforcement

 14

= steel strain at com me ncement of yield

t>^ = curvature at commencement of yield of

the tension reinforcement.

0 8 5 /:

/,
k.i

Strain

Ul t*>
Doubly retnl'oreeU fcxam ><xtion wi t h flexure ( u l A t ftrst y ie ld ( b l A t ultimutc.

FIGURE 2.6: DouDlv

reinforced beam section with flexure
9
(Refer to Bibliography: Park ).
g
At ultimate strength : (Refer to B i bl io gr ap hy : Park ).

a = a f - A' f Eqn 2.10

s y s y
0 ,8 5 f 'c b

m = 0 , 8 5 f ' ab(d-a) + A' f (d-d') E q n . 2.11

u c g s y

C u = a/B, Eqns.2.12 and 2.13

where
a * depth of the equivalent rectangular stress
block

M * ultimate moment of resistance

distance from extreme compressive fibre

to neutral axis at ultimate strength
curvature at ultimate strength

reduction factor equal to 0,85 for f^^27,6MPa

which reduces con tinuously by 0,05
for each 6,89MPa of strength in excess of
27, 6MPa
 e = steel strain at comme nc eme nt of yield

6 y = curvature at commencement of yield of

the tension reinforcement.

085/;

T j
T
l
1

U) 1*1
Doubly mnl'erceU beam >ettion »uh llexurc ui Ai first yie.d (/>) At ultimate.

FIGURE 2.6: Doubly

reinforced beam section with flexure
g
(Refer to Bibliography: Park ).
g
At ultimate strength : (Refer to Bib li og ra ph y : Park ).

a = A f - A' f Eqn 2.10

s y _ 9 V
0 ,85 f 'c b

M I- d ') E q n . 2.11
u c 2 s y

a 8- E o n s .2 . 1 2 and 2.13

where
a = depth of the equivalent rectangular stress
block

M e ultimate moment of resistance

distance from extreme compressive fibre

to neutra axis at ultimate strength
cur vature at u 1 imate strength

reduction factor equal to 0,85 for f '*27,6MPa

which reduces c on tin uo usl y by 0,05
for each 6 , 89MPa of strength in excess of
2 7 , 6 MPa
 r

15

Therefore the ductility ratio fc. - section may be

written as ,
— — --------------

0 e (d-C ) * o *850 i£s c^'c Tl +(p+p')n -/(p+p')* nl+ 2 fp^P_b V

V y 5 y L P q n . 2.14

According to this formula as illustrated in Figs.

2.7 and 2 .8 . it is possible to appreciate the
influence of the following variables on ductility:

_ An increase in the percentage of steel in tension

decreases the ductility, because both K and a
are increased, therefore 0y increases and <$u

decreases.
_ An increase in the percentage of steel in
co mpr ess io n in reases the d u c t il it y .b ec au se both
K and a are d e c r e a s e d . therefore dec reases
and increases.

- As a result of an increase of the yield strength

of the steel, the duitility decreases since both
f '/E and a are increased causing d to increase
y S J
and 0 u to d e c r e a s e .

_ The ductility is increased as a result of in­

creasing the strength of the concrete because
both K and a decrease causing d v to decrease and

d
to i n c r e a s e .
u
- If the concrete strain at the extreme Fibre of
co mpression i n c r e a s e s , the ductility increases

since d (j increases.

According to Cohn* , the principal factors affecting

the ductility of a reinforced concrete section are
classified as : M a t e r i a l , geometrical and loading

variables.
 •

/
/
V

ft • 3 ksi (2 0 7 N /m m *t
f 't • 3 ks (2 0 7 r , ■ 0 004 4------------ -------
<. " 0 0 0 3

lb

0 76
10
06
0 76 0 26
T"Ob 5
0 2 6 -------

0 004
0 0 01 0 02 0 03
0 001 0 07 0 03 0 04

/; 4 k ti< 27 6 N /m m M / " 4 k w 127 6 H/nun* )

« * 0 00 3

0 75

0 76 06
0 76

0 001 0 07 0 03 004
0 001 0 02 0 03

/ - 6 k v l3 4 b N / n v n 'l

/, • 0 003

0 76

06

05 026
“ 0 26

0 04
I) 001 0 02 003 004
0 01 0 07 0 03
0
FIGURE 2 . f V.iriiilinn oft/t, <p, f m bviims w n h imcunlinc.l cmtcretc a n d / , — 4 0 ksi <27h N m m 1)

(Refer to Bibliography: RarkQj

M
A'.
' b,l

01
I 4 0 k I I (276 N/mm’ l
I 2U * 1 0 ' i t . 1700 (XX) M .m u 'l

>•
 I • 3 kv 170 7 N /m m 'l
- 0 004 --------- -----
■3 kil (20.7 N/mm’
-0.003 1— ' i

0 75

0" »

0 7b
05 •
0 25
0 025
0006 001

0.01 non: 0 02 0 076

r
4 k ii 177 0 N A im l I

to ;

0 75

0 25 0 5
0 005 001 0015 0 02

001 007 0076

( • { H I (3 4 6 N / m m ’ l
— i— i— i— r ,. •0lh),i
£ - S k i , 134 6 N /m m ’ l
-I, - 0 0 0 3 H -----------------

0 75

06

001 OUT 0 076

V iiiitilio n o lV , l o r h t 'i u n i » U l i i i n k o n l n i n l l o n v r v t e i m d / , W lk u H M N m m 'l

FIGURE 2.8
A. (R e fe r to B ib lio g ra p h y : P a rk 9 ).
"73
• *T
w •Iht
3*°'
/ , » 6 0 k u 1414 N / m n V I
1 , - 2 9 , 10J k i , 1 7 0 0 ,0 0 0 N / m m ’ l

4 I !
 18

Material variables take into c ons id era tio n the

concrete quality, grades of tension and compressi r
reinforcement, strength of lateral reinforceme.' ,
strain-har dening of steel, bond and tensile strong:

of concrete.

Geometric variables cons der the shape and size c

sections, percentage of tension and compressior
reinforcement, amount and spacing o 4 * ransvc-’
reinforcement and cover thickness of concrete to

steel.

Finally the loading variables include the dure ::-

■g, axial loading, prestre
of loading and loading reversal.

^ • 3 tv

-SO"

ICC ' i:0

»h (%)

— S »)»* ••1OX
-%***# »•0
• m S •1

TT ■nr <0 to 10 10

... s-’»
/■ xr ia

-r' . , ''
-
-* 4 /

f•/0X

:o to «c
*-iXi

FIGURE 2.9: Effect of concrete and steel grades or

steel percentages on ductility : M-0 diagrams.
(Refer to Reference: Cohn 3 )
Figure 2.9 shows that ductility, as a ratio of
ultimate to yield c u r v a t u r e s , increases as a result
of increasing the concrete strength or decreasing
the strength of the longitudinal reinforcements,
independent of the percentage of steel in the s e c ­
tion.

Ductility increases for lightly reinforced sections

when strain-h ar den ing is taken into consideration,
but its effect on heavily reinforced sections is
small and negligible, as can be seen from Fig .2.10

scr

— Sn*0
— 1,„ • ' ZS i PC1 »t-

z— 1,„•Z5•'C1«*

03 10 15 20 25 iO 35 40
0 (% )

FIGURE 2.10 Effect of strain-hardening of steel on

3
ductility: 0 /0 -p diagrams.(Refer to =?e f e r e n c e :Cohn

From F i g . 2.11 which is for singly reinforced sec­

tions with nominal amounts of lateral reinforcement,
it can be seen that although for low re inforcement
percentages fairly hich ductility ratios are reached
by most concrete and steel s t r e n g t h s , this ratio may
be as low as 2,5 for some steel and concrete strength
as p reache th< Lmum value specified
In this figure each curve has a little arrowhead
attached to it which corresponds to the maximum
percentage of tensile reinforcement (p m a x ).

The tensile strength of concrete has almost no

effect on the ductility since mo me nt -c ur va tu re
relationships for sections that included and n e ­
glected tensile strength of concrete have been
found to be almost identical.

Among the geometric variables the percentages of

tension and compression reinforcement are the most
 important; the ductility of a section increases
as the amount of tension reinforcement decreases.
This is confirmed in F i g .2.12 which shows that
almost no ductility is available for sections with
very high steel p e r c e n t a g e s , this is precisely why
many codes impose an upper limit on the a" )unt of
tension reinforcement to be used in d e s i g n .
50
4 «v

k Corretpondt '3

— f.. * 4S ksi
?„ » 6 0 ksi

P (t
05 hO 15 20 25 30 35 40
IGURE 2.11: Effect o e' concrete and steel grades and stee.
er cent age s o n ductility 0u / 0 y -P diagrams. Refe r t0 C'efererc
ohn 3)

5 08
5
5 05

04

02

10 20 10 40 50 60 TO
*h(T

FIGURE 2 . 1 2 : Effect of tension steel percentage on

ductility : M-0 d i a g r a m s . (Refer t0 Referen.e . Cohn )
 Fig 2.13 shows that an increase in the p e r c e n ­
tage of compression reinforcement increases
significantly the ductility of the section for
a given strength of concrete and s t e e l .

• t *0 *5
't'l

08
/m

0»
l

i 1'W «>

To i6 •:
♦ h (%}
FIGURE 2.13 Effect of Compression reinforcement on ductility
-------- - M -0 diagrams (Refer to Reference : C o h n 3 )
Ductility can be improved by decreasing the
spacing and increasing the amount of lateral
reinforcement as shown in Figs. 2.14, 2.15 and
2 . ,6 .
The effect of duration of loading on ducti lit y
is not very significant according to F i g . 2.17.

« - 2*

1- 4 "

i-2"

1-9
p* 5% ••9
» •'
p • .0
04

p■ 0 5%
02

20 30 40 30 60
^h(%)

FIGURE 2.14 Effect of tie spacing on ductility M-U diagrams.

(Refer to Reference: C o h n 3 )
 05 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
p(%)

FIGURE 2.15 Effect of tie spacing ductility 0^0^-P diagrams

(Refer to Reference: Cohn-^)

20 * 3 lies . f'c • nil

, — * 2 lies (y - S O Ml
p - I 0%
■X.
10
S
o
I

slm )

FIGURE 2.16 Effect of tie size on ductility 0 u /0^-p diagrams

(Refer to Reference: Cohn3)

AT U3A^NG •

ACl6

35 40

FIGURE 2.17 Effect of loading duration on ductility

0 /0 -p diagrams (Refer to Reference: Cohn3 )
EFFECTS OF C O N F I N ING iHE l.QNCRF.Jj :

The ductility of a reinforced concrete member may

be significantly increased by means of confining the
compressive zone by closely spaced transverse rein-

fo r c e m e n t .

At low levels of compressive stress, the effect of

transverse reinforcement is negligible since the
strains in the concrete are very small; hence the

concrete is unconfined.

At higher compressive stresses, near uniaxial

strength, the concrete is under progressive internal
cracking because its strains increase rapidly and
therefore the concrete expands against the trar.o-
verse reinforcement. At this point, the stress-
strain properties of the concrete improve because
the lateral reinforcement applies a triaxial con­
straint to the concrete, allowing the member to

increase its s t r e n g t h .

Fig. 2.18 illustrates a number of tests reported oy

Base and Read \ that indicate the ben eficial effects
of confinement by transverse reinforcement on the
ductility of reinforced flexural m e m b e r s .

Confinement has a greater effect on heavily rather

than on lightly reinforced concrete beams, since the
latter already has adequate ducility. Con cre te may
also receive some confinement from the loading and
supporting conditions. Figs. 2.19 and 2.20 contain
results of investigations by Chandrasekhar" which
indicate that a loading plate introduces a confining
effect on the failing concrete zone under the plate
which affects the defor ma tio ns and the carrying
capacity of flexural members. Several beams with a
cross section of 1 0 1 ,6 mm x 152,4mm were loaded
through steel plates having widths varying from wi
(6 ,4 mm) to W5 (152,4mm). It was concluded
 8*»m 9 m he lice t w ith 2 in yitc*'
3fam 10 j m itif'uoi»t8m center?
9e» m 11 J. m j t i r r u p u t 2 m center?

B eam 16 ^ n nelice? .vith 2 m pitch

8e,)m 17 j in ?t f rup? at 2 in center?

0 15
005 0 10
Total ro tation between tu p p o rt point? rad

let

in C o m p r e s s i o n . (Refer to Reference : Base and Reaa )

that the width of the loading plate sign if ica ntl y

influences the rotation capacity, which was con-
sideracly reduced when loads were applied to tes-
oeams through na rrow oearln, plates. Nev er. he .e
„hen the bearing stresses to which the concrete
under the plate is subjected are small (less
than 0 ,1 0 f c ) then this influence is not sigmfic.in .

Another important point to be menti one d is the fact

that the presence of strain gradient along tt-e
length of a flexural member also confines the c o n ­
crete at its critical section. Because the strains
change rapidly with the length of the member due to
different bending moments along the member or due
to a shallow neutral axes depth, the highly stressed
concrete at critical sections will receive confine­
ment from the adjacent less highly stressed sections
 2!
150
▲ A 1 cu. * 1/4" (0,64 cm)

(60001 A A2 cu 2 = 1/2" ( 1 , 2 7 cm)

O A3 = 1" ( 2 , 5 4 cm)
w 3
• A4 w 4 = 3" (7,62 cm)
Q (5000)
□ A5 * 6" 05,24 cm )
10 0 w 5

CO (4000) “‘
Q.
(A4)
X. -a
(30001 •
(A5)
Q
< 5 0
o
(2000 )

(10001

(2 ,0 ) (3,01 (4 ,0 ) (5,0)

DEFLECTION, IN (cm)
FI GURE 2.19 Lo ad-deflection curves on test beams
(Refer to Reference: C h a n d r a s e k h a r ” )

30

E (7,0)
u

Z (4,0)
O TEST RESULT ±
A ANALYTICAL RESULTS BASED -MIDSPAN
ON EXPERIMENTAL M- > REL DEFLECTION
C z
< O ANALYTICAL RESULTS BASED ON
0. 2 0
(/) THEORETICAL M - y REL (SARGIN [lO] )
Q
5 «<0)■• /T ULTIMATE
-—
t-
<

Z (Spi
o
h- 10 -
U
LU
_J l*P) ■
U-
LU
o
(1,0 ) C
YIELD —v

( 2 ,3 4 ) (7^62) (15,241
10 20 30 40 50 60
LOADING PLATE W IDTH, IN (cm)
FIGURE 2.20 Influence of loading plate width on deflections
(Refer to R e f e r e n c e : C h a n d r a s e k h a r 6 ).
flexural rotation of a MEMBER

Since the curvature is defined as rate of cnange of

rotatior with length of member, the total rotation for
the entire length of a member is gi-.'n by the i nt eg r a­
tion of the curvature for the entire length of the member.

Eqn . 2.15
u
where dx = element of length of the member
d = curvature at the element

7
In F i g . 2.21 Burnett displays the curvature distribution
for a member reinforced with mild steel, which is
likely to occur in the following loading stages :

A : well before yield of steel

B : At first yield of the steel
C : At maxim um strength of the member
D : At a stage where the critical section may be
considered to have ruptured.

It is extremely difficult, if not impossible, to

predict the value of the precise cu rvature at or
very near to the critical section after the steel
has yie'ded.

The rotat ion over a portion of memoer depends not only

on the properties of the member at that critical
section puc also on other factors such as : loading
distribution; length of member, position of the
member in the structural system, i.e. amount of
fixity, etc.

The first mom en t- ar ea theorem, a semigraphical method,

may be used to calculate the rotation for a simply
supported memoer undf"' a central point load; this
theorem established that the rotation between any
two points on the elastic line or def lection curve
of a member is equal to the total area of the c o r ­
responding portion of the bending moment diagram
 27

n
-1

F ix u r t I : Loading d ia g ra m .

Figure Bending moment distribution

h
$

<

D
V

FIGURE 2.21 CRVATURE DISTRIBUTION FOR LOADING STAGES A.9.C and 0

(Refer to Reference : B u r n e t t 7 ).
 __________________________ J___________________________________

1/1

Figure 2 , 2c i lai o f <.rivkmp o f u femforccd concrete Hetural element i«' Elemcni of ht.im
(/>) Ik m lm v n v n iv n l . l » ( r ih iii on (. I Itond >lrv«\ d i'ln b u lio n ( i/I ( onvrrlc lennie vtrc«
d ittnhuiion («•) Si eel iciimIc <irci' dutnbution i / ) FXxural ngidit) dm rib uvo n in ebktic
. range

(Refer to Bibliography: Park3 )

 29

between these p o i n t s , divided by the flexural

rigidity (El).
Replacing the cu rvature e) by M in E q n . 2.15,
the following expression is obtained :

1
9 M dx E q n . 2.16
El
o

The establish me r 0 - the precise flexural rigid!:y

to be used remain? a major problem since the flexural
'igiditv is not constant throughout the total length
of any loaded m e m b e r .

bracks in members appear at very early stages and

it these crackec sections the tension is carried
>v the steel reinforcement.

;ome tensile stress is carried by the concrete

•etween the cracks due to the effect of bond st re s­
s's that transfer some tension from the steel to
the concrete. It is the bond stresses that d e t e r ­
mine the tension stresses in the concrete and steel
oetween tta c r a c k s . Fig. 2.22 shows t K e effect of
cracking of a reinforced concrete beam on its
flexural rigidity.

t.h- M e x u r a 1 rigidity fluctuates between cracks,

h urvature also fluctuates along the m e m b e r .
nee curvature is inversely proportional to fltxu-
al rigidity, each peak of a typical c u r v a t u re
; stribution curve will correspond to a cracked
in the m e m b e r . The choice of a meaningful
• uxur I rigidity,vital to the calculations, has been
variable discussed by Burnett , and the major re-
ulte emphasized in h work can be seen in Fig.
.23. This figure illustrates a comparison be­
tween th actual curvature dis tr ibution over a
member at yield, with other curvatures calculated
with different flexural rigidities.

#
 30

$l

FIGURE 2.23 Tre actual curvature distribution over the

member at yielo compared with the equivalent elastic
contributions calculated for the foil owing values of
flexural rigidity (Refer to Reference : Burnett ) .
(1) Fr m a x . based on the "uncracked" behaviour of th;
member.
(2) Fr mean based on the overall behaviour of the membe,
(3) Fr min. based on the behaviour of the crit. ica. set it

Where f r * Flexural rigidity : F^-EI

cer.tnwi Wwemof •nvlvwent

FIGURE 2 . 2 a Curvature distr ution near the s u p p o n

section of a member with fixed ends after yield hat
occurred: (Refer to Reference : Burnett" |.
(1) Elastic curvature distribution based on Fr m a x .
(2) Elastic curvature distribution based on mean
Where F^= Flexural rigidity = F"r= El
If the uncracked flexural rigidity is to be used in
the calculations for curvature, then small values
are obtained, which are much less than those which
actually o c c u r .

On the other hand, if it is proposed to use the

minimum value for the flexural rigidity, the results
for curvature, and therefore rotation, will be
overestimated.

If the mean flexural rigidity based on the overall

behaviour of tne member is used then,for the vicinity
of the critical section, the actual curvature is
greater than that calculated with the mean flexural
rigidity.

The areas under the curves 1,2 and 3 in fig 2.23

represent the elastic rotations calculated on the
basis of these maximum, mean and mi ni mu m flexural
rigidities.

The main advantage of including the inelastic

behaviour of a concrete member in its structural
design is that tne strength of tne members can in­
crease above that calculated by the elastic theory.
This additional strength is limited mainly by the
rotation capacity of the member.

A fundamental assumption for the purpose of design

is that the inelastic rotation may be considered to
be concentrated at critical sections. The validity
of this assumption is dependent on the spread of in­
elastic effects over the m e m b e r .

Fig . 2.24 illustrates the curvature distr ibu ti on at

the end of a f ixed-end beam under some general type
of l o a d , at a time when yielding has aireacy o c c u n n e d .

This figure shows that the spread of elasticity

is much greater if the uncracked value for flexural
rigidity is used than that when the mean value is
used; this is because the distance from the centroid
 32

of the inelastic area is further from the critical

section, therefore when considering inelastic
rotation concentrated at critical sections, the
use of the uncr;eked value rather than the mean
value for flexural rigidity would create an a p p r e ­
ciable e r r o r .

The use of the correct value for flexural rigidity

of members is much more critical in ultimate
strength theory than it is in a conventional elastic
theory.

Assuming that the curvature for a small region of

a hinged zone is constant and equal to the difference
between ultimate and yield c u r v a t u r e , the plastic
rotation can be calculated as
u
u E q n .2.17a

where lp = hypothetical length of the member

over which a uniform inelastic
curvature is assumed to be spread,
creating an equivalent rectangle with
an area equal to the value of the
inelastic rotation for half span of
the b e a m .

0 U = curvature at ultimate strength

0 = c
u cu
X
cu = neutral axis depth at ultimate

0 = curvature at yield of steel c

y
d-C
y
the plastic rotation can be rewritten as
e
cu Eq n . 2 .18
C
u
Use is made subsequently of this hypothetical
length ip to compare the experimental results with
other results and equations established by Corley 3

and Mattock 9 . In fact it would make more sense

to create an equivalent triangle instead of a r ec­
tangle and then E q n . 2 . 17a would be rewri tten as

G , = ( u ddl = y, (0 -0 ) I E q n .2. 1 7b
pu J u y p

where 1 = length of the member over which

the hinge is assumed to be c o n c e n ­
trated.

g
From the analysis of Figs. 2.25 and 2.26, Corley
shows the effects of the binding reinforcement and
depth width ratios on the maximum concrete co mp re s­
sive strain; he proposed that tne ma xi mu m c o m p r e s ­
sive strain be calculated as

b -i-fp"
*cu = 0,003 * 0,02 i \K J 1 Eq n. 2.19
2 v— y

where p = binding ratio expressed as the ratio

of the volume of the binding rein­
forcement (one stirrup plus com ­
pressive steel) to the volume of the
concrete bound(area enclosed by one
stirrup multiplied by the stirrup
s p a c i n g ).

fys* yield point of the stirrup steel

2 = distance between the points of zero

and maxim um moment,
b - width of beam
9
In a discussion of C o l e y ' s paper, Mattock ,
proposed that the max imu m compressive concrete
strain be calculated using a slightly modified
version
 Vevi « Th«! Pip«r
0 06 --
Th u *e»oMe<f 3v M e l t e d (Ffe< «)

0OS

0 02 f

002 -

0 02 7 - 0 003 ♦ ( ^ )

20 30 40 30

*'fT•

:IGURE 2.25 Effect of binding reinforcement

— ------------------------- g

,Refer to Reference : Corle>v ).

0 04 ■

.»*$%■et'vfMW »# **
ees h- • ••***»•## • * **#"#*$*•* 4 1

• i..»
001 ~ -
(t t ) -
0 01 -

001

FIGURE 2.26 Effect of b/z Ratio

(Refer to Reference : Corley ).
This was done to make calculations easier and also
to be more conservative for high values of p " .
Mattock also suggested that, according to the
terminology of Corley's paper, the effective
hinging length may be Calculated reasonably f o l l o ­
wing the trend indicated in Fig .2.27 where
1 q = 0 , 5d + O.ObZ Eqn.2.21

8
One of Corley's principal variables investigated
was the effect of size on rotational cap acity in
critical regions in reinforced concrete beams. To
isolate the effect of size, beams with the same
amount of binding were compared because stirrups
show a pronounced influence on the rotational capacity.
Since rotation depends on curvature and curvature
is the ratio of maxi mum concrete compressive strain
to neutral axes depth, the influence in size was
established by a comparison of the ma xi mu m concrete
compressive strain for beams with similar width to
half soan ratios and similar amount of stirrups.

Taole 2.1 illustrates that although average values

indicate there is a trend for slightly more concrete
strain with smaller size, the smallest maxi mum
strains are quite similar. Corley co ncludes that
the direct effect of size on rotational capacity
is not significant but he points out that there is
an important indirect effect which is that, for design
purpose, shear reinforcement requires closer spacing
of stirrups with dec reasing beam depth and therefore
the maximum concrete compressive strain of a small
beam may be greater than that of a larger beam of
similar design because of concrete confinement.

1
CEB-cooe recommends permissible local plastic
rotations which are shown in Fig. 2.28 and which
relate the angle of plastic rotation to the c d
ratio where c is the height of tne plastic neutral
axes. this diagram by the C E 8 commission on
 \ ’
r*

36a

1. • 0.5d * 005 z

00

»•
d •10'n

00 40

FIGURE 2.27: Variation of effective hinging, lp , with

aistarce from section of maxim um moment to section of
zero moment, z . (Refer to Reference : '•a 11 o c k 3 ,
i.

Beam d e p t h , Smallest maxi­ Average max i- Beams included

in inches mu m strain mum strain in a v e r a g e 3-

10 0,007 0,013 A2,A5,C2,C5,E?.,

F2,K6,K8

20 0,011 0,015 8 1 , 8 3 , 0 1 , 0 3 , G1,G3

24 0,007 0,010 M l ,M3,M6,M8

30 0 ,006 0,008 N 1 ,N3

a Tests on beams in Series A ,B , C ,0 ,E ,F & G are reported

by Mattock

TABLE 2.1: Comparison of measured maximum concrete

compressive strain for beams with similar amounts of s t i r ­
rup steel . (Refer to Reference : C o r l e y 9 ) .

hyperstatic structures does not include the

beneficial effect of confinement of c o n c r e t e .

The influence of breadth is considered to be a n o ­

ther important aspect affecting rotation and this
 effect has been studied by Clements by testing a
series of simply-supported und er -reinforced beams.
The results of these tests were plotted in Figs.
2.29, 2.30 and 2.31 which indicate that there is
a trend for an increase of the steepness of the
falling branch as the ratio lb} d e c r e a s e s .
!h I

V, 0 0 4

0 02

lb )

FIGURE 2.28: Permissible local plastic rotation

disregarding confinement • (Refer to Bibliography: Kong )

10
Also from Fig. 2.32 Clement s shows t h a t , apart
from the beneficial effect on rotation of in­
creasing sectional b r e a d t h , another aspect which
opens new perspectives can be seen slightly and
that :s that very wide b e a m s , more like slab-type,
show a greater rotation.
 effect has been studieo by Clements” by testing a
series of simply-supported under-re inforced beams.
The results of these tests were plotted in Figs.
2.29, 2.30 and 2.31 which indicate that there is
a trend for an increase of the steepness of the
falling branch as the ratio jbl decreases.
?h )

0 02

ID)

FIGURE 2.28: Permissible local plastic rotation

disregarding c o n f i ne me nt . (Refer to Bibliography: Kong7 )

10
Also from cig. 2.32 C l e m e n t s shows that, apart
from the ben ef ii i al ef fe ct on rotation 0 f in­
creasing sectional breadth, another aspect which
opens new pe rspectives can be seen slightly and
tnau is that very wide beams, more like slab-type,
show a greater rotation.
 m m

37

denote
Lumpfwon ror>eS
ai p*#* mor>en«

i^c

150 B e a - n ">A

t 100

0 0 01 0 0? 0 03 0 04 0 OS 0 06 0 3# 0 09

/<!# *ith b h / WOTa TiON '*<3

FIGURE 2.29 Plocs of moment per unit width against rotation

beams with b/h 1,0. (Refer to Re fer e nc e; Cl em en ts
 »n;cedifeassnw*
.n-ncres»«Of' zones
i t g ea * m om ent

200

Deem 3 9 • |
150

i00

0 06 0 07 0 06 09
0 01 0 03 0 04
P O T A T i O N — r*3

ib) Btjms +tth b.h ■ l'i

FIGURE 2.30 : Plots of Moment per unit width against rotation.

beams with b/h : % . ( Refer to Reference :
C l e m e n t s 1 0 )•
 225

• aU ed a re a s d e n o te
c o m p re s s io n zones
at p e a k m o m e n t
200

175
Oi

$
150
W IJ T M

___ 1
U N IT
PEP.

100
MOMENT

0 01 0 OZ 0 01 0 04 0 01 0 06 0 08 0 09
P O T A T I O N - ••a

fftitn.i h h >U

I(JURE 2_. 32 1 lob of Moment per unit width against rotation

beams with b/h • /tf Refer to Reference :
Clements'^),
 shaoeu area's aer'c
comeress o^ /or­
al pea* momrr

b e *" 3 ^

0)1 o O’ o os 0 09 o to ou
P O ’ATiON — TAd

FIGURE 2.32 Plots of moment per unit width a g a m s i 'Ot

beams with b/h ^ 1 , 0 - (Refer to Refers c-
C l e m e n t s 1 '-1) .
 CHAPTER 3

EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAMME

TEST SPECIMENS

Fourteen singly reinforced concrete beams were

tested up to failure; these specimens were

simply-supported beams subjected to a concen­

trated load at midspan. Free rollers were

used to support the test beams at each end.

The half span of a simply-supported beam may

represent that part of a continuous beam be­

tween a support and an adjacent point of

c o n t r a f l e x u r e , as shown in F i g . 3.1.

0 ,*l; ibwl'om
N#of # 8eo<r Sucoo'*

mg Memee* 0-eif em
im T«»t 8»o*

FIGURE 3.1

Relationship Between d i s t r i b u t i o n o f M o m e n t s in t h e
l e s t B e a m s a n d t h o s e n e a r a s u p p o r t in a C o n t i n u o u s
Beam. R e f e r to B i b l i o g r a p h y : M a t t o c k S _

In the t e s t s ,t h r e e major variables are to be

studied, and these are : the effects of binders,

 42

span-to-depth ratio, and type of r e i n f o r c i n g .

The concrete cylinder and cube strength were held

approximately constant for all the beams.

For the design of beams with transverse re inf or ce­

ment, closed links perpendicular to the main ten­
sion reinforcement were used.

All the beams tested were 102mm wide except two

which were both 153mm, to include the study of the
effect of width. Other properties of the test
beams are illustrated in Table 3.1.

3 .2 MATERIALS AND FABRICATION OF SPECIMENS

3.2.1 Concrete

The fine aggregate used for the concrete was a

coarse grained weathered granite, and the coarse
aggregate was a 1 3mm quartz ite stone. Further
details of the trial mix design, fine mechanical
analysis for tne s a n d , aggregate grading analysis,
and relative density of the sand can be found in
Appendix 1.

Standard 6 inch control cylinders and 150mm cubes

were taken from each b a t c h , and a total of 15
cylinders and 3 cubes were made for each beam.
5 Cylin der s were tested at 7, 14 and 28 days, and
3 cubes were tested at 14 days at the same age at
which the beams were tested.

During casting, the concrete was compacted by a

hand held vibrator, and after 24 hours of being
in moulds, the beams, cylinders and cubes were
removed from their moulds and cured in air, wrap­
ped in wet hessian and covered with plastic bags
and stored in a room where the environment was
controlled to maintain temperature constant at 2 1 ° C .
The hessian was always maintained wet so as to
keep the specimens moist.

The value of the mean cylinder strength of c o n ­

crete at 14 d a y s , as constant for all teams
except A 2 , was 21,6 M P a ; this value was obtained
as the mean of all the average values for each
beam. Each average value was the mean of the 5
standard 6 inch control cylinders tested for each
beam at 14 days.

For the purpose of design f'c = 21,6 and feu = 2 7 ,5MPA

were used for all the beams exceot A2 since these
values were the mean values giving a reasonable
coefficient of variation of 7,9% and 7,3% re sp ec ­
tively. Only beam A 2 , which was tested at 59 days
had a f 'c = 33,8 and feu = 4 2 , 4 M P a .

Further details of strength of concrete at 7,14

and 28 days can be seen in Appendix 1.

Steel

The tension reinforcement used for these test

beams were high tensile bars (Y10), or mild te n­
sile bars (R 8 ) .

The R3 bars are hot-rolled bars of plain round

cross-sect i o n , and Y 1 0 bars are hot-rolled de­
formed bars.
II
According to the S . A . B . S . 920 , the R8 bars should
have a yield stress of 250MPa. and an ultimate
tensile strength of at least 4 3 0 M P a ; the Y 1 0
bars should have a yield stress or 0,25% proof
stress of 450MPa and ar ultimate tensile strength
15% higher than the ictual yield o^ 0,25% proof
stress .

From the tests of steel in tension, the stress-

strain cu^ve for a bar taken from each beam
was made ; and it was found that the Y1C bars had
a mean yield stress of 551,8MPa, with a c o e f f i ­
cient of variation of 1,5%; the R8 bars had a
mean yield stress of 401,5MP a with a coefficient
of variation of 8,2%. In the theoretical assess­
ments, each beam was given its measured value of
yield stress.

The experimental stress-strain curves for the

steel bars corresponding to each beam are shown
in Appendix 2. The tension reinforcement stress-
strain curve parameters are given in Table 3.2.

The tensile steel percentage (p), the balanced

value of tensile steel percentage (pfc> ) established
by ACI code, and the ratio (p/ph ) as a percentage
are shown in Table 3.3.

The transverse r"einforcement used in the test

beams were rectangular closed links of cold drawn
indented wire with a diameter of 6,3mm and a very
high yield stress of 642 MPa. Links were designed
to comply with the requirements of the CP110 code
for which the limiting value for the yield strength
of the link is not to be taken over 425MPa which
was the value used for the design.

Links when used were tied to the tension rein­

forcement by 1,25mm galvanised wire. After each
reinforcement cage was fabricated, small pieces
of steel were attached to the bottom to maintain
the level of effective depth and to ensure a
cover to the tension reinforcement during
placing of the concrete. In addition two
vertical hooks were located each at a reasonable
distance from midspa: in order to maintain the
level of effective depth while casting and also
to be able to carry the beams.

Each beam was cast in a metallic mould using a

total of three batches, and from each batch, 5
 fy Es E '3 c sH
BEAM MPa GPa MPa xlO-4

A1 550 211,5 4480 156

A2 550 203 4552 169

B1 551 208 4379 140

82 550 203,7 4616 149

83 567 193 4619 174

34 561 20 0,3 4515 179,2

01 562 202 4584 165

02 543 186 2341 ,33 76

03 550 167 4549 126

04 551 203,8 4176 125

05 535 194 4584 120

01 4.25 212,5 2387 123

02 378 189 2493 40

03 I 552 190,3 4144 156

fy Yield sti ess in MPa

Es = Modulus of Elasticity in GPa
E's = Modulus of strain hardening in GPa
esH = Strain at beginning of strain hardening

TABLE 3.2
BEAM P Pb -£-(%)
% % %

A1 1 ,232 1 ,469 83 ,88

A2 1 ,84 2,293 80,25

81 1 ,25 1 ,465 85,33

82 1 ,25 1 ,469 85,10

83 1 ,21 1 ,404 86,19

84 1 ,24 1 ,426 86 ,94

C1 1,19 1 ,422 83,66

1 ,406 86,79
C2 1 ,22
C3 1 ,24 1 ,469 84,42
C4 1,16 1 ,465 79 ,19

C5 1,18 1 ,530 77,12

01 1 ,54 2,14 72,12

02 2,33 2,518 92,54

03 1 ,81 1,46 1 123,69

p = Tension steel ratio: As/ba

= Steel ratio at balanced ultimate

b
strength cc ditions in a beam w i t h ­
out compression reinforcement
according to ACI code

TABLE 3.3
 1
% > i

48

Q)
£
o
3)
C.
cn
to
<u

4)
£

C
41
(0
4)
t_
Q
4)
CC

(fl
£
E
c
Ol
(13

.it *v S#
 V,
, -s..
■ \

/
V

iL" I

B'ICEL P L H T C
HIOHrtUl-1 C JHCK

HHLF HOUND LOHD SUHTHCC

HHIF ROUND SUPPORT

NEKDl C ROLLERS
STEEL PLHTE

F IGURE 3 ■ 2
Diagrammatic R e p r e s e n t a t i o n of the l es t Specimen
 49

cylinders and 1 cube were m a d e , the entire p r o ­

cess was completed in a single operation lasting
75 minutes.

3.2.3 Instruments

Some of the main instruments and items involved

in the experiments can be seen in a diagrammatic
representation of the test specimen in Figure
3.2.

Two inch demountable mec hanical strain g a u g e (d e m e c ),

three deformation dial gauges : Baty : 0,01m m -
20mm; and rotation gauges over a length of 100mm:
Mitutoyo : 0,01-i0mm N o .2048 were used for
recording main results.

The tests were carried out under the general

set-up shown in Figure 3.3

FIGURE 3.3

A small rectangular softboard 10mm high was

located at the supports to distribute the
react ion smoothly and thereby avoid concentration
 f otr'e. ye . Underneath the soft board was a
',tee.l. plate 25mm wide and 10mm high also for the
purpose of distributing the pressures equally.
rhe thickness of the steel plates used in the
vest was sufficiently large so as not to cause
any significant deformation in the steel plate
tself. Finally, the small steel plate was
-ocated on a half round m e t a ’lic support, which
was placed on top of two needle rollers FF2535ZW,
spread at a distance equal to the test beam span.

The settlements at the supports were checked by

deformation dial gauges one on top of each s up­
port, and the average deflection at support was
subtracted from the displacement measured at m i d ­
span by means of another deformation dial gauge
located underneath the beam. The central load
consisted of a device including a loading cell
and a hydraulic jack. The load cell was c o n n e c ­
ted to a Huggenburger strain bridge.

Demec strain-measurement targets were located

in three rows at different levels in the c o m ­
pressive zone of the beam. The first rov was
Located as near as possible to the top of the
beam; the second row was placed at the c a l c u l a ­
ted plastic neutral axis, and the third row at
the neutral axis corresponding to the conditions
t commencement of yield of the tension steel.

"hf- targets for each row were spaced at a dis-

ance of two inches (50mm) in such a way as to
■btaii strains at midspan and at a section two
nches (50mm) away from midspan. Targets were
t-laced on both sides of the beam.

h following measurements were recorded during

the test :
(a) amount of reflection at midspan
(b ) amount of deflection of softboard at e a c
support
(c ) total rotations at both supports
(d) strains at three different levels in the
compressive zone on the two sides of the
beams by means of a two-inch demountable
meet ^cal strain gauge.

The maximum compress ive strain, neutral axis

level and curvature at each section was c a l c u l a ­
ted assuming a linear relationship between the
measurements of the strains on the first two
rows from the compression face. The third row
was not included directly in the calculations
because,at loads higher than that of c om m en ce ­
ment of yielding of steel, these readings
included tension cracks.

TEST PROCEDURE

Each test beam was removed from cure the day

before the experiment was to take place. Aftei
placing the Demec targets on the b e a m , it was
placed on its supports and the loading equipment
was positioned.

It was planned to apply the load in 13 i n c r e m e n t s ,

The first 5 increments were each made equal to
15% of the cal culated ultimate l o a d ; then 3
increments each made equal to 5%, and the last
5 increments each made equal to 2% of the
calculated ultimate load.

Each increment of load was applied over less

than a m i n u t e , and the load held constant foi
6 minutes, then the measurements of strain
readings, deflec t'o ns and rotations were take
during the next 5 minutes,so that: the time
 52

required for each increment of load was about

12 m i n u t e s . Each test for a beam would take at
least two and a half h o u r s .
 53

CHAPTER 4

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

1. 1 INTRODUCTION

The test beams .vere divided into four groups .

group A consisted of 2 beams regarded as the basic
tests, group B was composed of 4 beams which were
tc determine the effect of binders and beam width,
group C consisted of 5 beams in which the effect of
span would be highlighted and finally group D which
consisted of 3 beams which would take into account
the effect of the properties of the reinforcement
on the rotational capacity of beams.

All beams in these tests were under-reinforced and

failed by crushing of the concrete after the tension
reinforcement had y i e l d e d .

The first visible flexural cracks appeared at be­

tween 15% and 30% of the ultimate load of failure.
These cracks grew wider and slowly extended towards
the compression zone as the load was increased.

4 .2 IDEALIZED LOADING SYSTEM

The load at midspan was spread to the beam by a

20mm wide and 1Omm thick steel plate, and therefore
the load was assumed to be spread as shown in Fig.
4.1. The moment at midspan was assumed to be .

M * B1 PL E q n •4 •1
4
w ne re B1 = 1
"(t 2)
w = plate width
L = span of beam
 Pl at e width

c J | Neutr >1 Ak[1~

(a) A c t u a l L o a d i n g S y s t e m

^ L.2-- —-r'
w*2c

(b) I d e a l i z e d L o a d i n g S y s t e m at Lev el of N e u t r a l A x i s

^2=)
(c) Sending moment diagram

FIGURE 4.1 Spread o f Load at Midspan

The moment at 50mm away from midspan was assumed

to be :
Eqn.4.2
M » 82 P fL - 0,0508 )
\
0508 \
w h e r e 62
( k - 0,0508 ) (W i-2C )_

Table 4.1 shows the reduction factors fo r botn sec­

tions and by comparing these results it can be
seen that the values assumed for a section 50mm away
from midspan are almost identical to the values
corresponding to that section using the straight line
bending moment diagram based on a maximum moment at

midspan of PL/4.
 '

MAXIMUM SPAN MOMI NTS AT MIDSPAN M0MIN1S 50m,n FROM MIDSPAN

LOAD [mm 3 Straight Assumed Straight Assumed
BEAM P B2
Lined1! /4) Lqn.4.1 81 L ino Eqn.4.2
[ KNl IkN.Ml ______ IkN.Ml

A1 23,94 1500 8,97 8,68 0,96 8,36 8,36 0,99

A2 36,40 1500 13,65 13,07 0,95 12,72 12,69 0,99

01 23,32 1500 8, 74 8,44 0,96 8,15 8,14 0,99

B2 28,47 1500 10,67 10,33 0,96 9,95 9,93 0,99
B3 49,00 1500 18,37 1 7 ,76 C ,96 17.13 17,11 0,99
B4 49,50 1500 18,56 18,01 0,97 17,30 17,30 0,99

C1 45,50 2250 25,59 24 ,55 0,95 24,43 23,86 0,97

C2 35,29 1000 8,82 8,48 0,96 7,92 7,91 0,99
C3 60,48 1500 22,68 21,35 0,94 21, 14 20, 98 0,99
C4 17.42 2250 9,79 9,56 0,97 9,35 9,35 0,99
C5 9,86 1125 2,77 2,68 0,96 2,52 2,52 1 ,00

D1 26 ,66 1500 9,99 9,68 0,96 9,32 9,31 0,99

02 37,20 1500 13,95 13,34 0,95 13,00 12,92 0,99
03 29,44 1500 11,04 10,50 0,95 10,29 10,23 0,99

TABL_E 4_. 1 : Momenta and Reduction factors for’ Two Sections

At Midspan and at 50mm away from Midspan

ui
U1
 For midspan section, the assumed moments are slightly
lower than the corresponding straight line max .mum
moments which was logical to e x p e c t . This means
that provided the length of the loading plate is
small, the loading pattern has little effect on
the maximum moment.

TERMINOLOGY USED IN INTERPRETING RESULTS

1 Theoretical Va l u e s

The theoretical ultimate moment was evaluated on

the basis of the ACI code according to the fo l lo ­
wing formula

M = A f (d - a ) Eqn.4.3
u s y %

where a = A f

0,85. f‘
cb
The hypothetical value of theoretical elastic rot a­
tion at ultimate moment at either end of the beam,
corresponding to the onset of plastic rotation,
was obtained by means of the first mom en t-a rea
theorem. An average flexural rigidity was obtained
from the theoretical moment-curvature curve , co r­
responding to the slope between two points re pre ­
senting 0,4 and 0,6 of the ultimate m o m e n t .

2 Experimental Results

Where experimental results for maximum values of

compressive strain of concrete, curvature, neutral
axis depth and rotation are reported, they c o r r e s ­
pond to the instant at which the maximum load on the
beam was reached under increasing load; or to the
load just before this ultimate load was achieved at
the preceding loading increment.

The hypothetical value of experimental elastic

rotation at ultimate moment at either end of the
beam was calculated in the following way. It was
 57

assumed that the load-deflect ion curve at m i d ­

span could be divided into two regions : one
region representing elastic deformation and
another region associated with inelastic or
plastic deformation. The load was identified
at which plastic deformation began, and the c o r ­
responding moment evaluated. A secant line was
drawn from the origin through the point on the
momert-end rotation curve corresponding to this
moment.and this line was extenued to give the
elastic rotation at a moment equal to the moment
of resistance calculated according to the ACI
code. This rotation was regarded as the e xp er i­
mental elastic rotation associated with the onset
of plastic rotation for half span of the beam.
This procedure is illustrated in the load-
deflect ion curve and the moment-end rotation curve
for beam A 1 , shown in Figs. 4.4a and 4.4b re sp ec­
tively.

The experimental inelastic end rotation was o b ­

tained by subtracting the experimental elastic
rotation from the total experimental rotation
for the half span of the beam at maximum load.

4.4 GENERAL RESULTS

Failure of the concrete compressive zone in flexure

did not occur until the maximum concrete c o m p r e s ­
sive strain exceeded 0,003. A photograph showing
the response of a beam as the load approaches 42,8%
of the ultimate load and a compressive strain
equal to 1446 x 10 is displayed in Fig. 4.2a,
and Fig. 4.2b shows the same beam under a load
corresponding to 78,6% of the ultimate load with
a concrete compressive strain of 3196 x 10 ~ 6 ;
and finally F i g . 4. 2c displays the same beam at
the end of the test. At ultimate load the c o n ­
crete compressive strain was 9585 x 10- ^.
 m

FIGURE 4.2i

Beam 83 at 42,8% of ultimate load.

FIGURE 4.2b

Beam 83 at 78,6% of ultimate load.

 FIGURE 4.2c
Ream 93 at the end of the test

Figure 4.3 illustrates the theoretical values

and experimental results for the relationship
between moment or neutral axis height and c u r v a ­
ture for beam A 1 . For the same moment ratio, tne
experimental results of curvature were found to
be greater than the theoretical values, indicating
that more ductility was obtained than was expected.

For convenience, test results for each ceam ot

experimental load-deflect ion and moment-end
rotation c u r v e s , together with theoretical ana
experimental plots of the ratio of moment to
theoretical ultimate moment and the ratio of
neutral axis depth to effective depth as a ’•unc­
tion of curvature are shown in Appendix 3
The properties of the different beams are su m ma ­
rised in Table 3.1 and the main test results are
tabulated as follows :
 ■

MDHCN7

MOMENT

N .A . HT
BEAM A I
RA T I05 I H E n s m CHL VflLUCJS

CXPEfllMmHL RESULTS

NCUTHHL H X l b

tfl tn

CURVATURE X DEFJT H X I0 - 3
FIGURE 4.3

o>
o
 loud - tiErunimi oihve hi hibspr * fqh r|

22.1 "

28.1 f plastic defoliation

IB .I

11.1

14.1

13.1

11,1

1.1 '

11

2.1

1.1
 MilMEffl - WniHTIDN CURVE EDA HALF SPitil FOR dEHM fll
IB.a

B.l Ihcoretical ultimate moment

B.l

7.1
llomeut at nnsel; of p l a s t i c
iokation
B.l

S.I

M.l

3.1

2.1

KnmipMC-n
a.i
i 7 IH II HJ SI n 71

t IGIIKI 4 . 41)
Table 4.2 co mp a r i s o n between different expressions For
maximum concrete compressive strains a u.-
timate moment with the results obtaineo

the ex pe rimen t .

Table 4.3 Comparison between different expressions or

---------- tbe ratio of neutral axis depth to effective
depth at ultimate moment with the results
obtained in the e x p e r i m e n t .

Table 4 .4 . Comparison between theoretical ultimate mo-

ments and the experimental maximum moments.

Table 4.5 Total, elastic and plastic rotations for half

span of each b e a m .

Table 4.6 Ductility expressed as the ratio of maximum

curvature to curvature at first yield of the
tension reinforcement, and rotation capac
(ratio of inelastic to elastic end rotation

for each b e a m .

Table 4.7 Comparison of spread of plasticity lp

" accoroing to Corley-Mattock (Eqn.2.21) and the
experimental results evaluated using tqn.2.

From Table 4.2 it can be seen that the values

for maximum concrete compressive strain ob­
tained by using Corley's and M a t t o c k ’s e q u a l i c
(Eqn.2.20 in Chapter 2) are too o p t i m i s t k
but the results obtained by using the C E 8 - F
expression and the theoretical program are
definitely too conservative. The uE8-FIP
expression used is as follows .
Cc2 = 0,003 + 0 , 0 0 0 2 ( 5 0 - f c ) Eqn.4.4

f is : the cylinder strength in MPa.

wnere
~ 3 S E = ? : = S -
axis expression used according to Kemp ^as .

X PU ■ ’ o ^ r r ^ b eon.a.sa

i l l l B

served.

l i i a i

from the following expression .

E q n .^ .5 b

^
where Z1 = d ( 1 - 2 x O.bTT^xbxd

and the value 0,6 does not include the partial material

factor of 1,5 for concrete.

...............
I:-;,::-;-:::-;:;:.-::;,:.., '

in tests B2 and C 5 .
 65

N CM CM CM CM C\i CM CM
o o o c c O O O
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uO CM

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56

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 70

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 , l p a c c o r d i n g fo
IcORLEY & M A T T O C K
P I A S T 1C r “ I. Imm 1 Imm'l
rnm/ATURES »I LS32 HO I A 1 1 ON ( E a r .jL J L l l —
beam «P
ELASTIC m a x i m u m 1b > 8 B S
^ i f i Ma x I P
100,00
12,00 50 ,05
203,91
32, 42 236,33
2,40 87,79
28,25
36,2b 64,60 99,30
9,12 50,00
227,75 179,25 99.00
4B,bO
129,00 10,115 I 70,41
39,25 I 168 525 101,363
I 11,915 66,38
179,50 99 ,35
59,00 I 230,50
159,25 I 12,225 I 76,77
113,25 272.50 153.050
12,595
N .A .* 00,00
C1 I 56,63 29,50 81 ,70
392,31 361,06 131.00
C2 31 ,25 4 ,605 136,00
52,00 33,09 122,75
C3 10,19 100,66
110,34 11,095
131,97 60,625
C4 21 ,63 35,0/5 192,66
242,86 102,15
C5 60,71 101,60
15,08 M ,94
1 250,25 220,75 100,925
01 29 ,50 14,25 142,06
134,22 100,31 101,175
33,91 100,90
02
06 ,52 8.73
30,40 I 125,00
03

L N .A .* N ot ,i v <ti1ab 1*i
Spread of p l a a i i c iity (ip)
VARIABLES AFFECTING ROTATION CAPACITY

Theoret ical and Ex pe r i m e n t a l Moment

a7T(J Neutral Axis R a tio-C ur 7 ature Curves

The comparison between theoretical and experi ­

mental moment and neutral axis rat io-curvature
curves is shown in Appendix 3, and from these
curves it can be noticed that the moment rat io-
curvature curves differ significantly once
flexural cracking o c c u r s . At a particular value
of moment the experimental curvatures are cons i­
derably greater than the theoretical c u r v a t u r e s .
As the comparison between theoretical and ex per i­
mental neutral axis depths is reasonably g o o d , it
can be concluded that the differences relate to
the compress 1 ve strain on the outer fibre of the
concrete at which the moment reaches its maximum
value.

The main parameters that affect the maximum com­

pressive strain of a singly-reinforced simply-
support concrete beam are the concrete strength
and str ess-strain c u r v e , the tensile steel
strength and strain-hardening properties, amount
of tensile reinforcement, the span and width of
the beam and also the rate of loading. The dif­
ferences between experimental and theoretical
values of these variables together with others
such as effect of binding may explain part of
tnese observed differences in maximum concrete
strain.

It should be ment oned that there could have

beer a possible oond failure which would reduce
the strain in the steel as shown in Fig 4.5,
and therefore for the same curvature in the
concrete a lower value of moment would be
 f

71

4.5 VARIABLES AFFECTING ROTATION CAPACITY

4.5.1 Theoretical and E ’^ imental M o m e n t

and Neutral Axis io-Curvature Curves

X The comparison between theoretical and ex pe ri ­

mental moment and neutral axis ratio-curvature
curves is shown in Appendix 3, and from these
curves it can be noticed that the moment rat io-
curvature curves differ significantly once
flexural cracking o c c u r s . At a particular value
of moment the experimental curvatures are cons i­
derably greater than the theoretical curvatures.
As the comparison between theoretical and experi­
mental neutral axis depths is reasonably g o o d , it
can be concluded that the differences relate to
the compressive strain on the outer fibre of the
concrete at which the moment reaches its maximum
value.

The main parameters that affect the maximum com­

press ive strain of a singly-reinforced simply-
support concrete beam are the concrete strength
and stress-strain curve, the tensile steel
strength and strain-hardening properties, amount
of tensile reinforcement, the span and width of
the beam and also the rate of loading. The dif­
ferences between experimental and theoretical
values of these variables together with others
such as effect of binding may explain part of
tnse observed differences in maximum concrete
S tr r > i n .

It should be mentioned that there could have

been a possible bond fa lure which would reduce
the strain in the steel as shown in Fig 4.5,
and therefore for the same curvature in the
concrete a lower value of moment would be
 72

•on j made up of three components:

.a) chemi< al a d h e s i o n , (b ) friction, and (c)
mechanical interaction between concrete and
tee1. Bond of plain bars depends primarily on
•lie first two elements, while bond of deformed
depend mainly on mechanical interlocking
t" concrete and steel. At c r a c k s , in reinforced
ncrete m e m b e r s , the stress ’n the steel rises
.viiile at positions in between cracks the stress
the steel has a lower v a l u e ; therefore bond
editions at cracks and in the immediate sur-
ounding concrete are more severe and local bond
■ i lure may take place.

i'ond factor F was introduced by B a k e r 1"where

he train 01 steel is related tc the strain of
i cone re ti ■
.t the ov»er co m p r e s s 'on surface of
the c o n c r e t e . i.e.:

E q n .4.6
” d-C)

his b o n d factor is equal to one (1) for full

iiond c o n d it io n s and as this factor decreases,
its negative influence upon the steel strain
increa se s.

Also from Fig. 4.6 which corresponds to beam

C3 it can be seen that uond failure seems to
ffect a section near midspan more than at the
midspan itself, this is reasonable since major
racks sometimes develop at sections near m i d ­
pan c nd occur symmetrically on both sides of
he midspan sect in However this was the only
cam for which curvatures were reported to be
ign'iicantly lower at midspan than for a section
near m i d s p a n .
 1/ -

cs/F

FIGURE 4.5

From Fly.4.7 it can be seen t h a t , as e x p e c t e d ,

the moment rat io-curvature curves for a sect ior
at midspan and at a section near mid span (ROrnn.
have a similar trend and similar results wer
obtained in all the other tests except for be, ir C

4.5.2 Effect of Tension reinforcement

Fig.4.8 displays the load ratio

at midspan for beams A 1 , D 1 , 0 2 and 03. A'
these beams are capable of undergoing large
deflections near maximum load and therefore i ov
a ductile behaviour. Beams A1 and 03 are rein­
forced by high tensile steel with a percentage
of steel x yield -tress of steel equal to 667,>
and 9 9 9 , 1 2 respectively; beams 0 1 and 02 ar<
reinforced with mild steel and have a percentag
of steel x yield stress of steel equal to 654,5
and 880,74 respectively.
H i m m NH11Q5 - CUflVHiURE FQfl R StaitlN NEfiR MID5PHH RND HI hIDSPHN.

BERM C3

SECilDR HI HIDSPHN » fl.RflJt. -2 J .3 5 H KWdfl

SCO I ON NEAR MiDSPfiN « M.MflX. ■ M .S fll KN*M

(wymii<c»E-e6
I7»

I IC.UKI 4 .(>
MOM o n RATIOS - CURVATURE FOR A SECTION NEAR NIOSPAN AND AT MIDSPAN.

BERM D3

SECTION FT Ml DSPAll « M.MAX. - IE.SHE UN# M.

SECTION HEAR MEDSPHN * M.MAX. * 10.23*7 KN*M

O J R V H T U H C e E -IG
BJ mi iM

I IGURI 4 .I
 LORD RATIO - DEfLECTION CURVE RT NIObPHK

9.9 •• ^

I.B

8.6

a.s BERMS: HI 103

l.H

8.3

8.2

ocrLtnioi m m .

i 1GURI 4 .8
HDHDTT RATIO - CURVATURE FOR WL5PAN SECTION.
M l 62

in id

I IGURF 4.0
 im m . w ifn iflw fdh hhlf .span v s . pcAcmmGF of s t e e i * v in o s ih e s s .
77.1 .
di
g
W.l Y

21.1 ••

ib.a -

15.1

12.1 ••

8.1

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3.1 ■■
. A f (NPa)
% s-x- y____
i.a
IM ViW -iM MUU s m iaa 7CM HlU 003 IB

I IGUM 4.10
 MOMENT RATIO - ROTATION CURVE FOR HALF SPAN.

0.8

i.T

0.6

0.S

0.M

0.3

0.2

0.0
I
IB it am at jb at >u ms sb rt bh bs ib

f iuum 4.11
 IHOflSTTK RQTRT!DM TOi HRLF SRR1 IS. PCRCEIfTRGE OF 51EFL • 1ICU S1BESS,
Dt
l.enHT.KE-BJ

• 02

t hi

♦ 03
♦ • HIBH TCMBILC BTCCL.

* : HILO 6 1 F C L .

t*s-x-^y(MPa)

I IGURI 4.1^
 HoiHTioa m p flc n i is . pwconHGC or s ie e l • i i e i -d s ih e s s .
i.C
. 01
D2
1.1

1.3

1.3

1.1
i.a
aa ♦ i HIGH TENSILE STEEL.
aa • I MILD STEEL. HI

a.3
aa D3
a.r
ai
a3
a3
a.i
t A s * f y(NPd)
aa - t-— f---
aw im

I IG U R I 4.1:*

00

I
From Fig.4.9 it can be seen that at maximum mo­
ment at m i d s p a n , greater curvatures are reached
by beams D1, then A 1 , followed by beams 02 and 03.
This was expected because at lower values of
percentage of steel x yield stress o f the steel
(01 and A 1), the curvature is expected to be g r e a t e r .

Fig. 4.10 shows clearly that as the percentage

of steel x yield stress is in cr ea se d, the total
rotation for half span of the beam is reduced.
Beams A1 and 01 had a very similar percentage of
steel x yield stress varying only by 3,5%, and
beams 02 and 03 had also a similar amount varying
by 13,5%, but about 40% higher than beams A1
and O'1.

Fig. 4.11 shows that beams A1 and 01 have a simi­

lar and higher total rotation than beams 02 and 03
for the maximum moment raf i o .

Fig. 4.12 illustrates the inelastic rotation for

half span and shows not only that as percentage
of steel x yield stress of the reinforcing de­
creases the inelastic rotation i n cr ea se s, but
also highlights the important aspect that beams
01 and 02 wnich are reinforced with mild steel
bars, display higher inelastic rotations than
beams A1 and 03 with high tensile s t e e l . These
findings are magnified when considering rotation
capacity as shown in Fig. 4.13.

Effect of Span

Initially it was thought that rotation capacity

was a function of span to depth ratio and there­
fore three different ratios for L d were tested.
Ratios of 8 (beams C2 and C3), 12 (beams A1 and C1 ) ,
and 18 (beams C4 and C5) were chosen and both
beams for each ratio were tested and c o m p a r e d .
In beams C2 (span = 1000mm), A1 (span = 15 0 0 m m )
and C4 (span = 2 2 5 0 m m ) all variables were kept
the same except span. It can be seen from Figure
4.14 and Table 4.6 that the rotation capacity of
these three beams reduces significantly as the
span is increased. A similar trend is observed
in the maximum concrete compressive s t r a i n , as
recorded in Table 4.2. This important ob se rv a­
tion may be expressed in terms of a greater strain
capacity existing in beams with higher strain
gradients along the length of the b e a m . An al­
ternative way of expressing this may be that
crushing occurs in a beam where the compressive
strain exceeds the strain at maximum stress over
a limited le ng th , which does not increase with span

In beams C 3 , A1 and C5 the 1/d ratio was increased

by changing the effective depth (and to a lesser
degree the s p a n ) while maintaining t he same A^/bd
and x/d ratios. It can be seen in Figures 4.14,
4.15 and 4.16 that no clear relationship exists
between ductility and either the span or the ef­
fective depth in these three b e a m s . It is a pity
that the rotation measurements in test C5 appear
somewhat in doubt in terms of the comparison of
theoretical and experimental elastic rotations
in Table 4.5. In this test the 1/d ratio was
increased to 18 but the span was reduced to 1125mm
It therefore appears that the improved ductility
achieved in tests C 2 , A1 and C4 as the span is re­
duced, is not so much a function of 1/d as span
itself. The maximum compressive strain achieved
is influenced by both span and effective depth.

Figs. 4.17a, 4.17b and 4.18 indicate that there

seems to be no clear relationship between the
ratios span height of stress block and span
to effective dept . with respect to rotation
capacity. It is indicated subsequently that this
N M tm iM CflHRCni T5.
IKELflSllC ROTRTICM KLW HflLF SPRN VS. VRM Of SERB

F1G UH I 4.1h
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oo
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 RDTRTIDM CRPRtni VS. SPAN / HEIGHT OP STRESS BUlCr.

7.1 ••
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R O T B T IP N (R P H C IT 1 V S . 5P B H / H E IB H T C F S 1R E S 5

1.1
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6.1 ti ♦ « H IS M T E N S IL E S T E E L .
£.X * ' k l L b STEEL.
C.l
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 ■

ROTATION CfiPfiCm VS. SPAN / EFFCaiVE DEPTH.

6 * «
I
+ • HISH TENSILE STEEL.

* : MILD STEEL.

D U 1)2

+ a ♦ CM
H2
\ tve e
IB U 14 It) IB 2i

F lG t J R I 4.1H

00
(D

/ —
 may be related to weaknesses caused when the
depth of the stress block and cover to the binders
are of similar dimensions (test C 5 ) .

Table 4.7 compares the experimental results of

the spread of plasticity with the formula derived
by Corley and Mattock (Eqn.2.21 in Chapter 2),
and it appears that there is really no evidence
that this formula can be regarded as a general
expression. Apparently effective depth and span
alone are not the only main parameters as can be
seen in Figs. 4.19a and 4.19b.

4.5.4 Effect of Height and Stress Block

Figs. 4.20, 4.21 a , and 4.21b show that the ratio height
of stress block to effective depth give a scattered
result with respect to inelastic rotation and rota­
tion capacity, although ductility appears to increase
as this ratio decreases.

CE8-F1P code has modelled a curve for the ratio

neutral axis to effective depth-inelastic rotation,
and this curve has been superimposed in Fi g . 4.22
which uses a ratio of height of stress block to
effective depth. This slight change does not
affect the results significantly, since the ratio
of neutral axis depth to height of stress block
is reasonably constant. It can be seen from Fig.
4.22 that the CEB-FIP relationship represents a
fairly good lower boundary for the expected in­
elastic rotation. It should be noted that in
Figs. 4.21 and 4.22 the highest rotation c a p a c i ­
ties were observed in beams C2 and C5 which were
the shortest spans tested.

4.5.5 Effect of Binders and Width of Specimens

From Tables 4.5 and 4.6 it can be seen that uy

comparing a beam with no binders at all (B2),
to a beam with minimal amount of binders a c ­
cording to C P 1 10 code design (A1) and to a beam
 swuu nr pm siK ni is. y w or ihe bou
CK Corley and Mat L o c k s 's equation (Eqn

0,06d ♦ 0,052
in.* « LZD
where
rj

(ML* CM

*.1

HLI

JM.I* M.
**
K* re* nr*
 £petfli or PLfunirni is. crrrnivc iepth or kchj .
me cc

Cl

CM

I >o cs

I IGUH1 4 . lot)
IN C L R 5 T K FDTB TID N V S . HEIGHT OF STRESS BLACK / E F FE C TIV E tE P T H .

X.
X > SFflM ■ lir a MM.

• l SPHM ■ 1125KM.

+ SPUR - ISM KM.

# * »RN ‘ 2251MM.

a.a a .a a .m VI. K

I IG U R l 4 . ?0
R O W ION CflPRCm VS. HEIBtn or STRESS BLOCK / EFfEulVE DEPTH

i 5HH* ■ M M NF
t- • 5PHM » ISM KM

* ' 5PBH - Z2SB KM

K/D
b .a
r r .a
ROTFTIOK CRPFCm VS. HCIBH1 DF S1PESS BLOCK / F.FFECTiVE 6CPTH.

+ CS

t I HIGH 1EHSILE SIEEL.

• i MILS STEEL.

61 62
Cl ♦
♦ Ml
♦ C3
M/D
#1 ■.a e.a

I I (JU K I 4 . ^ 1 1 .
 I HEIRS! IC WnflTlOH V i. HEIGHT Df STHES5 GLUCK / nTECTlVE DEHIH.
36.IT
e +
33.e -

u r.r 1 \ 4 C2

23. E \ CEH-FIP MOliEL CHOC.

X
2 'l.f \
\
21.« • \

\
Ih.C • X
. 61
IE .I • X
a
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o.e -
4 O
3.E ■ 4 H2

r.it ■

FJGORE 4.22
with twice the minimal amount of binders ac­
cording to CP110 code design (B1 ) , there nc *
very much difference in rotation capacity
function of quantity of binders. More tests
were needed with much closer links and with d i •-
ferent diameters of steel to be able to estab 1 is
a clear trend. Comparing beam A1 with minimal
binders and beam B2 with no links, indicates
that the maximum compressive strain of the c o n ­
crete appears to be higher as links are used
(Table 4.2).

Only two b e a m s , 63 and B4 were tested so as to

gain a feeling for the effect of width on rota­
tion capacity. No clear trend emerged but it
should be noted that the provision of binders
in beam 83 did not influence the maximum c o m p r e s ­
sive strain (Table 4.2) or the ductility (Tables
4.5 and 4.6) when compared to beam 84 without
binders. This may imply that at the very low
depths of compressive stress block which occur
in wide beams with small percentages of rei n­
forcement, links do not have a beneficial effect
because tne critical concrete in compression i
largely located at the level of, or outside tr
concrete contained by the stirrups. It is of
interest that unlike earlier tests by Corle;
14
and Mattock , the significant influence o :
on rotation capacity was not observed in these
tests and that this could prooably be ascribe
to the fact that no compression re inforcemr-
was provided in this series of tests.

Effect of Co-"' "eta Strength

One of the disconcerting results obtained t

tests was the reJuction in relation capacit fr .
0,81 in A1 and to 0,18 in test A2 in vh .■-:
ratio of stress block height i • effective depth
was maintained effectively constant while the
area of reinforcement and concrete strength were
increased by 50%. This is contrary to e st abl i­
shed theory which would predict equal ductility
in these two beams. It is recognized that one
test is insufficient to draw firm conclusions
but the extent of the reduction in both rotation
capacity and maximum compressive strain (Table
4.2) certainly justifies a more detailed invest!
gation of concrete strength.
 CHAPTER 5

CONCLUSIONS

Experimental Review

The purpose of the tests performed was to inves­

tigate the behaviour of some variables affecting
rotation capacity, the main variables are :
(i) Effect of type of tension reinforcement;
(ii) Effect of s p a n ;
(iii) Effect of binders and width of specimens.
It is recognized that within the scope of a six-
month project, it is not possible to provide firm
conclusions on the influence of each of these
variables. The intention was rather to provide a
survey of the relative importance of each of these
effects which are not considered in design c o d e s .

Test Results

The maximum concrete compressive strain at a

section of maximum moment may be well over values
assumed by various design codes. Consequently, the
ultimate curvature and plastic rotation also can be
much greater than that calculated on the assumed
value of maximum concrete compressive strain speci­
fied by codes.

In this investigation, C o r l e y ’s and M a t t o c k 's equa­

tion for maximum concrete compress ive strain (Eqn.
2.2) seemed to be too optimistic, while the CE3-F1P
expression ( Eqn. 4.4) and the theoretical program's
values were definitely too conservative; also the
low value of 0,003 established by the ACI code is
too conservative. A precise formula to assess a
true value of the maximum concrete compress ive
strain may be difficult to establish since this
parameter is a function of several variables
including : concrete strength, stress-strain
characteristics of the c o n c r e t e , tensile steel
strength and its strain-hardening properties,
amount of tension and compression reinforcement,
rate of loading and other important parameters
such as span and influence of binders. It appears
from Table 4.2 that Corley and Mattock's formula
is most in error in predicting the effect of
concrete strength and stress block depth.

An increase in the tension steel content A sfy/fcbd

will increase the strength of tne section of a m e m ­
ber but decreases the flexural ductility as measured
by the rotation capacity and me,, mum conpressiva
strain of the member. Beams reinforced with mild
steel bars display higher inelastic rotations than
beams with high tensile steel for the same tension
steel content as measured by A sfy/'*‘cbd .

The experimental and theoretical values of tne

ductility ratio (^ablo 4.6) a re very different
and this is caused by the high maximum concrete
compressive strains observed in the tests compared
to the theoretical values assumed by various codes
or obtained from the theoretical moment-curvature
relationships. One possible explanation coulc be
local bond failure in the cracked region resulting
in a non-linear strain distribution through the
depth as illustrated :n Figure 4.5 and reflecting
the differences in the moment-curvature relation­
ships in Appendix 3.

Rotation capacity appears to be a function of span

rather than span to depth ratio, or span to height
of stress block or span to effective d e p t h . This
is an important result of the tests and is related
to the influence of strain gradient along the span
on the maximum concrete compression strain. It
appears that maximum compress ive strain in the
concrete is inversely proportional to span and
influenced by the depth of the stress block.
 ■

101

The ductility of a section may be expressed

either in terms of the ratio of ultimate cur va ­
ture to curvature at first yield of the reinforce­
ment or as a function of the ratio of neutral axis
depth to effective d e p t h . It was found that the
C E B - F I P '5 model cone for the ratio neutral axis
to effective depth vs. inelastic rotation repre­
sents a fairly good lower boundary for the expected
inelastic rotations. It should be adjusted to
allow for the influence of span.

Corley's and M a t t o c k ’s expression for spread of

plasticity (lp ) (E q n .2 .21 in Chapter 2) aopears
not to be an effective formula to be regarded as
a general e x p r e s s i o n . Apparently effective depth
and span alone are not the only variables affe c­
ting the spread of p l a s t i c i t y .

Although shear reinforcement must be adequate o

ensure that the strength in shear exceeds the
strength in f l e x u r e , binders a l o n e , without c om­
pression reinforcement, seem not to have an ef fec ­
tive beneficial effect on rotation capacity es pe ­
cially for wide oeams since the compressive stress
block for these beams are small, and therefore
the critical concrete in compression is mainly
located at or above the level of the concrete
contained by the stirrups. Most reinforced con­
crete beams contain some compression reinforcement
even when not needed,mainly because of construction
or code requirements, so that the available ductility
and rotational capacity is i n c r e a s e d . This does
not apply to slabs but width of concrete will
compensate in this c a s e . A disconcerting result
was the substantial drop in both ductility and
maximum concrete compressive strain in a test in
which both areas of reinforcement and concrete
strength were increased by 50% while maintaining
the same ratio of stress block depth to effective
 ■

102

depth. This requires further investigation.

5 .3 Further areas of research

Lateral reinforcement helps to prevent premature

shear failure. It would be of great advantage to
analyze the influence of shear on rotation capacity
since it is felt that the total amount of rotation
is a function of the shearing stresses in the m e m ­
ber . If the shear is large enough for inclined
cracks to occur the inelastic rotations may be
fairly l a r g e , provided stirrups prevent a shear
failure, because greater concrete compressive
strains can develop, and also because steel can
yield at several sections displaying a larger
yielded zone. If,on the other h a n d , the shear is
so small that inclined cracks do not occur, the
yield stress of steel may be only reached at the
crack at the point of maximum moment and the in­
elastic rotation will be smaller.

Another interesting area of study would be that

of the ratio width to effective depth of a m e m b e r ,
because differences in behaviour between broad
(slab) type sections and narrow (beam) type se c­
tions may be established and used to confirm or
extend other conclusions.

This would also assist in establishing the in­

fluence of stress-block height on maximum c o n ­
crete compressive strain.

«-•'-'W .
 LIST OF REFERENCES

Comite Euro-International du Be'ton; CEB-FIP

model code for concrete s t r u c t u r e s , 1978, p.94.

British Standards Institution; 'The Structural

use of c o n c r e t e " , CP110 : Part 1: 1982, p . 19.

C o h n , M .Z . and Ghosh, S.K., "The flexural d uc­

tility of reinforced concrete se ctions” , Inter­
national Association for Bridge and Structural
Engineering, (IABSE), Vol. 32-11, 1972, pp . 53-82.

ACI Committee 318, "Building Code Requirements

for Reinforced C o n c r e t e " , (AC I 318-77) , American
Concrete institute, D e t r o i t , 1977, pp. 33-38.

Base, G.B. and Read, J.B., "Effectiveness of

helical binding in the compression zone of
concrete b e a m s " , Journal A C I , Vol. 62, N o . 7,
July 1965, pp. 763-781.

Chandrasekhar, C.S., and Falkner, H.A., "Influence

of the width of loading plate on the rotation
capacity of reinforced concrete membert ', Journal
ACI, P r o c e e d i n g s , V o l . 71 N o . 6, June 1974, pp.49-54.

Burnett, E.,"Flexural rigidity, curvature and

rotation and their significance in reinforced
concrete design", Magazine of Concrete R e s e a r c h ,
June 1954, pp. 67-72.

Corley, /<.G . "Rotation capacity of reinforced

concrete b e a m s " , Journal of Structural Division,
American Society of Civil Engineers, (A S C E ) , Vol.
92, ST5, October 1966, pp. 121-144.

Mattock, A.H. "Discussion of rotational capacity

of reinforced concrete beams by Corley, W.G.",
Journal of Structural Division, A S C E , Vol.93 S T 2 ,
April 1967, pp. 519-522 .

C l e m e n t s , S.W., Cranston, w .B . and Symons, M.G.,

"The influence of section breadth on rotation
 LIST OF REFERENCES (C O N T ' )

capacity", Cement and Concrete Association,

Technical Report 553, September 1980, pp .1-27.

SABS 920, Standard Specification for Steel Bars

for Concrete Reinforcement, Pretoria, Council
of the South African Bureau of Standards, 1969,
p p .7-8.

Baker, A.L.L., "Limit-state design of reinforced

concrete, London, Cement and Concrete Association,
1970, p.20.

Kemp, A.R., "Ductility and moment redistribution

in reinforced concrete beams", The Civil Engineer
in South Africa, May 1981, pp. 175-181.

Mattock, A.H., "Rotational capacity of hinging

regions in reinforced concrete beams", Proceedings
of the International Symposium on the Flexural
Mechanics of Reinforced Concrete, ASCE-ACI, Miami,
1965, pp. 143-180.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

ACI Committee 318 C , Commentary of Building Code

requirements for reinforced concrete, ACI 318 C ,
American Concrete Institute, Detroit, 1977.

B u r n e t t , E.F.P. and Yu, C.W., '’Reinforced concrete

linear structures at ultimate lo a d " , Proceedings
of the International Symposium on the Flexural
Mechanics of Reinforced Concrete, ASCE-ACI, Miami,
1965, pp. 29-47.

Chan/ W .w .L .,"The rotation of reinforced concrete

plastic hinges at ultimate load", Magazine of
Concrete Research, London, V c 1. 14, No .41, July
1982, pp. 63-72.

Cohn , M.Z., and Petcu, V .A . , "Moment ^edistripution

and rotation capacity of elastic hinges in redun­
dant reinforced concrete o e a m s " , Indian Concrete
Journal, V o l . 37, N o . 8, Bombay, August 1963, pp.
282-290.

F i n t e l , M ., "Handbook of concrete e n g i n e e r i n g " ,

Van Nostrand Binhold C o m p a n y , New Y o r k , 1974.

K e m p , A.R., "Ductility and moment redistribution

in reinforced concrete b e a m s " , The Civil Engineer
in South Africa, May 1981 , pp. 175-181.

K o n g , F.K., E v a n s , R.H., C o h e n , E ., and Roll, F .,

"Handbook of structural concrete", Pitman Advanced
Publishing Program, 1983.

M a t t o c k , A.H., "Rotitional capacity of hinging

regions in reinforced concrete b e a m s " , Proceedings
of the International Symposium on the Flexural
Mechanics of Reinforced Concrete, ASCE-ACI, Miami,
1965, pp. 143-180.
 bibliography

ACI Committee 318 C , Commentary of Building Code

requirements for reinforced c o n c r e t e , AC I 318C ,
American Concrete Institute, Detroit, 1977.

Burnett, E.F.P. and Yu, C.W., '’Reinforced concrete

linear structures at ultimate lo ad ", Proceed ings
of the International Symposium on the Flexural
Mechanics of Reinforced C o n c r e t e , A S C E - A C I , Miami,
1965, pp. 29-47.

Chan/ w .w .L .,"The rotation of reinforced concrete

plastic hinges at ultimate l o a d " , Magazine of
Concrete Research, London, Vol. 14, No .41, July
1982, pp. 63-72.

C o h n , M.2., and P e t c u , V .A ., "Moment redistribution

and rotation capacity of plastic hinges in redun­
dant reinforced concrete b e a m s " , Indian Concrete
J o v r n a ' , V o l . 37, No .8, B o m b a y , August 1963, pp.
282-290.

Fintel, M . , "Handbook of concrete e n g i n e e r i n g " ,

Van Nostrand Binhold C o m p a n y , New Y o r k , 1974.

K e m p , A.R., "Ductility and moment redistribution

in reinforced concrete beams", The Civil Engineer
in South Africa, May 1981, pp. 175-181 .

K o n g , F.K., E v a n s , R.H., C o h e n , E . , and Roll, F .,

"Handbook of structural c o n c r e t e " , Pitman Advanced
Publishing Program, 1983.

M a t t o c k , A .H ., "Rot ■ ;onal capacity of ringing

regions in reinforced concrete beams", Proceedings
of the International Symposium on the Flexural
Mechanics of Reinforced Concrete, A S C E - A C I , Miami,
1965, pp. 143-180.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY (CONT*)

Park, R ., and Paulay, T . , "Reinforced concrete

s t r u c t u r e s " , C a n a d a , Wiley-Interscience Pu bl ic a­
tion, 1975, Chapter 6.

R e g a n , P .£., "Limit-state design of structural

concrete, London, Chatto and Windus L t d . , 1973.

Roy, H.E.H. and D o z e n , M .A . , "Ductility of

concrete", Proceedings of the International
Symposium on the Flexural Mechanics of Reinforced
Concrete, Miami, November 1964, pp. 213-224.
APPENDIX 1
 UNIVERSITY OF THE WITWATERSRAi

MA TE RI AL S L A B O R A T O R Y

TRIAL MIX DE SI GN SHEET

M I X FOR Roberto Donoso__________ JOB Thesis_____________________

Cement Ordinary Portland Cement DA TE 23- No ve m be r- 19 83 .

14th day Compr jive strenth of 31.2Mpa.
Sand 1 ) Granite R D 2.65 F M 3. 5 c B D 1520 L B D 1520

2) ____

Stone 1 ) Quartzite R D 2.7 F M C B D LBD

(13mm— )— -------- --------------- ---------------
2) ________

Mix p r o p o r t i o n s per m 3
CALCULATED * USED
C/W 1.84
Wate r 215 Its 225 Its
Cement 396 kg 405 kg

338 kg 840 kg
Stone

y 25 kg. 890 kg
Sand

LAB O RA TO RY MIX (
0.135

Water
30.38 Its
Cement 54.68 kg

113.40 kg
Stone

120.15 kg.
Sand

S 1 ump
 UNIVERSITY OF THE WITWATERSRAND

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING - MATERIALS L AB O RA T OR Y

AGGREGATE GRADING ANALYSIS

D A T E : 2 3-November-33

PROJECT :Ro t a t i o n C a p a c i t y of R e i n f o r c e d G n n r r m f * B e a m s .

SAMPLE NO. DESCRIPTION

COARSE MECHANICAL ANALYSIS (STONE)

TOTAL MASS OF SAMPLE = g

M ass CUMU LATIVE

Siz e Retained Z Retained Z Passing Z Re ta ined Z Passing
mm g

75

37,5

19

9,5

4.75

PAN

TOTALS
_ J ________
FINE MECHANICAL ANALYSIS (SAND)
VFATH-fBtl) O'fUVtTe .

TOTAL MASS OF SAMPLE ~ 9 4 4 . VO g•

Mass CU M U L A T I V E
Sieve Size Retained Z Retained ZPass ing "Reta ine d ZPassing
No . mm g

31 4,75 134.30 13.44 13.44 86. 56

7 2, 36 209.70 20.98 34.42 65.53

14 1,18 280.70 28.09 62.51 37.49

25 0 ,600 197.80 19.79 82. 30 17.70

52 0,300 92.80 9.29 91.53 8.41

100 0,150 41.30 4.13 95.72 4.2b

200 0,075 17.50 1.75 2.53

PAN Ml 25.30 2.53

TOTALS 999.40 ICO.00 379.98

 aC
V
110
:

FRACTION
TT nr

<
Q

■
STONE
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M
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W IT W AT E RS RA N D

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THE

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UNIVERSITY

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Z z
u ti
d Uu

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LU
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^ *1
 RELATIVE DENSITY OF SAND

SIEVE 200mm

2.4.1 Density - bottle method

W1 = density bottle weighted while dig.
W2 = sand plus bottle
W3 = sand plus bottle + de-aired distilled
W4 = bottle + de-aired distilled water

Gs = W2 - W1
(W 4 - W 1 )-(W 3 - W 2 )

Gs = SPECIFIC GRAVITY

1 St 2nd 3rd 4 th
W1 30,513 30,153 31,378 31,701

W2 42,747 40,681 40,835 41,595

W3 287,127 285,706 285,113 285, 817

W4 279,619 279,218 279,362 279 ,884

Gs 2,5886 2,6059 2,5513 2,4978

 ■

112

ooi a
CM CM r- N- CM 1C O CM CM CM O)
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00 CM* o iC O) 00 CM N N CM o n
T*
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CM CM CM CM CM M CM CM CM CM CM ID

u n n n n n n n n n n n n n n

n CM T- n. co n ^ O'
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uo co n n o' n co CM CM C/5
CO n CM CO CO n CM ’T oo CD
CM

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n
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r
CO CM
n N t>
CM CM
q- O' n
CM CM CM
n
CM CM
cm N- CD
CD

DC
T Z o
CO CO CO C O C O CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO
5 .Hi CD

CD
H
ID
cr i
ol
z
r-. o
(C n CO M- 05 oj
£ n 30 n T- O
CD
n CM <r M- 00 00 ID
T“ ZD o
1 O
Q
co Z C5
CM T~ < z
Is- O' CD
05 cr
CO*
CM
CM
CM
P
CM
9
CM
r
CM
^ 8 R ? R CMC MCMC MCM
O C O CM cr h-
cD 05
a »*
z
n n n n n n n n n n n n n n H T"
II _l
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o _J
m
< <
cr K
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n n* o-ic n n <r i- n <r r- m- o n *

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I* 8• 8* 5* 8* 8* 8* 8* 8* 8* 8 * ^ 8 *5 "
o' r- n k n n oo n N n co n n oo n O)

OJ IS n n n n <r n n n n n n n n n

£
<
UJ
CD
 CONCRETE TESTS FOR DIFFERENT DAYS
14 DAYS 28 DAYS 42 DAYS 57 DAYS 59 DAYS

No.of Tests 3 3 3 2 3
CYLINDER
strength f (MPa) 21 ,77 28,78 32,08 32,485 33,78
c
Goeff of V a rn 2,36 1 ,64 8 ,97 8,42 8,39
(%)
No. of Tests - — — 3
CUBE
f (MPa) - - - - 42,36
STRENGTH cu
I
Coeff.of varn. - - - 2,79
(%) 1

TABLE 2 : STRENGTH OF CONCRETE ~QR 3EAIV A 2

TESTED AT 59 DAYS
 CONCRETE TESTS FOR DIFFERENT DAYS
14 DAYS 28 DAYS 42 DAYS 57 DAYS 59 DAYS

No.of Tests 3 3 3 2 3
CYLINDER
STRENGTH f (MPa) 21 ,77 28,78 32,08 32,485 33,78
c
Coeff .of Yam 2 ,36 1 ,64 8,97 8,42 8,39
(%)
No. of Tests - — —
3
CUBE
f_ , (MPa) - - - -» 42,36
STRENGTH cu
Coeff.of Vam. - - - 2,79
(%) 1

TABLE 2 : STRENGTH OF CONCRETE FOR BEAM A2

TESTED AT 59 DAYS
APPENDIX 2
*

STRESS - STRAIN CURVE TOR THE TRANSVERSE RE INrQHCEMENT USED IN ALL LINKS
788.1 T
642

m.a
saa.i -■
HU. I

3 S I.I

258.1

211.1

m.i
m.a
SB.a

B.l

642 E s = 642
-4

oi
 ?'

STRESS - STRRIN CURVE FOR R STEEL BRR YI0 USED IN BERM Rl

E 's-4480

f =550

jii.a ••

2SB.1

200.0

150 0
100.0

50.0
156
f-
lea i20 isfl lea

0 ,2% = 211 ,5GPa

f * 550MPa Es = Tan 0 = 550
V -4
26 x 10

Oi
 STRESS - STRAIN CURVE FOR A STEEL BAR YIB USED IN BEAM R2
cn.i

5bO

aa.i

are.e

151.1

m.i
51.1
160
11
IS*

f 550 Eb 203GPa
-4
27,06x10
 <• •

STRESS - STRAIN CURVE FOR A STEEL BAR Y!3 USE*/ IN BEAN H2

E S I.I T

C H .I ■
E 's - 4552

I
M SI.I ■

3 5 1 .1 ■

2SI.I ••
. 0.1 •

169 5TBBIN » C-r<

I3S IMS 16* IBS T2* 7HS 36* MS 3* 13S

Eb Tan 0 550 • 203GPa

- 4
27,06x10

-V
 •1

STRESS - STRAIN CURVE EUR A STEEL BAR VIE! IN BEAM Bi

Bsa.a

b m .a
551

saa.a

'uaa.a

140
8.0 t t > t ■ t SIRflIN
> » E-as
1---- 1
0 MB 60 B0 100 12D IM0 IED 100 200 220 2H0 260 200 300 320

f = 551 MPa Es = Tan 0 = J)51 = 20BGPa

26,49 x1 0 ~4
 STRESS - STRAIN CURVE FUR H STEEL BHR YI0 USED IN BERM B2

E '5=4616
f =550

sb a
10 %i.._ .— 4— ,___
ea si IMB IKB IHU 208 220 2M0 200 288 310 320
0 ,2 % fy = 550MPa
Es = Ian 0 550 2 0 3 , 7GPa
-4
27,0x10

<o
 57RFSS - STRAIN CURVE FDR A STEEL BAR YI0 IN BERM 83
B S B .l

- 56 7

MSB. I

3 M .B

.0

60.0
174 STRAIN » C-0M
00
0 60 80 100 120 IH 0 160 160 ?00 2 20 2H0 280 260 200 320

f = 567 Es = 1 an 9 = 56V = 198GPa

28,6X10"
 5 7 R E 5 5 - 5T RHI N C U R VE EUR R 57F.LL BRH VIH USED IN BERM B ‘

600.8
f =561
E 's =4515
550.0 S
£n
£00.0 -•

57RRIN *
2 20 H8 62 80 :B0 1^0 :H0 160 I Oil 200 220 240 260 283 300

0 ,2% f = 561 E s - Ia n w 561 2 0 0 , 3GPa

y
28 x 10 -4

IN)
 STRESS - STRAIN CURVE FUR A STEEL BAR VIB IN BEAM Cl
GSB.a

562 s = 4584

MSB. a

200.B

S0.B
^_____ 16 5 ^ ^ ^ ^ 51*,IN a E-BH
a.a
a 20 MB 60 at iaa 12a ina lea lea sea nz smb zsa 20a use 32 a

562 Tan 9 = 552 202GPa

-4
27.78x10
 .-V

SlflrS5 - STRAIN CURVE FOR fl STEEL Hfifl VI0 USED IN HERN Q

EM. I
543
n a.a

CM.I
E 's= 2341,33

3M.I

lai.a
sa.a
II J l L - . i At L,'L— ♦— ,— ♦— ,— ,— ♦— ♦—
a 2fl HB EB W IM IM IMM IU IHU 361 2211 2*ti 2Gi Ztill 3M 32«

f = 54 3 Es = Tan o = 543 .« 1B6GPa

y .

ro
w
 '

S1RCSS - STRAIN CURVE FOR A STEEL Bflfl i12 USED IN BERN C2

T ill.I T

543
CU.il ••
E 's- 2341,33
MB.a -■
H U .I •'

IHI.I
C8.8
.49 76
i.a
is Tan 9 186GPa
54 3 ' ' 4
9,14;

M
W
 ffTRESS - STRAIN CURVE FDR A STEEL BAR USEJ> IN BEAN O
EM I

E's = 4549
550
SM a
n u

HM i
m i
3M a
m i
si ■

m ■

IM ■
in i
M i
^ ( [ | 126 | ^ ( [ t | ( STR^IW * q-IM
II
s *9 61 lie IM I* l«e 161 l«y TUI 34* 761 MS 3H 1TM
f = 550 I:s = Tan 0 = 550 1C7GPa
y ,

i
 STRR1N CURVE FDR fl 51EEL BAR 110 IN BEAM CH

4 1 76
551

HiU.B

3 M .I

2S1.I

sb .a
125
B.B eg tea im ih » igb im 288
GB

551 2 0 3 , 8GPa
- 551 -4
 t

STRESS - STRAIN CURVE* FOR R STEEL BAR VI0 IN BEAM CS

535 = 4584

2S1.B

2M.B

120 STRAIN • C-r<

a 28 MB BB aa ibj9 12a 140 ten im zaa 22 a %sa 2ea 20 a 3ea 3>b

f = 535 Es - Tan 0 = 535 „ = 194GPa

y z TTs/xTo-4
> •]

51HESS - 51RAIN CURVE FOR A 51EEL BAR Rfl USED IN BEHN Dl

m i .a

6*1.0

na.a
S B .8 -
E ’s - 2387
425
H88.B

3SH.B -•

I£0.0

51.0 123
" I '

1.1 m ?u aca
iw

425 = 212,5GPa
425 Tan G
 5W S5 - SlIWiN cu^vr riw H S1EEL K W WW U^CD IN HCflN 02

E's = 2493

3 78

1U.I

a.a

a.a ► , ,-----
8 2a MB U Bt. IBB I2 i IMB IBB IBB 2dB r
<ia 2MB 2BB 2BB 'JBB 322

378 Es = 378 189GPa

-zr
•10

ro
00
 5 1 R E 5 5 - S T R A I N C U R V E FUR H STEEL BA R Ylti U S ED IN H E H M O'
B^0 0 •
$
G9H.B -■ z
f =552
m
ssa.i - g
m
500 0 ■

450.0 •
40d.0 ■
350.0 ■
300.2 ■

250.0 ■

230.0 ■

IS0.0 -

122.0 -

50.0 • 156
i
5TRHIN « L-an |
3.0 < ■ •• — ^ ■■i- -

B0 100 :za ;40 IBM 100 000 020 2H0 0B0 000 300 320
0 ,2 %
f = 552 Eu= Tan 9 552 19 0 , 3 G P a
y -4
29x10
APPENDIX 3
l o a d -d e f l e c t i o n curves at midspan
loro - am.cn i ON curve r t mi&epan fd r bchh H2

omcnipi m w
it

132
■

iam) - D c a m im t ht midsprn fda bow bi

m.i

2 1 .1

Ifl.i

IS .I

B.l

B.l

3.1

1.8
I a 9 it 19 ai

133
 ’jjflfl “ ocrLcaifw amvc at kidsphn rail beam B2

26.1

il.l

ii.l

8.0
6.1

M.l
2.0

0.8

w
 *

__

U2flD - BErLFCTIlW GJflVE RT MiO&PHH FDR BFflK 83

sa.i

HE.a

a #

1 5 . 1 ■-

If.l

5.1

DEacniB* IN M .
1.1
a a a a ii IN ;e ifl
 U flfl - flEFLEniaM CUflVE AT M1D5PRW FDR aER* 3M
U.l

sa.i

x.a

38.1

S 1

21.1

l$.l

11.1

t.k

1.1
e i II II ZJ
LORD - DEFLCniDfl CURVE H7 MID5WW FOR 8Efl« Cl

Dcricc|iiw ik m
 LORD - DEFLECTION CURVE RT NIDGPRN FOR BERN C2
36.1

33.1

IB.8

15.B

12.1

S.l

B.i

3.1

.8
I a N I B 11 12 IM IE 31 n
 LOAD - DCnCCTIQN OJflVE ffl MID5PRN FOR BEAM O
86.■

68.1

H i.I

H2.I

36.1

IB .I

12.1

1.1

1.8
a a a a ii za
 LOflD - DEFLECTION CUflVE HT NIOSPflN FOH EEHN CM
use. IN a .

D m E n im i in an .
♦ * — «- — ,-------------
12 If 18 21 2H n 31
4.

LflflO - DEnECTiDN CURVE HT HI3SPHK FAR REAM CS

ll.l

S.l

6.1

■J.l

6 6

S.l

S.l

3 .1

2.1

II
 LOAD - DEFLECTION CURVE RT NIDSPHN FOR BERN Dl
20.1
26.1

22.1

IB.8

16.1

1M.I

12.1

11.1

0.1

B.l

N.l

2.1
Dcricnimi fh m .
1.1
1 2 M R B II 12 IH IB IB U 32
 LMto - DEriEaiDN CURVE RT MID5PRN FDR BERM 02

38.1

33.1

38.8

27.1

21.1

IS.8

12.8

8.8

8.8

3.8

8.8
 U W D - DFFlEaiDK CURVE RT RIDSPRK FOR BERM D3
in ex
arc
MOMENT-ROTATION CURVES FOR h a l f span
MOMENT - HO': AT I ON CUflVE FOR HALF SPAN FOR BEAM R2

jMnmiDi»r-p
KWtOfT - RHTRT10N OJflVE FOR HfllF SPAN FUR K R H 81
HUHEOT - ROTATION CUTVE FOR HALF SPAN FOR BEAh :7
HDMCKT - ROTATION CURVE FOR HALF SPAN FOR IERN 83
Mtwufi - wniniiw aiflvt fdh hhlf sprn for *er« «m
 K M E ITI - RDTHTIQN CUHVE KQR HflLF SPfW F O l BERN Cl
(Mauioai

I
i s e I* n
,
a iN ze
„
3i je si
HQMEN7 - ROTATION CURVE FOR HALF SPAN FOR BEAM C2

HQTHTipil»C-g3
MS
 KIIKLVT - ROTRTIQM CURVE FOR HALF 5PRM FDH BERM C3
(tfe tiU J G H K

HinHTipwc-n
 WWDfl - RDTRTIDN CUflVZ FOR HALF SPAN FOR IFRM Oj

ii.a

9.1 ••

i.a

1 54
 HDMEffl - RUTRTIDN CUflVE t'Dfl HfllF SPRH FDfl BEflM CS
IB.
(iwauiani

a.i

I.B

1.3 •

1.1
3S
MOMENT - NOTATION CURVE FOR Hj.LF 5PHN FOR BEAM 01

pTHTimi»[-Kl t
•y 33 3B
 z \

HQMENT - ROTATION CURVE FOR HALF PAN >0fl BEAN D2

IM.I

II.B

ll.l
B.l

B.l

7 .1

B.l

S .I

H.l

3 .1

2.1

1.1 35

U1
MQHDfT - RDTHT1QH CURVE: FOR HALF SPRN FOR EFfW D1

nmmijMiK-n
 MOM o n

4
BERM R2
N . A.HT . THEOHETKHL VBLUCfl

E X P E H IH m flL B C S JU TB
RAT I DS

NCITTRHL HXIB

CURVATURE X DEPTH X I0-3

 nun o n

*.■

MOMENT
BEAM AZ
N.R.HT. 7 H C Q H C T IC H L rR L U C fi

RAT I05 cxpcniHonRL Rran-Ti,

w o n N H L KXIfi

JU.

CURVATURE X DEPTH X I0-3

 MOM o n

MOMENT BERM 3
N . R.HT . TMCQBCT CHU T H U U M
.. 1.7
C X P C R IN C W T R L H CBUL1B
RATIOS
A"

M LUTVHL A X I S

CURVATURE X DEPTH X 10
 1
+

MOMENT
N .A . H T . T H E D R C l I CHI. VA LUES

E X H E H IA E N 1 A L HC S LO -IS
RAT i05

NCUTWML A X I S

10 m |W ID

in' m'

CURVATURE X DEPTH X I0-3

 BEAM B3
4 T tC D rr T i chi. YMUure

N A . HT . C X P C H IM m S L R C S IL T i

4ATI 05

RCirTNHL .IX IS

CURVATURE X DEPTH X I0-3

 V

MOMENT BEAM BH
N .A .HT _ THCDRCTKFL VALUES
m.T
♦ EXFCTfl M ENTAL R E S U LTS
R A T I0 5
a. e

N EU TR A L A X I S

B.H

to

CURVATURE X DEPTH 0-3

 HUM n o

MOMENT 4
HT
■.1
BERM Cl
THE08E T I CHL VHU 1E5

E X P C R tH C K T n L kCSULTB

r-Li

CURVATURE X DEPTH X 10 - 3
 MOMKM?

BEAM CZ
N . R .H T .
a.7
iHcnmmchu xniuca
RRTI 05
C X P C N IN C M T R t. HKMULTM

M n n w iu t u t s

a .a

CURVATURE X DEPTH X I0-3

 s .a
BEAM C3
&
_ IHCnatTlCflL rRLUES
N .A .HT . f
• c x r n iiM m n t acauvTB
RAT I05

HCinfmu hxis

r»

CURVATURE X DEPTH X I0-3

 HQMENT

& BEAM CM
T H C B H C T I€ A L VALUES
N .P .H T .
CX.^CHl HEWTH' RESULTS
RAT 105

NEU TR A L A X I S

CURVATURE X DEPTH X 1 53-3

 *.»
MOMENT &
1H E U R C T I( R L VRLUES

RAT 105 CXHCm:MENTHL RE5UU1B

KClfTNHL RXifl

CURVATURE X DEPTH X I0-3

MOMENT &
HT BERM DI
T M m m c m . r f lu u r s
RBTID5
C X P C B IM C K IH L RESULTS

KCUTRAL f lX iS

CURVATURE X DEPTH X 10 - 3
 NONCM'T

BERM DZ
MOMENT THCOWCTI CML Y H l U M

+_ C X P E H IM E tn H U H te U T li
N .R .HT .
RATIOS
NCIHNHL nXlB

CURVATURE X DEPTH X I0
 BERM D2
MOMENT T H C U H S II CHU V f lV U M

C XH CW IM O TTHL H C S U -T S
N .R .HT .
RRTinS NCLTINHL .IXIB

CURVATURE X DEPTH X 10-3

 NQHCM7

M U M ENT
n .a

N .A . H T .
n.i HElTTRnL HKIH

RAT 1OS
a.a

BEAM D3
THCtiSCT ICAL VHUICfl

c x p n u iM o n n v s c a u i.ta

m vo
i2 .3

M •n

CURVATURE X DEATH X I0
Author Donoso Di Donato A R
Name of thesis Flexural Ductility of reinforced concrete beams 1984

PUBLISHER:
University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg
©2013

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