BIBCHURCH FINALS REVIEWER

By: Denise Opena

TITLES OF JESUS ● If the word is spoken, the one who

speaks gives himself to the listener
● Self-communication
1. Christ ● WORD OF GOD: Revelation
● Greek (Christos) = Messiah ● Fullness of God’s revelation
● “The anointed one”
● Apostles told him
7. Son of David
● Kingdom of God
● Davidic line
● Messianic King
2. Suffering Servant ● Tribe of Judah
● Book of Isaiah ● Born in Bethlehem
● Ex. Image of the Black Nazarene ● Joseph; descendant of David
● Innocent victim whose unconditional
obedience pleased God and whose
8. Eternal High Priest
suffering became the sources of healing
● The mediator (bridge) between God
for wounded humanity
and humanity
● Messiah King + Suffering Servant = One
and the same person
9. Lamb of God
● Christ was slaughtered for the
3. Lord
forgiveness of sins. It is blood washed
● Adonai - YHWH
away the sins of the world
● Lord to God
● Divinity
SYMBOLS OF JESUS

4. Son of man
● prophecy of Daniel
● Establish God’s kingdom at the end of
time
● Savior rule

5. Son of God
● King or the angels
● Old testaments
● He partakes of the Father’s Divine
nature

6. Word of God 1. Alpha and Omega (not the exact pic

● Thoughts and one’s self but close to it)
● First/last greek alphabet
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● Beginning and the end of human history

2. Fish
● Christian Creed

5. The Cross
● Crucifixion
● Emperor Constantine
● Sign of the cross
● Christis Victory

MOSES: A Messianic Prototype

● First born and male babies are being

killed as King Herod ordered to
3. Chi Rho ● Moses; liberated the Israelities
● Means Christ ● Jesus; saved the world from sins
● Greek

DAVID: A Messianic Prototype

● Shepherd
● Anointed
● Defended Philistines
● Ark and church
● Kings

SALVATION
4. IHS
In Christianity, or deliverance, redemption is
● Monogram of JESUS
the "saving [of] human beings from death
● IHSOYS = 1st and last greek
and separation from God"
● IHESUS = Latin name
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Salvation History Noah’s Character

1. Creation ● Steadfast in his faith

2. Patriarchal ● Thinks of others before himself
3. Prophetic ● Exhibits calmness amidst tragedy
4. Messianic
5. Apostolic
Theological Insights

● God at ace sought to save humanity

SALVATION HISTORY
part by part
● God’s saving presence ● Covenant..
● Progressive and gradually unfolding ● Who live according to the covenant of
● Christocentric; centers on the mission Noah through Jesus Christ
of Christ
● Still on-going for God’s saving presence
Baptism of Jesus
continues
● Glued together by God’s Covenant ● Parallelism: water
● Both a gift and a task ○ Can make people live or be
killed
● Prefigured in the Story
COVENANT
○ Incorporates; takes in on Christ
● Contract freely entered into by two as part of God’s people or as
parties adopted children
● Binding through being faithful and to ○ Pardons all our sins
assume responsibilities
● Enjoy privileges
PATRIARCHS
● An offer of friendship and mutual
commitment - Male leaders
● An expression of how the two persons
would rather die than to break an
3 Divine Activities
agreement between them
● Universal, eternal, and permanent 1. Election - God chooses whom He will to
be His instrument in His saving activity
2. Promise - God’s fidelity to his promises
Covenant Symbols
assures their fulfillment
● Objects to persons 3. Covenant - a covenant is the divinely
● Examples: initiated union between God and man
○ Rainbow; new beginning
○ Circumcision
I. God revealed himself to Abram to
○ Decalogue; 10 commandments
make a great nation
○ Jesus Christ
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God calls Abram to.. ● Wife: Rebecca

● Sons: Essau and Jacob
● Leave his country
● Leave his kinsfolk; a person's blood
relations, regarded collectively
Isaac Jesus
● Leave his father’s house

Son of Abraham Jesus is the son of

II. Abram faithfully responded to God’s Abraham
promises and love
Isaac was conceived Jesus conceived in
in the barren womb the womb of a virgin
God’s promise to Abram to.. of Sarah through God through God
● Make him a great nation
● A land which the nation will possess Isaac is regarded as a Jesus offered Himself
● Make him a great name and blessings to willing victim as a sacrifice
others
Abraham called Isaan God called Jesus “my
“my son” and was beloved Son” and
**Abram and Noah is the model of faith in the willing to sacrifice gave him up to
old testament him to God benefit us all

The change of name signifies a change of

JACOB
destiny:
● heir and transmitter of God’s promise
a. Abram - Exalted father
to Abram and Isaac
b. Abraham - Father of multitudes;all
● Divinely commissioned “Israel”
nations
○ The father of the chosen people
○ The special object of God’s
a. Sarai - Princess protection
b. Sarah - mother of many

IV. God Test Abraham

● God commands Abram to kill Isaac (his

own son) as an offering to test his faith

Isaac

● The son of promise

● Beginning of the great nation promised
to abram
● Laughter
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○ The man who has struggled God
**Dina - daughter of Jacob
MOSES
Exodus - “outgoing, departure”
This pertains to the departure of the hebrew
people from egypt
● Israel in egypt
● Israel in the wilderness
● Israel at Sinai
I. The Oppression in Egypt (Complicated
last part of quiz)
● Jacob’s descendants prospered in Egypt
● The new pharaoh feared the growing
number of the Israelitees in Egypt
● The hebrews become slaves of egypt
● All male babies were killed
Moses; Hebrew (To draw up/save)
● Egyptian
● Moses killed on Egyptian taskmaster
beating a Hebrew slave
● Moses fled from Egypt and
went to the land of Midian
● He married Zipporah, daughter
of Jethro
● Burning Bush
○ Fire-manifestation of God
○ God reveals his plan to save
Israel
II.THE DISCLOSURE OF GOD”S NAME
YHWH: remains unpronounced out of deep
reverence and respect; read but not mentioned
Tetragrammaton Greek “Four-lettered”
Hashem “The name”
Adonai “Lord”
The Pattern of God’s call
● God chooses people who do not seem
to be suited for the task
I AM
● Yahweh to Moses
● Burning bush
● God who is always there, present to his
people in order to save them
**God wants to take Israel out of LOVE
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Significance: Significance:
Plagues Freedom from Egypt Freedom from sin
(Salvation)
● Signs and wonders of the hand of God
● Proof of presence of yhwh before Preparation for a A new journey that
pharaoh and egyptians journey to the goes beyond death to
1. Hail promised land life
2. Locusts
3. Boils
4. Death of the eldest son III. The Eucharist celebration is the
5. Frogs Christian Passover
6. Rivers turned to blood
7. Darkness
8. Flies ● Reenact Holy Spirit Christ’s ultimate
9. Lice sacrifice
10. Death of cattle ● Christ’s perfect act of redeeming love

The Passover of the Lord EVENT AT MT. SINAI

● Covenant with israel making her HIs

chosen people
I. Passover
● Hebrew. Pesach
● “To pass over” / “protect/defend” 10 commandments; law of the covenant
● Referring to the angel of death passed ● The decalogue are the will of the father
over the house of the Israelites ● Moses Prefigured Jesus:
○ 10 commandments (feel free to
II. Jesus last supper is the new passover; do research on this)
new testament ○ First three: God
● Jesus celebrated the Passover each ○ Last 7: Obligations to one
● Paschal lamb; offering his own body and another
blood for the forgiveness of sins ● Law of Love
● Beatitudes (feel free to do research on
this)

OLD TESTAMENT NEW TESTAMENT Jesus Christ as God’s covenant with israel

Hebrew Passover Passover Jesus

● Judges
● Kings
Slaughter of the Jesus becomes the
passover lambs Passover Lamb ● Prophets
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Israel’s cycle of infidelity ● Is able to save those who approach God

through him, since he lives forever to
● The israelites worship idols
make intercessions for them
● God allows their enemies to attack
● Intercessor (Jesus, Mary, Saints, and
● The israelites repent and cries for help
etc.)
● God raises a judges to deliver his people
from the enemies
Disadvantages of not having a king:

The Judges ● Do not have a visible symbol of unity

● Without a leader they are prone to
● Hebrew: Shopetim (executive leader)
external threats
● Priestly executive - military roles
● Do not have a stable army
● Deliverers appointed by God to save
them from their enemies
God appointed:

Deborah ● King Saul

○ YHWH chose him as he wins
● ONLY female judge who defeated
war but he chooses to have too
canaanites
much pride and disobedience
● Poet and a prophetess
● King David
● Rendering her judgement under a palm
○ Defeated the Philistine giant
tree in Ephraim
Goliath
○ Known for bringing Israel to its
Gideon Gold Age
○ Committed adultery and muder
● Deafeted the midianites
in case of Uriah and his wife
● Army of only 300 soldiers
Bathsheba
● Armed with trumpets, torches, and clay
jars
● King Solomon
○ Son of David by Bathsheba
Samson
○ Extraordinary wisdom
● A Nazarite (a person consecrated to ○ Constructed the temple of
God which does not allow to cut his Jerusalem with the arc of the
hair) covenant
● Defeated the Philistines by destroying ○ Solomon’s foreign wives to
their temple increase national power
○ Idolatry as they worship false
Jesus as A PRIEST gods which created the division
of his kingdom
● Meditator, a bridge, between God and ○ He forced labor and heavy
human beings taxation to accomplish his goals
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○ Ignored the northern

countryside
Jesus as a PROPHET
○ Interested in materials
● Messenger sent by the father to bring
men the Word of God
Jesus as KING
● Jesus’ death
● Jesus teaches us that being a king ● He invites his followers to preach with
means being a servant to the people courage

PROPHETS Filipino prophets

● Messenger sent by God - San Pedro Calungsod

● Who speaks for God - San Lorenzo Ruiz
● he/she witnesses to God, and calls
people to conversion,
Threefold mission of Jesus
● Often killed for their message
- PRIESTLY; santifying
- KINGLY; service
HOSEA
PROPHETIC; teaching
● Means Yhwh saves
● Married to GOMER, a prostitute
**The anointing with sacred chrism..
● Gomer’s unfaithfulness mirrors Israel’s
infidelity to the Lord ..incorporated into Christ who is anointed
● Hosea shows the mercy of God who priest, prophet, and king
welcomes back his bride after her time
of unfaithfulness
Salvation

JEREMIAH ● Full development

● Integral human development
● Suffering prophet ● Liberation
● Rejected and imprisoned and o Physical
persecuted o Psychological
● Preached about the repentance of the o Cultural
people of Judah o Moral
o Spiritual
AMOS

● Means burden-bearer
● Message is to the rich and wealthy of
the northern kingdom
● Talks on social justice
● Cows: took advantage of the poor
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CATHESIS

THE BRIEF HISTORY OF THE CHURCH: EARLY  the instruction given to the
YEARS OF THE CHURCH baptized so that they may grow in
their understanding of faith which
they embraced
THE ASCENSION OF JESUS

 Before he ascended into heaven, Jesus

FIVE ELEMENTS THAT CHARACTERIZED THE
commanded his disciples to
EARLY CHRISTIAN COMMUNITIES
o Make more disciples
o Baptize them
o Instruct them in the faith
1. KERYGMA
 The public proclamation of the
Gospel intended particularly,
PENTECOST
though not exclusively. For a non-
 As promised by Christ, the Holy Spirit Christian audience
descended on his Apostles after his  Purpose: Convert the audience to
ascension into heaven. faith in the Lord Jesus and thus be
 The Holy Spirit builds, animates, and saved
sanctifies Christ’s mystical body, the  Content: Key events in the saving
Church. mission of Jesus
 As the Spirit descended on the Apostles,
they went out from hiding and began to
undertake the evangelizing mission 2. DIDACHE
Christ left them with – so was the  The teaching of the Apostles
Church birthed on Pentecost Sunday intended for those who have
 At the coming of the Holy Spirit at already converted to Christianity
Pentecost, the Apostles were  Purpose: Deepen their faith
transformed from being fearful
disciples into courageous preachers of
the good news. (Ex. Holy Spirit: Fire) 3. LEITOURGIA
 The Holy Spirit empowered the Apostles  Pertains to prayer and worship
to carry out their mission of: o EUCHARIST
o EVANGELIZATION  The breaking of the
 the initial proclamation of bread
the Gospel to non-  central to the life of the
believers for the purpose of first Christians
converting them to faith in o Two Parts:
the Lord Jesus  LITURGY OF THE WORD
o BAPTISM  Preaching of
 The ritual by which a the word
convert is integrated into  LITURGY OF THE
the community of believers EUCHARIST
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o Breaking of the bread THREE TYPES OF LEADERS OF LEADERS WERE

o central to the life of the first DEVELOPED
Christians

1. EPISKOPOS

4. KOINONIA (Ex. Bishop)

 Means “fellowship”
 Lead certain
o Sharing of life and self
community
o Leitourgia of the Lord’s Supper
 Preside the
is the most excellent
Eucharistic
manifestation of Koinonia
celebrations
 Guard the
Church against
5. DIAKONIA
“false
 Refers to “service”
teachers”
 The central theme in the teachings of
 “helpers” or
Christ and of the Apostles
servants within
 LOVE: defining characteristic of a
the community
follower of Christ
2. PRESYTERS

(Ex. Pastor)
FIRST CRISIS IN THE EARLY CHURCH
3. DEACONS – Their ministries often had
to do with the care for the poor and the
needy
COUNCIL OF JERSURALEM

 Made the Church a “Catholic”

(universal) Church PERSECUTION OF THE EARLY CHURCH
o Set the stage for opening
Christianity’s doors to those of
any nationality or culture STEPHEN

AUTHORITY IN THE EARLY CHURCH  Became the first martyr of Christianity

 His death was the signal for increased
 Christian Authority (not equal to)
persecution against the Church at
Authority that the world generally
Jerusalem
understands
 Acts 6:8 – A deacon, man filled with
 Apostles lead the early Christian
grace and power, who was working
Communities
great wonders and signs among the
o Mt. 16:18 – PETER was a given a
people
unique authority as the “head”
of the Apostles
 In the Holy Roman Catholic Church,
JAMES
the authority of the Pope as the
head of the Church  The first Apostle to be martyred
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 He was put to death in Jerusalem
by the swords at the command of
Herod between year 42-44
**SPORADIC PERSECUTIONS were experienced
by the early Christians
REASONS OF THE PERSECUTIONS OF THE
CHRISTIANS BY THE ROMANS
 Their doctrines based on Christ’s
teachings were designed to conquer
the minds and hearts of humanity and
this became a threat to the might and
power of the Roman Empire
 The beliefs and practices of the
Christians were in conflict with the
worldview of the pagan Rome:
o They worship only one God and
do not recognize the Roman
gods and goddesses. They also
refuse to worship the emperor.
o Christians are believed to be
engaged in some form of
cannibalism in their Eucharistic
Rite which is celebrated in
secret.
o Public spectacles of bloody
games, like gladiatorial
contests, were condemned by
the Christians as inhuman.
o Christians refused to serve in
the army and protested against
wars
o Christians showed disloyalty to
the state by not paying the
imposed temple tax
YEAR 64 – EMPEROR NERO
 General persecution of the early
Church started
 Great fire in Rome due to Nero trying to
kill Christians
 EMPEROR NERO turned the Christians
into living torches in the Garden of
Nero
 Others were thrown to the lions in the
arena or fed to the dogs
 Catholic Pillars:
o ST. PETER
 Who was crucified
upside down
o ST. PAUL
 Who was beheaded
THE END OF PERSECUTION
EMPEROR DIOCLETIAN
 Divided the Roman Empire into east
and west in the year 292
 He established his residence in Asia
Minor and ruled the Eastern Empire
 MAXIMIAN – Diocletian’s close friend
who ruled the Western Empire from
Milan in Italy
EMPEROR CONSTANTINE
 Succeeded Diocletian
 Sole Emperor
 Converted to Christianity in the year
313
 Baptized in 337, the year of his death
 312: an armed conflict broke out
between Constantine and Maxentius
 He beheld a vision of a cross in the sky,
over which were emblazoned the Latin
words:
o “In hoc signo vinces” – In this
sign you shall conquer
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 313: Constantine, with his co-emperor
Licinus, issued the:
o EDICT OF MILAN
 Freedom of religion to
Christians and even to
all human beings
 Ended the persecution
of the Christians
 Constantine’s victory unified the
Eastern and the Western realm
 Roman Emperors – take an active part
in religious matters
 Constantine urged convocation of the
Council of Nicaea in the year 325 in
order to help the Church overcome the
Arian heresy and gave rise to the Nicene
Creed
 He transferred the capital of the empire
from Rome to Byzantium which he
renamed Constantinople, Rome was
left free to become the center of the
Catholic world
TWO FACTORS THAT PREVENTED
CONSTANTINE’S DREAM OF CHRISTIANIZING
THE WHOLE EMPIRE BECOMING A REALITY
1) As the head of the Roman Empire, the
emperor was the official high priest of
pagan worship. As such, although he
had the power to issue decrees
suppressing pagan practices, he could
not reasonably insist on their
implementation.
2) Even though emperors became
Christians, they did not easily accept
the subordination of their authority to
that of the Pope, and the hierarchy of
the Church.
• In the process of defending the faith –
more often they would tend to dictate
to the hierarchy in matters of faith and
to treat the Catholic Church as
subservient to the state
• Result: Paganism continued to be a
major force until Gratian became
Emperor
EMPEROR GRATIAN
 Become Emperor in the year 375
 Renounced his pagan office of high
priest, thus removing the major
obstacles to the Christianization of the
state
 Abolished the privileges enjoyed by
pagan priests and confiscated the
property of the temples
EMPEROR THEODOSIUS
 Emperor Gratian’s successor
 Ruled during the years 382 – 395
 Confirmed and strengthened the anti-
legislation of Gratian and in anything
dealing with religion
 Subjected himself completely to the
Pope
 Guaranteed the freedom of the Church
at the First Council of Constantinople in
the year 381
o he ruled that heresy was a
crime punishable by law
 Decreed in the year 391 that
Christianity was the official religion of
the State
MONASTICISM
 Exist to preserve both the spirit of
Christianity and the ancient
wisdom of civilization
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 Life of prayer and community
 It is founded by ST. ANTHONY OF
EGYPT in the year 285
 ST. BENEDICT
o Most important figure in
monasticism. He built a
monastery of Monte
Cassino
o His rule became the
standards for monastic life
for centuries
**9th Century – monasticism became the
centers of learning and their abbots: powerful
men.
THE BENEDICTINE MONASTIC MOVEMENT
 Performs the OPUS DEI or DIVINE
OFFICE of prayers and psalms
 They held all things in common
Three Vows
 STABILITY – the monk is forever bound
to his monastery
 OBEDIENCE – to his abbot as his
spiritual father
 CONVERSION OF LIFE – the cultivation
of monastic life to his own life as a
monk
**MOTTO: ORA et LABORA – Pray and Work
ROME AND CONSTANTINOPLE
 Two great centers of Christianity
 They became more and more separated
by theology and politics
EASTERN EMPIRE
 Often resented the Romans’ claim to
primacy
 After the fall of the Roman Empire,
there was only one emperor (in the
east). His failure to protect the west
from invading peoples led the Pope to
crown Charlemagne as Holy Roman
Emperor in the year 800
THE FIVE DOMINANT MODELS
OF THE CHURCH
1) The Church as an INSTITUTION
 The dominant model of the Church in
Roman Catholicism before Vatican II
 This model considers the Church
primarily as a visible, hierarchical
structure, with a strong emphasis on
the authority, rights and power of its
officers (The power of teaching,
sanctifying and governing.)
 The hierarchical (The Visible Aspects)
 Pope, Bishops, Priest and Religious,
Laity
 This model stresses its structure of
governance and its authority to impose
doctrine and discipline with spiritual
sanctions
 It highlights the official teaching
authority of the Church, of the popes
and bishops
 The Church needs structure and order,
as with any organization
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 Authority should be understood as
service for unity and not for power
 This model also tends to identify the
Church with Kingdom of God on earth,
at the expense of the abiding need for
renewal and reform not just of its
individual members but of the whole
Church, structures and persons, head
and members.
2) The Church as COMMUNION
 One of the basic models of the Church
 The Church as communion describes the
Church as an informal or interpersonal
community of mutual interpersonal
relationship of concern and assistance.
 The concept of communion harmonizes the
three images of the Church
 The Church as the People of God, The
Church as the Body of Christ, The Church as
a Community of Disciples
o The Church as the People of God
 One of the Interpersonal
Models of the Church as
Communion
 It focuses its attention on the
Church as a network of
interpersonal relationships, and
on the Church as Community
 The people of God as the image
of the Church is a Pauline
concept
 The people of God is the
principal image of the Church in
the New Testament
o The Church as the Body of Christ
 This model refers to the
communion of believers who
are united with Christ.
 The Church is seen in the
analogy of a human body
equipped with various organs.
 The conception of the Church
as Body of Christ is grounded in
the union that exists between
the Christian and the Risen
Body of Christ.
 Using the image of the Body of
Christ helps is understand more
deeply the communal character
of the Church
o The Church as Community of
Disciples
 A variant of the communion
model. It calls attention to
the ongoing relationship of
the Church to Christ.
 The model of the Church as
a Community of Disciples
has a firm scriptural basis.
 In the community of
disciples of Christ, we
follow Christ not as
separate individuals. There
is no such as an isolated
disciple.
o Mary. Model of Discipleship
 Mary called herself as the
“Servant of the Lord” She
was always ready to submit
to the will of God.
 She is the mother of Jesus
not only because she
conceived Him, but also she
obeyed the will of God.
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 She is the model disciple of one another- to unite all things

Christ in words and in in Christ, things in heaven and
deeds. on earth

3) The Church as a SACRAMENT  The Church as PROPHET

 The Church, which is mystery-grounded in  Sees the Church as the

God in God’s own Divine mystery, is also a congregation gathered
sacrament, a visible reality in history together by the Word and
formed by the Word of God
 The Church as sacrament refers to her
human and visible structure.  The Church as prophet stresses
the renewal of the Church
 The Church as sacrament harmoniously based on God’s word and the
combines the divine/spiritual and the teachings of the Church
human/visible aspects of the Church
 The Church is permanently
o The Church as Sacrament of Christ charged with the responsibility
 The Church is understood as the of spreading the Good News of
visible manifestation of the the Gospel.
grace of Christ in human  The model is kerygmatic, for it
community looks upon the Church as a
 Represnting Him, making His herald
redeeming activity present to  This model emphasizes faith
all persons of every age, race and proclamation over
and condition interpersonal relations and
o Church, the Universal Sacrament of mystical communion
Salvation

 The salvation brought by Christ 4) The Church as a SERVANT

reaches us through the Church,
which is empowered by the  The Church as servant focuses on the
Holy Spirit to be the means of service of the Church to the world along
salvation human promotion

 The Church is the mediator of  The Church’s mission in this model is to be

God’s salvific activity on our of help to all men, wherever they are.
behalf as well as a mediator of
 This model seeks to serve the world by
the Kingdom of God
fostering the brotherhood of all men.
 The Church is leading people
 This model has increased the Catholic
towards God and continues
sense of solidarity with the whole human
Christ’s mission of uniting
race in its struggles for peace, justice, and
humanity with God and with
prosperity.
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 This model has made us conscious in our participate in Church’s life and
time on the Church’s responsibility to assist mission
welfare of man on earth and hence to
 The poor are not just recipients
contribute to social and cultural life.
of charity, but are actually
o The Church of the POOR agents of change

 The Church of the Poor which is

a new model of the Church in
the Philippines is a servant
model of the Church.

 A Church not only for the poor

but also of the poor is one that
is willing to follow Christ
through poverty and
oppression in order to carry out
the work of salvation

 A Church that embraces and

practices the spirit of poverty

 This model teaches us how to

live a simple life, to take only
what is enough so that others
can have enough to sustain a
healthy and dignified life

 We must live simply so that

others may simply live.

 Mother Theresa lived and died

serving the poor of Calcutta and
elsewhere through her
congregation. Up to her death,
Mother Theresa lived life for
others

 Asks for empowering of the

poor for the transformation of
society, to be engaged in
integral evangelization

 The Church empowers the poor

by awakening critical
awareness of their own self-
worth letting them actively