ACTIVITIES GUIDE AND EVALUATION RUBRIC – TASK 1

TRABAJO INDIVIDUAL

LEIDER TORRES PADILLA

Grupo 203058

Número de identificación: 12436989

UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL ABIERTA Y A DISTANCIA UNAD

Escuela de Ciencias Básicas, Tecnología e Ingeniería

Teoría Electromagnética y Ondas

2020
 INTRODUCTION

Electromagnetic waves are the physical phenomenon that allows

radiocommunication, so that their study becomes very important for anyone who
wants to work in this field.
A wave is a disturbance, a momentary irregularity, that moves through space. This
movement is known as wave propagation and can have different shapes and
schemes.
The simplest wave to visualize is the so-called body wave. The body wave is a wave
that requires a material medium to propagate. This medium can be liquid, solid or
gaseous, and if the wave does not exist it cannot propagate. Examples of body
waves are sound waves (caused by compression and decompression of air), swell
of water bodies (surface waves that propagate through water), and earthquakes
(shock waves that propagate through the I usually).
There is another more complicated type of wave known as electromagnetic wave.
Electromagnetic waves are waves that propagate through electric and magnetic
fields (hence their name). Similar to how the waves in a lake spread through the
movement of the layers of water, the electromagnetic waves make the electric and
magnetic fields around us move, allowing them to spread through space.
 Activities to develop
For the development of this activity, explore in the Knowledge Environment, in Unit
1, the bibliographical reference of Chen, W. (2005), on pages 513-519, supplement
with the aids generated by the tutor within the forum, to solve the following
consultation and application exercises:
Questions: (write with your own words)

1. What do you mean propagation medium open for electromagnetic

waves?

The propagation of electromagnetic waves through free space is often called radio
frequency propagation or simply radio propagation, although in free space it implies
vacuum; The radio waves transmitted by the source propagate through the Earth's
atmosphere, then receive in the receiving antenna, the radiation and the capture of
this are functions of the antennas and the distance between them.

Radio waves at different frequencies propagate in different ways. At extremely low

frequencies (ELF) and very low frequencies (VLF), the wavelength is much greater
than the separation between the Earth's surface and the D-layer of the ionosphere,
so electromagnetic waves can propagate in this region Like a waveguide In fact, for
frequencies below 20 kHz, the wave propagates as a single waveguide mode with a
horizontal magnetic field and a vertical electric field. The interaction of radio waves
with ionized regions of the atmosphere makes radio propagation more complex to
predict and analyze than in free space. The ionospheric propagation of radio has a
strong connection with space phenomena.

La propagación de ondas electromagnéticas por el espacio libre se suele llamar

propagación de radio frecuencia o simplemente radio-propagación, aunque en el
espacio libre implica el vacío; las ondas de radio transmitida por la fuente se
propagan por la atmoósfera terrestre, posteriormente se recibe en la antena
receptora, la radiación y la captura de esta son funciones de las antenas y de la
distancia entre ellas.

Las ondas de radio en diferentes frecuencias se propagan de diferentes maneras.

En frecuencias extremadamente bajas (ELF) y frecuencias muy bajas (VLF), la
longitud de onda es mucho mayor que la separación entre la superficie de la Tierra
y la capa D de la ionosfera, por lo que las ondas electromagnéticas pueden
propagarse en esta región como una guía de ondas. De hecho, para frecuencias
inferiores a 20 kHz, la onda se propaga como un modo de guía de onda única con
un campo magnético horizontal y un campo eléctrico vertical. La interacción de las
ondas de radio con las regiones ionizadas de la atmósfera hace que la propagación
de radio sea más compleja de predecir y analizar que en el espacio libre. La
propagación ionosférica de radio tiene una fuerte conexión con los fenómenos
espaciales.
 2. Within the propagation mediums, what is mean by the tangent of
losses?

The relationship between conduction and displacement current in a specific medium

is constant σ / wε
whose value depends on the parameters of the medium and the frequency of the
signal
applied the total current flowing through the medium is the vector sum of the two
components, as shown in figure 80.
Additionally, there is a 90 ° offset angle between the displacement and conduction
current, as shown in Figure 80.

This ratio is called the tangent of losses and is a characteristic of the medium, in
conductive materials it tends to be very high (tan (δ) → ∞) since the conduction
current is much more important than that of displacement; while in dielectric means
the behavior is contrary, so the tangent of losses tends to be small
(tan (δ) → 0).

La relación entre la corriente de conducción y la de desplazamiento en un medio

específico es constante 𝛔/𝐰𝛆
cuyo valor depende de los parámetros del medio y de la frecuencia de la señal
aplicada. La corriente total que circula por el medio es la suma vectorial de las dos
componentes, según se muestra en la figura 80.
Adicionalmente, entre la corriente de desplazamiento y la de conducción existe un
ángulo de desfase de 90º, tal como se muestra en la figura 80.

Esta relación se denomina tangente de pérdidas y es una característica del medio,

en los materiales conductores tiende a ser muy alta (tan(𝛿)→ ∞) ya que la corriente
de conducción es mucho más importante que la de desplazamiento; mientras en
medios dieléctricos el comportamiento es contrario, por lo que la tangente de
pérdidas tiende a ser pequeña
(tan(𝛿)→ 0) .
3. Of what physical variables does the value of the tangent of losses
depend?

The value of the loss tangent is a measure of the quality of an insulation, between
the lower the conduction current compared to the displacement current the better it
is The quality of electrical insulation.

El valor de la tangente de pérdidas es una medida de la calidad de un aislamiento,

entre menor sea la corriente de conducción comparada con la corriente de
desplazamiento mejor es la calidad del aislamiento eléctrico.

4. How are the propagation medium classified from the tangent of losses?

Basic classification for media based on the tangent of losses as follows:

Perfect dielectrics: they have no conduction current; therefore they do not have
losses due to Joule effect. tan (𝛿) = 0 𝛿 = 0.
Perfect conductors: they have no polarization current, therefore, no
they have capacitive or charge accumulation effects. 𝑡𝑎𝑛 (𝛿) → ∞) 𝛿 = 𝜋 / 2
Good insulators: they have conduction current and they have losses due to the Joule
effect, but this effect is almost negligible compared to the capacitive effect, they are
also called “low loss dielectrics”. (𝑡𝑎𝑛 (𝛿) → 0 ^ +) 𝛿 → 0 ^ +.
Good conductors: they have polarization current, therefore, they have
capacitive effects or load accumulation, but the driving current and losses due to
Joule effect are much more significant. (𝑡𝑎𝑛 (𝛿) → ∞ 𝛿 → 𝜋 / 2
Dissipative dielectrics: they have both effects and neither is negligible compared
to the other. 0 < 𝛿 < 𝜋 / 2

Clasificación básica para medios con base en la tangente de pérdidas de la

siguiente forma:
Dieléctricos perfectos: no presentan corriente de conducción, por lo tanto, no
poseen pérdidas por efecto Joule. 𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝛿) = 0 𝛿 = 0.
Conductores perfectos: no presentan corriente de polarización, por lo tanto, no
poseen efectos capacitivos o de acumulación de carga. 𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝛿) → ∞) 𝛿 = 𝜋/2
Buenos aislantes: presentan corriente de conducción y poseen pérdidas por efecto
Joule, pero este efecto es casi despreciable frente al efecto capacitivo, se
denominan también “dieléctricos de bajas pérdidas”. (𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝛿) → 0+ ) 𝛿 → 0+ .
Buenos conductores: presentan corriente de polarización, por lo tanto, poseen
efectos capacitivos o de acumulación de carga, pero es mucho más significativa la
corriente de conducción y las pérdidas por efecto Joule. (𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝛿) → ∞ 𝛿 → 𝜋/2
Dieléctricos disipativos: presentan ambos efectos y ninguno es despreciable
frente al otro. 0 < 𝛿 < 𝜋/2
 5. What are the propagation parameters of the waves through a medium?

The wave equation is a function y = f (x, t) that is usually expressed by a series of

magnitudes or parameters characteristic of wave motion:

 The amplitude: is the maximum elongation or, what is the same, the maximum
distance of any point of the measured wave with respect to its equilibrium
position. Its symbol is A and is expressed in units of length (m).
 Wavelength: is the distance between two successive points that are in the
same state of vibration (same elongation, speed, acceleration ...). It is
symbolized by the Greek letter λ (lambda) and is expressed in units of length
(m).
 The period: is the time needed to describe a complete oscillation or, also, the
time that the wave uses to travel a wavelength. Its symbol is T and is
expressed in units of time (s).
 Frequency: is the number of oscillations per unit of time. It is symbolized by f
or with the Greek letter ν (read ni or nu) and its unit is s – 1 or hertz (Hz).

La ecuación de onda es una función 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑡) que suele expresarse mediante

una serie de magnitudes o parámetros característicos del movimiento ondulatorio:

 La amplitud: es la elongación máxima o, lo que es lo mismo, la máxima

distancia de cualquier punto de la onda medida respecto a su posición de
equilibrio. Su símbolo es A y se expresa en unidades de longitud (m).
 La longitud de onda: es la distancia que existe entre dos puntos sucesivos
que se encuentran en el mismo estado de vibración (misma elongación,
velocidad, aceleración…). Se simboliza mediante la letra griega λ (lambda) y
se expresa en unidades de longitud (m).
 El periodo: es el tiempo necesario para describir una oscilación completa o,
también, el tiempo que emplea la onda en recorrer una longitud de onda. Su
símbolo es T y se expresa en unidades de tiempo (s).
 La frecuencia: es el número de oscilaciones por unidad de tiempo. Se
simboliza mediante f o con la letra griega ν (leída ni o nu) y su unidad es el
s–1 o hercio (Hz).
 Application exercise:
The following 5-step exercise describes the method to characterize an
electromagnetic wave when propagating in an open environment, for which, each
student must choose 1 propagation media of the 5 proposed in Table 1 and
announce it within the forum Task 1 to avoid repetition.
Table 1: Conductivity 𝛔 and electrical permittivity 𝛆𝐫 of some media.
Media 𝛔 [𝐒⁄𝐦] 𝛆𝐫 [ ]
1. Copper 5.80𝑥107 1
2. Sea water 4 80
3. Vegetable soil 1.00𝑥10−2 14
4. Dry soil 1.00𝑥10−4 3
5. Sweet water 1.00𝑥10−3 80
−12 2 2
𝛆𝐨 = 8.8542x10 𝐶 /N𝑚

1. Calculate the tangent of losses Tan (δ) and the angle of losses δ of the
medium chosen in Table 1, if through it travel an electromagnetic wave E of
frequency 𝑓 = 𝐶𝐶𝐶 𝑀𝐻𝑧.
Note that 𝐶𝐶𝐶 are the first 3 digits of your identification number:
𝜎 𝜎
𝑇𝑎𝑛(𝛿) = =
𝜔𝜀 2𝜋𝑓εr ε𝑜
Solution:
Identification number: 12436989
Media: sweet water.
𝜎 (1.00𝑥10−3 )
𝑇𝑎𝑛(𝛿) = =
𝜔𝜀 2𝜋(124)(80)(8.8542x10−12 𝐶 2 /N𝑚2 )

𝑇𝑎𝑛(𝛿) = 1812
𝛿 = 𝑇𝑎𝑛−1 (1812.003)
𝛿 = 99.96°
2. According to the result obtained in point 1, classify the behavior of the chosen
medium according to one of the 5 options in Table 2:
Table 2: Classification of propagation media.

Media Tan(δ) δ [°]

1. Perfect dielectrics (Not dissipative) Tan(δ) = 0 δ = 0°
2. Good insulators (Lost low dielectric) 0 < Tan(δ) <= 0,1 0° < δ <= 6°
3. Dissipative dielectrics (Dielectrics with losses) 0,1 < Tan(δ) <= 10 6° < δ <= 84°
4. Good conductors (Good conductors) Tan(δ) > 10 84°< δ < 90°
5. Perfect conductors (Perfect conductors) Tan(δ) >>> 10 δ = 90°
 Solution:
according to the table you have to:
Tan(δ) > 10 and 84°< δ < 90°
Tan(δ) = 1812 and δ =99.6°
therefore you have to sweet water is a good conductors

3. According to the classification obtained in point 2 and using Table 3 shown

below, calculate the following propagation parameters of the wave in the
chosen medium:
a. Propagation constant  (gamma).
b. Attenuation constant  (Alpha).
c. Phase constant  (Beta).
d. Intrinsic impedance  (Eta).
Table 3: Propagation parameters in open media.
Lost low Dielectrics with Good
Parameter Not dissipative
dielectric losses conductors
 𝑗𝜔√𝜇𝜀 𝑗𝜔√𝜇𝜀 √𝑗𝜔𝜇(𝜎 + 𝑗𝜔𝜀) √𝑗𝜔𝜎𝜇𝑜

 0 𝜎𝜂⁄2 𝑅𝑒() √𝜋𝑓𝜎𝜇𝑜

 𝜔√𝜇𝜀 𝜔√𝜇𝜀 𝐼𝑚() √𝜋𝑓𝜎𝜇𝑜

 √𝜇 ⁄𝜀 √𝜇 ⁄𝜀 √𝑗𝜔𝜇⁄(𝜎 + 𝑗𝜔𝜀) √𝑗𝜔𝜇𝑜 ⁄𝜎

Good conductors

 = √𝑗𝜔𝜎𝜇𝑜
 = √𝑗(2𝜋 ∗ 124)(1𝑥10−3 ) ∗ (4𝜋𝑥10−7 )
 = 6.9967𝑥10−4 + 6.9967𝑥10−4 𝑖
 = 9.8948𝑥10−4 (0.7854°)

 = √𝜋𝑓𝜎𝜇𝑜
 = √𝜋(124)(1𝑥10−3 )(4𝜋𝑥10−7 )
 = 6.9966𝑥10−4
 = 699.66𝑥10−6

 = √𝜋𝑓𝜎𝜇𝑜
 = √𝜋(124)(1𝑥10−3 )(4𝜋𝑥10−7 )
 = 6.9966𝑥10−4
  = √(𝑗𝜔𝜇𝑜 )⁄𝜎

 = √(𝑗(2𝜋 ∗ 124)(4𝜋𝑥10−7 ))⁄(1𝑥10−3 )

 = 0.6997 + 0.6997𝑖
 = 0.9895(0.7854°)

4. According to the results obtained in point 3 and using the following equations,
calculate the propagation characteristics of the wave in the chosen medium:
a. Propagation speed 𝒗𝒑 .
b. Wavelength 𝝀.
c. Speed factor 𝒇𝒗 .
d. Refractive index 𝒏.

𝑤
𝑉𝑝 =
𝛽
(2𝜋 ∗ 124)
𝑉𝑝 = = 1.1135𝑥106 𝑚/𝑠
6.9966𝑥10−4

2𝜋
𝜆=
𝛽
2𝜋
𝜆= = 8980.34𝑚
6.9966𝑥10−4
𝑣𝑝
𝑓𝑣 =
𝐶𝑜
6
1.1135𝑥10 𝑚/𝑠
𝑓𝑣 = = 0.003711
3 × 108 m/s_

1
=
𝑓𝑣
1
𝑛= = 269.4691
0.003711

5. According to the parameters obtained in the previous points and knowing that
the maximum value of the E wave is 𝟏𝟐𝟎𝑽/𝒎, calculate:
e. The penetration depth of the 𝜹𝒑 wave in the medium.
f. The power 𝑷𝒐 transmitted by the wave in the medium.
g. The %𝒍𝒐𝒔𝒔𝒆𝒔 of wave amplitude per unit length.

1
𝛿𝑝 =
||
1
𝛿𝑝 = = 1429.26
|6.9966𝑥10−4 |
(120)2
𝑃𝑜 = = 26.719 𝑤/𝑚2
2(269.4691)
−4
%𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠 = (1 − 𝑒 −2∗6.9966𝑥10 ) ∗ 100% = 0.1398%
 CONCLUSION

with this activity it could be concluded that an electromagnetic wave is made up of

an electric field and a magnetic field. These fields are perpendicular to each other, if
we somehow imagined them as planes, we would see that they form a kind of cross
with each other:
When a wave travels parallel to the ground, the electric field can take one of two
orientations: it can be vertical with respect to the ground or it can be horizontal. This
orientation of the electric field with respect to the ground is called wave polarization,
and it can be vertical or horizontal. There is also what is known as elliptical or circular
polarization, where the two fields are spinning, and the wave constantly changes its
polarization. In the previous figure, the wave would have vertical polarization with
respect to the ground.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

 Campbell, M. and Greated, C. (1987). The Musician’s Guide to Acoustics.

New York: Schirmer Books.
 French, A.P. (1971). Vibrations and Waves (M.I.T. Introductory physics
series). Nelson Thornes. ISBN 0-393-09936-9.
 Hall, D. E. (1980). Musical Acoustics: An Introduction. Belmont, California:
Wadsworth Publishing Company.
 Hunt, F. V. (1978). Origins in Acoustics. New York: Acoustical Society of
America Press, (1992).
 Ostrovsky, L. A. and Potapov, A. S. (1999). Modulated Waves, Theory and
Applications. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press.