REVIEW

Vocabulary
1. The prince abdicated the crown and returned to his castle. Abdicated means…
1. Gave up.
2. Sold.
3. Reinvested into.
4. Auctioned.
2. The convicted criminal absconded prior to the sentencing phase of the trial. Absconded means…
1. Touched the jury.

2. Reported immediately.
3. Left after discussion.
4. Departed secretly.
3. The aural component of balance is critical for postural control during ambulation. Aural means related to the…
1. Eye.
2. Ear.
3. Nose.
4. Mouth.
4. The old man was benevolent with his fortune. Benevolent means…
1. Secretive.
2. Stingy.
3. Kind.
4. Careful.
5. The extra dirt was a key buttress to the foundation. Buttress means…
1. Limiting factor.
2. Support.
3. Overwhelming condition.
4. Obstacle.
6. The cathode of a battery was removed. Cathode means…
1. Positive pole.
2. Negative pole.
3. Neutral pole.
4. Opposite pole.
7. The doctor was known as a charlatan over the years of his practice. Charlatan means…
1. Quack.
2. Knowledgeable physician.
3. Procedural physician.
4. Medical examiner.
8. The wound exhibited signs of copious drainage requiring medical intervention. Copious means…
1. Minimal.
2. Clear.
3. Maximal.
4. Foul.
9. The attorney accused the witness of defaming the defendant. Defaming means…
1. Killing.
2. Badgering.
3. Suffocating.
4. Slandering.
10. The detective was able to derive the facts of the case. Derive means…
1. Desist.
2. Deter.
3. Devise.
4. Deduce.
11. The scientist was able to evoke powerful emotions from her audience. Evoke means…
1. Sell.
2. Calm.
3. Call forth.
4. Exaggerate.
12. The judge was fallible during deliberation. Fallible means…
1. Careful not to err.

2. Falsely accused.
3. Loyal to his supporters.
4. Capable of mistakes.
13. The chemist collected the germane data during the experiment. Germane means…
1. Relevant.
2. Obscure.
3. Limited.
4. Usual.
14. The desperados held up in a grotto in New Mexico during the escape. Grotto means…
1. Large cave.
2. Small cavern.
3. Hotel.
4. Motel.
15. The official exhibited a heedless attitude when dealing with the dignitaries. Heedless means…
1. Thoughtless.
2. Pleasant.
3. Friendly.
4. Bitter.
16. The Sherman tank commander noted innumerable troops moving forward against his position. Innumerable means…
1. Limited.
2. Weary.
3. Countless.
4. Harmless.
17. The general tried to instill in his troops the hope of victory. Instill means…
1. Infuse.
2. Delay.
3. Inscribe.
4. Indict.
18. The winning team of the World Series often has a jovial attitude. Jovial means…
1. Merry.
2. Sad.
3. Somber.
4. Laborious.
19. The plant entered the latent phase of development in the fall. Latent means…
1. First.
2. Growth.
3. Last.
4. Dormant.
20. The yacht club members were excited about conditions on the loch. Loch means…
1. Water.
2. Lake.
3. Gulf.
4. Ocean.
Answers and Explanations
1. A
To abdicate means to relinquish or give up a throne, power, right, or responsibility. It does not mean to sell (B), reinvest in
(C), or auction (D).
2. D
To abscond means to flee or escape secretly and hide. It can also connote making off with something (e.g. “He absconded
with the treasure.”) It does not mean to touch anyone (A), to report immediately (B)-an opposite-or to leave after some
discussion (C), but to break out/take off quickly.
3. B
Aural refers to the ears or hearing. A corresponding adjective referring to the eyes (A) is visual; to the nose (C) is nasal; and
to the mouth (D) is oral.
4. C
Benevolent means kind or good. It does not mean secretive (A), i.e. keeping secret. In this sentence, stingy (B) is an
antonym for “benevolent with his fortune.” Benevolent does not mean careful (D) or cautious.
5. B
A buttress (noun) and to buttress (verb) mean support. Buttress is not a limiting factor (A), an overwhelming condition (C),
or an obstacle (D) or barrier.
6. B
In electrolysis and electrophoresis, for example, electrons (negatively charged particles) come from a power supply along a
negatively charged electrode, the cathode. Electrons return to the power supply via a positively charged electrode, the
anode. Therefore, the cathode is not the positive (A), neutral (C), or opposite (D) electrode, or pole.
7. A
Quack and charlatan are synonyms meaning phony, fraud, or faker. A doctor known as a charlatan or quack is not a
knowledgeable physician (B) or a procedural physician (C). A medical examiner (D) is a specific job title for a licensed
physician who is also a government-appointed officer conducting autopsies to investigate and determine cause of death,
not a synonym for a fake.
8. C
Copious means profuse or abundant, i.e. maximal, not minimal (A), an antonym. This meaning is not related to, and does
not mean, clear (B) or foul (D).
9. D
To defame means to slander, libel, or otherwise disparage the reputation or actions of another. It does not mean to kill (A),
badger (B) or harass; or to suffocate (C) or smother.
10. D
To derive means to deduce; i.e. to draw from or arrive at through deduction, or to determine via reasoning. It does not mean
to desist (A), i.e. cease; to deter (B), i.e. prevent or discourage; or to devise (C), i.e. design or invent.
11. C
To evoke means to call forth, elicit, or draw out, as emotions. It does not mean to sell (A), calm (B), or exaggerate (D).
12. D
Fallible means able to err. It does not mean careful not to do so (A), falsely accused (B), or loyal to one’s supporters (C).
13. A
Germane means relevant, pertinent, or applicable. It does not mean obscure (B), i.e. unclear or hidden; limited (C), or usual
(D).
14. B
A grotto is a small cave, cavern, or hollow. It is not a larger cave (A), or a hotel (C) or motel (D).
15. A
Heedless means thoughtless: to heed is to pay attention to, mind, or observe something, and heedless is not paying
attention/ignoring. It does not mean pleasant (B), friendly (C), or bitter (D).
16. C
Innumerable means countless, or impossible to number or count. It is an opposite of limited (A). It does not mean weary (B)
or tired, or harmless (D).
17. A
Infuse is the best synonym here for instill, meaning to impart, inject, introduce or put something into someone or something.
These two words do not mean to delay (B), i.e. put off or slow down; to inscribe (C), i.e. write, etch, or imprint; or to indict
(D), i.e. accuse.
18. A
Jovial means happy or merry, the opposite of sad (B) and somber (C). It does not mean laborious (D), i.e. effortful, difficult,
or painstaking.
19. D
Latent means dormant, sleeping, or inactive; unrealized, or covert or hidden. It does not mean first (A), growth (B), or last
(C).
20. B
Loch is the Scottish word equivalent to the English word lake. Hence lake is a closer synonym than water (A), which has
many forms; or gulf (C) or ocean (D), both bodies of water different from a lake.
Reading Vocabulary Practice Questions

1. After practice, the girls’ softball team stated, “We’re famished!” Famished means…
1. Rested.
2. Hungry.
3. Excited.
4. Ready.
2. The newborn baby was enamored with the rattle. Enamored means…
1. Fascinated.
2. Happy.
3. Unsure what to do.
4. Aggravated.
3. When having a problem, it is best to dissect the situation, then act. Dissect means…
1. Control.
2. Discuss.
3. Ignore.
4. Analyze.
4. The bouncer’s countenance discouraged brawls. Countenance means…
1. Message.
2. Presence.
3. Expression.
4. Strength.
5. The child apprised her father’s authority and behaved herself in church. Apprised means…
1. Appreciated.
2. Compromised.
3. Defied.
4. Noted.
6. The aural component of balance is critical for postural control during ambulation. Aural means related to the…
1. Eyes.
2. Ears.
3. Nose.
4. Hands.
7. The wound exhibited signs of copious drainage requiring medical intervention. Copious means…
1. Minimal.
2. Clear.
3. Maximal.
4. Foul.
8. The scientist was able to evoke powerful emotions from her audience. Evoke means…
1. Sell.
2. Calm.
3. Call forth.
4. Exaggerate.
9. The official exhibited a heedless attitude when dealing with the dignitaries. Heedless means…
1. Thoughtless.
2. Pleasant.
3. Friendly.
4. Bitter.
10. The general tried to instill the hope of victory in his troops. Instill means…
1. Infuse.
2. Delay.
3. Inscribe.
4. Indict.
11. The winning team of the World Series often has a jovial attitude. Jovial means…
1. Merry.
2. Sad.
3. Somber.
4. Laborious.
12. A lyre was played in ancient Rome. The lyre is a…
1. Stringed instrument in the harp class.

2. Percussion instrument.
3. Wind instrument in the wind class.
4. Rhythmical percussion device.

1. B
Famished means extremely hungry, starving. It does not mean rested (A). It does not mean excited (C) or ready (D).
2. A
Enamored, derived from the literal meaning “in love with,” means fascinated. It does not mean happy (B), unsure what to do (C), or
aggravated (D), i.e. irritated.
3. D
To dissect is literally to cut apart, i.e. figuratively to analyze. It does not mean to control (A), discuss (B), or ignore (C).
4. C
Countenance as a noun (not a verb) means facial expression or appearance. It does not mean a message (A), presence (B), or
strength (D).
5. A
To apprize (also spelled apprise) means to inform or to appreciate; the latter meaning applies here. It does not mean to compromise
(B), i.e. to settle differences through mutual concessions or to threaten or endanger; to defy (C), i.e. oppose; or to note (D), i.e. notice,
observe, or record.
6. B
Aural means related to the ears. Related to the eyes (A) would be visual. Related to the nose (C) would be nasal. Related to the hands
(D) would be manual.
7. C
Copious means profuse or abundant, i.e. maximal, not minimal (A), an antonym. This meaning is not related to, and does not mean,
clear (B) or foul (D).
8. C
To evoke means to call forth, elicit, or draw out, as emotions. It does not mean to sell (A), calm (B), or exaggerate (D).A:
9. A
Heedless means thoughtless: to heed is to pay attention to, mind, or observe something, and heedless is not paying attention/ignoring.
It does not mean pleasant (B), friendly (C), or bitter (D).
10. A
Infuse is the best synonym here for instill, meaning to impart, inject, introduce or put something into someone or something. These two
words do not mean to delay (B), i.e. put off or slow down; to inscribe (C), i.e. write, etch, or imprint; or to indict (D), i.e. accuse.
11. A
Jovial means happy or merry, the opposite of sad (B) and somber (C). It does not mean laborious (D), i.e. effortful, difficult, or
painstaking.
12. A
A lyre was a stringed instrument played in ancient Greece and Rome, similar to/a precursor of the modern harp. It was not a
percussion instrument (B) like drums, cymbals, bells, chimes, triangle, etc. or a rhythmic percussion device (D), i.e. a non-melodic
percussion instrument; or a wind instrument (C), which is blown and is not a stringed instrument.
Grammar and Correct Usage Questions
DIRECTIONS: Some of the sentences in this section contain an error in grammar or correct usage. On your Answer sheet, shade
completely the bubble that corresponds to that section of the sentence that contains the error. If there is no error in the sentence, shade
completely box number 5.
36. (1) Between (2) the three of us, (3) I think I am (4) the slowest runner. (5) NO ERROR
37. (1) There are (2) scarcely no (3) more birds (4) in this city. (5) NO ERROR
38. (1) This (2) fruit (3) contains (4) fewer sugar. (5) NO ERROR
39. (1) I have never (2) seen nothing (3) as beautiful (4) as this city. (5) NO ERROR
40. (1) Place the (2) mirror on (3) the wall to give you an (4) allusion of bigger room. (5) NO ERROR
41. (1) We were lucky (2) we didn’t (3) have typhoon (4) this month. (5) NO ERROR
42. (1) My favorite (2) vegetable (3) are (4) peas. (5) NO ERROR
43. (1) Either James or John (2) are going (3) to lead the choir in the (4) recital tomorrow. (5) NO ERROR
44. (1) The additional supplies (2) that we need (3) to bring are: (4) band aids, cottons, alcohol, and gauze. (5) NO ERROR
45. (1) All the students (2) has finished (3) their (4) report. (5) NO ERROR
46. (1) He (2) was (3) a (4) honorable man. (5) NO ERROR
47. (1) The recently (2) heavy flooding (3) effected the (4) crops of farmers. (1) NO ERROR
48. (1) Emmanuel (2) could of passed (3) the examinations (4) if he had studied hard enough. (5) NO ERROR
49. (1) I believe (2) that were going (3) to have a (4) prosperous new year. (5) NO ERROR
50. (1) Paul Erdos (2) was a mathematician (3) who writes a lot of research papers (4) in collaboration with other mathematicians. (5)
NO ERROR
DIRECTIONS: Read each of the following sentences carefully, then choose which among the several choices in each group is expressed
most satisfactorily in terms of grammar and correct usage. On your sheet, shade completely the bubble that corresponds to your answer.
51.
1. His mother, whom I met in the PTA meeting is much beautiful than you.
2. I met his mother in the PTA meeting and she is more beautiful than you.
3. His mother, which I met in the PTA meeting is most beautiful than you.
4. His mother, who was I met in the PTA meeting is beautiful than you
5. His mother, who was meet in the PTA meeting is more beautiful than you.
52.
1. Even though some people think that he is intelligent, most people comment in his or her personality.
2. Most people comments in his personality even though some people think that he is intelligent.
3. Even though some people think that he is intelligent, most people comment in their personality.
4. Even though some people think that he is intelligent, most people comment on his personality
5. Despite of some people who think that he is intelligent, most people comment on his or her personality.
53.
1. Magulo na ang paligid, kaya ginagawa na ng mga nakakatandang pinuno ang lahat upang ang sitwasyon ay maging maayos.
2. Upang maging maayos ang sitwasyon, ang mga matatandang pinuno ay ginagawa ang lahat, kahit na magulo ang paligid.
3. Ang mga nakakatatandang pinuno ay ginagawa ang lahat, kahit na magulo ang paligid upang maayos ang sitwasyon.
4. Ginagawa na ng mga makakatandang pinuno ang lahat upang maging maayos ang sitwasyon kahit na magulo ang paligid.
5. Kahit na napakagulo ng paligid, ang mga nakatatandang pinuno ay ginagawa ang lahat upang maging maayos ang sitwasyon.
54.
1. When the President and Vice President suggest their plans for EDSA Traffic Management plan, his plan is more effective.
2. Regarding in the plan for EDSA Traffic Management, the former is more effective
3. For EDSA Traffic Management plans, the former is more effective
4. When the President and Vice President suggest their plans for EDSA Traffic Management, the former has the more effective plan.
5. When the President and Vice President suggest their plans regarding EDSA, the President has the more effective plans than the Vice
President.
55.
1. Neither emotions nor actions of the people was make me touch.
2. Neither emotions nor actions of the people are making me touch.
3. Neither emotions nor actions of the people is make me touch.
4. Neither emotions nor actions of the people are make me touch
5. Neither emotions nor actions of the people is making me touch.
Analogy
Choose the analogy that best matches the example provided.
1. DRIP : GUSH
1. CRY : LAUGH
2. CURL : ROLL
3. STREAM : TRIBUTARY
4. DENT : DESTROY
5. BEND : ANGLE
2. WALK : LEGS
1. GLEAM : EYES
2. CHEW : MOUTH
3. DRESS : HEM
4. COVER : BOOK
5. GRIND : NOSE
3. ENFRANCHISE : SLAVERY
1. EQUATION : MATHEMATICS
2. LIBERATE : CONFINE
3. BONDAGE : SUBJUGATION
4. APPEASEMENT : UNREASONABLE
5. ANATOMY : PHYSIOLOGY
4. UNION JACK : VEXILLOLOGY
1. TOAD : ORNITHOLOGY
2. TURTLE : MICROBIOLOGY
3. GYMNOSPERMS : BOTANY
4. FRIEND : HOME ECONOMICS
5. ALGAE : ZOOLOGY
5. TOPAZ : YELLOW
1. DIAMOND : CARAT
2. JEWELER : CLARITY
3. SAPPHIRE : RED
4. AMETHYST : PURPLE
5. AMBER : BLUE
6. LUMEN : BRIGHTNESS
1. CANDLE : LIGHT
2. DENSITY : DARKNESS
3. NICKEL : METAL
4. INCHES : LENGTH
5. COLOR : HUE
7. MACERATION : LIQUID
1. SUBLIMATION : GAS
2. EVAPORATION : HUMIDITY
3. TRAIL : PATH
4. EROSION : WEATHER
5. DECISION : DISTRACTION
8. CLUMSY : BOTCH
1. WICKED : INSINUATE
2. STRICT : PAMPER
3. WILLFUL : HEED
4. CLEVER : ERADICATE
5. LAZY : SHIRK
9. FUGITIVE : FLEE
1. PARASITE : FOSTER
2. BRAGGART : BOAST
3. SAGE : STIFLE
4. BYSTANDER : PROCURE
5. FIREBRAND : QUIBBLE
10. CHRONOLOGICAL : TIME
1. VIRTUAL : TRUTH
2. ABNORMAL : VALUE
3. MARGINAL : KNOWLEDGE
4. ORDINAL : PLACE
5. COINCIDENTAL : HEALTH
11. SOOT : GRIMY
1. FROST : TRANSPARENT
2. SUNSHINE : FRUITLESS
3. RAIN : SODDEN
4. PALL : GAUDY
5. DUST : RADIANT
12. MORBID : UNFAVORABLE
1. REPUTABLE : FAVORABLE
2. MATERNAL : UNFAVORABLE
3. DISPUTATIOUS : FAVORABLE
4. VIGILANT : UNFAVORABLE
5. LAX : FAVORABLE
13. SULLEN : BROOD
1. LETHARGIC : CAVORT
2. REGAL : CRINGE
3. DOCILE : OBEY
4. POISED : BLUNDER
5. DESPONDENT : LAUGH
14. AUTHOR : LITERATE
1. CYNIC : GULLIBLE
2. HOTHEAD : PRUDENT
3. SAINT : NOTORIOUS
4. JUDGE : IMPARTIAL
5. DOCTOR : FALLIBLE
15. MASSIVE : BULK
1. ULTIMATE : MAGNITUDE
2. TRIVIAL : IMPORTANCE
3. ANONYMOUS : LUSTER
4. INTERMINABLE : LEGACY
5. GIGANTIC : SIZE
16. ENTICE : REPEL
1. GERMINATE : SPROUT
2. FLOURISH : FADE
3. OFFICIATE : PRESIDE
4. LUBRICATE : GREASE
5. IMPLORE : ENTREAT
17. HUMDRUM : BORE
1. GRIM : AMUSE
2. NUTRITIOUS : SICKEN
3. STODGY : EXCITE
4. HEARTRENDING : MOVE
5. PENDING : WORRY
18. HOSPITABLE : COURTESY
1. MORBID : CHEERFULNESS
2. VINDICTIVE : SPITE
3. LEISURELY : HASTE
4. INFAMOUS : HONOR
5. DESPONDENT : GLEE
19. REINFORCE : STRONGER
1. ABOUND : LESSER
2. DISMANTLE : LONGER
3. WILT : HIGHER
4. SHIRK : GREATER
5. ERODE : WEAKER
20. BRAGGART : MODESTY
1. FLEDGLING : EXPERIENCE
2. EMBEZZLER : GREED
3. WALLFLOWER : TIMIDITY
4. INVALID : MALADY
5. CANDIDATE : AMBITION
1. D
Denting is minor damage and destroying is major; dripping is minor liquid flow and gushing is major. Cry and laugh (A) are
antonyms. Curl and roll (B), stream and tributary (C), and bend and angle (E) are all pairs of synonyms.
2. B
Walking is a movement of the legs and chewing is a movement of the mouth. Eyes may gleam (A), but this is not a
movement. Dress (C) is a whole, of which hem is part; Cover (D) is part of the whole, book. There is an expression, “Keep
your nose to the grindstone;” but grind is not a movement of/upon the nose (E).
3. B
Enfranchise is to set free/liberate, and slavery is the opposite-i.e. to enslave/confine. Both sets are antonyms. Equation is
part of mathematics (A). Bondage and subjugation (C) are synonyms (for each other and slavery). Appeasement and
unreasonable (D) are unrelated. Anatomy and physiology (E) are related subjects.
4. C
The Union Jack (British flag) is part of vexillology, the study of flags; gymnosperms are part of botany, the study of plants.
Toad is not part of ornithology (A), the study of birds. Turtle is not part of microbiology (B), the study of microscopic
organisms. Friend is not part of home economics (D), the study of cooking, sewing, and other home skills. Algae, plants,
are not part of zoology (E), the study of animals.
5. D
Topazes are yellow and amethysts are purple. Carats (A) are measures of the weight of diamonds, not their color. Jewelers
(B) inspect gems for clarity, a quality other than color. Sapphires (C) are blue, not red. Amber and blue (E) are two different
colors; neither is a gem.
6. D
Lumens measure brightness and inches measure length. Candles do not measure light (A) but emit it. Density does not
measure darkness (B) but may create it. Nickel does not measure metal (C) but is a type of metal. Color does not measure
hue (E); these are synonyms.
7. D
Liquid causes maceration as weather causes erosion: both break things down. Gas does not cause sublimation (A) but is
subject to it, as humidity is subject to evaporation (B). Trail and path (C) are synonyms. Distraction interferes with a
decision (E), rather than causing it.
8. E
One who is clumsy may botch a job; one who is lazy may shirk work. One who is wicked may or may not necessarily
insinuate (A); a better adjective for insinuating something might be sly or subtle. One who is strict does not pamper (B), but
the opposite. One who is willful does not heed (C) warnings/directions. Clever, i.e. ingenious or smart, is unrelated to
eradicate (D), to eliminate.
9. B
A fugitive flees; a braggart boasts/brags. A parasite does not foster (A) or promote anything, but lives off another. A sage is
one who is wise, not one who stifles (C), i.e. suppresses, anything. A bystander does not procure (D) or obtain anything, but
stands by and may observe an event. A firebrand incites others to action but does not quibble (E), i.e. dispute, anything.
10. D
Chronological means in order of time, as ordinal means in order in place. Virtual means essential, implicit, practical, or
almost; not in order of truth (A). Abnormal means not normal and not in order of value (B). Marginal means minimal or
peripheral, not in order of knowledge (C). Coincidental means by chance/occurring together, not in order of health (E).
11. C
Soot (ash/carbon) makes things grimy (dirty) as rain makes things sodden (soaked). Frost does not make things
transparent (A) or clear. Sunshine does not make things fruitless (B) or useless/unproductive. A pall or cloud of gloom does
not make things gaudy (D) or bright. Dust does not make things radiant (E) or glowing.
12. A
Morbid and unfavorable are “bad” synonyms, as reputable and favorable are “good” synonyms. Maternal refers to
motherhood and is not unfavorable (B). Disputatious means argumentative and is not favorable (C). Vigilant means
watchful and is not unfavorable. Lax means slack or remiss and is not favorable (E).
13. C
One who is sullen (morose) will brood (mope), as one who is docile (compliant) will obey. One who is lethargic (A) lacks
energy/motivation and will not cavort (frolic). One who is regal (royal/noble) is proud and will not cringe (B), i.e. cower/recoil.
One who is poised is self-assured and socially adroit, hence unlikely to blunder (D), i.e. commit a social error/faux pas. One
who is despondent is depressed/despairing and unlikely to laugh (E).
14. D
An author is expected to be literate, i.e. well-read, as a judge is expected to be impartial, i.e. objective. A cynic is NOT
expected to be gullible (A), i.e. easily fooled. A hothead acts rashly, not prudently (B) or judiciously. A saint is highly
reputable, not notorious (C), i.e. disreputable. A doctor is not expected to be especially fallible (E), i.e. prone to error.
15. E
As something massive has great bulk, something gigantic has great size. Ultimate means final or extreme; magnitude
means large amount or importance. Trivial means unimportant/having the opposite of importance (B). Anonymous means
unknown, while luster means shine or brilliance. Interminable means unending; legacy means inheritance or heritage (D).
16. B
Entice, meaning attract or allure, is an antonym of repel, meaning reject or repulse; flourish, meaning thrive or be plentiful,
is an antonym of fade, meaning deteriorate or diminish. Germinate and sprout (A), officiate and preside (C), lubricate and
grease (D), and implore and entreat (E) are all pairs of synonyms.
17. D
Humdrum means boring, from the verb to bore; heartrending means (emotionally) moving, from the verb to move. Both
adjectives come from synonymous verbs. Grim, meaning gloomy or terrible, would not amuse (A). Nutritious or wholesome
foods/things would not sicken (B). Someone/something stodgy, i.e. dull, would not excite (C). Something pending is
upcoming; it might worry or gladden one, or do neither, but would not necessarily worry one (E).
18. B
Hospitable is a synonym of courteous (noun = courtesy); morbid, i.e. unhealthy, disease-related, gloomy, or gruesome, is
an antonym of cheerful (noun = cheerfulness) (A). A vindictive act is motivated by spite (synonymous). Leisurely means not
done in haste (C) (antonymous). Someone/something infamous is notorious, the opposite/antonym of [receiving] honor (D).
One who is despondent is experiencing depression or despair, not its opposite/antonym glee, i.e. joy or delight.
19. E
To reinforce is to make stronger; to erode is to make weaker. To abound is to be plentiful, while lesser means a smaller
amount or number (A). To dismantle means to take apart; longer means a larger distance or time (B). To wilt means to
droop, fade, or wither; higher means at a greater physical elevation or figurative level (C). To shirk is to evade; greater
means more or larger (D).
20. A
A braggart lacks modesty; a fledgling (neophyte or inexperienced individual) lacks experience. An embezzler, who steals
money from an employer or client, does not lack greed (B). A wallflower or shy person does not lack timidity (fearfulness or
shyness). An invalid or ill person does not lack a malady, i.e. illness. A candidate or competitor does not lack ambition (E).
Number Series – Logical Reasoning Questions

Q1. Look at this series: 12, 11, 13, 12, 14, 13, … What number should come next?
A. 10
B. 16
C. 13
D. 15
Answer: Option D. This is an alternating number of subtraction series. First, 1 is subtracted, then 2 is added.
Q2. Look at this series: 36, 34, 30, 28, 24, … What number should come next?
A. 22
B. 26
C. 23
D. 20
Answer: Option A. This is an alternating number of subtraction series. First, 2 is subtracted, then 4, then 2, and so on.
Q3. Look at this series: 7, 10, 8, 11, 9, 12, … What number should come next?
A. 7
B. 12
C. 10
D. 13
Answer: Option C. Its an alternating addition and subtraction series. 3 is added in the first pattern, and then 2 is subtracted.
Q4. Look at this series: 2, 1, (1/2), (1/4), … What number should come next?
A. (1/3)
B. (1/8)
C. (2/8)
D. (1/16)
Answer: Option B. It’s a division series. Every number is half of the previous number. The number is divided by 2
successively to get the next result. 4/2 = 2. 2/2 = 1. 1/2 = ½. (1/2)/2 = ¼. (1/4)/2 = 1/8 and so on.
Q5. Look at this series: 80, 10, 70, 15, 60, … What number should come next?
A. 20
B. 25
C. 30
D. 50
Answer: Option A. This is an alternating addition and subtraction series. In the first pattern, 10 is subtracted from each
number to arrive at the next. In the second, 5 is added to each number to arrive at the next.
Logical Reasoning Questions on Verbal Classification

Q6. Which word does NOT belong with the others?
A. index
B. glossary
C. chapter
D. book
Answer: D. Book. Rest are all parts of a book.
Q7. Which word is the odd man out?

A. trivial
B. unimportant
C. important
D. insignificant
Answer: C. Important. Remaining are synonyms of each other.
Q8. Which word does NOT belong with the others?

A. wing
B. fin
C. beak
D. rudder
Answer: C. Beak. Rest are parts of an aero plane.
Q9. Which word is the odd man out?

A. hate
B. fondness
C. liking
D. attachment
Answer: A. hate. Rest are positive emotions.
Q10. Pick the odd man out?

A. just
B. fair
C. equitable
D. biased
Answer: D. Biased. The others signify honesty.
Logical Reasoning Questions on Analogies

Q11. CUP : LIP :: BIRD : ?
A. GRASS
B. FOREST
C. BEAK
D. BUSH
Answer: C. BEAK. You drink out of a cup with your lips. Similarly, birds bite grass with their beaks.
Q12. Paw : Cat :: Hoof : ?

A. Lamb
B. Horse
C. Elephant
D. Tiger
Answer: B. Horse. Cat’s feet are called paws and horse’s are called hoofs.
Q13. Safe : Secure :: Protect :

A. Lock
B. Guard
C. Sure
D. Conserve
Answer: B. Guard
Q14. Melt : Liquid :: Freeze :

A. Ice
B. Solid
C. Condense
D. Push
Answer: B. Solid
Q15. Parts : Strap :: Wolf :

A. Flow
B. Animal
C. Wood
D. Fox
Answer: Flow
Logical Reasoning Questions on Matching Definitions

Q16. An Informal Gathering occurs when a group of people get together in a casual, relaxed manner. Which
situation below is the best example of an Informal Gathering?
A. A debating club meets on the first Sunday morning of every month.

B. After finding out about his salary raise, Jay and a few colleagues go out for a quick dinner after work.
C. Meena sends out 10 invitations for a bachelorette party she is giving for her elder sister.
D. Whenever she eats at a Chinese restaurant, Roop seems to run into Dibya.
Answer: B.
Q17. A Tiebreaker is an additional contest carried out to establish a winner among tied contestants. Choose one
situation from the options below that best represents a Tiebreaker.
A. At halftime, the score is tied at 2-2 in a football match.

B. Serena and Maria have each secured 1 set in the game.
C. The umpire tosses a coin to decide which team will have bat first.
D. RCB and KKR each finished at 140 all out.
Answer: D
Q18. The Sharks and the Bears each finished with 34 points, and they are now battling it out in a five-minute
overtime.
A. When he is offered a better paying position, Jacob leaves the restaurant he manages to manage a new restaurant on the
other side of town.
B. Catherine is spending her junior year of college studying abroad in France.
C. Malcolm is readjusting to civilian life after two years of overseas military service.
D. After several miserable months, Sharon decides that she can no longer share an apartment with her roommate Hilary.
Answer: C
Q19. Reentry occurs when a person leaves his or her social system for a period of time and then returns. Which
situation below best describes Reentry?
A. When he is offered a better paying position, Javed leaves the hotel he manages to manage another one in a neighboring
city.
B. Charan is spending her final year of college studying abroad in China.
C. Manan is readjusting to civilian life after 2 years of overseas merchant navy service.
D. After 5 miserable months, Sneha decides that she can no longer share her room with roommate Hital.
Answer: C
Q20. Posthumous Award occurs when an award is given to someone, after their death. Choose one situation below
as the best example of Posthumous Award.
A. Late yesteryear actress Sridevi was awarded with a Lifetime Achievement Award posthumously in Filmfare 2019.
B. Chitra never thought she’d live to receive a third booker prize for her novel.
C. Emanuel has been honored with a prestigious literary award for his writing career and his daughter accepted the award
on behalf of her deceased father.
D. Meenal’s publisher canceled her book contract after she failed to deliver the manuscript on time.
Answer: A and C
Logical Reasoning Questions on Verbal Reasoning

Q21. The ‘A’ state government has chalked out a plan for the underdeveloped ‘B’ district where 66% of the funds
will be placed in the hands of a committee of local representatives.
Courses of action:
I. The ‘A’ state government should decide guidelines and norms for the functioning of the committee.
II. Other state government may follow similar plan if directed by the Central government.
A. If only I follows
B. If only II follows
C. If either I or II follows
D. If neither I nor II follows
E. If both I and II follow
Answer: A
Q22. The car dealer found that there was a tremendous response for the new XYZ’s car booking with long queues
of people complaining about the duration of business hours and arrangements. Courses of action:
I. People should make their arrangement of lunch and snacks while going for car XYZ’s booking and be ready to spend
several hours.
II. Arrangement should be made for more booking desks and increase business hours to serve more people in less time.
Answer: B
Q23. The ‘M’ state government has decided hence forth to award the road construction contracts through open
tenders only. Courses of action:
I. The ‘M’ state will not be able to get the work done swiftly as it will have to go through tender and other procedures.
II. Hence forth the quality of roads constructed may be far better.
Answer: D
Q24. Alert villagers nabbed a group of bandits armed with murderous weapons. Courses of action:
I. The villagers should be provided sophisticated weapons.
II. The villagers should be rewarded for their courage and unity.
Answer: B
Q25. 10 coaches of a passenger train have got derailed and have blocked the railway track from both ends.
Courses of action:
I. The railway authorities should immediately send men and equipment and clear the spot
II. All the trains running in both directions should be diverted immediately via other routes.
Answer: E
Logical Reasoning Questions on Logical Games

Q26. If a legislature decides to fund agricultural subsidy programs, national radio, and a small business loan
program, what 2 other programs can they fund?
A. harbor improvements and school music program

B. harbor improvements and international airport
C. hurricane preparedness and international airport
D. hurricane preparedness and school music program
E. harbor improvements and hurricane preparedness
Answer: B
Q27. Kevin, Joseph, and Nicholas are 3 brothers. If the following statements are all true, which of them is the
youngest?
✓Kevin is the oldest.

✓Nicholas is not the oldest.
✓Joseph is not the youngest.
A. Joseph
B. Kevin
C. Nicholas
D. Both Joseph and Nicholas
Questions 3-5 are based on the following information:
Mazzini, an Italian specialty restaurant stays open every Monday to Saturday but is closed on all Sundays. On Mondays,
only lunch is served, as well as on Tuesdays and Thursdays. On Wednesdays, Fridays and Saturdays, just dinner is
served. The restaurant’s floors are polished and plants are watered only on days that Quantum is open for business,
according the following schedule:
✓Plants are watered two days each week, but never on consecutive days and never on the same day that floors are
polished.
✓Floors are polished on Monday and two other days each week, but never on consecutive days and never on the same
day that plants are watered.
Q28. According to a schedule, the restaurant’s floors are polished on either…
A. Tuesday or Wednesday
B. Tuesday or Thursday
C. Wednesday or Thursday
D. Thursday or Friday
E. Thursday or Saturday
Answer: C
Q29. If dinner is served on the same day as plants are watered, which of the following is correct?
A. Plants are watered on Tuesday.

B. Floors are polished on Thursday.
C. Plants are watered on Wednesday.
D. Floors are polished on Wednesday.
E. Plants are watered on Saturday.
Answer: B
Q30. Assume that floors are polished on consecutive days but all other scheduling policies are untampered. For
how many of the days can it be determined whether plants are watered and floors are polished?
A. two
B. three
C. four
D. five
E. six
Answer: E
Logical Reasoning Questions on Statement and Assumption
Q31. Statement: Anger is energy, in a more proactive way and how to channelize it is in itself a skill.
Assumptions: I. Anger need to be channelized.
II. Only skillful people can channelize anger to energy.
A) If only assumption I is implicit.

B) If only assumption II is implicit.
C) if either I or II is implicit.
D) if neither I or II is implicit.
E) if both I and II are implicit.
Answer: Only II is implicit.
Q32. Statement: Medicine ‘P’ is a drug which is causing ripples in the medical field.
Assumptions: I. No other drug is causing ripples in the medical field.
II. Medicine ‘P’ is a great drug.

Answer: D) if neither I or II is implicit.
Q33. “Use PQR Ceramics tiles to decorate your house” – An advertisement.

Assumptions: I. People want to decorate their house.
II. Only ceramic tiles can make a house decorative.
Options:

Q34. The new ABC policy envisages major changes in the earlier policy.
Assumptions: I. ABC Policy should not be consistent with economic conditions of India and abroad.
II. There were some flaws in the earlier ABC policy.
Options:

C) if either I or II is implicit
D) if neither I or II is implicit
Q35. It is a waste of time to discuss corruption online in forums. Corruption is rampant and cannot be erased, ever
from India.
Assumptions: I. Corruption is inevitable in any system.
II. Corruption is a serious concern.
Options:
A) If only assumption/ I is implicit.

Logical Reasoning Questions on Statement and Conclusion

Q36. Statements: The old order changed yielding place to new.
Conclusions: Change is the law of nature.
Discard old ideas because they are old.
A. Only conclusion I follows

B. Only conclusion II follows
C. Either I or II follows
D. Neither I nor II follows
E. Both I and II follow
Q37. Statements: Government has spoiled many top-ranking financial institutions by appointing bureaucrats as
Directors of these institutions.
Conclusions: Government should appoint Directors of the financial institutes taking into consideration the expertise of the
person in the area of finance.
The Director of the financial institute should have expertise commensurate with the financial work carried out by the
institute.

Q38. Statements: Prime age school-going children in urban India have now become avid as well as more regular
viewers of television, even in households without a TV. As a result, there has been an alarming decline in the
extent of readership of newspapers.
Conclusions: Method of increasing the readership of newspapers should be devised.

A team of experts should be sent to other countries to study the impact of TV. on the readership of newspapers.

Q39. Statements: Any student who does not behave properly while in the school brings bad name to himself and
also for the school.
Conclusions: Such students should be removed from the school. Discipline will not improve behavior of the students.

Q40. Statements: Use “Kraft” colors. They add color to our life. – An advertisement.
Conclusions: Catchy slogans do not attract people.

People like dark colors.. Only conclusion I follows
A. Only conclusion II follows

B. Either I or II follows
C. Neither I nor II follows
D. Both I and II follow
Logical Reasoning Questions on Cause and Effect

Q41. Statements: Standard of living among the middle-class society is constantly going up since part of few years.
Indian Economy is observing remarkable growth.
A. Statement I is the cause and statement II is its effect.

B. Statement II is the cause and statement I is its effect.
C. Both the statements I and II are independent causes.
D. Both the statements I and II are effects of independent causes.
E. Both the statements I and II are effects of some common cause.
Q42. Statements: Importance of Yoga and exercise is being realized by all sections of the society.
There is an increasing awareness about health in the society particularly among middle ages group of people.

Q43. Statements: The farmers have decided against selling their Kharif crops to the Government agencies. The
Government has reduced the procurement price of Kharif crops starting from the last month to the next six
months.

Answer:
Q44. Statements: The literacy rate in the district has been increasing for the last four years.
The district administration has conducted extensive training program for the workers involved in the literacy drive.

Q45. Statements: The university officers have decided to conduct last examination every year in March/April in
order to announce the result at proper time. In past the result was declared late by the University due to the lack of
number of examiners.

Logical Reasoning Questions on Logical Deduction

Q46. Statements: No women teacher can play. Some women teachers are athletes.
Conclusions: Male athletes can play. some athletes can play.

Q47. Statements: All mangoes are golden in color. No golden-colored things are cheap. Conclusions: All mangoes
are cheap. Golden-colored mangoes are not cheap.

Q48. Statements: Some kings are queens. All queens are beautiful. Conclusions: All kings are beautiful. All queens
are kings.

Q49. Statements: All tubes are handles. All cups are handles.
Conclusions: All cups are tubes. Some handles are not cups.

Q50. Statements: All trucks fly. Some scooters fly. Conclusions: All trucks are scooters. Some scooters do not fly.

Logical Reasoning Questions on Letter and Symbol Series

Q51. AMB, CLB, BKC, DJC, ______
EID
CJD
EIF
EJF
CID
Q52. ZCF, YBE, XAD, WZC, ______
VUY
VYB
VYU
YUV
YVU
Q53. SCD, TEF, UGH, ____, WKL
IJT
VIJ
CMN
UJI
Q54. Four of the following five are alike in respect of their positions in the above series. Which is the one that does
not belong to that group?
Q*8
ΣRF
62C
2*8
None
Q55. What should come in place of question mark in the following series?
S9K6WΣQ72?CαF
RY*
*YC
2BR
RB*
None
Logical Reasoning Questions on Essential Part

To approach this question, use a sentence: “A ______ could not exist without ______.”
Find the word that fits in.
Q56. champion
A. running
B. swimming
C. winning
D. speaking
Q57. saddle
A. horse
B. seat
C. stirrups
D. horn
Q58. directory
A. telephone
B. listing
C. computer
D. names
Q59. contract
A. agreement
B. document
C. written
D. attorney
Q60. vibration
A. motion
B. electricity
C. science
D. sound
Logical Reasoning Questions on Artificial Language

Q61. Which word could mean “ceiling tile”?
✓gorbltusl
✓flurgorbl
✓arthflur
✓pixn arth
Q62. Which word could mean “cloud nine”?
✓lesh srench
✓och hapl
✓hap loch
✓hapl resbo
Q63. Which word could mean “houseguest”?
✓morpirhunde
✓beelmoki
✓quathunde
✓clakquat
Q64. Some translations: krekinblaf means workforce ; dritakrekin means groundwork ; krekinalti means workplace.
Which word could mean “someplace”?
✓moropalti
✓krekindrita
✓altiblaf
✓dritaalti
Q65. Here are some words translated from an artificial language. dionot means oak tree; blyonot means oak leaf;
blycrin means maple leaf. Which word could mean “maple syrup”?
✓blymuth
✓hupponot
✓patricrin
✓crinweel
Practice more assessment tests and gauge your talent here. In case you have already attended an interview, please submit
your interview story here.
Other types of logical reasoning test topics
By now, you must have developed an idea about the types of questions asked in a logical reasoning test. You can solve
questions based on Number Series, Verbal Classification, Analogies, Matching Definitions, Verbal Reasoning, Logical
Games, Statement and Assumption, Statement and Conclusion, Cause and Effect, Logical Deduction, Letter and Symbol
Series, Essential Parts and Artificial Language confidently.
Apart from these topics, there are many other forms of questions asked in a logical reasoning test during campus
placement interview. These have been listed below.
 1.Input and Output

 2.Decision Making
 3.Data Sufficiency
 4.Symbols and Notations
 5.Logical Problems
 6.Logical Deductions
 7.Course of Action
 8.Inferences
 9.Syllogism
In order to prepare for your upcoming logical reasoning test, practice logical reasoning questions and answers from this
article as well as from other online forums. Try to dish out company specific mock tests and placement papers for latest test
patterns. The above fully solved and explained online test questions will surely help you prepare for logical reasoning test.
INTRODUCTION TO POLITICAL SCIENCEPolitical Science
-Is a systematic study of state and government -Comes from the Greek word ÒpolisÓ meaning, ÒcityÓ or equivalent to sovereign city
and Latin word ÒscireÓ meaning, to know -Deals with those relations among men and groups which are subject to control by the State
Scope of Political Science
1.Political Theory - Entire body of doctrines relating to the energy, form, behavior and purpose of the state are dealt in the study of this
subject. 2.Public Law - The organization of governments, limitations upon government authority, powers and duty of the government
ofÞces and ofÞcers and the obligation of one state to another are handled in the study of Public Law. 3.Public Administration - Attention is
focused upon the methods and techniques used in the actual management of state affairs by executive, legislative, and judicial branches
of government.
Function and Importance of Political Science
1.To discover the principles that should be adhered to in public affairs and to study the operations of government. 2.ItÕs Þndings and
conclusions may be of immense practical use to constitution makers, legislators, executives and judges who need models or norms that
can be applied to immediate situations. 3.The study of Political Science deals also with problems of social welfare, governmental
economic programs, international cooperation and a wide range of other matters.
Goal in the Study of Political Science
1.Education for Citizenship 2.Essential Parts of Liberal Education 3.Knowledge and understanding of government
CONCEPTS OF STATE AND GOVERNMENT State
- A community of persons more or less numerous, permanently occupying a deÞnite portion of territory, having a government of their
own to which the body of inhabitants render obedience, and enjoying freedom from external control. Philippines is a state.
Elements of State
1.People - mass of population living within the state. 2.Territory - includes not only the land but also the rivers and lakes therein, a
certain area of the sea which abuts upon its coast and the air space above it. 3.Government - refers to the agency through which the will
of the state is formulated, expressed and carried out.4.Sovereignty - the supreme power of the state to command and enforce obedience
to its will from people within its jurisdiction and to have freedom from foreign control.
Two Manifestations of Sovereignty
1.Internal - the power of state to rule within its territory 2.External - freedom of the state to carry out its activities without subjection to
or control by other state. It is often referred to as Independence.
Origin of State
1.Divine Right Theory - the state is of divine creation and the ruler is ordained by God. 2.Necessity or Force Theory - states must have
been created through force. 3.Paternalistic Theory - attributes the origin of state to the enlargement of the family which remained under the
authority of the father or mother. 4.Social Contract Theory - states must have been formed by deliberate and voluntary compact among the
people to form a society and organize a government.
Nation
- is a group of people bound together by certain characteristics such as common social origin, language, customs, and traditions.
State distinguished from Government
¥
STATE cannot exist without GOVERNMENT.
¥
It is possible to have a GOVERNMENT without a STATE.
¥
The STATE, as long as its essential element are present, remains the same.
¥
A GOVERNMENT may change its form.
¥
Government is only the agency to which the STATE expresses its will.
FORMS OF GOVERNMENT1.As to number of persons exercising sovereign powers:
¥
Monarchy - the supreme and Þnal authority is in the hand of a single person.
¥
Absolute Monarchy - ruler rules by divine right.
¥
Limited Monarchy - ruler rules in accordance with the constitution.
¥
Aristocracy - political power is exercised by a few privileged class.
¥
Democracy - political power is exercised by a majority of the people.
¥
Indirect / Pure Democracy - will of the state is expressed directly through mass meeting.
¥
Indirect / Representative / Republican Democracy - the will of the state is formulated or expressed through the agency of a small
selected body, chosen by the people to act as their representative.
2.As to extent of powers exercised by the central or national government:
¥
Unitary Government - control of national and local government is exercised by the central or national government.
¥
Federal Government - powers of government are divided for national and the other for local affairs.
3.As to relationship between the executive and legislative branches of the government:
¥
Parliamentary Government - the state confers upon the legislature the power to terminate the tenure of ofÞce.
¥
Presidential Government - the executive is constitutionally independent of the legislature.
GOVERNMENT OF THE PHILIPPINES IN TRANSITION Pre-Spanish Government
¥
Baranggay - (named after Balangay, Malayan term meaning ÒboatÓ) consist of more or less 100 families. Every baranggay was a state
for it possessed four elements of statehood.
Datu - Each baranggay was ruled by a chief called Datu, Rajah, Sulta, or Rajih in some places. It can be attained by wealth, wisdom,
inheritance, or power.
Early Laws
Written laws were promulgated by the Datus. Early Filipinos has both written and unwritten laws. An eminent scholar had written that
the Filipino people had shown high intelligence and moral virtue even in pre-historic times.
¥
Maragtas Code - said to have been written about 1250 A.D. by Datu Sumakwel of Panay.
¥
Kalantiaw Code - written in 1443 A.D. by Datu Kalantiaw Laso of Panay.
¥
Unwritten Law - consists of customs and traditions which had been passed down from generations to generations.
Government during Spanish Period

¥
1521 - discovered by Ferdinand Magellan
¥
1898 - the Philippines was ceded by Spain to United States by the Treaty of Paris
¥
The Judiciary - the Royal Audencia, established in 1853 was the Supreme Court of the Philippines during Spanish times. Also performs
functions of Executive and Legislative Nature.
¥
Spain uplifted the Filipino from primitive culture and introduce Christianity and European civilization.
Government during the Revolutionary Era
¥
Katipunan Government - The secret society that preceded our glorious revolution on August 26, 1896. Organized by Andres Bonifacio,
signed with their blood on July 7, 1892.
¥
Bias na Bato Republic - Established by Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo on Nov. 1, 1897. Declared that the aim of the revolution was to separate
Philippines from Spain. Lasted until Dec. 15, 1897.
¥
Dictatorial Government - Established on May 23, 1898. Proclaimed Philippines Independence at Kawit, Cavite on July 12, 1898.
¥
The Revolutionary Government - Established on June 29, 1898 by Gen. Aguinaldo replacing the Dictatorial Government.
¥
The First Philippine Republic - The free and independent Philippine Republic which was inaugurated on Jan. 23, 1893.
Government during the American Regime
¥
Military Government - Began on Aug. 14, 1898. Gen. Wesley Meritt - Þrst American Military Governor; second is Gen. Ewell E. Otis;
and third is Major Gen. Arthur McArthur.
¥
Civil Government - Inaugurated in Manila on July 4, 1901 headed by a civil governor whose position was created on Oct. 29, 1901.
¥
The Commonwealth Government - Established on March 24, 1934 also known as Tydings-McDufÞe. It is a form of government in transition
towards independence.
Government during the Japanese Regime
¥
Japanese Military Administration - Established in Manila on Jan. 3, 1942 under a proclamation issued by the Japanese High Command.
The sovereignty of U.S. over the Philippines was terminated.
¥
Philippine Executive Commission - Composed of Filipinos with Jose Vargas as chairman. Exercised both the executive and legislative
powers.
¥
Japanese Sponsored Republic of the Philippines - Inaugurated on Oct. 14, 1943 with Jose P. Laurel as the President. August 17, 1945, Pres. Laurel
proclaimed the dissolution of the Republic.
The Previous Philippine Republics
¥
The Republic of the Philippines was formally inaugurated on July 4, 1946 with Manuel A. Roxas as the Þrst President and Elpidio
Quirino as the Vice President. Both served from May 28,1946- July 4, 1946 as the last Commonwealth President and Vice-President,
respectively.
¥
Jan. 23, 1899 - Þrst Republic was established under the Malolos Constitution.
¥
Oct. 14, 1943 - second Republic under the Japanese - sponsored constitution
¥
July 4, 1946 - third Republic under the 1935 Constitution
¥
June 30, 1981 - proclaimed the birth of the fourth Republic under the 1973 Constitution
Provisional Government of 1986
¥
Revolutionary - Because it was instituted not in accordance with the procedure provided in an existing Constitution
¥
De Jure - Founded in accordance with the existing constitution of the State
¥
De Facto - Not constituted or founded but has the general support of the people
¥
Constitutional and Transitory - The provisional government was not a purely revolutionary one but a hybrid constitutional revolutionary
government.
¥
Democratic - The provisional Government was claimed to be democratic because it was installed by direct action of the people as a
direct expression and manifestation of their sovereign will therefore it was based on the consent of the people.
¥
Powers - A revolutionary government being a direct creation of the people, derives its powers from the people to whom alone it is accountable.
¥
Provisional Constitution - By its very nature, the Provisional Constitution self-destruct upon the ratiÞcation and effectivity of the new
constitution on Feb. 2, 1987.
CONCEPT OF CONSTITUTION
¥
Constitution - the body of rules and principles in accordance with which the power of the sovereignty are regularly exercised.
¥
Constitutional Law - may be deÞned as that branch of public law which treats as constitutions, their nature, formation, amendment and
interpretation.
Kinds of Constitution1.As to origin or history:
¥
Conventional / Enacted - one which is enacted by the constitution assembly or granted by a monarch
¥
Cumulative / Evolved - one which is a product of growth or a long period of development originating in customs, traditions, etc.
2.As to form:
¥
Written - which has been given deÞnite form at a particular time
¥
Unwritten - entirely a product of political evolution consisting largely of a mass of customs, usage, etc.
3.As to manner of amending them:
¥
Rigid / Inelastic - regard as a document or a special sanctity which cannot be altered or amended
¥
Flexible / Elastic - possesses no higher legal authority than ordinary laws and which may be altered in the same way as other laws
¥
PREAMBLE
- derived from the latin word ÒpreambulareÓ, w/c means Òto walk beforeÓ. It is a prologue or introduction of the Constitution.
Notes:
ARTICLE I: NATIONAL TERRITORY Archipelago

- from Greek word pelagos, meaning ÒseaÓ or Òpart of a sea studded with islandsÓ. It includes both sea and land
which geographically may be considered as an independent whole. Philippines territory consist of its Terrestrial,
Fluvial and Aerial Domains
Territorial Sea
- part of the sea extending 12 nautical miles (19kms) from the low watermark. Also known as Òmarginal seaÓ,
Òmarine beltÓ.
¥
The seabed (sea ßoor or sea bottom)
- land that holds the sea, lying beyond the sea shore, including mineral and natural resources.
¥
Subsoil
- refers to everything beneath the surface soil and the seabed including mineral and natural resources.
¥
Insular Shelves
- submerged portion of a continent or offshore island, which slope gently seaward.
ARTICLE II: DECLARATION OF PRINCIPLES AND STATE POLICY Section I:
The Philippine is a democratic and Republican State.
Republican Government
- democratic government by representatives chosen by the people at large
Manifestation of a Democratic and Republican State
1.Existence of Bill of Rights (Art.III) 2.Observance of the rule of Majority 3.Observance of the principles that ours
is a government of laws and not of men. 4.Presence of election through popular will. 5.Observance of the principles
of separation of powers and the system of checks and balances. 6.Observance of the principles that the legislature
cannot pass irreparable laws 7.Observance on the law on public ofÞcers 8.Observance of the principles that the State
cannot be sued without its consent
Sovereignty
¥
Implies the supreme authority to govern
¥
Can be exercised directly through public ofÞcials
¥
Can be exercised indirectly through suffrage
Right of People to Revolt
¥
People as the ultimate judges of their destiny, can resort to revolution as a matter of right.
Section 2:
The Philippines renounces war as an instrument of national policy
International Laws
- refers to the body of rules and principles w/c governs the relations of nations and their respective people in their
intercourse with one another.
Section 3:
Civilian authority is, at all times, supreme over the military
¥
Armed Forces of the Philippines
- protector of the people and the State. The goal is to secure the sovereignty of the State and the integrity of the
national territory
Supremacy of Civilian Authority over the Military
1.Inherent in a republican system - the idea of the supremacy of civilian authority. The highest of such authority
being the President 2.Safeguard against military dictatorship - a civilian, the President is the commander in chief of
all armed forces of the Philippines
Section 4:
The prime duty of the Government is to serve and protect the people.
Military and Civil Defense by the People
1.Defense of State performed by the people - the duty of the government and the people to defend the State, cannot be
performed except through an army. 2.Compulsory - citizen may be compelled to render personal military or civil service
. 3.Civil Service - refers to any service for the defense of the State other than as soldiers, like as workers in
ammunition factories 4.Personal - one cannot render the service required through another. The service must be ÒpersonalÓ.
5.By Law - the phrase Ò under conditions provided by lawÓ is intended to prevent arbitrariness on the part of
certain ofÞcials to require military or civil service.
Role of women in nation building
1.Proven capabilities of Filipino women 2.Expansion of womenÕs role 3.Equality of men before the law
Equal access to opportunities for public service
¥
Limitation of term of ofÞce
¥
Prohibition of political dynasties
¥
Prohibition constitutionally mandated
Section 5:
The maintenance of peace and order, the protection of life, liberty, and property.
Section 6:
The separation of Church and State shall be inviolable.
Section 7:
The State shall pursue an independent foreign policy. Foreign Policy
- is the basic direction underlying the conduct by a state of its affairs vis-ˆ-vis those of other States.
Section 8:
Freedom from nuclear weapons in its territory.
Section 9:
The State shall promote a just and dynamic social order.
Section 10:
The State shall promote social justice. Social Justice - state must give preferential attention to the welfare of the less
fortunate members of the community.
Section 11:
The State values the dignity and guarantees full respect for human rights.
Section 12:
The State recognizes the sanctity of family life. Family - as the basic autonomous social institution
¥
Right to life of the unborn from conception and of the mother.
¥
Rearing of the youth for civic efÞciency and development of moral character 1.duty both of parents and government
2.right of State to interfere with education of children 3.power of state to regulate all schools 4.State and parental
obligation 5.duty of the State to encourage educational institutions
Section 13:
State recognize the vital role of the youth for Nation Building.
Section 14:
The State recognizes the role of women in nation-building, and shall ensure the fundamental equality before the law
of women and men.
Role of women in nation building

1.Proven capabilities of Filipino women - history shows that our women past and present, have ably proven their
capabilities in all Þelds of human endeavors. 2.Expansion of womenÕs role - the constitution gives recognition to
the role Filipino women have played and continue to play as partners in the task of nation building. 3.Equality of
men before the law - Men and women are fundamentally equal. As a rule, women has narrower occupational choices
and have lower earnings than men.
Section 15:
The right to health of the people and instil health consciousness among them. Health - is the state of physical social
and mental well-being rather than merely the absence of physical disease.
Section 16:
The right of the people to a balanced and healthful ecology in accord with the rhythm and harmony of nature. Ecology
- branch of science that deals with the study of the interrelationships of living things and their environment
Section 17:
The State shall give priority to education, science and technology, arts, culture, and sports.
Section 18:
The State afÞrms labor as a primary social economic force.
Section 19:
The State shall develop a self-reliant and independent national economy effectively controlled by Filipinos.
Section 20:
The State recognizes the indispensable role of the private sector, encourages private enterprise, and provides
incentives to needed investments.
Section 21:
The State shall promote comprehensive rural development and agrarian reform. Comprehensive rural Development
- covers all phases of rural development - economic, social, political, cultural and industrial
Section 22:
The State recognizes and promotes the rights of indigenous cultural communities within the framework of national
unity and development. Indigenous cultural community - refers to those non-dominant group w/c possess and wish
to preserve characteristic markedly different from the rest of the population. Ex: Ethnic, religious and linguistic
traditions
Section 23:
The State shall encourage non-governmental, community-based, or sectoral organizations that promote the welfare
of the nation.
Section 24:
The State recognizes the vital role of communication and information in nation-building.
Section 25:
The State shall ensure the autonomy of local governments.
Section 26:
The State shall guarantee equal access to opportunities for public service, and prohibit political dynasties as may be
deÞned by law.
Equal access to opportunities for public service
¥
Limitation of the term - enhance equal access to political opportunities
¥
Prohibition of political dynasties - expresses a national commitment to democratize elections and appointment to
positions in the government
¥
Prohibition constitutionally mandated
Section 27:
The State shall maintain honesty and integrity in the public service and take positive and effective measures against
graft and corruption.
Section 28:
Subject to reasonable conditions prescribed by law, the State adopts and implements a policy of full public
disclosure of all its transactions involving public interest.
ARTICLE III: BILL OF RIGHTS Bill of rights
- may be deÞned as a declaration and enumeration of a persons right and privileges which the constitution designed
to protect against violations by the government or by an individual or groups of individuals. Example: right to
receive a minimum wage and the right to adopt a child by an unrelated person.
Classes of Rights
1.Natural Rights - Rights posses by every citizen without being granted by the state for they are given to man by
God as human being created to his image. 2.Constitutional Rights - Rights which are conferred by the constitution.
3.Statutory Rights - Rights which are provided by laws by the law making body and consequently maybe abolish by the
same body.
ClassiÞcation of Constitutional Rights
1.Political Rights - Gives the citizen the power to participate directly or indirectly. 2.Civil Rights - Rights which the
law enforce. Includes the rights to due process and equal protection of the law. 3.Social and Economic Rights - Includes
the right which are intended to insure the well-being and economic security of the individual. 4.Rights of the
Accused - Civil rights intended for the protection of the person accused of any crime. Like the right to presumption of
innocence.
Due Process of Law
- a law or a policy that hears before it condemns, a principle of fair play.
Aspects of Due Process of Law
1.Procedural Due Process - refers to the method or manner by which the law is enforced. 2.Substantive Due Process
- requires that the law itself not merely the procedure by which the law would be enforced is fair, reasonable, and
just.
Procedural Due Process
1.Judicial Proceedings Requisite
¥
An impartial court clothed by law with authority to hear and determine the matter before it
¥
Jurisdiction lawfully acquired over the person of the defendant or property w/c is the subject matter of the
proceedings
¥
Opportunity to be heard given the defendant
¥
Judgment to be rendered after lawful hearing 2.Administrative Proceedings - notice and hearing may be dispensed
with, where because of public need or for practical reasons, the same is not feasible.
Substantive Due Process
- Law requires that the law in question affecting life, liberty or property be a valid law.
Life
- means something more than mere animal existence.
Liberty
Ð denotes merely freedom from physical restraint. It also embraces the rights of man to use his faculties with which he
has been endowed by his Creator.
Property
Ð may refer to the thing itself or the right over a thing.
Equal protection of the law
Ð signiÞes that Òall persons subject to legislation should be treated alike, under like circumstances and conditions
both in the privileges conferred and liabilities imposedÓ.
Search warrant
Ð an order of writing issued in the name of the people of the Philippines, signed by a judge and directed to a peace
ofÞcer commanding him to search for certain personal property and bring it before the court.
Warrant of arrest
Ð to arrest a person designated and to take him into custody in order that he may be bound to answer for the commission
of an offense.
Scope of the Protection:
1.Persons - the protection applies to everybody. 2.Houses - the protection is not limited to dwelling houses but
extends to a garage, warehouse, shop, store, ofÞce, and even a safety deposit vault. Does not extent to open spaces
and Þelds belonging to one. 3.Papers and effects - include sealed letters and packages in the mail which may be
opened and examined only in pursuance of a valid search warrant.
Requisites for valid search warrant or warrant of arrest
¥
Must be issued upon probable cause
¥
Probable cause must be determined personally by the judge himself
¥
Such determination of the existence of probable cause must be made after examination by the judge of the
complainant and the witnesses he may produce
¥
Must be particularly describe the place to be search and the person or things to be seized.
Probable cause
- such facts and circumstances antecedent to the issuance of the warrant sufÞcient in themselves to induce a cautious man
to rely upon them and act in pursuance thereof.
When search and seizure may be made without warrant
1.Where there is consent and waiver. 2.Where such is an incident to a lawful arrest 3.In the case of contraband or
forfeited goods being transported by ship, automobile, or other vehicle, where the ofÞcer making it has reasonable
cause for believing that the latter contains them. 4.Where without a search, the possession of the articles prohibited
by law is disclosed to plain view or is open to eye and hand. 5.As an incident of inspection, supervision and regulation in
the exercise of police power. 6.Routinary searches usually made at the border or at ports of entry in the interest of
national security.
When Arrest maybe made without warrant:
1.When in his presence, the person to be arrested has committed or attempting to commit an offense. 2.When an
offense has in fact just been committed and he has personal knowledge of facts indicating that the person to be
arrested has committed it. 3.When the person to be arrested is a prisoner who has escaped from a penal
establishment or place where he is serving Þnal judgment, or has escaped while being transferred to one conÞnement
to another.
Section 3:
Right of privacy Ð right to be left alone
Section 4:
No law shall be passed abridging the freedom of speech, of expression, or of the press Meaning of Freedom of
speech, expression and of the press Also known as freedom of expression, implies the right to freely utter and
publish whatever one pleases without previous restraint, and to be protected against any responsibility for so doing
as long as it does not violate the law. It also includes the right to circulate what is published.
Scope of terms of Speech, expression and press
1.Speech and expression includes any form of oral utterances 2.Press covers every sort of publication. Radio and
television as instrument of mass communication is included within the term.
Freedom of expression not Absolute
1.Subject to regulation by the State - it is always subject to some regulation by the State in order that it may not be
injurious to the right of the community or society. 2.Subject one to liability when abused - the following may be
penalized:
¥
Anyone who Slanders or Libels
¥
Lewd and obscene speech
¥
Fighting words
¥
Seditious speeches
Right of Assembly and Right of Petition
¥
Right of Assembly - the right on the part of the citizens to meet peaceably for consultation in respect to public
affairs.
¥
Right of Petition - right of any person or group of persons to apply, without fear of penalty to the appropriate branch
or ofÞce of the government for redress of grievances.
Section 5:
No law shall be made respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof. Religious
Freedom - right of man to worship God, and to entertain such religious views as appeal to his individual conscience
without dictation or interference by any person or power, civil or ecclesiastical. Religion - includes all forms of
belief in the existence of superior beings exercising power over human beings.
Section 6:
The liberty of abode and travel Liberty of Abode and Travel - right of a person to have his home in whatever place
chosen by him and thereafter to change it at will, and to go where he pleases without interference from any source.
Limitations:
¥
Permissible interference - Òexcept upon lawful order of the courtÓ and except in the national security, public safety
or public health according to law.
¥
Intervention of the court - note that under the second limitation, a court order is not necessary a person whose liberty
of abode is violated may petition for a writ of habeas corpus against another holding him in detention
Section 7:
The right of the people to information on matters of public concern shall be recognized. Writ of Habeas Data - a
judicial remedy available to any individual whose right to privacy in life, liberty, or security is violated or threatened
by an unlawful act. Purpose of Writ - by way of regulating the processing of personal information or data about him.
Gives the individual the right to Þnd out what information is being kept about.
Section 8:
The right of the people, to form unions, associations, or societies not contrary to law. The right to form an
association - is the freedom to organize or to be a member of any group or association, union or society and to adopt
the rules which the members judge most appropriate to achieve their purpose. Grants government employees to form
labor unions.
Section 9:
Private property shall not be taken for public use without just compensation.
Inherent Powers of Government
Totality of governmental power, contains three great powers: 1.Power of Eminent Domain - power of the state to take
private property for public use upon paying the owner just compensation. 2.Police Power - power of the state to
enact laws and regulations in relation to person and property as may promote public health, public morals, public
safety, and general welfare of the people.
3.Power of Taxation - power of the state to impose charge or burden upon persons, property, or property rights for
the use and support of the government and to enable it to discharge its appropriate functions.
Illustrations of Police Power
1.Public health - those regulating the medical profession 2.Public Morals - those punishing vagrancy and
prostitution, prohibiting gambling, etc. 3.Public Safety - eg. those requiring a license to drive a motor vehicle
4.General welfare and Convenience - those requiring compulsory registration of lands, authorizing the removal of
billboard offensive to sight, etc.
Taxes
- are enforced proportional contributions from persons and property levied by the lawmaking body of the State.
Section 10:
No law impairing the obligation of contracts shall be passed. Obligation of Contract - is the law or duty which binds
the parties to perform their agreement according to its terms and intent if it is not contrary to law, morals, good
customs, public order or public policy.
Section 11:
Free access to the courts and quasi-judicial bodies and adequate legal assistance.
Constitutional Rights of the Accused in Criminal Cases
1.Right to adequate legal assistance 2.The right to be informed of his right to remain silent and to have a counsel
3.Right against the use of torture, force, violence, threat, intimidation, or any other means which vitiates the free
will. 4.Right against being held in secret, incommunicado, or similar forms of solitary detention. 5.Right to bail and
against excessive bail 6.Right to due process of law 7.Right to presumption of innocence 8.Right to be heard by
himself and counsel 9.Right to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation against him. 10.Right to have a
speedy, impartial trial. 11.Right to meet the witnesses face to face 12.Right to have compulsory process to secure the
attendance of witnesses and the production of evidence in his behalf. 13.Right against self-incrimination 14.Right
against detention by reason of political beliefs and aspirations 15.Right against excessive Þnes 16.Right against
cruel, degrading or inhuman punishment. 17.Right against inßiction of the death penalty except for heinous crimes
18.Right against double jeopardy.
Reasons for Constitutional Safeguards
1.A criminal case, an unequal contest - it is of necessity, unequal contest because the parties are of unequal strength.
2.Criminal accusations, a very serious matter-the defendant by merely being accused may Þnd himself in immediate
trouble whether guilty or not, his reputation is at question. The accused therefore needs every possible opportunity to
defend himself 3.Protection of innocent, the underlying purpose-the purpose is to assure that truth will be discovered
and that justice will be done
Right to Free access to courts and Quasi-judicial bodies
- for the protection of their persons and properties, the prevention and redress of wrongs and the enforcements of
contracts.
Right to adequate legal assistance
- the State has a duty to provide free and legal assistance to citizens when needed.
Section 12:
Right to be informed of oneÕs rights and be free from any forms of violence, torture or force.
Rights of Person under investigation
1.to be informed of his right to remain silent 2.to have competent and independent counsel preferably of his own
choice or to be provided with one 3.against the use of torture, force, violence, threat, intimidation, or any other means
w/c vitiates the free will 4.against being held in secret, solitary , incommunicado, or other similar forms of detention
Section 13:
Right to bail, except those charged with reclusion perpetua. Bail - security required by a court and given for the
provisional or temporary release of a person who is in the custody of the law.
Purpose and form of Bail:
¥
To relieve an accused from imprisonment until conviction
¥
Right to bail is granted because in all criminal prosecutions, the accused is pressumed innocent.
¥
It may be in a form of cash deposit, property bond, bond from surety company or recognized.
Who may not invoke the right to Bail
¥
Applicant is not yet in custody of the law
¥
Charged with capital offense or an offense punishable by reclusion perpetua, life imprisonment or death.
¥
No bail shall be allowed after the judgment has become Þnal or after the accused has commenced to serve sentence.
Capital Offense
- is an offense, which under the law existing may be punishable by Òreclusion perpetuaÓ, life imprisonment, or
death.
Section 14:
No person shall be held to answer for a criminal offense without due process of law.
Right to due process of law
1.Due process in its procedural aspect - a person cannot be held to answer without due process of law.
¥
The accused must be:
-
Tried before a competent court (ex. Court having jurisdiction)
-
Given fair and impartial trial
-
Allowed to use all legal means and opportunity to defend himself
¥
The judgment awarded against him must be within the authority of a valid law. 2.Observance of fundamental
fairness
Right to presumptions of innocence
In all criminal prosecutions, the accused is presumed innocent until the contrary is proved.
¥
Safeguard against false conviction - the presumption is no person shall be convicted of a crime except upon
confession or his guilt is an established proof beyond reasonable doubt.
¥
Requirement of proof of guilt beyond reasonable doubt - Òit is better to acquit a person upon the ground of reasonable
doubt even though he may, in reality be guilty, than to inßict imprisonment on one who may be innocentÓ.
Right to be heard by himself and counsel
The Rules of Court provides: 1.In all criminal prosecution, the defendant shall be entitled to be present and defend in
person and by counsel at every stage of the proceedings. 2.The accused must be present at the arraignment and must
personally enter is plea
3.After a plea of not guilty, the accused is entitled to 2 days to prepare for trial unless the court. For good cause
grants him further time. 4.Before arraignment, the court shall inform him of his right to counsel and shall ask him if
he desires to have one.
Arraignment
- is made in an open court by the judge or clerk, and consist in furnishing the accused of the copy of the complaint.
Right to be informed of the cause and nature of the accusations against him:
1.SpeciÞc allegations of crimes charged - implies that the offense w/c a person is accused of be made known to him.
2.Remedy of accused whose rights is violated - this requirement of notice is indispensable in as much as in criminal
cases not only the liberty but even the life of the accused maybe at stake.
Right to have a speedy, impartial and public trial
1.Speedy trial - one that can be has as soon as possible, after a person is indicted and within such time as the
prosecution with reasonable diligence, could prepare for it. 2.Impartial trial - absence of actual bias in the trial of
cases 3.Public trial - it is not of necessity one to w/c the whole public is admitted, but it is one open to all.
Right to confrontation of witnesses
The accused person has the right to confront witness face to face. Reasons are: 1.Cross-examination of witness by the accused
2.Assessment by the court of witnessÕ credibility
Trials in the absence of the accused
1.Conditions on Trial In the absence of the Accused:
¥
He has been arraigned
¥
He has been duly notiÞed of the trial
¥
Failure to appear is unjustiÞable 2.Reason for rule - an accused cannot, by simply escaping, thwart his prosecution
and possibly eventual conviction provided only that the three conditions above are present.
Section 15:
The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended except when the public safety requires it. Writ of
habeas corpus
- Order issued by the court directed to the person detaining another, commanding him to produce the body of the
prisoner at a designated time and place. May be suspended by the president incase only if invasion or rebellion when
public safety requires it.
Purpose of the writ:
To inquire into all manner of involuntary restraint or detention as distinguished from voluntary and to relieve a
person therefrom if such restraint is found illegal.Writ - is the order from the court requiring a person detaining
another to show cause for detention Writ of Amparo - This special writ prohibits respondents from using the defense
of simple denial. Can be invoked by the families of victims of extrajudicial killings, and enforced disappearances
when the right to life, liberty or security of a person is violated or threatened.
Section 16:
All persons shall have the right to a speedy disposition of their cases before all judicial, quasi-judicial, or
administrative bodies.
Section 17:
No person shall be compelled to be a witness against himself. Right against Self incrimination
- no person shall be compelled to be a witness against himself which may expose him to criminal liability
Basis:
¥
Public policy - because if the party is thus required to testify, He would be placed under the strongest temptation to
commit perjury.
¥
Humanity - prevents extortion of confession by duress.
¥
Right to silence - his failure or refusal to testify may not be used as a presumption of guilt or taken as evidence
against him.
Section 18:
Freedom from political belief
Right against detention solely by reason of political beliefs and aspirations.
1.Incarceration w/o charges of political prisoners - thousand of people were arrested and jailed during Martial law.
2.Suspension of privilege of writ of habeas corpus even after lifting of Martial law 3.Prohibition a guarantee against
having a prisoners of conscience
Involuntary servitude
- denotes a condition of enforced, compulsory service of one to another. It includes:
¥
Slavery - the state of entire subjection of one person to the will of another.
¥
Peonage - voluntary submission of a person to the will of another because of his debt.
Basis and purpose of the prohibition:
1.The prohibition is grounded on the value accorded to human dignity in a democratic and free society. 2.The purpose
is to maintain a system of completely free and voluntary labor.
Exceptions to the Prohibition:
1.When the involuntary servitude is imposed as a punishment for a crime 2.When personal military or civil service is
required of citizens to defend the State 3.The injunctions requiring the striking laborers to return to work pending
settlement of an industrial dispute 4.To exceptional services such as military and naval enlistment 5.To exercise by
parents their authority to require their children to perform reasonable amount of work 6.When there is a proper
exercise of the police power of the State.
Section 19:
Excessive Þnes shall not be imposed, nor cruel, degrading or inhuman punishment inßicted. Right against excessive
Þnes
- The question as to the amount of the Þnes that shall be imposed is the sound discretion of the court, if it keeps
within the limit of the Statute, it cannot be held unreasonable.Right against cruel, degrading, or inhuman punishment
- This right can only be invoked after conviction for a crime.

Section 20:
No person shall be imprisoned for debt or non-payment of a poll tax. Debt - any liability to pay money arising out of
a contract, express or implied. Refers to Civil or contractual debt or one not arising from a criminal offense. Estafa -
is a criminal offense where you a person van be imprisoned for non payment of debt Poll Tax - tax of a Þxed amount
imposed on individuals rescinding within a speciÞed territory, whether citizens or not.
Section 21:
No person shall be twice put in jeopardy of punishment for the same offense. Right against double jeopardy - When
a person is charged with an offense, and the case is terminated either by acquittal or conviction, the latter cannot
again be charged of the same or identical offense.
Classes of Double Jeopardy
1.For the same offense - the protection is against double jeopardy for the same offense and not the same act,
provided that he is charged with a different offense. 2.For the same act - double jeopardy of punishment for the same
act.
Section 22:
No ex post facto law or bill of attainder shall be enacted. Ex post Facto Law - An ex post facto law is one which
operating retrospectively: 1.Makes an act done before the passage of a law; 2.Aggravates crimes or makes it greater than
when it was committed; 3.Changes the punishment and inßicts a greater punishment than what the law annexed to
the crime, when committed; or 4.Alters the legal rules of evidence, and receives less testimony from what the law
required at the time of the commission of the offense, in order to convict the offender.
Characteristic of Ex post facto Law
¥
They relate to penal and criminal matters only
¥
Retroactive in their operation
¥
They deprive the person accused of crime of some protection or defense previously available to their advantage.
Bill of Attainder
- legislative act which inßicts punishment without a judicial trial, if the punishment is less that death, the act is
called bill of pains and penalties.
ARTICLE IV: CITIZENSHIP Section 1:
The following are citizens of the Philippines: 1.Those who are citizens of the Philippines at the time of the adoption
of this Constitution; 2.Those whose fathers or mothers are citizens of the Philippines; 3.Those born before January
17, 1973, of Filipino mothers, who elect Philippine citizenship upon reaching the age of majority; and 4.Those who
are naturalized in accordance with law
Citizen
- a person having the title of citizenship. He is a member of a democratic community who enjoys full civil and
political rights.
Citizenship
- a term denoting membership of a citizen in a political society.
Subject and AlienSubject
- citizen of a member of a democratic community who enjoys full civil and political rights. In a monarchal state, he
is called a ÒsubjectÓ.
Alien
- is a citizen of a country who is residing on or passing through another country. He is popularly called as a
ÒforeignerÓ.
General ways of acquiring citizenship:
¥
Involuntary Method - by birth, because of blood relationship by place of birth.
¥
Voluntary Method - by naturalization, except in case of collective naturalization of the inhabitants of a territory
which takes place when it is ceded by one State to another as a result of conquest or treaty.
Citizens by birth
¥
Jus Sanguinis - Blood relationship is the basis for the acquisition of this rule. The children follow the citizenship of
the parent. The Philippines uses this rule.
¥
Jus soli/ jus loci - place of birth serves as the basis for acquiring citizenship under this rule. The U.S. uses this rule.
The person become the citizen where he is born irrespective of the citizenship of the parents.
Naturalization
- act of formally adapting a foreigner into the political body of the state and clothing him with the rights and
privileges of citizenship.
Ways of acquiring citizenship by Naturalization
1.By judgment of the court - the foreigner who wants to become a Filipino must apply for Naturalization with the
proper Regional Trial Court. 2.By direct act of Congress - our law making body simply enacts an act directly
conferring citizenship on a foreigner. 3.By administrative proceedings - under R.A.No.9139 (Jan.8, 2001)known as the
ÒAdministrative naturalization Law of 2000Ó, aliens born and residing in the Philippines may be granted citizenship
by administrative proceedings by a special committee on Naturalization.
Section 2:
Philippine citizenship
Kinds of Citizen under the Constitution
1.Natural born citizen:
-
who at the moment of their birth are already citizens of the Philippines
-
do not have to perform any act to acquire his Filipino Citizenship 2.Citizen at the time of adoption of the new
Constitution - refer to those who are considered citizens of the Philippines under the 1973 Constitution at the time of
the adoption of the new constitution. 3.Citizen through election - refers to those born on Filipino mothers before Jan.
17, 1973, who upon reaching the age of majority, elect Philippine citizenship after the ratiÞcation of the 1973
Constitution. 4.Naturalized citizens - refers to those who were originally citizens of another country but who, by an
intervening act( naturalization), have acquired new citizenship in a different country.
Section 3:
Philippine citizenship may be lost or reacquired in the manner provided by law.
Loss of citizenship
1.Voluntarily - it is called expatriation
¥
By naturalization in a foreign country
¥
By express renunciation of citizenship
¥
By subscribing to an oath of allegiance to a foreign country
¥
By rendering service to or accepting commission in the armed forces of a foreign country 2.Involuntarily
¥
By cancellation of his certiÞcate of naturalization by court
¥
Having been declared by competent authority , a deserter of the Philippine Armed forces in the time of war
Reacquisition of lost Philippine Citizenship
1.By naturalization, provided the applicant possesses none of the disqualiÞcation provided in the naturalization law
2.By repatriation of deserters of the Philippine armed forces and women who lost their citizenship by reason of
marriage to an alien, after termination of their marital status 3.By direct act of the Congress of the Philippines.
Repatriation
- is effected by merely taking the necessary oath of allegiance to the Republic of the Philippines and registering the
same in the proper civil registry.
Section 4:
Citizens of the Philippines who marry aliens shall retain their citizenship, unless they to have renounced it.
Effects of marriage of citizen to an alien

¥
A Filipino citizen who marries an alien does not lose his citizenship even if by the laws of his/her wifeÕs/ husbandÕs
country, he/she acquires her/his nationality.
¥
The exception is if they renounce their citizenship.
Section 5:
Dual allegiance of citizens shall be dealt with by law. Dual allegiance - refers to the continued allegiance of
naturalized nationals to their mother country even after they have acquired Filipino Citizenship. Dual Citizenship -
refers to the possession of two citizenships by an individual, that of his original citizenship and that of the country
where he became a naturalized citizen.
Duties and obligations of citizens
¥
To be loyal to the Republic - loyalty means faith and conÞdence in the Republic and love and devotion to the country.
-
pride in oneÕs country
-
absolute and permanent allegiance to his government
¥
To love and defend the country
-
love of country shown not by words but by deeds
-
readiness to sacriÞce his life in defense on his country
¥
To contribute to the development and welfare of the State
-
many ways of contributing to the country
-
working together for the common good - citizens do not live for themselves and for their families alone. They are a
part of the society to w/c they owe a deÞnite responsibilities
¥
To uphold the constitution and obey the law
¥
To cooperate with duly constituted authorities - community living imposes obligations and responsibilities upon the
individual.
-
Active concern with affairs of the government
-
Need for civic courage and pride or sense of civic values
¥
To exercise rights responsibly and with due regards for the rights of others
-
Exercise of rights to prejudice others not permissible
-
Right to liberty not absolute
¥
To engage in gainful work Ð employment is not the obligation solely of the State.
-
Duty to be a useful and productive member of the society
-
Duty to work hard
¥
To register and to vote
-
duty to vote responsibly
-
duty to guard and protect the integrity of his vote
ARTICLE V: SUFFRAGESection 1:
Suffrage may be exercised by all citizens of the Philippines at least eighteen years of age Suffrage - Is the right and
obligation to vote of qualiÞed citizens in the election of certain national and local ofÞcers of the government and in
the decision of public questions submitted to the people.
Nature of Suffrage:
1.A mere privilege - not a natural right of the citizen but merely a privilege to be given or withheld by the law
making power subject to constitutional limitations. 2.A political right - in the sense of a right conferred by the
Constitution. Suffrage is classiÞed as a political right.
Scope of Suffrage:
1.Election - means by which the people chose their ofÞcials. 2.Plebiscite - name given to vote of the people
expressing their choice for or against a proposed law 3.Referendum - submission of a law or part thereof passed by
the national or local legislative body 4.Initiative - process whereby the people directly propose and enact law.
5.Recall - method by which a public ofÞcer may be removed from ofÞce during his tenure or before the expiration of his term.
QualiÞcation of voters:
1.Must be a citizen (male or female) of the Philippines 2.Not otherwise disqualiÞed by law 3.At least 18 years of age
4.Have resided in the Philippines for at least 1 year and in the place wherein he proposes to vote at least six months
preceding the election.
Persons disqualiÞed to vote
1.Any person who has been sentenced by Þnal judgment to suffer imprisonment by not less than 1 yr.2.Any person
who has been adjudged by Þnal judgment by competent court of having committed any crime involving disloyalty,
rebellion, sedition, etc. 3.Insane or incompetent person declared by a competent authority.
Section 2:
The Congress secure the secrecy and sanctity of the ballot. Congress - designs a procedure for the disabled and the
illiterate to vote w/o assistance.
ARTICLE VI: THE LEGISLATIVE DEPARTMENTSection 1:
The legislative power shall be vested in the Congress of the Philippines Legislative power - authority under the
constitution to make laws and subsequently, when the need arises, to alter and repeal them. Law - refers to statutes
which are the written enactments of the legislature governing the relations of the people among themselves or
between them and the government and its agencies.
Scope of legislative power of Congress
1.Plenary or General - a grant of legislative power means the grant of all legislative power for all purposes of civil
government. 2.Legislative powers not expressly delegated deemed granted - the delegated power of our Congress are
broader than the legislative power of American Congress
Two ClassiÞcation of Power of Congress
Primary function of Congress is to legislate 1.General Legislative Power - power to enact laws intended as rules of
conduct to govern the relationship among individuals and the State. 2.SpeciÞc Power - powers which the
Constitution expressly directs or authorizes Congress to exercise like the power to choose who shall become
President in case two or more have the highest or equal number of votes to conÞrm certain appointment by the
President. 3.Implied Power - they are those essential or necessary to the effective exercise of the powers expressly
granted. Like the power to conduct inquiry and investigation in aid of legislation to punish for contempt and to
determine the rules of its proceedings. 4.Inherent Power - powers which are possessed and can be exercised by every
government because they exist as an attribute of sovereignty.
Principle of Separation of Powers

1.Presidential System - power of the government are divided into 3 classes: Executive, legislative and Judicial.
2.Parliamentary System - there is a fusion rather that a separation of the two classes: Policy making and Policy
Executing. Prime minister is the head of government. 3.French presidential - parliamentary system-variant of two
types of government
Principle of check and balance
- Constitutional provisions authorize a considerable amount of encroachment or checking by one department in the affairs of
the other.
Section 2.
The Senate shall be composed of 24 Senators who shall be elected at large by the qualiÞed voters of the Philippines,
as may be provided by law.
Section 3.
No person shall be a Senator unless:
-
He is a natural-born citizen of the Philippines
-
Is at least thirty-Þve years of age on the day of the election
-
Able to read and write,
-
A registered voter
-
A resident of the Philippines for not less than two years immediately preceding the day of the election
Section 4:
The term of ofÞce of the Senators:
-
Shall be six years and shall commence, unless otherwise provided by law, at noon on the thirtieth day of June next
following their election.
-
No Senator shall serve for more than two consecutive terms.
-
Voluntary renunciation of the ofÞce for any length of time shall not be considered as an interruption in the continuity of his
service for the full term of which he was elected.
Registered Voter
- is one who has all the qualiÞcation for a voter and none of the disqualiÞcations provided by law and who has
registered himself in the list voters.
Residence
- is the place where one has his true permanent home and to which, whenever absent he has the intention of
returning.
Section 5.
Composition of The House of Representatives:
¥
not more than 250 members, who shall be elected from legislative districts apportioned among the provinces, cities,
and the Metropolitan Manila area in accordance with the number of their respective inhabitants,
¥
shall be elected through a party-list system of registered national, regional, and sectoral parties or organizations.
-
The party-list representatives shall constitute 20% of the total number of representatives including those under the
party list.
¥
For three consecutive terms after the ratiÞcation of this Constitution, one-half of the seats allocated to party-list
representatives shall be Þlled, by selection or election from the labor, peasant, urban poor, indigenous cultural
communities, women, youth, and such other sectors as may be provided by law, except the religious sector.
¥
Each legislative district shall comprise, as far as practicable, continuous, compact, and adjacent territory.
¥
Each city with a population of at least two hundred Þfty thousand, or each province, shall have at least one
representative.
¥
Within three years following the return of every census, the Congress shall make a reapportionment of legislative
districts based on the standards provided in this section.
Section 6:
QualiÞcation of member of House of representative:
-
He is a natural-born citizen of the Philippines
-
is at least 25 years of age, on the day of the election,
-
able to read and write, and, except the party-list representatives,
-
a registered voter in the district in which he shall be elected, and a
-
resident thereof for a period of not less than one year immediately preceding the day of the election.
Section 7:
The Members of the House of Representatives shall be elected; 1.For a term of three years which shall begin, unless
otherwise provided by law, at noon on the thirtieth day of June next following their election. 2.No Member of the
House of Representatives shall serve for more than three consecutive terms. 3.Voluntary renunciation of the ofÞce for any
length of time shall not be considered as an interruption in the continuity of his service for the full term for which he was
elected.
Section 8:
Regular election of the Senators and the Members of the House of Representatives shall be held on the second Monday
of May.
Section 9:
In case of vacancy in the Senate or in the House of Representatives:
-
A special election may be called to Þll such vacancy in the manner prescribed by law,
-
But the Senator or Member of the House of Representatives thus elected shall serve only for the unexpired term.
Kinds of Election for Members of Congress
1.Regular Election - held on the 2
nd
Monday of May. 2.Special Election - may be called incase a vacancy arises in the senate or House of Representative
to Þll such vacancy in the manner prescribed by law.
Section 10:
The salaries of Senators and Members of the House of Representatives shall be determined by law. No increase in
said compensation shall take effect until after the expiration of the full term of all the Members of the Senate and the
House of Representatives approving such increase.
Section 11:
A Senator or Member of the House of Representatives shall:
-
in all offenses punishable by not more than six years imprisonment
-
be privileged from arrest while the Congress is in session
-
freedom from being questioned from any speech or debate in the Congress or in any committee thereof
Section 12:
All Members of the Senate and the House of Representatives shall upon assumption of ofÞce: 1.Make a full
disclosure of their Þnancial and business interests. 2.They shall notify the House concerned of a potential conßict of
interest that may arise from the Þling of a proposed legislation of which they are authors.
Section 13:
No Senator or Member of the House of Representatives may:
-
hold any other ofÞce or employment in the Government
-
or any subdivision, agency, or instrumentality thereof, including government-owned or controlled corporations or
their subsidiaries, during his term without forfeiting his seat
-
Neither shall he be appointed to any ofÞce which may have been created or the emoluments thereof increased during
the term for which he was elected
Section 14:
No Senator or Member of the House of Representatives may:
-
personally appear as counsel before any court of justice or before the Electoral Tribunals, or quasi-judicial and other
administrative bodies.
-
Neither shall he, directly or indirectly, be interested Þnancially in any contract with, or in any franchise or special
privilege granted by the Government, or any subdivision, agency, or instrumentality thereof, including any
government-owned or controlled corporation, or its subsidiary, during his term of ofÞce.
-
He shall not intervene in any matter before any ofÞce of the Government for his pecuniary beneÞt or where he may be
called upon to act on account of his ofÞce.
Section 15:
The Congress shall convene once every year on the fourth Monday of July for its regular session, unless a different
date is Þxed by law.
2 kinds of Session:
1.Regular Session - convene once every year on the fourth Monday of July 2.Special Session - The President may
call a special session at any time.
Section 16:
The Senate shall elect its President and the House of Representatives its Speaker.
Quorum
- a number of the membership of an assembly, or collective body as is competent to transact its business. Ordinarily, a quorum
consist of
"
plus 1 of the members of the body.
Rules of Procedure
- rules made by any legislative body to regulate the mode and manner of conducting its business.
Legislative Journal
- deÞned as the ofÞcial record of what is done and passed in a legislative assembly.
Section 17:
The Senate and the House of Representatives shall each have an Electoral Tribunal. Compositions of Electoral Tribunal:
¥
shall be composed of nine members, 3 of whom shall be Justices of the Supreme Court to be designated by the Chief
Justice, and 6 shall be Members of the Senate or the House of Representatives, as the case maybe,
¥
who shall be chosen on the basis of proportional representation from the political parties and the parties or
organizations registered under the party-list system represented therein.
-
The senior Justice in the Electoral Tribunal shall be its Chairman.
Section 18:
Compositions of Commission on Appointments: 1.President of the Senate 2.Twelve Senators 3.Twelve Members of the
House of Representatives
Section 19:
The Electoral Tribunals and the Commission on Appointments shall be: 1.Constituted within thirty days after the
Senate and the House of Representatives shall have been organized with the election of the President and the
Speaker. 2.The Commission on Appointments shall meet only while the Congress is in session, at the call of its
Chairman or a majority of all its Members, to discharge such powers and functions as are herein conferred upon it.
Section 20:
The records and books of accounts of the Congress shall be: 1.preserved and be open to the public in accordance
with law 2.and such books shall be audited by the Commission on Audit which shall publish annually an itemized list
of amounts paid to and expenses incurred for each Member.
Section 21:
The Senate or the House of Representatives or any of its respective committees may conduct: 1.Inquiries in aid of
legislation in accordance with its duly published rules of procedure. 2.The rights of persons appearing in or affected
by such inquiries shall be respected.
Section 22:
The heads of departments with the consent of the President, shall provide; 1.appear before and be heard by such
House on any matter pertaining to their departments. 2.Written questions shall be submitted to the President of the
Senate or the Speaker of the House of Representatives at least three days before their scheduled appearance.
3.Interpellations shall not be limited to written questions, but may cover matters related thereto. 4.When the security
of the State or the public interest so requires and the President so states in writing, the appearance shall be conducted
in executive session.
Section 23:
The Congress, shall have the sole power to declare the existence of a state of war. In times of war or other national
emergency, the Congress may: authorize the President, for a limited period and subject to such restrictions as it may
prescribe, to exercise powers necessary and proper to carry out a declared national policy.
-
Unless sooner withdrawn by resolution of the Congress, such powers shall cease upon the next adjournment thereof.
Section 24:
All appropriation, revenue or tariff bills, bills authorizing increase of the public debt, bills of local application, and
private bills shall originate exclusively in the House of Representatives. Appropriations bill - the primary and
speciÞc aim of which is to make appropriations of money from the public treasury.
Kinds of Appropriations:
1.Annual or General Appropriations - they set aside annual expenses for the general operations of the government.
2.Special or Supplemental Appropriations - include all appropriations not contained in the budget. 3.SpeciÞc
Appropriations - sets aside a named sum of money for the payment of a particular expense 4.Continuing
Appropriations - one w/c provides a deÞnite sum to be always available year to year.
Meaning of other bills:
1.Revenue bill - primary purpose is to raise revenue 2.Tariff bill - reference to one imposing custom 3.Bill authorizing
increase of the public debt - one which creates public indebtedness such as a bill providing for the issuance of bonds
and other forms of obligations. 4.Bill of local application - affecting purely local or municipal concerns like one
creating a city or municipality or changing its name. 5.Private bill - affecting purely private interest such as one
granting a franchise to a person or corporation or compensation to a person for damages suffered by him by which
the government considers itself liable.
Section 25:
Budget 1.The Congress may not increase the appropriations recommended by the President for the operation of the
Government as speciÞed in the budget. 2.No provision or enactment shall be embraced in the general appropriations
bill unless it relates speciÞcally to some particular appropriation therein 3.The procedure in approving appropriations
for the Congress shall follow the procedure for approving appropriations for other departments and agency 4.A
special appropriations bill shall specify the purpose for which it is intended, and shall be supported by funds actually
available as certiÞed by the National Treasurer, or to be raised by a corresponding revenue proposal therein. 5.No
law shall be passed authorizing any transfer of appropriations; 6.Discretionary funds appropriated for particular
ofÞcials shall be disbursed only for public purposes 7.If Congress failed to pass the general appropriations bill for
the ensuing Þscal year, the general appropriations law for the preceding Þscal year shall be deemed reenacted and
shall remain in force and effect until the general appropriations bill is passed by the Congress.
Budget
- Þnancial program of the national government for a designated calendar year.
Section 26:
Every bill passed by the Congress shall embrace only one subject which shall be expressed in the title thereof.
Requirements as to Subject and Title of the Bill
1.One title, one subject - a proposed law is called a bill. 2.Purpose of Constitutional requirement:
-
To prevent hodge-podge or log rolling legislation
-
To prevent surprise or fraud upon legislature
-
To fairly appraise the people.
Steps in the passage of a bill
1.First reading - any member of either House may present a proposed bill, signed by him for 1
st
reading and reference to the proper committee. 2.Referral to appropriate committee - after 1
st
reading, the bill is referred to the proper committee for study and consideration. 3.Second reading - if the bill id
favored by the committee, it is forwarded to the Committee on Rules. 4.Debates - general debate is now opened .
Amendment may be proposed by any member of Congress. 5.Printing and distribution - the bill is then ordered in its
Þnal form 6.Third reading - only the title of the bill is read on the ßoor. Nominal voting is held 7.Referral to the
other house - if approved, the bill is passed to the other house where it will take the same procedure. 8.Submission to
joint bicameral committee - differences if any, between the HouseÕs bill and the Senates amended version and vice
versa are submitted to a conference committee of members of both Houses. 9.Submission to the President - a bill
approved on the 3
rd
reading shall be printed and submitted to the president for his approval or disapproval. Either signed or sent back
with a veto message from the president.
Section 27:
Every bill passed by the Congress shall, before it becomes a law, be presented to the President. Bill - a draft of a law
submitted to the consideration of a legislative body for its adoption. Statute - written will of the legislature as an
organized body expressed according to the form necessary to constitute it into a law of the State, the term ÒactÓ is
often used in referring to a statute.
Formal parts of a law:
1.Title - Announces the subject matter of the act. 2.Preamble - follows the title and precedes the enacting clause.
3.Enacting clause - it serves as a formal mean of identifying the legislative body that enacts the law. 4.Body - portion
containing the proposed law or statute itself 5.Effectivity clause - portion providing for the time when the law shall
take effect. A law takes effect in 15 days following the completion of its publication in the ofÞcial gazzette.
Veto
- a latin term for ÒI forbidÓ or ÒdenyÓ. It is the power vested in the President to disapprove acts passed by the
Congress
Purpose of a Veto
-
To enable the executive department to protect its integrity as an equal branch of the government
-
To provide a check on hasty, corruptor ill-considered legislation.
Resolutions
- deÞned as a formal expression of opinion, will, or intent by an ofÞcial body or assembled group.
Kinds of resolution:
1.Simple - if passed by either House for its exclusive use or purpose 2.Concurrent - if passed independently in one
House and rariÞed by the other in the same manner as a bill. 3.Joint - if approved by both House meeting in joint
session but voting separately
Section 28.
The rule of taxation shall be uniform and equitable.
Uniformity in Taxation
Means that Òall taxable articles or properties of the same class shall be taxed at the same rate. Implies equality in
burden, not in amount.
Exemption of certain entities and properties from tax
-
Test of exemption- covers only property taxes and not other taxes.
-
Note that only those w/c are non proÞt are exempted from tax.
Section 29:
No money shall be paid out of the Treasury except in pursuance of an appropriation made by law.
-
No public money or property shall be appropriated, applied, paid, or employed, directly or indirectly,
-
All money collected on any tax levied for a special purpose shall be treated as a special fund.
-
Appropriation - an authorization by law that money maybe paid out of the public treasury.
Section 30:
No law shall be passed increasing the appellate jurisdiction of the Supreme Court as provided in this Constitution
without its advice and concurrence.
Section 31:
No law granting a title of royalty or nobility shall be enacted.
Section 32:
The Congress shall, as early as possible, provide for a system of initiative and referendum.
Initiative
- reserved power of the people to directly propose and enact laws at polls called for the purpose independently of
Congress or of a local legislative body.
Referendum
- the process by which any act or law or part thereof passed by the Congress or by a local legislative body is
submitted to the people for their approval or disapproval.
ARTICLE VII: EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT Section 1:
The executive power shall be vested in the President of the Philippines. Following the 1935 Charter, sec.1 vests the
executive power to one person alone- the President of the Philippines. Executive power - the power to administer the
laws, which means carrying them into practical operation and enforcing their due observance.
Section 2:
No person may be elected President unless he is a natural-born citizen of the Philippines
Section 3:
There shall be a Vice-President who shall have the same qualiÞcations and term of ofÞce and be elected with and in
the same manner as the President.
-
He may be removed from ofÞce in the same manner as the President.
-
The Vice-President may be appointed as a Member of the Cabinet. Such appointment requires no conÞrmation.
QualiÞcations of President and Vice President
-
Natural born citizen of the Philippines
-
A registered voter
-
Able to read and write
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Eighth Congress
Republic Act No. 6713 February 20, 1989
AN ACT ESTABLISHING A CODE OF CONDUCT AND ETHICAL STANDARDS FOR PUBLIC OFFICIALS
AND EMPLOYEES, TO UPHOLD THE TIME-HONORED PRINCIPLE OF PUBLIC OFFICE BEING A PUBLIC
TRUST, GRANTING INCENTIVES AND REWARDS FOR EXEMPLARY SERVICE, ENUMERATING
PROHIBITED ACTS AND TRANSACTIONS AND PROVIDING PENALTIES FOR VIOLATIONS THEREOF
AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES
Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the Philippines in Congress assembled:
Section 1. Title. - This Act shall be known as the "Code of Conduct and Ethical Standards for Public Officials and
Employees."
Section 2. Declaration of Policies. - It is the policy of the State to promote a high standard of ethics in public
service. Public officials and employees shall at all times be accountable to the people and shall discharge their
duties with utmost responsibility, integrity, competence, and loyalty, act with patriotism and justice, lead modest
lives, and uphold public interest over personal interest.
Section 3. Definition of Terms. - As used in this Act, the term:
(a) "Government" includes the National Government, the local governments, and all other
instrumentalities, agencies or branches of the Republic of the Philippines including government-
owned or controlled corporations, and their subsidiaries.lawphi1.net
(b) "Public Officials" includes elective and appointive officials and employees, permanent or
temporary, whether in the career or non-career service, including military and police personnel,
whether or not they receive compensation, regardless of amount.
(c) "Gift" refers to a thing or a right to dispose of gratuitously, or any act or liberality, in favor of
another who accepts it, and shall include a simulated sale or an ostensibly onerous disposition
thereof. It shall not include an unsolicited gift of nominal or insignificant value not given in
anticipation of, or in exchange for, a favor from a public official or employee.
(d) "Receiving any gift" includes the act of accepting directly or indirectly, a gift from a person other
than a member of his family or relative as defined in this Act, even on the occasion of a family
celebration or national festivity like Christmas, if the value of the gift is neither nominal nor
insignificant, or the gift is given in anticipation of, or in exchange for, a favor.
(e) "Loan" covers both simple loan and commodatum as well as guarantees, financing
arrangements or accommodations intended to ensure its approval.
(f) "Substantial stockholder" means any person who owns, directly or indirectly, shares of stock
sufficient to elect a director of a corporation. This term shall also apply to the parties to a voting
trust.
(g) "Family of public officials or employees" means their spouses and unmarried children under
eighteen (18) years of age.
(h) "Person" includes natural and juridical persons unless the context indicates otherwise.
(i) "Conflict of interest" arises when a public official or employee is a member of a board, an officer,
or a substantial stockholder of a private corporation or owner or has a substantial interest in a
business, and the interest of such corporation or business, or his rights or duties therein, may be
opposed to or affected by the faithful performance of official duty.
(j) "Divestment" is the transfer of title or disposal of interest in property by voluntarily, completely
and actually depriving or dispossessing oneself of his right or title to it in favor of a person or
persons other than his spouse and relatives as defined in this Act.
(k) "Relatives" refers to any and all persons related to a public official or employee within the fourth
civil degree of consanguinity or affinity, including bilas, inso and balae.
Section 4. Norms of Conduct of Public Officials and Employees. - (A) Every public official and employee shall
observe the following as standards of personal conduct in the discharge and execution of official duties:
(a) Commitment to public interest. - Public officials and employees shall always uphold the
public interest over and above personal interest. All government resources and powers of
their respective offices must be employed and used efficiently, effectively, honestly and
economically, particularly to avoid wastage in public funds and revenues.
(b) Professionalism. - Public officials and employees shall perform and discharge their duties
with the highest degree of excellence, professionalism, intelligence and skill. They shall
enter public service with utmost devotion and dedication to duty. They shall endeavor to
discourage wrong perceptions of their roles as dispensers or peddlers of undue patronage.
(c) Justness and sincerity. - Public officials and employees shall remain true to the people at
all times. They must act with justness and sincerity and shall not discriminate against
anyone, especially the poor and the underprivileged. They shall at all times respect the
rights of others, and shall refrain from doing acts contrary to law, good morals, good
customs, public policy, public order, public safety and public interest. They shall not
dispense or extend undue favors on account of their office to their relatives whether by
consanguinity or affinity except with respect to appointments of such relatives to positions
considered strictly confidential or as members of their personal staff whose terms are
coterminous with theirs.
(d) Political neutrality. - Public officials and employees shall provide service to everyone
without unfair discrimination and regardless of party affiliation or preference.
(e) Responsiveness to the public. - Public officials and employees shall extend prompt,
courteous, and adequate service to the public. Unless otherwise provided by law or when
required by the public interest, public officials and employees shall provide information of
their policies and procedures in clear and understandable language, ensure openness of
information, public consultations and hearings whenever appropriate, encourage
suggestions, simplify and systematize policy, rules and procedures, avoid red tape and
develop an understanding and appreciation of the socio-economic conditions prevailing in
the country, especially in the depressed rural and urban areas.
(f) Nationalism and patriotism. - Public officials and employees shall at all times be loyal to
the Republic and to the Filipino people, promote the use of locally produced goods,
resources and technology and encourage appreciation and pride of country and people.
They shall endeavor to maintain and defend Philippine sovereignty against foreign intrusion.
(g) Commitment to democracy. - Public officials and employees shall commit themselves to
the democratic way of life and values, maintain the principle of public accountability, and
manifest by deeds the supremacy of civilian authority over the military. They shall at all times
uphold the Constitution and put loyalty to country above loyalty to persons or party.
(h) Simple living. - Public officials and employees and their families shall lead modest lives
appropriate to their positions and income. They shall not indulge in extravagant or
ostentatious display of wealth in any form.
(B) The Civil Service Commission shall adopt positive measures to promote (1) observance of
these standards including the dissemination of information programs and workshops authorizing
merit increases beyond regular progression steps, to a limited number of employees recognized by
their office colleagues to be outstanding in their observance of ethical standards; and (2) continuing
research and experimentation on measures which provide positive motivation to public officials and
employees in raising the general level of observance of these standards.
Section 5. Duties of Public Officials and Employees. - In the performance of their duties, all public officials and
employees are under obligation to:lawphi1.net
(a) Act promptly on letters and requests. - All public officials and employees shall, within fifteen (15)
working days from receipt thereof, respond to letters, telegrams or other means of communications
sent by the public. The reply must contain the action taken on the request.
(b) Submit annual performance reports. - All heads or other responsible officers of offices and
agencies of the government and of government-owned or controlled corporations shall, within forty-
five (45) working days from the end of the year, render a performance report of the agency or office
or corporation concerned. Such report shall be open and available to the public within regular office
hours.
(c) Process documents and papers expeditiously. - All official papers and documents must be
processed and completed within a reasonable time from the preparation thereof and must contain,
as far as practicable, not more than three (3) signatories therein. In the absence of duly authorized
signatories, the official next-in-rank or officer in charge shall sign for and in their behalf.
(d) Act immediately on the public's personal transactions. - All public officials and employees must
attend to anyone who wants to avail himself of the services of their offices and must, at all times,
act promptly and expeditiously.
(e) Make documents accessible to the public. - All public documents must be made accessible to,
and readily available for inspection by, the public within reasonable working hours.
Section 6. System of Incentives and Rewards. - A system of annual incentives and rewards is hereby
established in order to motivate and inspire public servants to uphold the highest standards of ethics. For this
purpose, a Committee on Awards to Outstanding Public Officials and Employees is hereby created composed of
the following: the Ombudsman and Chairman of the Civil Service Commission as Co-Chairmen, and the
Chairman of the Commission on Audit, and two government employees to be appointed by the President, as
members.
It shall be the task of this Committee to conduct a periodic, continuing review of the performance of public
officials and employees, in all the branches and agencies of Government and establish a system of annual
incentives and rewards to the end that due recognition is given to public officials and employees of outstanding
merit on the basis of the standards set forth in this Act.
The conferment of awards shall take into account, among other things, the following: the years of service and the
quality and consistency of performance, the obscurity of the position, the level of salary, the unique and
exemplary quality of a certain achievement, and the risks or temptations inherent in the work. Incentives and
rewards to government officials and employees of the year to be announced in public ceremonies honoring them
may take the form of bonuses, citations, directorships in government-owned or controlled corporations, local and
foreign scholarship grants, paid vacations and the like. They shall likewise be automatically promoted to the next
higher position with the commensurate salary suitable to their qualifications. In case there is no next higher
position or it is not vacant, said position shall be included in the budget of the office in the next General
Appropriations Act. The Committee on Awards shall adopt its own rules to govern the conduct of its activities.
Section 7. Prohibited Acts and Transactions. - In addition to acts and omissions of public officials and
employees now prescribed in the Constitution and existing laws, the following shall constitute prohibited acts and
transactions of any public official and employee and are hereby declared to be unlawful:
(a) Financial and material interest. - Public officials and employees shall not, directly or indirectly,
have any financial or material interest in any transaction requiring the approval of their office.
(b) Outside employment and other activities related thereto. - Public officials and employees during
their incumbency shall not:
(1) Own, control, manage or accept employment as officer, employee, consultant, counsel,
broker, agent, trustee or nominee in any private enterprise regulated, supervised or licensed
by their office unless expressly allowed by law;
(2) Engage in the private practice of their profession unless authorized by the Constitution or
law, provided, that such practice will not conflict or tend to conflict with their official functions;
or
(3) Recommend any person to any position in a private enterprise which has a regular or
pending official transaction with their office.
These prohibitions shall continue to apply for a period of one (1) year after resignation, retirement,
or separation from public office, except in the case of subparagraph (b) (2) above, but the
professional concerned cannot practice his profession in connection with any matter before the
office he used to be with, in which case the one-year prohibition shall likewise apply.
(c) Disclosure and/or misuse of confidential information. - Public officials and employees shall not
use or divulge, confidential or classified information officially known to them by reason of their office
and not made available to the public, either:
(1) To further their private interests, or give undue advantage to anyone; or
(2) To prejudice the public interest.
(d) Solicitation or acceptance of gifts. - Public officials and employees shall not solicit or accept,
directly or indirectly, any gift, gratuity, favor, entertainment, loan or anything of monetary value from
any person in the course of their official duties or in connection with any operation being regulated
by, or any transaction which may be affected by the functions of their office.
As to gifts or grants from foreign governments, the Congress consents to:
(i) The acceptance and retention by a public official or employee of a gift of nominal value
tendered and received as a souvenir or mark of courtesy;
(ii) The acceptance by a public official or employee of a gift in the nature of a scholarship or
fellowship grant or medical treatment; or
(iii) The acceptance by a public official or employee of travel grants or expenses for travel
taking place entirely outside the Philippine (such as allowances, transportation, food, and
lodging) of more than nominal value if such acceptance is appropriate or consistent with the
interests of the Philippines, and permitted by the head of office, branch or agency to which
he belongs.
The Ombudsman shall prescribe such regulations as may be necessary to carry out the purpose of
this subsection, including pertinent reporting and disclosure requirements.
Nothing in this Act shall be construed to restrict or prohibit any educational, scientific or cultural
exchange programs subject to national security requirements.
Section 8. Statements and Disclosure. - Public officials and employees have an obligation to accomplish and
submit declarations under oath of, and the public has the right to know, their assets, liabilities, net worth and
financial and business interests including those of their spouses and of unmarried children under eighteen (18)
years of age living in their households.
(A) Statements of Assets and Liabilities and Financial Disclosure. - All public officials and
employees, except those who serve in an honorary capacity, laborers and casual or temporary
workers, shall file under oath their Statement of Assets, Liabilities and Net Worth and a Disclosure
of Business Interests and Financial Connections and those of their spouses and unmarried children
under eighteen (18) years of age living in their households.
The two documents shall contain information on the following:
(a) real property, its improvements, acquisition costs, assessed value and current fair market
value;
(b) personal property and acquisition cost;
(c) all other assets such as investments, cash on hand or in banks, stocks, bonds, and the
like;
(d) liabilities, and;
(e) all business interests and financial connections.

The documents must be filed:
(a) within thirty (30) days after assumption of office;
(b) on or before April 30, of every year thereafter; and
(c) within thirty (30) days after separation from the service.
All public officials and employees required under this section to file the aforestated documents shall
also execute, within thirty (30) days from the date of their assumption of office, the necessary
authority in favor of the Ombudsman to obtain from all appropriate government agencies, including
the Bureau of Internal Revenue, such documents as may show their assets, liabilities, net worth,
and also their business interests and financial connections in previous years, including, if possible,
the year when they first assumed any office in the Government.
Husband and wife who are both public officials or employees may file the required statements
jointly or separately.
The Statements of Assets, Liabilities and Net Worth and the Disclosure of Business Interests and
Financial Connections shall be filed by:
(1) Constitutional and national elective officials, with the national office of the Ombudsman;
(2) Senators and Congressmen, with the Secretaries of the Senate and the House of
Representatives, respectively; Justices, with the Clerk of Court of the Supreme Court;
Judges, with the Court Administrator; and all national executive officials with the Office of the
President.
(3) Regional and local officials and employees, with the Deputy Ombudsman in their
respective regions;
(4) Officers of the armed forces from the rank of colonel or naval captain, with the Office of
the President, and those below said ranks, with the Deputy Ombudsman in their respective
regions; and
(5) All other public officials and employees, defined in Republic Act No. 3019, as amended,
with the Civil Service Commission.
(B) Identification and disclosure of relatives. - It shall be the duty of every public official or employee to identify
and disclose, to the best of his knowledge and information, his relatives in the Government in the form, manner
and frequency prescribed by the Civil Service Commission.
(C) Accessibility of documents. - (1) Any and all statements filed under this Act, shall be made available for
inspection at reasonable hours.
(2) Such statements shall be made available for copying or reproduction after ten (10) working days
from the time they are filed as required by law.
(3) Any person requesting a copy of a statement shall be required to pay a reasonable fee to cover
the cost of reproduction and mailing of such statement, as well as the cost of certification.
(4) Any statement filed under this Act shall be available to the public for a period of ten (10) years
after receipt of the statement. After such period, the statement may be destroyed unless needed in
an ongoing investigation.
(D) Prohibited acts. - It shall be unlawful for any person to obtain or use any statement filed under this Act for:
(a) any purpose contrary to morals or public policy; or
(b) any commercial purpose other than by news and communications media for dissemination to
the general public.
Section 9. Divestment. - A public official or employee shall avoid conflicts of interest at all times. When a conflict
of interest arises, he shall resign from his position in any private business enterprise within thirty (30) days from
his assumption of office and/or divest himself of his shareholdings or interest within sixty (60) days from such
assumption.
The same rule shall apply where the public official or employee is a partner in a partnership.
The requirement of divestment shall not apply to those who serve the Government in an honorary capacity nor to
laborers and casual or temporary workers.
Section 10. Review and Compliance Procedure. - (a) The designated Committees of both Houses of the
Congress shall establish procedures for the review of statements to determine whether said statements which
have been submitted on time, are complete, and are in proper form. In the event a determination is made that a
statement is not so filed, the appropriate Committee shall so inform the reporting individual and direct him to take
the necessary corrective action.
(b) In order to carry out their responsibilities under this Act, the designated Committees of both
Houses of Congress shall have the power within their respective jurisdictions, to render any opinion
interpreting this Act, in writing, to persons covered by this Act, subject in each instance to the
approval by affirmative vote of the majority of the particular House concerned.
The individual to whom an opinion is rendered, and any other individual involved in a similar factual
situation, and who, after issuance of the opinion acts in good faith in accordance with it shall not be
subject to any sanction provided in this Act.
(c) The heads of other offices shall perform the duties stated in subsections (a) and (b) hereof
insofar as their respective offices are concerned, subject to the approval of the Secretary of Justice,
in the case of the Executive Department and the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, in the case of
the Judicial Department.
Section 11. Penalties. - (a) Any public official or employee, regardless of whether or not he holds office or
employment in a casual, temporary, holdover, permanent or regular capacity, committing any violation of this Act
shall be punished with a fine not exceeding the equivalent of six (6) months' salary or suspension not exceeding
one (1) year, or removal depending on the gravity of the offense after due notice and hearing by the appropriate
body or agency. If the violation is punishable by a heavier penalty under another law, he shall be prosecuted
under the latter statute. Violations of Sections 7, 8 or 9 of this Act shall be punishable with imprisonment not
exceeding five (5) years, or a fine not exceeding five thousand pesos (P5,000), or both, and, in the discretion of
the court of competent jurisdiction, disqualification to hold public office.
(b) Any violation hereof proven in a proper administrative proceeding shall be sufficient cause for
removal or dismissal of a public official or employee, even if no criminal prosecution is instituted
against him.
(c) Private individuals who participate in conspiracy as co-principals, accomplices or accessories,

with public officials or employees, in violation of this Act, shall be subject to the same penal
liabilities as the public officials or employees and shall be tried jointly with them.
(d) The official or employee concerned may bring an action against any person who obtains or uses
a report for any purpose prohibited by Section 8 (D) of this Act. The Court in which such action is
brought may assess against such person a penalty in any amount not to exceed twenty-five
thousand pesos (P25,000). If another sanction hereunder or under any other law is heavier, the
latter shall apply.
Section 12. Promulgation of Rules and Regulations, Administration and Enforcement of this Act. - The Civil
Service Commission shall have the primary responsibility for the administration and enforcement of this Act. It
shall transmit all cases for prosecution arising from violations of this Act to the proper authorities for appropriate
action: Provided, however, That it may institute such administrative actions and disciplinary measures as may be
warranted in accordance with law. Nothing in this provision shall be construed as a deprivation of the right of
each House of Congress to discipline its Members for disorderly behavior.
The Civil Service Commission is hereby authorized to promulgate rules and regulations necessary to carry out
the provisions of this Act, including guidelines for individuals who render free voluntary service to the
Government. The Ombudsman shall likewise take steps to protect citizens who denounce acts or omissions of
public officials and employees which are in violation of this Act.
Section 13. Provisions for More Stringent Standards. - Nothing in this Act shall be construed to derogate from
any law, or any regulation prescribed by any body or agency, which provides for more stringent standards for its
official and employees.
Section 14. Appropriations. - The sum necessary for the effective implementation of this Act shall be taken from
the appropriations of the Civil Service Commission. Thereafter, such sum as may be needed for its continued
implementation shall be included in the annual General Appropriations Act.
Section 15. Separability Clause. - If any provision of this Act or the application of such provision to any person or
circumstance is declared invalid, the remainder of the Act or the application of such provision to other persons or
circumstances shall not be affected by such declaration.
Section 16. Repealing Clause. - All laws, decrees and orders or parts thereof inconsistent herewith, are deemed
repealed or modified accordingly, unless the same provide for a heavier penalty.
Section 17. Effectivity. - This Act shall take effect after thirty (30) days following the completion of its publication
in the Official Gazette or in two (2) national newspapers of general circulation.
REPUBLIC ACT NO. 6713

An act establishing a code of conduct and ethical standards for public officials and employees, to uphold the time-honored principle of
public office being a public trust, granting incentives and rewards for exemplary service, enumerating prohibited acts and transactions
and providing penalties for violations thereof and for other purposes.

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Vocabulary

1. Touched the jury.

6. The cathode of a battery was removed. Cathode means…

12. The judge was fallible during deliberation. Fallible means…

1. Careful not to err.

Reading Vocabulary Practice Questions

12. A lyre was played in ancient Rome. The lyre is a…

1. Stringed instrument in the harp class.

Answers and Explanations

Grammar and Correct Usage Questions

4. UNION JACK : VEXILLOLOGY

10. CHRONOLOGICAL : TIME

11. SOOT : GRIMY

13. SULLEN : BROOD

14. AUTHOR : LITERATE

15. MASSIVE : BULK

16. ENTICE : REPEL

17. HUMDRUM : BORE

18. HOSPITABLE : COURTESY

19. REINFORCE : STRONGER

20. BRAGGART : MODESTY

Number Series – Logical Reasoning Questions

Logical Reasoning Questions on Verbal Classification

Q7. Which word is the odd man out?

Q8. Which word does NOT belong with the others?

Q9. Which word is the odd man out?

Q10. Pick the odd man out?

Logical Reasoning Questions on Analogies

Q12. Paw : Cat :: Hoof : ?

Q13. Safe : Secure :: Protect :

Q14. Melt : Liquid :: Freeze :

Q15. Parts : Strap :: Wolf :

Logical Reasoning Questions on Matching Definitions

A. A debating club meets on the first Sunday morning of every month.

A. At halftime, the score is tied at 2-2 in a football match.

Logical Reasoning Questions on Verbal Reasoning

Logical Reasoning Questions on Logical Games

A. harbor improvements and school music program

✓Kevin is the oldest.

Questions 3-5 are based on the following information:

Q28. According to a schedule, the restaurant’s floors are polished on either…

A. Plants are watered on Tuesday.

A) If only assumption I is implicit.

A) If only assumption I is implicit.

Q33. “Use PQR Ceramics tiles to decorate your house” – An advertisement.

A) If only assumption I is implicit.

A) If only assumption I is implicit.

A) If only assumption/ I is implicit.

Logical Reasoning Questions on Statement and Conclusion

A. Only conclusion I follows

A. Only conclusion I follows

Conclusions: Method of increasing the readership of newspapers should be devised.

A. Only conclusion I follows

A. Only conclusion I follows

Conclusions: Catchy slogans do not attract people.

A. Only conclusion II follows

Logical Reasoning Questions on Cause and Effect

A. Statement I is the cause and statement II is its effect.

A. Statement I is the cause and statement II is its effect.

A. Statement I is the cause and statement II is its effect.

A. Statement I is the cause and statement II is its effect.

A. Statement I is the cause and statement II is its effect.

Logical Reasoning Questions on Logical Deduction