Student : Justine Faith L.

Yaon Date : October 3, 2019

Section : XI- LARA Teacher : BEAVEN C. BERMUDEZ

Course: PHILOSOPHERS
Task Sheet #10: THOMAS AQUINAS

A. OBJECTIVE:

A. To know more about this certain philosopher.

B. To help you understand the philosopher's ideology and theories.
C. To know more about the significance of the philosopher's work back then
until the modern times.

B. DISCUSSION: Introduction

Another philosopher I have chosen to write about is Thomas Aquinas. He

also called Aquinas. He was born in 1224/25, Kingdom of Sicily at Italy and
died March 7, 1274, Fossanova at Papal States. Aquinas is an Italian Dominican
theologian, the foremost medieval Scholastic. He developed his own
conclusions from Aristotelian premises, notably in the metaphysics of
personality, creation, and Providence. As a theologian, he was responsible in
his two masterpieces, the Summa theologiae and the Summa contra gentiles,
for the classical systematization of Latin theology, and, as a poet, he wrote
some of the most gravely beautiful eucharistic hymns in the church’s liturgy.

C. DEFINITION OF TERMS

Scholasticism -  the system of theology and philosophy taught in medieval

European universities, based on Aristotelian logic.

Lutheranism - is one of the largest branches of Protestantism that identifies

with the teaching of Martin Luther.

Thomism – Thomas Aquinas’ followers.

D. SIGNIFICANCE OF HIS WORKS

Today, Aquinas’ works have a much greater value for theology than for
philosophy but we must not forget that back then in his time, it was dominated
by religion. His approach to the questions of religion and reasoning were
revolutionary for both the Augustinians for whom faith was the only truth and
Averroists who wanted to separate the truth from the faith. Aquinas was
opponent of both approaches and advocated coexistence of faith and reason on
the basis that both were given by God although he emphasised the importance
of reason which he regarded as independent from faith. Aquinas left many
writings on various issues. The most significant works include the Summa
theologica (Summa of Theology), Summa contra Gentiles, and commentaries
on Aristotle and Bible. And a lot of his works really was significant in his time,
even until now.

E. EXPLANATION, EXAMPLE, DISCUSSION, ANALYSIS.

He has influenced a lot of people in his time by his ideologies. His
doctrinal system and the explanations and developments made by his followers
are known as Thomism. Although many modern Roman Catholic theologians do
not find St. Thomas altogether congenial, he is nevertheless recognized by
the Roman Catholic Church as its foremost Western philosopher and theologian.
He Italian Dominican theologian Saint Thomas Aquinas was one of the most
influential medieval thinkers of Scholasticism and the father of the Thomistic
school of theology.

F. CONCLUSION

As to conclude this short study about Saint Thomas Aquinas, he truly is

one of the most famous medieval philosophers who is hailed as the Church’s
best theologian and philosopher. Just like his contemporaries, Aquinas was
primarily focused on theological questions but the thing that set him apart from
others the most is his outstanding combination of two seemingly conflicting
concepts – the Roman Catholic faith and Aristotle’s reasoning. Although he is
today primarily associated with the Catholic doctrine, he has also profoundly
influenced modern philosophy in many areas, particularly in metaphysics, ethics
and natural law.

G. PERSONAL REFLECTION

Again, my personal reflection is almost just the same as my conclusion

but therefore I conclude that Aquinas was without a doubt above all a great
theologian who criticised philosophers for being pagan. Nevertheless, he played
an important role in history of Western philosophy and has made a lot of
contributions.

H. REFERENCES

1.) https://www.britannica.com/biography/Saint-Thomas-Aquinas/Years-at-
the-papal-Curia-and-return-to-Paris

2.) https://www.biography.com/religious-figure/saint-thomas-aquinas
Name : Justine Faith L. Yaon Date : October 2, 2019
Section : XI- LARA Teacher : BEAVEN C. BERMUDEZ

Course: PHILOSOPHERS
Task Sheet #10: NICOLAUS COPERNICUS

A. OBJECTIVE:

A. To know more about this certain philosopher.

B. To help you understand the philosopher's idealogy and theories.
C. To know more about the significance of the philosopher's work back then
until the modern times.

B. DISCUSSION: Introduction

The second philosopher I have chosen to write about is Nicolaus

Copernicus. Polish astronomer who proposed that the planets have the Sun as
the fixed point to which their motions are to be referred; that Earth is a planet
which, besides orbiting the Sun annually, also turns once daily on its own axis;
and that very slow, long-term changes in the direction of this axis account for
the precession of the equinoxes. This representation of the heavens is usually
called the heliocentric, or “Sun-centred,” system. Copernicus’s theory had
important consequences for later thinkers of the scientific revolution.
Copernicus probably hit upon his main idea sometime between 1508 and 1514,
and during those years he wrote a manuscript usually called
the Commentariolus. However, the book that contains the final version of his
theory, De revolutionibus orbium coelestium libri vi (Six Books Concerning the
Revolutions of the Heavenly Orbs), did not appear in print until 1543, the year
of his death.

C. DEFINITION OF TERMS

Heliocentrism -  is the astronomical model in which the Earth and planets
revolve around the Sun at the center of the Solar System

Geocentrism - the Ptolemaic system postulated a geocentric universe

D. SIGNIFICANCE OF HIS WORKS

Copernicus has made a lot of useful stuff knowing he’s one of the best
and well known philosophers of his time. Scholars believe that by around 1508,
Copernicus had begun developing his own celestial model, a heliocentric
planetary system. During the second century A.D., Ptolemy had invented a
geometric planetary model with eccentric circular motions and epicycles,
significantly deviating from Aristotle's idea that celestial bodies moved in a
fixed circular motion around the earth. He has made a lot of discoveries that
have really made a lot of significance.

E. EXPLANATION, EXAMPLE, DISCUSSION, ANALYSIS.

Copernicus as well had a lot of ideas that have influenced his time and even
until now, the modern times. He has established several theories that turned
out to be a fact that have changed people's perspectives. Like the following; 1)
Planets don't revolve around one fixed point; 2) The earth is not at the center
of the universe; 3) The sun is at the center of the universe, and all celestial
bodies rotate around it; 4) The distance between the Earth and Sun is only a
tiny fraction of stars' distance from the Earth and Sun; 5) Stars do not move,
and if they appear to, it is only because the Earth itself is moving; 6) Earth
moves in a sphere around the Sun, causing the Sun's perceived yearly
movement; and 7) Earth's own movement causes other planets to appear to
move in an opposite direction.

F. CONCLUSION

Nicolaus Copernicus’ contribution to the astronomical history was large

and it was a huge impact as well. He changed the way of thinking, not only
astronomically but also religiously. This was because the Catholic teachings
were based on the theory Earth Centered Universe that the Universe was Earth
centered. It also went against the theory that a Greek astronomer Ptolemy
argued about, the theory that the Earth was a stationary sphere that was in the
center of the Universe and that the other planets wa s orbiting around the
Earth. This theory had been thought up of in 150 A.D. and had been used since
then, so it was taken in widely, making Copernicus’ theory a very large impact.
Even though Copernicus’ theory most went up against those two obstacles,
many still had problems with this theory because if the Earth was orbiting and
spinning, many thought that if one jumped up, then one would be left behind in
that very spot, so the person would travel, which of course they knew did not
happen. Even so, in the end, Copernicus’ theory was correct.

G. PERSONAL REFLECTION

My personal reflection regarding one of the greatest philosophers and

astronomers of all time which is Nicolaus Copernicus is almost just the same as
my final conclusion on my short study about him. He has truly given and
contributed a lot to all of us when it comes to astronomy.

H. REFERENCES

https://www.britannica.com/biography/Nicolaus-Copernicus
 Student : Justine Faith L. Yaon Date : October 3, 2019
Section : XI- LARA Teacher : BEAVEN C. BERMUDEZ

Course: PHILOSOPHERS
Task Sheet #10: GALILEO GALILEI

A. OBJECTIVE:

A. To know more about this certain philosopher.

B. To help you understand the philosopher's ideology and theories.
C. To know more about the significance of the philosopher's work back then
until the modern times.

B. DISCUSSION: Introduction

The first philosopher I have chosen to write about is Galileo Galilei.

Galileo was born in Pisa in the Duchy of Florence, Italy, on February 15, 1564.
He is an Italian natural philosopher, astronomer, and mathematician who made
fundamental contributions to the sciences of motion, astronomy, and strength
of materials and to the development of the scientific inventions and more on
that field.

C. DEFINITION OF TERMS

Heliocentrism -  is the astronomical model in which the Earth and planets
revolve around the Sun at the center of the Solar System

Geocentrism - the Ptolemaic system that showed a geocentric universe.

D. SIGNIFICANCE OF HIS WORKS

Galileo has undoubtedly made a lot of innovations and significant work

that will always remain in his legacy. He was the first person to study a
telescope. Galileo has also became a skilled telescope builder and made money
selling them to merchants in Venice who were eager to see which ships were
arriving as soon as possible in an effort to make money on the ‘futures’ market.
He also discovered a lot of remarkable and life-changing discoveries. Galileo
found out about the first moons ever known to orbit a planet other than Earth.
Jupiter’s four largest moons, which he discovered: Io, Europa, Ganymede, and
Callisto, are together known as the Galilean Satellites in his honor. Discovered
the phases of Venus, rings of Saturn, stars in the Milky Way, the mountains of
our moon and definitely more amazing stuff.

E. EXPLANATION, EXAMPLE, DISCUSSION, ANALYSIS.

Galileo had a lot of ideas that have influenced his time and even until
now, the modern times. He has established several theories as well that have
changed people's perspectives and expanded people's knowledge. Established
that, if there is no air resistance, everything falls to the ground at the same
rate regardless of its weight. Gravity accelerates all objects equally, whatever
their mass. Another one is that when gravity accelerates any object, the object
accelerates at a constant rate so that the distance fallen is proportional to the
time squared. He stated the principle of inertia, proposed the first theory of
relativity, and more that have really helped the humanity.
F. CONCLUSION

Galileo Galilei is definitely one of the greatest people that have ever lived
and contributed in the field of science. Galileo’s discoveries left a huge impact
to the world. His pendulum swings can be used to keep time and it can show
that the Earth spins. The innovation of his telescope was also special because
with that, Galileo found out that moon wasn’t flat, Jupiter had four satellites,
and Sun is the center of the universe which is the Heliocentric theory and not
the Earth. Thanks for Galileo Galilei for helping to change the world with his
great discoveries and theories.

G. PERSONAL REFLECTION

My personal reflection about this Italian philosopher namely, Galileo is

almost just the same as my conclusion that is stated above. He was one of the
most significant people in the history of science. He lived at a crucial crossroads
in time, when different strands of thought met and clashed. In the end, the
ideas of Galileo and other scientists triumphed, because they were able to
prove them to be true. And I'm truly grateful for Galileo's discoveries and
theories that have really helped us understand the world and universe we are
currently living in more.

H. REFERENCES

1.) "Galileo Biography." Bio.com. A&E Networks Television, n.d. Web. 12 Feb.
2014.

2.) “Galileo.” Britannica.com/biography/Galileo-Galilei. Encyclopædia Britannica.

18 July. 2019
 Student : Justine Faith L. Yaon Date : October 3, 2019
Section : XI- LARA Teacher : BEAVEN C. BERMUDEZ

Course: PHILOSOPHERS
Task Sheet #10: RENE DESCARTES

A. OBJECTIVE:

A. To know more about this certain philosopher.

B. To help you understand the philosopher's ideology and theories.
C. To know more about the significance of the philosopher's work back then
until the modern times.

B. DISCUSSION: Introduction

This short study I have written about is now about Rene Descartes. René
Descartes was born on March 31, 1596, in La Haye en Touraine, France. He
was extensively educated, first at a Jesuit college at age 8, then earning a law
degree at 22, but an influential teacher set him on a course to apply
mathematics and logic to understanding the natural world. This approach
incorporated the contemplation of the nature of existence and of knowledge
itself, hence his most famous observation, “I think; therefore I am.”

C. DEFINITION OF TERMS

Cartesianism -  is a form of rationalism because it holds that scientific

knowledge can be derived a priori from 'innate ideas' through deductive
reasoning.

Innatism - is a philosophical and epistemological doctrine that holds that the

mind is born with ideas/knowledge.

D. SIGNIFICANCE OF HIS WORKS

His contribution to mathematics was also of the first order, as the inventor of

the Cartesian coordinate system and the founder of analytic geometry, crucial to
the invention of calculus and mathematical analysis. He was also one of the key
figures in the scientific revolution of the 16th and 17th Centuries. And in his
time, he has definitely made a lot of remarkable theories, discoveries that have
greatly gotten the attention of people, like his very famous quote: “I think;
therefore I am”

E. EXPLANATION, EXAMPLE, DISCUSSION, ANALYSIS.

Rene Descartes have truly influenced many people with his ideologies and
discoveries in his time. He also left a large number of writings of major
importance for both philosophy and mathematics. Of all his works, the
“Meditations on First Philosophy” published in 1641 and 1642 is probably of the
greatest importance and remains one of the seminal texts in virtually all
university philosophy departments.

F. CONCLUSION

Descartes is considered by many to be the father of modern philosophy,

because his ideas departed widely from current understanding in the early 17th
century, which was more feeling-based. While elements of his philosophy
weren’t completely new, his approach to them was. Descartes believed in
basically clearing everything off the table, all preconceived and inherited
notions, and starting fresh, putting back one by one the things that were
certain, which for him began with the statement “I exist.” From this sprang his
most famous quote: “I think; therefore I am.” And I therefore conclude that he
is one of the most famous philosophers that I have ever known.

G. PERSONAL REFLECTION

Ever since I was young, I already am aware of his famous quote: “I think
therefore I am. And with this short study I made about Rene Descartes, I have
learned more and have my knowledge expanded about him. Descartes’s
general goal was to help human beings master and possess nature. He
provided understanding of the trunk of the tree of knowledge in The
World, Dioptrics, Meteorology, and Geometry, and he established
its metaphysical roots in the Meditations. He then spent the rest of his life
working on the branches of mechanics, medicine, and morals.

H. REFERENCES

1.) https://www.biography.com/scholar/rene-descartes

2.) https://www.britannica.com/biography/Rene-Descartes/Physics-physiology-
and-morals
 Student : Justine Faith L. Yaon Date : October 3, 2019
Section : XI- LARA Teacher : BEAVEN C. BERMUDEZ

Course: PHILOSOPHERS
Task Sheet #10: ADAM SMITH

A. OBJECTIVE:

A. To know more about this certain philosopher.

B. To help you understand the philosopher's ideology and theories.
C. To know more about the significance of the philosopher's work back then
until the modern times.

B. DISCUSSION: Introduction

This short study is about Adam Smith, so who really is he? Adam Smith
was an 18th-century philosopher renowned as the father of modern economics
and a major proponent of laissez-faire economic policies. In his first book, "The
Theory of Moral Sentiments," Smith proposed the idea of an invisible hand—the
tendency of free markets to regulate themselves by means of competition,
supply and demand, and self-interest. Smith is also known for his theory of
compensating wage differentials, meaning that dangerous or undesirable jobs
tend to pay higher wages to attract workers to these positions. But he is most
famous for his 1776 book, "An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the
Wealth of Nations."

C. DEFINITION OF TERMS

Capitalism -  an economic and political system in which a country's trade and
industry are controlled by private owners for profit, rather than by the state.

Liberalism - is a political doctrine that takes protecting and enhancing

individual freedom to be the central problem of politics.

D. SIGNIFICANCE OF HIS WORKS

Smith is known for a lot of his works, ideas and systems. Adam
Smith was a Scottish philosopher who became a political economist in the midst
of the Scottish Enlightenment. He is best known for The Theory of Moral
Sentiments (1759) and An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of
Nations (1776). The latter, usually referred to as The Wealth of Nations, is one
of the earliest and the most famous treatises on industry and commerce, and
one of the major contributors to modern academic-discipline economics.

E. EXPLANATION, EXAMPLE, DISCUSSION, ANALYSIS.

Adam Smith has made a lot of influencial works and ideas back then in
his time and even up until now. Smith's arguments against mercantilism and in
favor of free trade were a stark challenge to much of
the protectionism, tariffs and gold-hoarding that prevailed in the mid-
18th century; today, he's often called "the father of modern economics." In a
world gone global, imagine how much slower life would be had free, open trade
not been encouraged and if hoarding of hard assets (mercantilism) was the
norm: Economic life would be fairly bleak.
At the end of his life, Smith had most of his manuscripts destroyed, and while
some survived, the world never learned the extent of his final thoughts and
theories his final notes.

F. CONCLUSION

In summation, without Adam Smith and his philosophies, we as a society

would still be stuck in a old-viewed economic world. Adam Smith has taught us
the importance of trade with others and that pure wealth is based on more than
just actual money. But most importantly, Smith has taught us that the social
order of the market did not need be regulated by the government anymore
because the “invisible hand” will take care of the free market.

G. PERSONAL REFLECTION

As a personal reflection and tribute as much to him as to any other

individual thinker, the world in 1900 was much freer and more prosperous than
anyone imagined in 1776. The triumphs of trade and globalization in our own
time are further testimony to his enduring legacy. Ideas really do matter. They
can change the world. Adam Smith proved that in spades, and we are all
immeasurably better off because of the ideas he shattered and the ones he set
in motion.

H. REFERENCES

1.) https://www.britannica.com/biography/Frederic-Bastiat

2.) https://medium.com/@bhmiller0712/why-adam-smith-is-important-
e89a21cb4089