1 CIGARETTE BUTTS AND COFFEE WASTE AS ADDITIVESTO

2 BRICK CLAY

4 Marina Jovanović*, Adnan Mujkanović*, Erna Tutić**

*
5 University of Zenica, Faculty of Metallurgy and Technology, Zenica, Bosnia and Herzegovina
**
6 University of Zenica, Polytechnic Faculty, Zenica, Bosnia and Herzegovina

8 corresponding author: Marina Jovanović, marina.jovanovic@mtf.unze.ba

10ABSTRACT

11The paper analyzes the influence of cigarette butts and coffee waste additiononthe properties of the

12brick clay. The waste materialswere added to the clay in amounts of 5 wt.% and 10 wt.%. Standard

13consistency, plasticity, drying and firing behavior and refractoriness were tested on the clay sample

14and the samples with wastes additions. Apparent density, apparent porosity, water absorption,

15strength and thermal conductivity were investigated on the samples fired at 1173 K.Addition of the

16waste materials improved thermal insulation characteristics and drying sensitivity of the samples,

17while other properties remain within the required limits for brick industry.

18

19Keywords: waste utilization, clay, cigarette butts, coffee waste, brick

20

211. INTRODUCTION

22Environmentally friendly materials are very important research field nowadays.Clay bricks,as one

23of the most used building materials,are very interesting material for the investigations because of

24their durability, fire resistance, strength, aesthetic characteristics, insulating and many other

25properties. The main raw material for brick production is clay. However, reserves of the clay are

26limited, and it is necessary to find the additives that could partially replace the main raw
1
27material.Part of the raw material can be replaced by waste material which would lead to savings

28natural raw materials and solving problems connected to disposal of certain types of the waste[1-

294].In this paper, the effect of cigarette butts and coffee waste addition to the clay was

30investigated.Cigarette butts and coffee waste are types of organic waste and it is estimated that

31every year about 4.5·1012 cigarettes are littered in the world [5] and coffee is consumed by around

3240 % of the world's population and for many people, especially in Western countries, the coffee

33drinking is a part of their lifestyle and an everyday habit [6]. The rate of generation of coffee

34grounds was estimated at an average rate of 3 t of waste per million euros of product sales [7]. The

35organic additives such as cigarette butts and coffee waste, mixed in the brick clay are burning out

36during the firing process producing additional amounts of energy, and decreasing the total fuel

37consumption of the industrial furnace [8]. This allows economicaluse of the energy needed for the

38firing [7] and shortens the firing time [9]. Also,whenthe combustible material burns out,it leaves a

39large fraction of pores within the fired body. The presence of the pores in materials results intheir

40thermal conductivity decreasing and therefore their thermalinsulation increasing. Also, produced

41bricks are lighter compared tothe traditional ones [7].The porous character of light bricks will

42increase the quality of structures in terms of heat insulation, thereby reducing heating costs and in

43turn affecting environment positively. However,mechanicalproperties of the bricks are negatively

44affected as a result of physical, chemical and mineralogical alteration [10].

45

462. EXPERIMENTAL

472.1. Materials and sample preparation

48The raw materials used in this investigation were clay from deposit “Čavka” situated in the Central

49Bosnia and Herzegovina near Busovača and cigarette butts and coffee waste from the household.

50The clay was crushed, dried at 373 ± 5 K and sieved through the sieve 1 mm. Only for the purpose

51of standard consistency and plasticity determination, clay was sieved through the sieve 425 µm.The

52coffee waste was also dried at 373 ± 5 K.The cigarette butts were dried at 333 ± 5 K and grinded in

2
53electric kitchen chopper for one minute.Five types of mixture were prepared. Their

54compositionsareshown in table 1.

55 Table 1. Compositionsof prepared samples

Mixture [wt.%]
Material
1 2 3 4 5
Clay 100 95 90 95 90
Cigarette
0 5 10 0 0
butts
Coffee waste 0 0 0 5 10
56

57The mixtures were manually kneaded with tap water.Inthe standard consistency and plasticity tests

58different amounts of water were added to the clay. For another examinations the water was added

59according to standard consistency shown in table 3.Three different forms of samples were prepared.

60Plates of dimensions 300x300x30 mm were prepared for thermal conductivity determination. For

61compressive and flexural strength determination the prisms with dimensions of 160x40x40 mm

62were prepared. For all other tests were prepared tiles of dimensions 80x40x14 mm. All prepared

63samples were air-dried for 3 days, followed by drying in drying oven for 24 hours at 303 K and 24

64hours at 373 K. After drying, all the samples (tiles, prisms and plates) were fired at 1173 K. The

65overall firing processlastedabout 21 hours, while the highest temperature was kept for 2 hours.

66

672.3. Methods of characterization

68Hemijska analiza polazne sirovine određena jesledećim postupcima: gubitak žarenjem određen
69jegravimetrijski po standardnoj ASTM D 2974-8(1993) metodi, dok je sadržaj SiO2 određen
70gravimetrijskommetodom predloženom od straneShultza i saradnika (1972) [14]. Sadržaj
71Al2O3,Fe2O3, CaO, MgO su nakon kiselinskog rastvaranjaodređeni spektrofotometrijski na Atomskom
72apsorpcionomspektrofotometru (AAS Aanalyst 300)AAS metodom, dok su TiO 2, Na2O i K2O određeniAES
73metodom primenom istog uređaja [15].
74[14] J.I.Shultz, R.K.Bell, T.C.Rains, O.Menis, Methods ofAnalysis of NBS Clay Standards, Nat. Bur. Stand.,Spec. Publ.
75260-37, Washington, D.C., US, 1972,pp. 3-4.
76[15] Z.Y.Hseu (2004) Evaluating heavy metal contents innine composts using four digestion methods,Bioresource
77Technology, 95, 53-59.
78Standard methods (JUS B.B8.070, JUS B.H8.346, JUS B.H8.320) and Atomic

79AbsorptionSpectroscopy( AAS) onPerkinElmer3100were used for determination of

80thechemicalcompositionof the clay and coffee waste. Differential thermal analysis

81(DTA)andthermogravimetric ( TG)analysiswerecarriedouttoinvestigate the raw materials and

3
 82mixturesbehaviorduringthethermaltreatment.ItwasdoneonNETZSCHthermal analysis instrument

83STA409CDinnitrogen atmosphere upto1473 Kwithheatingrate20 K/min.

84Phase composition of the clay was investigated byX-ray diffraction analysis on a Shimadzu

85diffractometer XRD-6000 with Cu Kα radiation, with accelerating voltages of 40 kV and current 30

86mA, in the range of angles 2-80° 2θ with a step 0.02° 2θ and a dwell time of 0.6 seconds.

87Standard consistency was determined using Vicat apparatus[11].Plasticity was determined by the

88Pfefferkornplasticity tester[12].

89Diagonals were drawn on the prepared tiles and using a metal device and a circle was drawn with a

90center at the intersection of the diagonals. The cross-section of the circle with the diagonals gave

91the reference points which were used to determine drying and firing shrinkage.

92The equations for mass loss and shrinkage determinations are:

G 0−G 1
93 Mass loss= ∗100[% ] (1)
G0

S 0−S1
94 Shrinkage= ∗100 [% ] (2)
S0

95where is:G0– mass of tile before thermal treatment [g], G1- mass of tile after thermal treatment [g],

96S0– distance between reference points before thermal treatment [mm], S1- distance between

97reference pointsafter thermal treatment [mm].

98To saturate the pore space the tiles were soaked in water to the half of their height for 24 hours.

99After that, water is added to completely cover the samples and thus left for another 24 hours. The

100followingequations were used to determine water absorption (WA), apparent porosity (Pa) and

101apparent density (γ):

m 3−m 1
102 WA= ∗100[%] (3)
m1

m3−m1
103 P a= ∗100[% ] (4)
m3−m2

m1 3
104 γ= ∗ρ [ g/cm ] (5)
m 3−m 2 w

4
105where is:m1 – mass of dry tile [g], m2 – mass of saturated tile in water – hydrostatic weighing [g],

106m3 – mass of saturated tile on air [g], ρw – water density [g/cm3].

107Thermal conductivity was tested on thesamples with dimensions of 50x50x20 mm excised from the

108plates (two samples for the testing) by device Hot Disk TPS 2200 (the productof the Hot Disc AB

109Company from Gothenburg in Sweden). Refractoriness of the fired samples was investigated in

110Kryptol furnace according to the standard EN 993-2. Compressive and flexural strength were

111determined according to the standardEN 196-1. The images of crushed surfaces after testing of

112compressive and flexural strengthwere taken by the binocular optical microscope OLYMPUS

113BX60M at 12.5x magnification.

114

1153. RESULTS AND DISCUSION

116Table 2 presents chemical composition of clay “Čavka” and coffee waste. According to the results it

117can be observed that investigated clay contained SiO 2 and Al2O3 in major quantities and is typical

118brick clay with higher content of Fe2O3and a lowercontent of CaO.The chemical composition of the

119coffee waste indicates that it is an organic material which is almost completely transformed into the

120gaseous phase when heated.Kemijskisastavfilteraodcigaretanijerađen, jer se

121oniuglavnomsastojeodceluloznog acetate. Iakoopušci u sebisadrževelikibrojsupstanci [13]

122Almost 90% of all cigarettes are manufactured with cellulose acetate filter tips.
123Most of the toxic chemicals, metals and particle smoke constituents are entrapped
124in the CB
125filters. The conventional cellulose acetate filter, particularly filters that have been
126treated with a
127plasticiser, for example, glycerol acetate effectively retained some of the volatile
128compounds
129such as acrolein and semivolatile compounds such as phenols, cresols (80% to
13085%) and
131Chapter 2 Literature review
132Aeslina Abdul Kadir – PhD Thesis 19
133carcinogenic dialkylnitrosamines (75%) in the smoke stream (Hoffmann et al,
1341995). Cellulose
135acetate filters are capable of trapping semi-volatile phenols (up to 80%), and
136volatile Nnitrosamines
137(75%) (Hoffmann et al, 2001).
138Studies (doktorat Aselina)

5
139Results of leachate analyses using ABLP and TCLP (Tables 6.2 and 6.3) were
140compared against
141the concentration limits for heavy metals set by the TCLP Regulatory Levels
142according to the
143United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA, 1996) and the Guidelines
144for Hazard
145Classification of Solid Prescribed Industrial Wastes, approved by the Environmental
146Protection
147Agency of Victoria (EPAV, 2005a). The acidic leachant method (based on the ABLP
148and TLCP)
149using crushed brick yielded comparable low leachate concentrations of the target
150metals in the
151clay-CB bricks with different CB content (2.5%, 5% and 10%).All
152concentrations of metals leached out were insignificant and far from exceeding the
153Guidelines for
154the Hazard Classification of Solid Prescribed Industrial Wastes (EPAV, 2005a) and
155the TCLP
156Regulatory Levels (US EPA, 1996).

157

158Mineralogical examination based on X-ray diffraction analysis, presented in the Figure 1, revealed

159the presence of the quartz, ilite, kaolinite, clinochlor and anorthite in the clay sample. Such

160composition is typicalfor the central Bosnia’s clays [14].

161

162 Table 2. Chemical composition of the clay and the coffee waste
Chemical composition [%]
Component
Clay Coffee waste
SiO2 54.1 0.08
Al2O3 19.1 < 0.01
Fe2O3 10.2 0.01
TiO2 1.5 0.25
CaO 0.36 0.78
MgO 2.82 0.17
K2O 3.51 0.47
Na2O 1.15 0.01
MnO 0.14 < 0.01
P2O5 0.183 0.206
LOI 6.57 98.7
C - 52.8
H - 8.54
N - 2.52
163

164Figure 2 shows DTA/TG/DTG curves for the clay. Ukupnigubitakmasedobiven TG analizomgline

165se dobro podudara s LOI kodkemijskeanalize. Glinamasugubi u

6
166nekolikokorakaštoukazujenavećibrojminerala. Prviznačajnijigubitak se dešava do oko 350C u tri

167koraka, a prate gadvaendotermnapika s vrhovimanaoko 160 I 300C, corresponding to the loss of

168adsorbed and zeolitic water from illite, chlorite, limonite and goethite [15,17,19-24].

169Premakemijskojanaliziimamopovećansadržaj K2Okojiis indicative of the amount of illite [22]. The

170presence of kaolinite and illiteidentificirano XRD analizomis confirmed by mild endothermic

171change and mass loss between 773 and 873 K and blagimprelomomna DTG curve [15-18].

172DTA krivuljeopušaka I

173tozapokazujuširokeegzotermnepikovekojiodgovarajurazlaganjuorganskihkomponenti. The

174decomposition of cigarette butts occurs mostly below 673 K (Figure 3a) u jednomkorakuštogovori

175da se sastojiodjednetvari, while the decomposition of coffee waste occurs mostly below 800 K

176(Figure 3b) u dvakorakaštogovori o kompleksnijemsastavutoza.Gubitakmasetoza je manji u

177odnosuna LOI, alitrebaimati u viduuvjeteispitivanja. TG je rađena u atmosferidušika, pa nijedošlo

178do potpunogsagorijevanjatvarikaokodkemijskeanalize.

179

180
181 Figure 1. Phase composition of clay “Čavka”

182

183

7
184

185 Figure 2. DTA/TG/DTG of clay “Čavka”

186

187
188 a) b)
189 Figure 3. DTA/TG/DTG of cigarette butts (a) and coffee waste (b)

190

191 Table 3. Standard consistency and plasticity

Standard consistency [%] Pffefercorn plasicity [%]
Additive
Cigarette Coffee Cigarette Coffee
[%]
butts waste butts waste
0 25.7 25.7 25.51 25.51
5 30.4 28.8 33.0 27.55
10 34.0 32.4 40.78 30.32
192

193 Table 4. Mass loss and shrinkage

Mass loss [%] Shrinkage [%]
Additive Drying Firing Drying Firing
[%] Cigarette Coffee Cigarette Coffee Cigarette Coffee Cigarette Coffee
butts waste butts waste butts waste butts waste
0 20.60 20.60 6.33 6.33 4.73 4.73 1.62 1.62
5 23.73 22.82 10.87 10.86 3.82 4.46 0.86 0.9
8
 10 26.34 24.26 15.01 14.57 3.32 3.72 0.62 0.54
194

195The results of the standard consistency and Pffefercorn plasticity tests are given in Table 3. In Table

1964 are presented the results of mass loss and shrinkage on drying and firing. With increasing the

197content of additives, the standard consistency increases.

198

199

200

201

202

203

204The results of Pffefercorn’s plasticity tests indicate that increasing in the

205additives amounts lead to increasing of the amount of water required for given

206sample deformation. So it might be concluded that the coffee ground and

207cigarette butt addition makes the clay more plastic. However, it should be

208borne in mind that particles of additives used are highly porous and absorb a high amount of

209water leaving less available for lubrication. Thus, paradoxically while Pffefercon’s

210plasticity is increased, the workability of clay is reduced when additions are

211incorporated.

212

213

214of the clay particles and the additives on drying is differen (???).As water

215molecules leave the clay during the drying, the distance between the clay

216particles is reduced. On the other hand, the cigarette butts and the coffee

217waste do not undergo significant volume changes during the drying

218(ovotrebamaloboljeobjasniti) [22]. This is an interesting phenomenon of decreasing the

9
219shrinkage by increasing the percentage of the additives (Table 4). This is very favorable effect as it

220reduces clay sensitivity on drying process and possibility of cracking. It is known that well drying

221clays show a linear shrinkage of 4-6 per cent (%), medium drying 7-8 per cent and poorly drying --

2229-10 per cent (jesu li ovostručni termini?) . In this way it is possible to reduce drying time and save

223the energy.

224Table 5 presents effect of the waste content on water absorption and apparent porosity and density.

225InTable 6 are presented flexural and compressive strength and in the Table 7 thermal conductivity

226and refractoriness.

227

Cigarette butts Coffee waste

80
70
60
Weight of tile (g)

50
40
30
20
10
0
0 5 10
Additive (%)
228

229 Figure 4 Weight changes of fired tiles

230

231 Table 5. Apparent porosity, water absorption and apparent density

Apparent porosity [%] Water absorption [%] Apparent density[g/cm3]
Additive
Cigarette Coffee Cigarette Coffee Cigarette Coffee
[%]
butts waste butts waste butts waste
0 27.21 27.12 15.64 15.64 1.74 1.74
5 36.57 34.91 25.07 23.49 1.47 1.49
10 42.84 42.13 33.88 31.2 1.26 1.28
232

233 Table 6. Flexural and compressive strength

Compressive strength
Flexural strength [MPa]
Additive [MPa]
[%] Cigarette Coffee Cigarette Coffee
butts waste butts waste
0 4.2 4.2 21.1 21.1
5 2.5 2.7 10.7 12.8
10
 10 1.6 2.2 4.7 5.5
234

235 Table 7. Thermal conductivity and refractoriness

Thermal conductivity Refractoriness [K]
Additive [W/mK]
[%] Cigarette Coffee Cigarette Coffee
butts waste butts waste
0 0.5 0.5 1438 1438
5 0.41 0.45 1398 1438
10 0.34 0.38 1373 1398
236

237Increasing the content of the additives increases the massloss on firing (Table 4), becausethe
238additives mainly transform to the gaseous phase in the firing process creating a porous structure.
239This porosity decreases apparent density and mechanical strength while increases water absorption
240(Tables5 and 6). The effect is more pronounced in the mixtures with the cigarette butts. The
241specimens with ahigher porosity are lighter (Figure 4).That can be consider as positive effect for the
242transport, handling and particularly for the installation of the bricks. Due to the porosity increasing,
243flexural and compressive strength decrease, but still acceptable???[12]. The results shown in Table
2447 indicate that the addition of the additives reduces thermal conductivity and slightly decreases
245refractoriness. Lowerthermal conductivity is desirable because it will reduce the energy required for
246heating and cooling of buildings.
247

248
249 Fired clay

250
251 Fired clay with 5% butts Fired clay with 10% butts

11
252
253 Fired clay with 5% coffee waste Fired clay with 10% coffee waste
254 Figure 5Optical microscopy images offired clay and firedclay with additives

255

256From optical microscopeimagesin Figure 4it can be seen that the addition of the cigarette

257buttschanges structure considerably,while the addition of the coffee waste gives porous texturebut

258the structure remains homogeneous. Larger, elongated or eyelash pores and significant

259inhomogeneity of the structure are observed in the samples with the cigarette butts, which is why

260the strength of these samples is lower in comparison to the samples withthe coffee waste.

261

2625. CONCLUSIONS

263Based on the examinationit can be concluded that the cigarette buttsand the coffee waste can be

264added to the brick clay "Čavka" in the amount of 10 wt.%, while mechanical strength remains

265within the limits prescribed by standards. Moreover, the additives advantageously affect the drying

266process of the clay and their addition can provide lighter products withimproved insulation

267properties.In this way it is possible to dispose a larger amount of the waste material, which is a

268growing problem for mankind.At the same time a better-quality products can be obtainedthat will

269enable greater energy efficiency in theproduction and application of clay bricks.

270

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308Acknowledgements

309This research has been financed by the Ministry of Education and Science of Federation of Bosnia

310and Herzegovina in the frame of Project “Use of waste materials in clay brick industry”.

14