PROPULSION

Engine selection for each aircraft is depending on individual

performances of each aircrafts. Mainly on how much thrust or power we
need for the aircraft to have a safe journey and for all extra performances.

In our project we are selecting the engine AE3007C1(Rolls Royce)

according to static’s data of the aircraft.

Engine positioning on the aircraft is also important as choosing an

engine for the aircraft. Positing of engine is depending on the positioning of
other structural elements of the aircraft.

Type of Engine: Gas Turbine (By-Pass)

Number of Engines: 2

Determination of Engine Parameters

It is necessary to determine starting thrust of the engine. It is

determined on the basis of the collected statistical values of starting thrust-
to-weight ratio t o .

For this, it is necessary to establish the value t o (take-off thrust-to-

weight ratio) for the projected airplane. Four our engine the value is equal
to 0.33.

1. Engine and Thrust Determination

P0 = t 0 × m0 × g
P0 = 0.3256 ×16500 × 9.8 = 52649 ( N )
PO = 52 .64 ( kN )

2. Thrust of one engine

Further starting thrust of one engine can be determined on the basis of
engines numbers “ n”. In this project we are adding only 2 engines to the
aircraft which according to the take-off mass and the thrust needed.

P0 52649 .52
Peng = = = 26324 .76 ( N ) = 26 .32 ( kN )
neng 2

From this equation we can see that, each engine has to provide
26.32kN. Our engine has to produce a thrust more than 26.32 kN.
AE3007C1(Rolls Royce) can do it.

Why ROLLS ROYCE AE3007C1?

- This engine is used in Citation X, the most fuel-efficient business

jets in its category. No other business aircraft in the world flies so
far, so fast, on so little. Much of the Citation X's speed and efficiency
can be attributed to its Rolls-Royce engines.

- It gives the Citation X the highest thrust-to-weight ratio with the

lowest specific fuel consumption of any business jet in its class.

- Does not need to consume more fuel to deliver more speed

So, to sum up, we have an engine that takes care of environmental

issues. With high efficiency and the lowest specific fuel consumption, we
try to reduce as much as we can its contribution to pollution.
.

The Rolls-Royce AE 3007C1 engines features:

- two-stage high pressure turbine

 - two spools with a 14-stage axial flow compressor and a three-stage
low pressure turbine
- bypass ratio of 5:1 and is evaluated at a static sea level takeoff thrust
of 6,764 pounds (30.09 kN) at 86°F (30°C)
- Hydraulically actuated, target-type thrust reversers are enclosed to
each engine
- An APU is incorporated for engine start and other advantages

Aircraft variant:

- Change the engine. The engine PW 308A produced by PRATT &

WHITNEY-Progress is able to produce the thrust we need and also
fits with our take-off mass. The election of ROLLS ROYCE
AE3007C1 was more an environmental decision.

- Modular design. If we add two meters of fuselage and increase the

power (with choosing another range or variant of the engine), we
could have 12 passengers instead of 10. This is a very important
point when you are trying to sell the plane, the possibility of adapt it
to each customer needs.

Foreing Object Damage (FOD)

Foreign Object Damage (FOD) is damage caused by Foreign Object

Debris (also abbreviated FOD). Foreign Object Damage is any damage
attributed to a foreign object (any object that is not part of the vehicle) that
can be expressed in physical or economic terms and may or may not
degrade the product's required safety or performance characteristics. FOD
is an abbreviation often used in aviation to describe both the damage done
to aircraft by foreign objects, and the foreign objects themselves.

"Internal FOD" is used to refer to damage or hazards caused by

foreign objects inside the aircraft. For example, "Cockpit FOD" might be
used to describe a situation where an item gets loose in the cockpit and
jams or restricts the operation of the controls. "Tool FOD" is a serious
hazard caused by tools left inside the aircraft after manufacturing or
servicing. Tools or other items can get tangled in control cables, jam
moving parts, short out electrical connections, or otherwise interfere with
safe flight. Aircraft maintenance teams usually have strict tool control
procedures including toolbox inventories to make sure all tools have been
removed from an aircraft before it is released for flight. Tools used during
manufacturing are tagged with a serial number so if they're found they can
be traced.

FOD costs the aerospace industry US$1.1–2 billion per year in direct
costs, and as much as ten times that amount in indirect costs from delays,
aircraft changes, incurred fuel costs, unscheduled maintenance, and the like
for a total of $12 billion per year and causes expensive, significant damage
to aircraft and parts and death and injury to workers, pilots and passengers.

FOD damage to the compressor blades of a Honeywell LTS101 turboshaft

engine on a Bell 222, caused by a small bolt that passed through the
protective inlet screen.

How do we avoid FOD?

- The configuration of engines in tail is optimal for the passive defense

against the FOD.

- The engines remain higher from the ground, so aerodynamically, the

own aircraft in movement creates a draught that turns the objects
aside better than if they are placed under the aircraft, in the wings…

- Pass a test which includes firing a fresh chicken (dead, but not
frozen) into a running jet engine from a small cannon. The engine
does not have to remain functional after the test, but it must not
cause significant damage to the rest of the aircraft.

Thrust reverser installations

 Thrust reversal, also called reverse thrust, is the temporary diversion
of an aircraft engine's exhaust or changing of propeller pitch so that the
thrust produced is directed forward, rather than aft.

This acts against the forward travel of the aircraft, providing

deceleration. Thrust reversers are used by many jet aircraft to help slow
down just after touch-down, reducing wear on the brakes and enabling
shorter landing distances. It is also available on many propeller-driven
aircraft through reversing the controllable pitch propellers to a negative
angle.

If thrust reverser are placed, a more short landing is obtained, but it

increases the weight ... We try to reach a compromise, a few inventers who
help braking faster rapid but not very complex.

That’s why our aircraft is going to have surfaces (flap and slats) well
formed in low speed, so that they allow slow approach speeds and a certain
STOL capacity (Short take-off and landing).