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Quranic Computation A Review of research and application

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 Quranic Computation
A Review of research and application
Rahmath Safeena
College of Computers and Information Technology,
Taif university, Taif, Saudi Arabia
e-mail: r.safeena@tu.edu.sa
Abstract— The Noble Qur’an is considered to be the central
religious text of Islam. Any linguistic or literary research with
the use computational technologies of this text is benefitted by
billions of people around the world. It has been observed that
this research approach of Qur’anic Computation has strongly
established its base in the research and application. This study
reviews the evolution of computational effort on the noble book
of Quran, both from the research and application point of
view. The purpose of this review has been achieved through an
exploratory study of several research literatures and various
applications documentation. Based on this objective, the study
notice that Quranic Computation developed through various
researches and application has common goals of achieving easy
understanding of the Quran, but have chosen distinct
complementary methodology and techniques to achieve it. A
snowball technique of collection, classification and
categorization of articles or documents from 1997 to 2011 has
adopted in the review.
Keywords- Quranic Computing, Computational Linguistics,
Quranic Arabic, Review Paper.
I. INTRODUCTION
The Quran is held by Muslims to be a single-authored
text, the direct words of God (Allah), conveyed by the angel
Gabriel to Prophet Muhammed (Peace be up on him). Arabic
words are known to have complex morphological structure
[1]. Quran is the central religious text of Islam. The Noble
Quran is one of the well-known books in the world which
has been descended in Arabic and most of peoples would
like to understand more about this book [2]. Arabic is a
highly inflected language, with nouns and verbs taking
different morphological forms according to their role in a
sentence. Traditional grammar is familiar to native speakers
who have studied Arabic formally, and many books have
been written about the language of the Quran which explain
the text in terms of traditional grammar [3-5]. However, the
intent of this paper is to analyze various researches and
development done based on the Noble Qur’an.
II. METHODOLOGY
The research method used in this paper is the reviews of
different literatures on Quranic computation from 1997 to
2011.Article were found via the computerized search of the
selected topic. This paper surveys the development of
Quranic Computation using a literature review and
Taibah University International Conference on Advances in Information Technology for the Holy Quran and Its Sciences
December 22 – 25, 2013, Madinah, Saudi Arabia
Abdullah Kammani
College of Computers and Information Technology,
Taif university, Taif, Saudi Arabia
e-mail: abdullah.k@tu.edu.sa
classification of articles in order to explore how the
development of Quranic Computations has been evolved and
in which directions is need to be focused in to. The paper
covers journal articles, conference proceedings and
dissertations. Based on the scope of 39 articles from
academic journals, this paper notice Quranic Computation to
be evolved from two distinct complimentary directions of
studies like computation of a) General Arabic and b) Quranic
Arabic. A surveys and analyzes of these two streams of
studies reveals few research gaps and suggest some future
directions of the field.
III. LITERATURE REVIEW
One of the techniques used in Quranic computation is
computational linguistics. Computational linguistics is an
interdisciplinary field dealing with the statistical and/or rule-
based modeling of natural language from a computational
perspective. This modeling is not limited to any particular
field of linguistics, but research on Quranic computation is
an imperative. The importance of this is that the Qur’an
contains many classical words and the writing style is very
different from modern standard Arabic. It is especially
important to preserve the correctness of words in this sacred
book of the Muslims [1].
A. Computation Linguistics
Intelligent natural language processing is based on the
science called computational linguistics. Computational
linguistics might be considered as a synonym of automatic
processing of natural language, since the main task of
computational linguistics is just the construction of computer
programs to process words and texts in natural language. [6].
Recent Computational Linguistics research incorporates
statistical techniques as well as knowledge-based techniques.
It is an approach to linguistics that employs methods and
techniques of computer science. A formal, rigorous,
computationally based investigation of questions that are
traditionally addressed by linguistics [7].
Computational linguistics (CL) is at the crossroads of
linguistics and computer science. Applied CL focuses on
developing practical applications that have some facility with
human language. Applications using CL research which are
currently available include: voice recognition software, web
search engines, word processors (spell checkers, grammar
checkers), machine translation systems (automatic language
translation). There are many more exciting applications
1 - 218
 currently under development; multilingual information
retrieval, information extraction, colloquial machine
translation and systems that create digests of newspapers,
journals and magazines.
Computation linguistics application on Noble Qur’an so
far taken two distinct complimentary directions; A) General
Arabic, B) Quranic Arabic
B. General Arabic
Arabic is acquiring attention in the natural language
processing (NLP) community because of its political
importance and the linguistic differences between it and
European languages. These linguistic characteristics,
especially complex morphology, present interesting
challenges for NLP researchers [8].Recent computational
advances have made possible annotating the Quran to very
high accuracy [9]
One of the main goals of Arabic Natural Language
Processing is effective document retrieval. For example, if
query is input through a search engine, the relevant
document retrieved must be based on either the root or the
stem of the word. Therefore, the goals of most Arabic
morphological analyzers and stemming engines are to extract
the root and/or stem of a word.
Bielicky and Smarz [10] in their work describes the
building of a valency lexicon of Arabic verbs using a
morphologically and syntactically annotated corpus, the
Prague Arabic Dependency Treebank. Their work is built on
‘Functional Generative Description (FGD)’ theory where
verbs have valency frame with many complements known as
functors which can further be divided into actants (Actor,
Addressee, Patient, Effect and Origin) and adjuncts (like
Manner , Means and Location). This FGD concept was
adapted for Arabic verbs [11].
Al-Qahtani [12] gives an extensive categorization of
modern standard Arabic verb valence based on Case
Grammar (CG). According to this matrix five cases (Agent,
Experience, Benefactive, Object, and Locative) are plotted
horizontally and type of verb (State, Process, Action)
vertically. The data was taken from 8327 verbs from a
lexicon and most frequent 200 verbs were exhaustively
sorted to a cell in the matrix.
Salem [8] developed a rule-based lexical framework for
Arabic language processing using the Role and Reference
Grammar linguistic model. A system, called UniArab is
introduced to support the framework. UniArab utilizes an
XML-based implementation of elements of the Role and
Reference Grammar theory, and its representations for the
universal logical structure of Arabic sentences. The UniArab
system for Modern Standard Arabic (MSA) takes MSA as
input in the native orthography, parses the sentence(s) into a
logical meta-representation, and generates a grammatically
correct English output with full agreement and
morphological resolution.
Attia, Rashwan, Ragheb, Al-Badrashiny, Al-Basoumy,
& Abdou, [13] designed and implemented an Arabic lexical
semantics Language Resource (LR) that enables the retrieval
of the possible senses of any given Arabic word at a high
coverage. Instead of tying full Arabic words to their possible
Taibah University International Conference on Advances in Information Technology for the Holy Quran and Its Sciences
December 22 – 25, 2013, Madinah, Saudi Arabia
senses, their LR flexibly relates morphologically and PoS-
tags constrained Arabic lexical compounds to a predefined
limited set of semantic fields across which the standard
semantic relations are defined. With the aid of the same
large-scale Arabic morphological analyzer and PoS tagger in
the runtime, the possible senses of virtually any given Arabic
word are retrievable.
Habash and Rambow [14] developed MAGEAD, a
morphological analyzer and generator for the Arabic
language; which decomposes word forms into the templatic
morphemes and relates morphemes to strings.
Buckwalter [15] designed Buckwalter morphological
analyzer that uses a concatenative lexicon-driven approach
where morphotactics and orthographic rules are built directly
into the lexicon. The system has three components: the
lexicon, the compatibility tables and the analysis engine. An
Arabic word is viewed as a concatenation of three regions, a
prefix region, a stem region and a suffix region. The prefix
and suffix regions can be null. Prefix and suffix lexicon
entries cover all possible concatenations of Arabic prefixes
and suffixes, respectively. For every lexicon entry, a
morphological compatibility category, an English gloss and
occasional part-of-speech (POS) data are specified.
Habash [16] described an approach to automatic source-
language syntactic preprocessing in the context of Arabic-
English phrase-based machine translation. Source-language
labeled dependencies, that are word aligned with target
language words in a parallel corpus, are used to
automatically extract syntactic reordering rules.
Belkredim1and El Sebai [17] used the derivations of
Arabic verbs and their patterns to structure the Arabic
language and to link the words' morphology to their
semantics. The model developed in their research was based
on an Ontology using the derivation rules of the Arabic
language. The model was evaluated by linguists to validate
its applicability.
C. Quranic Arabic
The Qur’an is a classical book and the language is in the
traditional Arabic known as i’rab [1].The Qur'an has the
advantage of being a closed corpus in the following senses:
First, it demonstrates a frequent repetition of structures,
indeed of the same phrases, to the extent of what may be
considered formulaic style. Second, the Qur'an is
traditionally identified with one person, a specific region,
and a certain period of time and its volume is relatively
restricted. These two facts justify treatment of the Qur'an as
an independent corpus which deserves an independent study
of its language in general and syntax in particular [18].
Understanding the Quran is a grand challenge for society,
for western public education, for Muslim-world education,
for knowledge representation and reasoning, for knowledge
extraction from text, for systems robustness and correctness,
for online collaboration. Understanding the Quran is a major
new Grand Challenge for Computer Science and Artificial
Intelligence [19].
Dukes, Atwell, and Sharaf [20] are working on the
Quranic Arabic corpus that is a resource which provides
morphological annotation and syntactic analysis using
1 - 219
 dependency grammar. The Quranic Arabic Corpus is a Dukes, Atwell, and Habash [25] presented a new
collaboratively constructed linguistic resource initiated at the approach to linguistic annotation of an Arabic corpus: online
University of Leeds, with multiple layers of annotation supervised collaboration using a multi-stage approach. The
including part-of-speech tagging, morphological different stages include automatic rule-based tagging, initial
segmentation [21] and syntactic analysis using dependency manual verification, and online supervised collaborative
grammar [22]. proofreading.
Dukes [26] presented LOGICON, an end-to-end system
TABLE I. STUDIES ON ARABIC COMPUTING using partial parsing, which assigns novel semantic
Auth Focus Method Result structures to natural language text. A syntactic tagging
or scheme is proposed which is closely aligned to the
[8] Arabic to English RRG theory, XML UniArab
corresponding semantics. Syntax-driven approach is used to
translation based metadata, system derive semantic roles through recursion. Given a simple
Java programming sentence focusing around an event, LOGICON attempts to
and Interlingua identify roles for the actor (who did the event), the action
design for machine (what the event was) and the target (what entity the actor
Translation.
performed the action on).
[13] To retrieve the Arabic Arabic Sharaf and Atwell [11] is in the work of designing a
sense of any morphological lexical Knowledge Representation (KR) model for the Quran
given Arabic analyzer and PoS semantics leveraging on the concept of ‘frame semantics’. They aim to
word. tagger Language
Resource
build FrameNet like lexicon for the verbs in the Quran. This
(LR) initial attempt will enable future extension to include
predicates other than verbs and to consider other classical
[12] Categorization of Data was taken Verbs were Arabic texts as well as Modern Standard Arabic.
modern standard from a lexicon exhaustivel
Arabic verb y sorted to
Shenassa and Khalvandi [2] designed a system to analyze
valence based on a cell in the the quality of translating a text; that is to evaluate different
Case Grammar matrix. English translations of Quran using tools and concepts such
as pos-tagging, natural language processing, computational
[10] Build a valency Morphologically Prague
lexicon of Arabic and syntactically Arabic linguistic and machine learning. To do such an evaluation,
verbs annotated corpus Dependenc each verb process type in translated text is compared with it's
y Treebank of Quranic text. The system uses Halliday Grammar, which
is a useful theory for analyzing a formal text, to do this. It
[14] Morphological Morphological MAGEAD
analyzer and analyzer has been assumed that each verb in the text of Quran has
generator for the been tagged manually. At the other hand, to detect each verb
Arabic language process type in translated English texts, a tagger is used to
[15] Morphological Morphological Buckwalter
detect and tag each verb based on Halliday grammar. The
analysis analyzer morphologi best translation is one in which the number of similar verb
cal process type in the source and translated text is maximum.
analyzer Dukes and Buckwalter [22] had shaped up a Dependency
Treebank of the Quran using Traditional Arabic Grammar.
The Quranic Arabic Dependency Treebank (QADT) uses
Al-Yahya, Al-Khalifa, Bahanshal, Al-Odah, and Al-
XML to represent the syntax of verses from the Quran and a
Helwah [23] proposed a computational model for
Java object model is provided with the Treebank as an API
representing Arabic lexicons using ontologies. The model is
to query the data. The Treebank also introduces the novel
based on the field theory of semantics from the linguistics
approach of displaying Quranic syntax using dependency
domain, and the data which drives the design of the model is
graphs, which show how each word in a sentence is related
obtained from the most accurate text that presents superiority
and what role it plays in building up a complete syntactic
and perfection of the Arabic language, the Noble Quran.
structure. This differs from other Arabic Treebank by
Dror, Shaharabani, Talmon, and Wintner, [18] devised a
providing a deep linguistic model of traditional Arabic
computational system for morphological analysis and
grammar. This Treebank is a part of the Arabic Corpus. It
annotation of the Qur'an, and Talmon and Wintner devised
also includes information like the root for each word, a
morphological tagging of the Qur’an [24]for research and
word-by-word interlinear translation into English, and an
teaching purposes. These systems facilitate a variety of
automatically generated phonetic transcription.
queries on the Quranic text that make reference to the words
Thabet [27] developed a methodology which results in
and their linguistic attributes. The core of the system is a set
understanding the Qur’an on the basis of its lexical
of finite-state based rules which describe the morpho-
semantics. It discovers the thematic structure (thematic
phonological and morpho-syntactic phenomena of the
interrelationships among the suras (chapters) ) of the Qur’an
Quranic language. The results are stored in an efficient
based on a fundamental idea in data mining and related
database and are accessed through a graphical user interface
disciplines: like collection of texts, the lexical frequency
which facilitates the presentation of complex queries.
profiles of the individual texts are a good indicator of their

Taibah University International Conference on Advances in Information Technology for the Holy Quran and Its Sciences
December 22 – 25, 2013, Madinah, Saudi Arabia
1 - 220
 conceptual content, and thus provide a reliable criterion for
their classification relative to one another.
Noordin and Othman [28] proposed a system design for
retrieving Quranic texts and any knowledge that derived or
cites al-Quran. They surveyed the 125 websites offering
access to Quranic texts on their structure and linkages.
Findings revealed that the websites offer texts and
translation, recitation, excerpt of exegesis, and link to other
websites consisting of news, events, and related topics. A
standard structure was not implemented by these websites
and thus proposed a system design which focuses on texts,
translation, recitation, exegesis, al-Hadith, its topics and
themes like stories of the prophets and places mentioned in
al-Quran, and search feature.
Al-Yahya et al [29] developed an ontological model
based on Semantic Web technologies for representing
computational lexicons using the field theory of semantics
and componential analysis which provides the foundation for
a dynamic and collaborative computational lexicon. The
ontological structure represents word semantics using the
atomic components (features) of words and used the recent
W3C standard for representing ontologies, Web Ontology
Language (OWL) for shared and open access to such a
resource. In this method they limited the vocabulary to those
words which exists in the Noble Quran.
Kotb et al. [30] demonstrate the significance of XML
semantics checker algorithm to check the semantic
consistencies of the XML file of the Noble Quran book
found in Religion 2.0 website. They checked the semantic
consistency by attaching semantic information to XML
element tag attributes. They automatically checked if the
number of verses in each chapter of the XML Noble Quran
book as well as the number of chapters is semantically
correct. The system has successfully counted the number of
verses and chapters as in the real Noble book. This result was
achieved by using the SLXS Specification Language for
XML Semantics to specify the semantic rules associated
with XML attributes.
Moisl [31] proposed a model based on calculation of a
minimum Quran Sura (chapter) length threshold using
concepts from statistical sampling theory followed by
selection of Sura and lexical variables based on that
threshold. He applies the proposed solution to a reanalysis of
the Quran and found that the higher the threshold, the larger
the number of variables on which clustering can be based,
and the smaller the number of Sura that can be clustered.
Al-Khalifa et al [32] presents a work-in-progress project
for building a computerized framework that exploits the
power of semantic web technologies and natural language
processing, for recognizing and identifying semantic
opposition terms using Natural Language processing armed
with domain ontologies. The SemQ is a framework that takes
Quranic verse as an input and outputs the list of semantically
opposed words in the verse along with their degree of
opposition. The framework architecture consists of two
major components: the domain ontology (to mimic how the
human brain keeps the semantics stored.) and the SemQ Tool
(the tool works automatically to identify semantically
opposite terms and works as a manual identification tool that
Taibah University International Conference on Advances in Information Technology for the Holy Quran and Its Sciences
December 22 – 25, 2013, Madinah, Saudi Arabia
relies on a subject matter expert (SME) to populate the
ontology with terms and their properties).
Shoaib et al [33] addresses the deficiencies of key word
based searching and the issues related to semantic search in
the Noble Quran, and proposed a model that is capable of
performing semantic search. The model exploits WordNet
relationships in relational database model; that is exploits the
relational schema for the purpose of WordNet. The
implementation of this model has been carried out using
SQL Server 2005 and VB.Net on Surah Al-Baqarah. The
precision of the model's prototype implementation is far
better than simple key word searching.
IV. TECHNIQUES USED IN QURANIC COMPUTING
A. Natural Language Processing(NLG)
It is used to provide concise English and Arabic
summaries of the inflection features stored in the Quranic
linguistic database [22]. Natural Language Processing (NLP)
technology is a significant component in Semantic Web tool.
NLP is one branch of the linguistics, which uses the
computer technology to realize human language processing
effectively. Its ultimate objective is to automatically
understand human language with the support of artificial
intelligence technology. It is also called as natural language
understanding and sometimes is used to transform
information to Semantic Web data. Traditional information
retrieval also can be turned into knowledge discovery [34].
B. Treebank and Syntactic annotaion
A Treebank is a linguistic resource which collects
together syntactic trees. These are manually annotated
analyses of sentences which can be read both by humans and
computers, with different Treebank adopting different
theories of syntax. Previous syntactic work includes the three
major Arabic Treebank that have been recently developed:
the Penn Arabic Treebank [35], the Prague Arabic
Dependency Treebank (PADT) and the Columbia Arabic
Treebank (CATiB)[36].
Penn Arabic Treebank annotation consists of two phases:
(a) Morphological/Part-of-Speech (=POS) tagging which
divides the text into lexical tokens and includes
morphological, morphosyntactic and gloss information, and
(b) Syntactic analysis referred to as Arabic Treebanking
(=Arabic TB) which characterizes the constituent structures
of word sequences, provides function categories for each
non-terminal node, and identifies null elements, co-
reference, traces, etc [37].
Prague Arabic Dependency Treebank consists of multi-
level linguistic annotations over the language of Modern
Standard Arabic, and provides a variety of unique software
implementations designed for general use in Natural
Language Processing (NLP) [38].
The Columbia Arabic Treebank (CATiB) is a database of
syntactic analyses of Arabic sentences. CATiB avoids the
annotation of redundant linguistic information that is
determinable automatically from syntax and morphological
analysis, e.g., nominal case. And secondly, CATiB uses
1 - 221
 linguistic representation and terminology inspired by the [26] Partial parsing, Syntax-driven LOGICON
long tradition of Arabic syntactic studies [36]. which assigns novel approach is used to
semantic structures derive semantic
Syntactic annotation in the dependency framework to natural language roles through
involves two types of inter-related decisions: attachment and text recursion
labeling. The attachment of one word to another indicates [11] Build FrameNet Using the concept Knowledge
that there is a syntactic relationship between the head word like lexicon for the of ‘frame Representatio
and the dependent word (and the subtree it heads). The labels verbs in the Quran. semantics’. n (KR) model
specify the type of the attachment. For example, the relation, for the Quran
[27] thematic structure Data mining and understanding
subject, may label the attachment of a dependent noun to a of lexical semantics the
heading verb, where the noun is the subject of the verb [36]. the Qur’an Qur’an on the
Pajas and Stepank [39] presented recent advances in an basis of its
established Treebank annotation framework comprising of lexical
an abstract XML based data format, fully customizable semantics
editor of tree-based annotations, a toolkit for all kinds of [33] Semantic search SQL Server 2005 WordNet
and VB.Net based
automated data processing with support for cluster relational
computing, and a work-in-progress database-driven search model
engine with a graphical user interface built into the tree [23] Computational field theory of Ontological
editor. model for semantics from the model
representing Arabic linguistics domain
V. DISCUSSIONS lexicons using
ontologies.
Most recent research done in the field of Quranic [29] Time nouns from Semantic web Ontological
Computing can be classified as: Information Retrieval, the Holy Quran are technologies data-driven
Speech Recognition, Optical Character Recognition, used to derive the model
Morphology Analysis, Semantic checking, Educational resulting
ontological
Applications [32] Quranic Corpus[22] . The Noble Quran, structure
due to its unique style and allegorical nature, needs special
attention about searching and information retrieval issues. A. Research Gaps
The legacy keyword searching techniques are incapable of Although Arabic is the language of over two hundred
retrieving semantically relevant verses [33]. million speakers, little has been achieved in regards to
TABLE II. STUDIES ON QURANIC COMPUTING
computational Arabic resources [23]. There is a need an
objective, impartial computation of the noble Quran based on
Author Focus Method Results the Quranic word and other authentic source of Sunnah.
[20] Quranic Arabic Morphological Quranic tree Some of the research gaps that need to focused are 1) Most
corpus analysis, and bank
syntactic analysis
of the Muslims are ignorant of the deeper meanings in the
[22] Quranic corpus Uses XML to Quranic Quran, in spite of learning the sounds of the verses. An
represent the syntax Arabic authentic Quran Expert System could help them question and
of verses from the Dependency understand the teachings of the Quran for themselves. 2)
Quran and a Java Treebank Present-day systems can provide response to the questions
object model is (QADT) from the source text, but many potential questions are more
provided with the
Treebank as an API difficult and contentious to answer via text-match, requiring
to query the data a new Knowledge Representation and Reasoning formalism
[25] linguistic annotation Online supervised The different capable of capturing complex, subtle knowledge encoded in
of an Arabic corpus collaboration using stages include this Classical Arabic text, and inferencing in new ways
a multi-stage automatic which mirror the thousand-year–old traditions of scholarly
approach. rule-based
tagging, initial
analysis and interpretation.
manual B. Future Directions
verification,
and online The Quran stands out as the source of large collection of
supervised analysis and interpretation for Islamic Teaching. In future,
collaborative application of Artificial Intelligence, knowledge extraction
proofreading.
and knowledge representation techniques would certainly
[18] Computational morphological Database that
system for research analysis and can be give way easy and clear understanding of this splendid
and teaching annotation accessed scripture. This effort will lead to some computational results
through a GUI are that will shed new light on traditional interpretations,
which thus adding to the canon of Islamic wisdom. The Muslim
facilitates the believes the Noble Quran as free of any alterations or
presentation
of complex
variations. The Computation effort would surely reinstate
queries. this belief with sound inference and interpretation of Quran.

Taibah University International Conference on Advances in Information Technology for the Holy Quran and Its Sciences
December 22 – 25, 2013, Madinah, Saudi Arabia
1 - 222
 VI. CONCLUSION
Computation of Quranic Arabic is a unique challenge,
because of the vocabulary and morphological variation it has
from the modern standard Arabic. Any use of computational
technology on this linguistic or literary investigation would
definitely help in easy understanding the Quranic text.
Therefore this review paper is intended to be base for
research on novel computational approach toward the Noble
Quran.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors would like to thank all researchers who have
sent their articles for our analysis and study on request.
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Taibah University International Conference on Advances in Information Technology for the Holy Quran and Its Sciences
December 22 – 25, 2013, Madinah, Saudi Arabia
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