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Technical Discussion

·         RCDC identifies the continuum of beams and groups continuous beams to be designed and detailed
together.
·         RCDC designs beams for the combined effects of Flexure, Shear and Torsion.
·         Diagonal reinforcement as per IS 13920 where applicable.
·         Each beam is designed at least at 13 stations along the length of the beam.
·         Each section is designed for each load combination to arrive at required areas of longitudinal
reinforcement at top and bottom and shear reinforcement.
·         Shear due to torsion is computed. The check as per clause 41.4.3 of IS 456 is performed to ensure that
the shear due to torsion is taken by the outer two legged stirrups.

 ·         When zoning the rebar configuration is arrived at to ensure that all sections in a zone are satisfied.
·         All cover  is assumed to be cover to longitudinal reinforcement.
·         Assumption of number of layers of reinforcement:
At design time the number of layers of reinforcement is assumed as under to arrive at the effective depth,
d:
1.       D < 400 mm                        1 layer
2.       400 mm  >=   D <=1200 mm 2 layers
3.       1200mm  > D <= 1350 mm 3 layers
4.   1350 mm > D  <= 1800 mm                           4 layers
5.   1800 mm > D <= 2250  mm                           5 layers
6.   2250 mm > D <= 2700  mm                           6 layers
7.   2700 mm > D <= 3250  mm                           7 layers
8.   D > 3250 mm                                                 8 layers
·         Detailing Philosophy:

1.    The reinforcement required is computed as per the effective depth for the number of layer of
reinforcementas per table above.
2.    Rebars will be arranged in multiple layers if requiredand the style of detailing selected. The maximum
number of layers usedwill be limited to thoseassumed when computing the effective depth.
3.    In case it is not possible to provide the required reinforcement using the largest rebar arranged in the
maximum possible layers the number of layers will be automatically increased. With the increase in number
of layers the effective depth and the reinforcement required will be computed again.
4.    When providing rebars across the section of the beam, the minimum and the maximum spacing criteria
and the preferred number of rebars will be considered. The rebars wil be symmetrically arranged across the
section.

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5.  In case the number of bars are varying across the section, the auto detailing will ensure that the
symmetry will be maintained.eg. 6 bars will reduce to 4 and not 5 bars OR 5 bars will reduce to 3 and 4
bars.
·  BS EN : calculation of longitudinal moment for torsion.
Area of reinforcement required for torsion has been added to longitudinal reinforcement at top and
bottom.

 
·    BS EN : calculation of shear reinforcement for torsion.
Shear due to torsion is added to the main shear. If numbers of legs are more than two then, Check is
performed to ensure that the shear
due to torsion has been taken by the outer two legged stirrups.

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 Material Properties

A.      Concrete
IS code provides for material properties for grades of concrete up to M60. RCDC allows for design of
concrete members using concrete grades till M100. For all the grades above M60, extension of the values
and formulations defined in the code are made.
Currently in RCDC, EN code provides for grades of concrete up to C50/60.
 
B.      Steel
Material properties for various grades of steel are computed using the formulations defined in the code.
Clear Cover
All cover is assumed to be cover to longitudinal reinforcement.
 

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IS 13920 - 2016

RCDC now supports the IS 13920 – 2016 release. User will be able to select IS 456 + 13920 -2016 or IS 456 +
13920 – 1993 as per his requirement. There will be no change in methodology for project created earlier in
IS 456 +13920 -1993.
The List of changes that are done for IS 456 +13920 -2016 are listed below element wise.
Beams -
As compared to earlier IS 13920, there are no major changes proposed in IS 13920 (2016) in the procedure
of beam design. The main points that implemented in RCDC are as follows.
1.      Minimum bar diameter in the first layer of longitudinal reinforcement shall be now maintained as 12
mm
 
2.      Design of shear for ductile beams would be with contribution of shear stirrups only. Capacity of
concrete would be completely ignored as per relevant clause.
 
3.      The maximum spacing of stirrups is now governed by ‘8 x smallest longitudinal bar diameter’ and 100
mm as maximum
Coupling Beams -
The design philosophy and formulation has remained same in the IS 13920 (2016), as compared to IS 13920
(1993). The ‘Links’ for diagonal reinforcement shall be as per clause 8 of IS 13920 (2016).
Issues from IS 13920 (2016) that need practical solutions -
1.      Clause 6.1.3 – Beams shall not have Depth more than ¼ x Clear Span. In some cases, this may not be
possible. RCDC is currently not checking this specifically.
 
2.      Clause 6.2.6.1 – For bottom reinforcement, often it is difficult to maintain laps beyond zone ‘2d’ from
the face of column. Sometimes, the bar diameters may be different in adjacent beams and it may not be
possible to extend bars from higher to lower side. Also in some cases, the lap beyond ‘2d’ zone may be near
mid-span, which also may not be desirable. Hence considering the same, RCDC currently provides bottom
lap outside face of the column.
 
3.      Clause 6.3.5 – The maximum spacing of stirrups is now 100 mm. Hence when one adopts 4L, 6L or
more legs in stirrups, the clear gap between set of stirrups is quite less. User should consider the practical
aspect while adopting final detailing.
 

·        Note: While detailing the beam, RCDC follows principle of working out with minimum possible layers.
Clause 7.1 of the code which corelates the diameter of the reinforcement in the beams with column
dimensions. Users would be required to check the beam detailing and ensure that the above clause is
adhered to.

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Calculation of Ductile Shear

Through recent interaction with Professors involved in formulation of code IS 13920, we have confirmed
following two important points regarding calculation of ‘Ductile Shear’ –

1)      It is required to calculate ‘Dead+Live’ component as ‘simply supported’ action.

2)      It is also proposed to check the ‘ductile shear across the entire length of beam.

RCDC so far was working out ‘Dead+ Live’ component of ‘Ductile shear’ based on the shear-force directly
read from analysis. RCDC has been calculating and providing for ductile shear only in the end zones and in
the middle zone, RCDC was providing shear reinforcement as required from normal load combinations.
From this release, RCDC would calculate simply supported shear and use that in the calculation of ductile
shear. As regards the calculation of ductile shear in the mid-zone of the beam, RCDC would provide user a
choice to select any one of the following – 1) End zones, 2) Full length.

Logic of calculation of simply supported shear in RCDC–

The simply supported shear is calculated as below for the DL and LL cases independently and added when
calculating ductile shear –

V-left = Shear at left end from analysis

V-left-ss (Shear at left end as per simply-supported action) =

= V-left – M-left/L + M-right/L

Calculation of ductile-shear at any section from left to right can be worked out as below -

V-x = Shear at ‘x’ left end from analysis

V-x-ductile = Maximum of (V-x – M-left/L + M-right/L – Sway shear-right), (V-x – M-left/L + M-right/L + Sway
shear-left)

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Crack Width Check

Crack Width Check


Crack width checks can be performed as per IS 456 or IRS codes.

General Formulation as per IS 456 –


The Expression for Crack-Width in IS 456 is as below –

Where:

General Formulation as per IRS –


The Expression for Crack-Width in IRS is as below –

Where:

The terms used are:


Wcr = Maximum crack-width
Acr = Maximum distance to concrete surface from surface of bar
Eps-m = Strain in reinforcement normalized after effect of strain hardening
Eps-1 = Strain in reinforcement from bending moment and Neutral Axis location
Es = Young’s modulus of steel
Cnom = Nominal cover to reinforcement
H = Depth of section
B = Width of section
D = Effective depth of section
X/ Dc = Location of neutral axis from compression face Basic Principles of the design:
1.      Calculations are done for pure gravity load combinations and at service loads
2.      M = Modular ratio of concrete = 280 / (3 x Permissible bending stress in concrete)
3.      Ec = Young’s Modulus of concrete = 5000 x (Fck)
4.      Stress in compression steel = Stress in concrete at that location x 1.5 x M xEc

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5.      Stress in tensile steel = Stress in concrete at that location x M xEc
6.      The neutral axis location is calculated on the basis of cracked section formulation and tension in
concrete is neglected.
7.      The NA location is calculated such that Compressive force in concrete equals tensile force in steel and
the moment of forces about NA matches applied BM
General Formulation as per BS EN –
1) The crack width wk may be calculated from Expression (7.8):

 The terms used are:


Sr,max     =  is the maximum crack spacing
 esm        =  is the mean strain in the reinforcement under the relevant combination of loads,
                   including the effect of imposed deformations and taking into account the effects of tesnsion
stiffering.
                   Only the additional tensile strain beyond the state of zero strain of the concrete at the same
level is considered.
 ecm        =  is the mean strain in the concrete between cracks.
 
2) esm - ecm may be calculated from the expression:

The terms used are:


ss     =  is the stress in the tension reinforcement assuming a cracked section. For pretensioned members,
             ss may be replaced by ?sp  the stress variation in prestressing tendons from the state of zero strain of
the concrete at the same level.

ae     =  is the ratio Es/Ecm


Stress-Limit Check –

* For IRS code, in addition to crack-width check, stress-limit check is performed for some extra
combinations. The same has been incorporated in RCDC using same theory of finding NA and cracked
moment of inertia.

Salient Features of design:

      1.      For beams, the calculations are done at 13 sections along beam.
      2.      Tensile and Compression steel is considered as per actual detailing.
      The Acr and C-nom is considered for outermost layer of reinforcement.
      However total Ast is considered for calculation of neutral axis and tress in reinforcement.
 

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Getting Started

Start the software, enter the project data and select the analysis file.

Select the level to design.

In case it is desired to group across levels, select the levels as above. The software will check for the
similarity of the level prior to proceeding. The beam arrangement at selected levels will have to be exactly
same.

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Beam Continuity Detection

RCDC reads the beam geometry and then detects the beam continuum. The list of beams and columns
along with their continuum is displayed in two possible views. Design Grouping and Beam – column
continuum. Beam numbering is based on Top to bottom and left to right convention.

Design Grouping View


This view displays all the beams as per the design continuum grouping that they fall in and their analysis
references.
Other design settings such as ductility design, cantilever beam and depth of flange can be edited / set in
this view.
Beam Continuum View
This view displays the beam-column continuum that has been detected by RCDC. Under the beam
description the analysis reference of the beam is displayed.
Following editing options are available in the view:
1.       Merge Beam Groups:
Two beam groups can be merged with each other.
i. Select the group to merge

 
ii. Select the destination and the method to group

2.       Split Beam Groups

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Any beam group can be split into two by selecting a support and selecting “Split” in the context menu.

 
 
3.       Merge Beams

Select any two continuous beams in a group and select merge beams from the context menu
4.       Split beams
If RCDC has identified some beam to comprise more than one analysis member and it is desired to split
them into two beams, select the beam and split it.

            

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General and Reinforcement Settings

All the general settings and setting relating to detailing can be set in this window.
Torsion can be ignored below any value specified by the user.
These settings apply to the auto design. Post design, the material properties for individual beams can be
redefined.
User can also select from two possible detailing styles
1.       Default style
2.       Hanger bar style – In this style, the top bars will continue to be same throughout the beam(the same
reinforcement can be set for all sections at top.)
User can also select from three possible detailing styles

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Beam Design for Axial and Biaxial Moments

RCDC allows to design beams for Bending and axial force. Beams are designed for combined effect of axial
and biaxial moments. As per the axial stress ratio, member will be identified whether it is to be detailed like
beam or Column. As these are beams, RCDC follows the detailing of the reinforcement like that of beam.
Cross sections at 13 locations are checked as per column design. Shear design is performed along both the
directions separately. Checks like minimum eccentricity and slenderness are performed as per column
design and are optional. User can provide maximum capacity ratio. RCDC uses following principles,
1. Identifications for type of detailing to be followed [ beam or column] as per the axial stress ratio of
selected design code
2. Performs the Minimum eccentricity and slenderness checks for final design moments.
3. Top and bottom reinforcement would be checked as per beam design process including effect of torsion.
Maximum % reinforcement would be checked as per beam design.
4. Side face reinforcement shall be provided for column detailing or as per beam design requirements.
5. Total section would be checked at thirteen sections in all three zones as per column design logic.
Maximum % reinforcement would be checked as per column design for all sections.
6. Shear checks would be performed separately along both the direction [for horizontal shear, 50% of
longitudinal reinforcement would be considered for concrete shear capacity & design at that cross section]

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Option of designing beams for Bending and axial force is in General And Reinforcement settings. Following
design options are available,

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RCDC allows design of beams as per the support conditions. RCDC also allows to ignore minor direction
moment and axial force by providing maximum values like torsion.

6mm Dia

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Option to allow user to select 6mm as minimum dia for shear design.

Reinforcement Settings

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All the setting relating to curtailment of reinforcement and shear zones can be defined in this window.

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Preferred Bar Spacing

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Detailing and Drawing Settings

Select “Detailing & Drawing Settings” to access the window where various settings can be done.

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Beam Grouping across Levels

Beams can be grouped vertically across a series of typical levels.


Select multipe levels in the select levle window.The selected levels will be checked to ensure that they are
similar. Vertical grouping will be automatically done.
When computing the design force envelope, for each section the envelope will be generated across levels
and across multiple load combinations.

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In Plan Grouping

RCDC allows user to select beams (individual as well groups) to be grouped in plan. During this process, the
software internally checks following –
1)      Total number of beams in the group are same
2)      The sizes of beams being grouped are same
3)      The types of support conditions are same
4)      The length of individual beam (at a given location in beam-group – say 3rd beam in the group) is within
+/- 10% of average length of all beams in all groups at the same location (Average of length of 3rd beam in
all beam-groups that are grouped).
If the above conditions are not met with, the software would not allow the grouping.

When grouping two sets of continuous beams, the user can select between the two groups being in the
same order of continuity or being mirror images of each other.
Groups can be added, removed or edited by the user.

RCDC finds the maximum individual forces at 12 sections (BM, Torsion and Shear Force) in all the beams at
the same position in other groups. Thus it finds maximum design forces at any given section and designs for
the worst case scenario.

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Please note that this grouping is only for the purpose of design and design calculations. The drawings and
the quantities are generated individually for each group.

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In-Plan Editing

 Pre Design:
1. Ignore/Include

 2. Select Group


 3. Split Group
 4. Remove Group
 5. Ductile

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Post Design :-

 1. Quick Elevation


 2. Design
 3. Detail
 4. Ignore/Inculde

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Beam Auto Grouping

Auto Grouping:

Beams groups can be automatically grouped using this feature.


Beam Auto grouping is based on this type of beam, end condition and reinforcement arrangement in the
beam.
This will be available after autodesign.
This option is available in modify menu.

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Flanged Beam

RCDC can design beams with flanged action (T or L). As per design principles of flanged beam, RCDC uses
this action only for mid-span bottom reinforcement. For appropriate use of this functionality, following are
important points to be noted –

1) RCDC can import data for slabs at the same level as that of beams from the ‘slab design file’
2) RCDC processes this data and intelligently identifies beams that can be designed with ‘flanged’
effect
3) In case user, does not have slab design file ready, user may input values of ‘slab-thickness’ manually
to avail this functionality. However in this case, RCDC would not be able to check checking things
like – a) Possibility of sunk slab, b) Possibility of cut-out etc., which can affect ‘flanged action’ and
design.
Logic of working out effectiveness of flange action –

When user imports slab-data in beam design file, RCDC processes this data to collect following information
It co-relates beams and corresponding slabs along the length of the beam
1) It can identify cut-outs in slab
2) It can locate levels of slabs and co-relate the same with beam-tops

As a result of this processing, RCDC uses following principles to determine the flange action –

1) Based on various thicknesses of slabs available on either side of beam, RCDC uses the least
thickness for flange action.
2) All peripheral beams are designed as ‘L’ beam.
3) If there is a cut-out on one side of the beam for more than 60% of mid-zone, then that beam is
treated as ‘L’ beam.
4) If there is a cut-out on both side of the beam for more than 60% of mid-zone, then that beam is
marked as normal (without flange action) beam.
5) If the top of slab on one side of the beam does not match with the beam-top for more than 60% of
mid-zone then that beam is treated as ‘L’ beam.
6) If the top of slab on both sides of the beam do not match with the beam-top for more than 60% of
mid-zone then that beam is treated as normal beam.
7) Effective width of flange-action is calculated as per the provisions in code for simply-supported and
continuous beams.
Cantilever beams can’t be designed with flange action in RCDC.
RCDC also allows user to choose this action for primary and secondary beams separately.
If user has imported slab data from slab design file, then -
1) During redesign stage, a ‘T’ beam can be designed as ‘L’ or normal,
2) Further ‘L’ beam can be designed as ‘normal’,
3) A normal beam can’t be designed as ‘T’ or ‘L’ beam
4) ‘L’ beam can’t be designed as ‘T’ beam.
Note:
1. Flanged beam can’t be grouped with Regular beams
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2. While identifying the flanged beam currently we are not checking the slab top reinforcement which
is perpendicular to the beam length.
Isolated Flanged beam is not considered.

Spandrel Design [from E-Tabs]


RCDC can design spandrel element as beam element. E-Tabs provides output for spandrel only at the ends.
While modelling spandrel, user needs to split it into number of parts as per requirement; however, it
should be noted that more the number of parts of the spandrel more accurate the results would be as end
forces of the spandrel are considered for spandrel design. Also, when forces for spandrel with closely
spaced nodes are to be considered, the force nearest to the spandrel to be designed will be taken and
further design will be carried out.

Following modifications are required in Analysis file -


1. Spandrels can be divided into any number of parts. RCDC will auto identify the BM at given sections and
calculate the steel.
2. Each part of the total spandrel must be identified with different spandrels number.
Spandrel element those are collinear in plan will be identified as a one beam. The end location of the first
element has to match with the start location of second element.

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Output of RCDC after reading spandrel element from E-tabs

Following will be the output style for collated results for all parts of spandrel (member end forces)

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Ignore Beam

Ignore Beam / Beam group

With this option user can ignore the beam/ beams group if required.
This Option is available in design input tab in all windows on right click and modify menu.

Drawings,reports and estimation will not be generated for ignored beams.


Ignored beam will be highlighted in light grey layer if general arrangement drawing is generated from
RCDC.

    

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Beam Design Output

Post design of beams the design results are displayed in a table.

                                             

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Edit Design

The design of any beam can be changed by selecting the “Design” beam option. The initial design settings
can be changed by the user to arrive at revised design.

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Beam Detailing

The detailing of any beam can be set / edited by selecting the “Detail” option.

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ួ ដោយ លោក លន ឡាវ ី Preparation and Edition by Mr. Lon Lavy Page 34
 

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Detailing Tools

Detailing tools to quickly redefine the detailing of beams are available.


1.       Quick Detail
Select the beam group to edit and click on Quick Detail from the context menu.

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 At some sections the operation is allowed in others it is disallowed. These are clearly indicated. The error
message can be cleared by pressing the 'Esc' button.

Edit Beam Description

Pre-design
The Beammark can be changed directly in the table.
 

រៀបរៀងនិងប្រែសំ រល
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The Table can be copied to any spreadsheet by using the copy table option.Similarily Beam Description can
be pasted by copying the same from any spreadsheet and using the paste option.
Editing Beam Mark
For staad file Beam numbers are generated by RCDC and sorted as per the centre line location.
The Beam marks would be B1, B31....etc
For E-Tabs file,Beam numbers are generated by RCDC and sorted as per the centre line location.
For RAM file,  Beam numbers are generated by RCDC and sorted as per the centre line location .
The reference number of beam in analysis file, is reflected in RCDC in the Beam Continuum tab in Design
Input window.
The Beam mark can be edited by the user in the following ways-
Pre-design
The Beam mark can be changed directly in the table.

រៀបរៀងនិងប្រែសំ រល
ួ ដោយ លោក លន ឡាវ ី Preparation and Edition by Mr. Lon Lavy Page 39
Post Design
The edit Beam option can be accessed from the modify menu.

The Table can be copied to any spreadsheet by using the copy table option.


Similarily Beam Description can be pasted by copying the same from any spreadsheet and using the paste
option.

Design Reports
The following reports are generated
1.       Design Calculations – For selected beams
2.       Design Summary
3.    Project Settings
4.       Bill of Quantities
5.    Failure Diagnostics
6.    Crack Width Check
7.    Member size changed.
a.       Summary

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b.      Reinforcement type wise (Main steel, Shear reinforcement, Face bars)
c.       Reinforcement diameter wise
The design reports are generated and displayed on screen

User has the option to

1.       Print the page directly from RCDC. Options to define the page setup and view the print
2.       Save the file as a HTML file.

Drawing Reports
The following drawing reports are generated in DXF format.
1.Beam general arrangement drawings
2. Detailed beam drawings – For selected beams
a. Beam elevation
b. Beam cross Section
3. Beam schedule.
 
 
 

រៀបរៀងនិងប្រែសំ រល
ួ ដោយ លោក លន ឡាវ ី Preparation and Edition by Mr. Lon Lavy Page 41
 

View Design Data

Various design data can be viewed from the view menu.

រៀបរៀងនិងប្រែសំ រល
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 Member Forces

The forces for the primary load as well as the load combinations can be viewed in this tab.

View Load Combinations

List of the load combinations used for design can be viewed in this tab.

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ួ ដោយ លោក លន ឡាវ ី Preparation and Edition by Mr. Lon Lavy Page 44

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