SALTWATER INTRUSION IN GROUNDWATER OF COASTAL

MUNICIPALITY IN THE PHILIPPINES USING EMPIRICAL

BAYESIAN KRIGING METHOD

by

CAPITAN, Mark Leandro H.

ESTRIBELLO, Vivien Dawn R.

MACARIO, Vincent Jerome P.

Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of

Bachelor of Science in

at

FEUInstitute of Technology

February 2020
 Thesis/Project Adviser

Engr. Kevin Lawrence M. De Jesus

©2020Capitan, Estribello, and Macario

All Rights Reserved

The author/s grant FEU Institute of Technology permission to reproduce and distribute

the contents of this document in whole or in part.

ii
 APPROVAL AND ACCEPTANCE SHEET

The(thesis/capstone project) entitled “SALTWATER INTRUSION IN

GROUNDWATER OF COASTAL MUNICIPALITY IN THE PHILIPPINES
USING EMPIRICAL BAYESIAN KRIGING METHOD”prepared and submitted by:

CAPITAN, Mark Leandro H.

ESTRIBELLO, Vivien Dawn R.
MACARIO, Vincent Jerome P.

In partial fulfillment of the course of requirement for the Degree of Bachelor of Science
in Civil Engineering has been examined and is hereby recommended for approval.

(NAME) (NAME)
Panelist 1 Panelist 2

(NAME)
Head Panelist

Accepted as partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of

Science in Civil Engineering.

Engr. Kevin Lawrence M. De Jesus Engr. Mary Grace M.Ventanilla -Calilung

Thesis Adviser Course Adviser

Dr. ArmiM. Cunanan – Yabut

Department Head

________________________
Date

iii
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Contents

SALTWATER INTRUSION IN GROUNDWATER OF COASTAL MUNICIPALITY

IN THE PHILIPPINES USING EMPIRICAL BAYESIAN KRIGING METHOD ........... i

APPROVAL AND ACCEPTANCE SHEET .................................................................... iii

TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................................................... iv

LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................ vii

LIST OF FIGURES ......................................................................................................... viii

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ............................................................................................ ix

Chapter 1.INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................. 1

1.1. Background of the Study ...................................................................................... 1

1.2. Significance of the Study ..................................................................................... 3

1.3. Objectives ............................................................................................................. 3

1.3.1 General Objective ............................................................................................... 3

1.3.2 Specific Objectives ............................................................................................. 4

1.4. Scope and Delimitations....................................................................................... 4

1.5. Conceptual Framework ........................................................................................ 4

1.6. Definition of Terms [10] ..................................................................................... 5

Chapter 2.REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE ......................................................... 7

iv
2.1. Bataan ................................................................................................................... 7

2.1.1. Municipalities of Bataan .................................................................................... 8

2.2. Groundwater ......................................................................................................... 9

2.2.1 Physicochemical Characteristics of Groundwater ............................................ 10

2.2.2 Classification .................................................................................................... 11

2.2.3. DAO 34 Regulations ....................................................................................... 12

2.3. Saltwater ............................................................................................................. 14

2.3.1. Saltwater Intrusion ........................................................................................... 14

2.3.2 Mitigation Measures for Saltwater Intrusion .................................................... 15

2.4. ASTM Standards for Groundwater Sampling and Testing ................................ 15

2.4.1. ASTM D5903-96 Planning and Preparing for a

Groundwater Sampling Event ................................................................................... 15

2.4.2. ASTM D4448-01 Groundwater Sampling ...................................................... 17

2.4.3 ASTM D6089-19 Documenting a Groundwater Sampling Event.................... 18

2.5. Geographic Information System (GIS) .............................................................. 18

2.5.1 Envonmental System Research Institute (ESRI) .............................................. 18

2.5.2 Empirical Bayesian Kriging Method ................................................................ 19

2.5.3 Classical Kriging Method ................................................................................. 19

2.6. ArcGIS versus Other Software Tools................................................................. 20

2.6.1 Review for GRASS .......................................................................................... 20

v
 2.6.2 Review for QGIS .............................................................................................. 20

2.6.3 Review for ArcGIS ........................................................................................... 21

2.7. Related Literature ............................................................................................... 23

2.7.1 Local Studies .................................................................................................... 23

2.7.2. Foreign Studies ................................................................................................ 25

Chapter 3.METHODOLOGY ........................................................................................... 26

3.1. Area of the study ................................................................................................ 26

3.2. Materials ............................................................................................................. 27

3.3. In Situ Groundwater Sampling and Testing ....................................................... 27

3.3.1 Arrangement and Planning for Groundwater Collection .................................. 28

3.3.2 Sampling of Groundwater ................................................................................ 28

3.3.3. Recording of Groundwater Collection Event .................................................. 28

3.4. ArcGIS ............................................................................................................... 29

3.4.1 Empirical Bayesian Kriging Method ................................................................ 29

References ......................................................................................................................... 31

APPENDICES ................................................................................................................. 37

APPENDIX A .............................................................................................................. 37

vi
 LIST OF TABLES

Table 1Municipalities of Bataan.…………………………………….…….….………….9

Table 2 Different Standards for Water Quality....………………………………….…….11

Table 3 Water Classification according to its Use……………………………………….12

Table 4Water Quality Criteria for Conventional and Other Pollutants

Contributing to Aesthetics and Oxygen Demand for Fresh Water.………….….13

Table 5 Open GIS Tool Comparison…………………………………………………….22

Table 6 Groundwater Sample Parameters of Different Wells

in Barangays of Limay, Bataan…………………………….……………………29

vii
 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1Conceptual Framework...………………………………………………….….…5

Figure 2Bataan Peninsula / Province of Bataan is at the Southwestern tip of Luzon.......7

Figure 3Political Map of Bataan...……………………………………………………….8

Figure 4Origin of Groundwater...........……………………….…………………………10

Figure5Groundwater flow patterns and the zone

of dispersion in an idealized, homogeneous coastal aquifer…….…....……….14

Figure 6 Map of Limay, Bataan………………………………………………………….27

Figure 7Empirical Bayesian Kriging Chart………………………...…………………...30

viii
 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

ArcGIS–AaeronauticalReconnaissenceCoverageGeographic Information System

DAO – DENR Administrative Order

DENR – Department of Environment and Natural Resources

EBK–Empirical Bayesian Kriging

EC – Electrical Conductivity

ESRI– Environment System Research Institute

GIS– Geographic Information System

GPS – Global Positioning System

IFSAR – InterferomatricSynthetic Aperture Radar

NAMRIA – National Mapping Resource Information Authority

pH– Potential of Hydrogen

TDS–Total Dissolved Solids

USEPA–United States Environmental Protection Agency

ix
 Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1.Background of the Study

The country of Philippines had a sobriquet of The Pearl of the Orient Seas for its rich

biodiversity. It was named by a Spanish Jesuit missionary, Father Juan J. Delgado [1]The

Philippines is an archipelago that is surrounded by different seas and oceans, specifically

Philippine Sea, South China Sea, Sulu Sea, and Celebes Sea. It also has rivers, lakes,

straits, bays, etc. that shows the other countries how well off the Philippines is when it

comes to the natural resources. It is considered as one of the largest archipelagic

countries in the world. Before the number of islands in the Philippines was 7,107 but with

modern technology like the Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (IFSAR), the

National Mapping Resource Information Authority (NAMRIA) studies and confirms the

islands detected. The Republic of the Philippines stated that the number of islands is

7,641[2].

The province of Bataan is located in Region III (Central Luzon). Bataan is one of the

peninsulas in the Philippines located in the southwestern tip of Luzon Island, where most

of its municipalities are coastal areas. About 80% of Bataan is mountainous or hilly with

Mt. Mariveles and Mt. Natib[3]. Agriculture, fishery and manufacturing sectors are the

factors that boost the socio-economic in Bataan. Alongside with it is the degradation of

coastal habitats and the degrade of the water quality[4].

Majority of freshwater can be found in groundwater and one way to extract it is by

creating wells or handheld pumps. Groundwater plays a significant role in domestic,

agricultural, and industrial sectors in the Philippines. It contributes up to 14 percent of the

potential total water resource of the country [5]. Therefore, different parameters are

monitored in groundwater to determine its quality and usage. There are wells and hand-

held pumps that are built near coastal areas where saltwater intrusion mostly occurs.

Many studies and research have been tackled about saltwater intrusion. The saltwater

intrusion is the lateral and upward movement of saltwater [6]Saltwater intrusion is a

natural phenomenon in some coastal aquifers. Some reasons for this are due to climate

change and over-extraction of freshwater [7]. Since saltwater is denser than freshwater, it

could settle down in freshwater. As the level of freshwater goes down, the saltwater rises

and eventually replaced freshwater that is being extracted through a well or handheld

pump. Saltwater can degrade groundwater by increasing its salinity making it unusable

for irrigation, industrial and human consumption [8]

Mapping is an effective way to present data with respect to a specific location. It can also

be used to present an estimated or projected value based on the data gathered. In this

study, the researchers aim to create a salinity concentration map of a municipality using

Empirical Bayesian Kriging (EBK) method thru Geographic Information Systems

(ArcGIS). The purpose of the map is to identify which part of the municipality needs

mitigation measures and which part can still be used as a source of groundwater.

ArcGIS is used to create, manage, share, and analyze spatial data. ArcGIS can map out

spatial patterns using the spatial data given by a user. Maps created by ArcGIS help give

professionals the opportunity to make a wiser decision and take action faster. Different

2
methods are used by ArcGIS to map out the spatial data given by a user. Empirical

Bayesian Kriging (EBK) method is one of the methods used in ArcGIS. It is necessary to

appoint a suitable essential spatial interpolation method to estimate values at unknown

locations from the remark results. ArcGIS is used by engineers to map out their given

data to determine what kind of action they must take. Mapping the salinity level of

groundwater for instance will help the researchers identify what kind of mitigation

measure they will use to the locations that have high salinity level [9]

1.2.Significance of the Study

Over-pumping of groundwater leads to saltwater intrusion which results in abandonment

of wells and hand-held pumps since it will not be good for human consumption. In this

study, the researchers will gather water samples from different wells in a coastal area to

examine if the groundwater is already encroached by saltwater.

By collecting water samples from existing water well or hand-held pump, the researchers

will measure its parameters to use it for mapping and estimate the salinity in nearby

locations. Salinity has a maximum level for a specific purpose so this study will examine

if an area will still be a good source for groundwater or not. For those areas that appear to

have high salinity level, mitigation measures will be presented to slow down saltwater

intrusion.

1.3.Objectives

1.3.1 General Objective

 Develop a concentration map that will describe the level of saltwater intrusion in

Limay, Bataan using Empirical Bayesian Kriging Method.

3
1.3.2 Specific Objectives

 Determine the Physicochemical characteristics of groundwater samples such as pH,

temperature, and salinity.

 Assess the salinity of groundwater samples in comparison to the allowable values set

by USEPA

 Evaluate which area that has been affected by the saltwater intrusion.

1.4.Scope and Delimitations

This study will focus on mapping the salinity concentration of Abucay, Bataan using

ArcGIS. The researchers will limit the gathered data from existing wells and handheld

pumps near coastal areas. The parameters that will only be considered by the researchers

are pH, temperature, and salinity. Other parameters of groundwater will not be

considered.

1.5.Conceptual Framework

Figure 1 shows the procedures that will be used by the researchers. The Input part is to

accumulate the needed data specifically the temperature, pH Level and salinity of the

water sample. Next the Process part, search the location of Limay, Bataan then use a

Geographic Information System (GIS). ArcGIS is the best choice for GIS mapping, and it

will perform a geographical interpolation. Empirical Bayesian Kriging Method will

interpolate the input data and lastly the Output part is the map of the Limay, Bataan based

on its salinity.

4
 Tem
perat Map of
ure Salinity
the data
pH Empirical gathere
Level Limay, ArcGIS Bayesian d
Kriging
Bataan Method (EBK)

Figure 1. Conceptual Framework

1.6.Definition of Terms [10]

Aquifer – Underground geological formation of sand, soil, gravel and rock

able tostore and yield water

Brackish Water – Mixed fresh and saltwater

Confined Aquifer – An aquifer that exists where the groundwater is bounded

betweenlayers of impermeable substances like clay or dense rock

Drawdown – A lowering of the groundwater level caused by pumping

Fresh Water – Water with less than 0.5 parts per thousand dissolved salts

Groundwater – Water contained under the ground's surface, located in the spaces

between soil particles and in the cracks of sand, gravel, and rock

5
Potable Water – Water of a quality suitable for drinking

Saltwater – Water that contains a relatively high percentage (over 0.5 parts per

thousand) of salt minerals

Saltwater Intrusion – Process by which an aquifer is overdrafted creating a flow

imbalance within an area that results in salt water encroaching into

fresh water supply

Surface Water – Water above the surface of the land, including lakes, rivers,

streams, ponds, floodwater, and runoff

Unconfined Aquifer – An aquifer in which the water table is at or near atmosphere

pressure and is the upper boundary of the aquifer

Water Table – The top of an unconfined aquifer; indicates the level below which

soil and rock are saturated with water. The top of the saturation

zone

Well – A bored, drilled or driven shaft, or a dug hole whose depth is

greater than the largest surface dimension and whose purpose is to

reach underground water supplies to inject, extract or monitor

water

6
 Chapter 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter is composed of the studies or articles related to saltwater intrusion in coastal

areas. It will help to expound or broaden the understanding about the research.

2.1.Bataan

Bataan is located in Region III having a land area of 137,296 hectares [11]. It is bounded

by the province of Pampanga and Zambales in the north, Manila Bay in the east and

south and South China Sea in the west. It is also distinguished as a peninsula based on its

landform surrounded by bodies of water refer to Figure 2.

Figure 2.Bataan Peninsula/Province of Bataan

at the southwestern tip of Luzon[12]

7
2.1.1.Municipalities of Bataan

The division of the twelve municipalities of Bataan is shown in Figure 3whileTable 1

shows the land area, population, and elevation of each municipality. As shown in the

table, Limay, Bataan has the lowest elevation out of the twelve municipalities.

Figure 3. Political Map of Bataan[13]

8
Table 1. Municipalities of Bataan

Estimated elevation
MUNICIPALITIES Population Census
Land Areas (km2) ASL
IN BATAAN (2015-08-01)
(m)

Abucay 79.72 39,880 9.0

Bagac 231.20 26,936 18.7

Balanga 111.63 96,061 10.8

Dinalupihan 92.52 106,371 13.6

Hermosa 157 65,862 12.1

Limay 103.6 68,071 8.7

Mariveles 153.90 127,536 9.1

Morong 219.20 29,901 10.2

Orani 64.90 66,909 9.7

Orion 65.41 56,002 9.0

Pilar 37.60 41,823 12.0

Samal 56.30 35,298 9.7

Table 1 represents the 12 municipalities in Bataan. The highlighted is the selected area

for the research. Limay has a land area of 103.6 sq. km and considered as a coastal

municipality having an elevation of 8.7m above sea level. Its population was determined

by the 2015 Census having 68,071.

2.2.Groundwater

9
Groundwater is water that is collected underground. It is a common source of clean water

and extracted from a section underground called aquifers [14]. Notice Figure 4 for

elaboration.

Figure 4. Origin of Groundwater [14]

2.2.1 Physicochemical Characteristics of Groundwater

Physicochemical Characteristics are measured from a water sample to determine the

quality of water. The parameters have minimum and/or maximum limits that are

considered as shown in Table 2.

2.2.1.1 pH

pH measures how acidic/basic the water is. It ranges from 0-14 with 0 being most acid

and 14 being most basic. The neutral value for pH is 7 which is also the pH of pure water.

pH values below 6.5 are considered acidic, corrosive, and soft while pH values above 8.5

are considered hard. Knowing the pH values of water can help determine if it can affect

the piping system or water quality [15].

2.2.1.2. Temperature

Temperature greatly contributes to biological activity and growth. It dictates whether an

organism can live within the waters or not. In terms of chemistry, it also has an effect.

Chemical reactions usually happen at higher temperatures [16].

10
2.2.1.3. Salinity

When the salt content disintegrates to bodies of water it may result in salinity.Which is a

strong contributor for conductivity and helps to determine a lot of characteristics of

chemistry in the natural waters and biological activities within them.

Table 2. Different Standards for water quality [17]

STANDARDS pH Level Chloride Salinity

WHO (4th Edition – 2011) 6.5 – 8.5 200 – 300 mg/L -

Australian Drinking Water Guidelines 6.5 – 8.5 250 mg/L -

US EPA 6.5 – 8.5 250 mg/L 500 mg/l

PNSDW 6.5 – 8.5 250 mg/L -

2.2.2Classification

Water is classified into five according to the Department of Environment and Natural

Resources (DENR) namely class AA, class A, class B, class C, class D [18]. Notice the

Table 3 for reference.

11
Table 3. Water Classification according to its Use[18]

Intended Beneficial Use

Public Water Supply Class I - Intended primarily for waters having watersheds,
Class AA which are uninhabited and/or otherwise declared as protected areas, and which
require only approved disinfection to meet the latest PNSDW
Public Water Supply Class II - Intended as source of water supply requiring
Class A conventional treatment (coagulation, sedimentation, filtration, and disinfection) to
meet the latest PNSDW
Recreational Water Class I - Intended for primary contact recreation (bathing,
Class B
swimming, etc.)
Class C 1. Fishery Water for the propagation and growth of fish and aquatic resources.
2. Recreational Water Class II - For boating, fishing, or similar activities
3. For agriculture, irrigation, and livestock watering
Class D Navigable waters

2.2.3. DAO 34 Regulations

DENR created a regulation to be considered as water quality standard. It classifies the

water and determines its usage such as human consumption, irrigation, etc. [19]. Based

on Table 4.

12
Table 4.Water Quality Criteria for Conventional and Other PollutantsContributing

to Aesthetics and Oxygen Demand for Fresh Waters[19]

PARAMETER UNIT CLASS AA CLASS A CLASS B CLASS C CLASS D (b)

Color PCU 15 50 (c) (c) (c)
Temperature (d) (max. °C rise 3 3 3 3
rise in deg. Celcius)
pH (range) 6.5 - 8.5 6.5 - 8.5 6.5 - 8.5 6.5 - 8.5 6.0 - 9.0
Dissolved Oxygen (e) % satn 70 70 70 60 40
(Minimum) mg/L 5 5 5 5 3
5-Day 20°C BOD mg/L 1 5 5 7(10) 10(15)
Total Suspended Solids mg/L 25 50 (f) (g) (h)
Total Dissolved Solids mg/L 500 (i) 1,000 (i) - - 1,000 (i)
Surfactants (MBAS) mg/L nil 0.2(0.5) 0.3(0.5) 0.5 -
Oil/Grease (Petroleum mg/L nil 1 1 2 5
Ether Extracts)
Nitrate as Nitrogen mg/L 1 10 nr 10(j) -
Phosphate as mg/L nil 0.1(k) 0.2(k) 0.4(k) -
Phosphorus
Phenolic Substances as mg/L nil 0.002 0.005(l) 0.02(l) -
Phenols
Total Coliforms MPN/ 50(m) 1,000(m) 1,000(m) 5,000(m) -
100
mL
Or Fecal Coliforms MPN/ 20(m) 100(m) 200(m) - -
100
mL
Chloride as Cl mg/L 250 250 250 350 -
Copper mg/L 1 1 - 0.05(o) -

13
2.3.Saltwater

Saltwater is the most abundant type of water since it takes up 96 percent of the total water

on Earth’s surface [20]. It is composed of mostly sodium chloride with other kinds of salt

present as well like magnesium, sulfate, calcium, and potassium [21].

2.3.1. Saltwater Intrusion

Saltwater intrusion can occur from different causes. One of which is over pumping of

groundwater [22]. Sea level rise can cause saltwater intrusion in groundwater based from

Figure 5.

Figure 5. Groundwater flow patterns and the zone of dispersion in an idealized,

homogeneous coastal aquifer[22]

14
2.3.2 Mitigation Measures for Saltwater Intrusion

There are different practices used to prevent saltwater intrusion. These are the few

practices used to prevent saltwater intrusion. Well depth is considered when near coastal

areas and are computed with established formulas to determine the transition zone. Well

drilling near coastal areas is highly discouraged. And monitoring the salinity or

conductivity of water during drilling to determine if stopping is necessary [23].

2.4.ASTM Standards for Groundwater Sampling and Testing

2.4.1. ASTM D5903-96 Planning and Preparing for a Groundwater Sampling Event

ASTM D5903-96 discusses things to consider before conducting a groundwater sampling

activity. They provide a standard that will serve as a guide and for minimizing the

possibility of problems and accidents that can occur.

First thing to consider is the scope of the sampling and analysis program. Review all the

protocols before groundwater sampling, health and safety plan, and procedures in

conducting the groundwater sampling. Next is to determine which well where the

groundwater will be extracted. It will help to determine if there will be specific

procedures to be conducted based on its condition. Also, identify the laboratory analysis

that will be conducted to obtain accurate results. Next is, the researchers must identify

what data should be collected in the field. Using a form to fill up necessary data and

record information can reduce the chance of researchers to forget details. The depth range

of the water from the well must be considered.

Review available information about the sample wells. The specifications of well like

material of construction, size, and depth of well must be noted to know which equipment

will be used in groundwater sampling. Evaluate the historical performance of the well if

15
available. It will help to create the planning process and determine what kind of personal

protective equipment will be used based on the contamination of water. Also, evaluate

where the well is located. It will help to determine which tools are needed to access the

well.

Estimate the time needed before, during, and after water sample collection so that there

will be a time frame for a specific activity and delay will be minimized. Number of

persons who will conduct the sampling must also be evaluated. And, informing the

laboratory about the arrival of samples is a must.

Coordination with the laboratory personnels is needed. Discuss with the laboratory

personnels about the details of the water sample to determine the equipment needed for

laboratory analyses. Identify the volume of sample that must be collected from each well

and also acknowledge the time allowed for the sample can be stored to identify the

method of shipment. Inform the laboratory personnels about any requirements for quality

control and documentation to avoid misunderstandings or confusion. Also, inform them

about when the data is needed so that delay will not occur and to know whether the

laboratory can provide the data on time or not.

Coordination with the client or site-related personnel. The researchers must notify them

when the sampling will happen. Ask them to provide site and well access to avoid any

delay on the sampling event. Address any site-specific safety concern, the researchers

should have emergency phone numbers and map showing the location of nearest health

care facility and identify safety hazards in the groundwater sampling location.

Researchers must identify equipment needs. Any equipment that is required within the

span of groundwater sampling activity must be specified. Personal protective equipment,

16
measurement devices, equipment used in sampling, sample preparation and shipment,

and for documentation. Provide a checklist for this equipment to avoid any missing

equipment on the sampling activity.

Make sure the containers of the water sample are not contaminated to avoid erroneous

results.Prepare the sampling equipment to and check them if they are in good operating

condition before going to the field to avoid problems occuring on the sampling

activity[24].

2.4.2. ASTM D4448-01 Groundwater Sampling

Groundwater sampling process is divided into three main steps:wellpurging, sample

withdrawal, and field preparation of samples. These steps areimportant to avoid

erroneous results that can happen due to contamination of thewater samples[25].

2.4.2.1 Well Purging

Since some wells have water that is stagnant for a long time, it is not suitable to be used

as a sample. Different purging methods can be done based on the specifications of well.

Purging is necessary to remove the chemical or biochemical change that happens causing

the change of water quality.

2.4.2.2 Sample Withdrawal

When choosing the type of material that will be used in extracting water samples,

characteristics of the groundwater must be evaluated to ensure that the water sample will

not be contaminated after being collected. Some materials considered to be used as

sampling equipment are PVC, TFE-fluorocarbon resins, Glass, and Stainless Steel. Each

material has advantages and disadvantages so analyzing the compounds present in the

water is necessary to avoid degradation of the equipment.

17
2.4.2.3 Field Preparation of Samples

After the sample has withdrawn from well, containers of water samples must be

considered to ensure that it will not be contaminated throughout the time until it reaches

the water testing facility. Preservation methods such as pH control, chemical addition,

refrigeration and freezing can help the water sample to maintain its in-situ state. For

shipment of the sample, the shipping container must be an insulated ice chest equipped

with bottle dividers and make sure the container has no leakage to avoid contamination.

2.4.3 ASTM D6089-19 Documenting a Groundwater Sampling Event

Documenting groundwater sampling details helps to analyse if the data gathered are

accurate and support the integrity of the data. It is also important to document the field

procedures used and measurement immediately to avoid missing details about the

sampling activity. The contents of the documentation must be about: general details on

the sampling location, static water level measurement, monitoring well purging,

monitoring well sampling, field measurements, groundwater sample preparation, sample

container labeling, groundwater sample shipment, and analytical request forms[26].

2.5.Geographic Information System (GIS)

2.5.1 Envonmental System Research Institute (ESRI)

ESRI is an international supplier of Geographic Information System (GIS). In the year

1969, it was founded by Jack Dangermond - a member of Harvard Lab with his wife

Laura. The consulting firm wants to help the land use planners and land users managers

for brief decisions by using spatial analysis and computer mapping. The headquarters of

the ESRI is in Redlands, California.

18
ESRI builds the ArcGIS to suit its application software products that runs on server,

desktop, and mobile platforms. ESRI has helped solve some of the world's most difficult

problems since 1969. Today ESRI Software has employed more than 350,000

organizations including the world's large urban areas and most national governments.

ESRI is also seeking to understand the users and customers in challenge and

opportunities and work together to get a viable solution. 30% of revenues goes to

Research and Dissertation (R&D). ArcGIS is the most powerful tool when it comes to

mapping and spatial analytics which delivers location intelligence and scientific-based

approach solution [27].

2.5.2 Empirical Bayesian Kriging Method

Empirical Bayesian Kriging (EBK) is a geostatistical interpolation method that automates

the most difficult building aspects of building a valid kriging model. Other Kriging

Method in Geostatistical Analyst requires manual adjustments of parameters while in

EBK it is sub-setting and simulations. Empirical Bayesian Kriging is more precise than

the Classical Kriging method. This is done by evaluating the statistical data, and then

using different semivariograms[28].

2.5.3 Classical Kriging Method

Kriging is the name given to a class of factual systems for ideal forecast. It was

developed by Lev Gandin in 1959 for meteorological application. It can be applied in

agricultural, mining and environmental sciences. Kriging is a probabilistic indicator and

presume statistical data. Kriging uses a semivariogram which is descriptive and of the

spatial continuity. Some statistical assumptions behind Kriging methods are stationarity

and Gaussian. Classical Kriging Method also assumes that the semivariogram is the true

19
semivariogram of the observed data. This means the data in the Gaussian dispersion with

the correlated semivariogram. Holds a strong assumption and rarely more factual [29].

2.6.ArcGIS versus Other Software Tools

2.6.1 Review for GRASS

Geographic Resources Analysis Support System or GRASS is a GIS user for data

management, image processing, graphics production, spatial modelling, and visualization

of many data. It was developed by the U.S Army Construction Engineering Research

Laboratories (USA-CERL). It is used for land management and environmental planning

by the military.GRASS GIS contains 350+ modules to render maps and images on

monitors and papers, manipulate raster, and vector data, including vector networks,

process the multispectral image and save spatial data. GRASS is compatible with three

specific operating software namely Windows, Linux, and Mac OS X. For the Graphical

User Interface of GRASS it is outdated and its toolbar location is peculiarly placed. The

GRASS GIS is created differently from the other. One of its weaknesses is cartography

and mapping because once you form it, the GRASS cannot adapt or change it. However

one of its highlights is it has sophisticated tools for 3D raster rendering, customization

and satellite imagery for groundwater, wildfire, hydrology and land patch analysis [30].

2.6.2 Review for QGIS

Quantum GIS (QGIS) is an open-source GIS that is also compatible with the operating

system of Linux, Mac OS X , Microsoft and Android. The Graphical User Interface of

QGIS is a user-friendly which offers an easy-to-navigate for importing info, running

analysis, editing data, and modifying map layout. It assists the incoming and output data

formats in spatial and tabular inputs. It is not only limited to CSV, Excel, database

20
connection with MSSQL Spatial Database and PostgreSQL. When it comes to the

cartographical operations it is easy to seek the map functionalities and cartography. The

user will be able to zoom the map extension and customize necessary map components.

With vector drawing and editing functionalities, the user can create and rearrange their

own GIS data if needed in QGIS. Also there are many plug-ins where they can run

advanced spatial analysis methods. QGIS is also compatible with other open-source GIS

like PostGIS, GeoServer, OpenLayers and many others. QGIS update their lists of

basemaps not only the ArcGIS online, Google Maps and OpenStreetMap. In

programming functionalities, the language that has been used is SQL and Python

Programming language which the users can script and automate repetitive

workflows[31].

2.6.3 Review for ArcGIS

ArcGIS is geographic spatial software to view, edit, manage and analyze geographic data.

Environmental System Research Institute (ESRI) develops the ArcGIS software. Parts of

the ArcGIS software system can be deployed on laptop and desktop computers, mobile

devices and server. ArcGIS often offers extensive documentation, sample datasets, online

tutorials and customer support through ESRI offices. ArcGIS offers a well-organized

arrangement of tools for geoprocessing and spatial examinations. These tools are well

recorded and their strategies are very much clarified in logical. For its cartography, the

ArcGIS isequipped with advanced mapping functions. Also, in general it supports more

sophisticated labelling rules and options. Despite both ArcGIS and QGIS sharing a lot of

similarities, it is not always easy to access some files from QGIS and vice versa. Meaning

there are some map components that are only available in the the specific GIS [31].

21
From the end-user perspective, ArcGIS has a very broad functionality package up into

generic set of menu-driven GIS applications that enforce key geographic workflow [32]

Table 5. Open GIS Tool Comparison[31]

GRASS QGIS ArcGIS

● ● ●
User-friendly GUI

● ● ●
Cartographical Operations

● ● ●
Supports common data formats

Data manipulation and analysis



Spatial analysis
Manipulate Geometry (e.g. producing
● ● ●
graphs and charts.)
● ● ●
● ● ●
Integration with other open-source GIS
platform

● ● ●
Basemaps

● ● ●
Scripting Functionality

● ● ●
Training sources and technical support

TOTAL TALLY
LEGEND: 5 8 8.5
● – 1, ● – 0.5, ● – 0

22
Based in the comparison of other open GIS in Table 5, ArcGIS has the highest overall

performance. Therefore it was adapted as the GIS tool that could be used in this study.

2.7.Related Literature

2.7.1 Local Studies

2.7.1.1 Saltwater Intrusion Modeling in the Aquifer Bounded by Manila Bay and

Parañaque River, Philippines

The study was conducted to raise awareness for the residents of Parañaque city about the

problem that will be incurred by the continual extraction of groundwater. The study used

a software (FEMWATER) to simulate a model that shows the flow condition of

groundwater in the aquifer. They also used the model to predict the aquifers future

conditions to determine a better groundwater management [33].

The study uses public shallow wells to conduct in-situ groundwater testing. The

coordinates of each well were located using GPS and tested for its salinity concentration

and water level. Additionally, documents were gathered from different agencies such as

maps and drawings, reports, well inventory data, water quality data, and hydrologic data.

The gathered data was used to model an approximately 2000 m2area of groundwater

system.

23
2.7.1.2 Geographic Mapping of Tube Wells and Assessment of Saltwater Intrusion in the

Coastal Areas of La Union

The study was conducted to determine the occurrence of saltwater intrusion in the coastal

area of La Union. The study uses descriptive-qualitative research design to map out the

affected areas in La Union. They handed out a formulated questionnaire to the

community stakeholders and verified their response with a salinity meter. A total of 42

barangays and 420 tube wells were used as a subject for the study. The study concluded

that the community`s tube wells near the coastal area had already saltwater intrusion.

Also, other sources for water consumption were already used by the community [34].

2.7.1.3 Investigation of the State and Condition of Saltwater Intrusion in Cebu City

Aquifers in the Philippines

High demand for water caused the over-pumping of groundwater in Cebu. It was even

recorded that saltwater intrusion occurs within 5 kilometers from inshore. There has

already been a study prior to this that there is a continuous, unregulated groundwater

harvesting that caused saltwater encroachment even though there is not enough rainfall in

some parts of the region like in Maghaway Valley that has an annual rainfall rate of 1.4

million cubic meters.

To have an updated condition of the freshwater-saltwater interface, the researchers

observed ten wells to assess their saline concentration and visualize their drawdown and

upcoming conditions conditions[35].

24
2.7.2. Foreign Studies

2.7.2.1. Spatial and Temporal Variation of Groundwater Salinity in Barisal and Khulna

division of Bangladesh

The study was conducted to solve the saltwater intrusion problem in the Barisal and

Khulna division of Bangladesh. Saltwater intrusion occurs in the two coastal divisions

causing the decrease of food production day by day. Determining the present salinity

concentration and the concentration at different depths of the groundwater was the major

objective of the study. The study determined the concentration of 3227 µS/cm to 11830

µS/cm occurs [36].

2.7.2.2. Assessment of Groundwater Quality in the Gaza Strip, Palestine Using GIS

Mapping

This journal is about groundwater quality using GIS mapping in Gaza Strip, Palestine.

Municipal groundwater well is their common source of water for domestic uses,

agriculture and industrial sector. The study area is part of a coastal zone of the territory of

Mediterranean and Negev and Sinai. To define what solution that is needed researchers

used a GIS Mapping compare to the water quality data and the eight – year monitoring

program for the water quality. The data gathered was from the determined existing water

well by Palestinian Water Authority and assess by Dr. Shomar for water chemical

assessment. The present study used Inverse Distance Weighted (IDW) for spatial

interpolation and use as a basis the World Health Organization (WHO) for the standard of

drinking water. The conclusions of this study is all water wells that examined did not

meet the standard of WHO, meaning it is not advisable for human consumption. And to

25
protect the groundwater in Gaza the integrating environment and the mapping of GIS

must use to illustrate the contaminated areas[37].

Chapter 3

METHODOLOGY

This research aims to pinpoint the area with higher concentration of salinity in Limay,

Bataan in accordance with the guidelines of DENR. In this section, the procedures to be

conducted by the researchers are given.

3.1.Area of the study

Bataan is a peninsular province located in southwestern tip of Central Luzon. The

province is composed of 12 municipalities having a total land area of 1,373 sq.km. It is

26
10.8 meters (35.5 ft) above sea level [39]. Limay, as shown in Figure 6,is located in the

southeastern part of Bataan. It has the lowest elevation among the twelve municipalities.

Limay have 12 barangays that will be used in the study composing of: Alangan, Duale,

Kitang 1, Kitang 2 & Luz, Lamao, Landing, Poblacion, Reformista, Saint Francis II, San

Francisco De Asis, Townsite, and Wawa.

Figure 6. Map of Limay, Bataan[40]

3.2.Materials

The researchers will use the following materials to gather data: 1000 ml polyethylene,

GPS, pH meter, Thermometer, salinometer, and gloves. The Gloves will help reduce

contaminants to the water sample. The 1000 ml polyethylene is for collecting water

samples. GPS to locate the coordinates of the existing wells. pH meter, thermometer, and

salinometer to determine the three parameters needed by the researchers.

3.3.In Situ Groundwater Sampling and Testing

The researchers will use three wells on each barangay for the study. The following steps

will be used for collecting the data.

27
3.3.1Arrangement and Planning for Groundwater Collection

According to ASTM D5903. Researchers must gather the following documents if

available, construction details, physical setting of well location, map or diagram of the

location of wells, and historical well performance and chemical characteristics. The

documents will help the researchers to determine which wells to be used for the study.

Active wells will be used by the researchers, if there are no active wells or the wells have

not been used for a long time, purging will be done to the well before getting the data

[24].

3.3.2 Sampling of Groundwater

In this part the ASTM D448 is applicable for sampling of groundwater. The sample

containers must be free of contamination before collecting the sample data. The

containers must be cleaned in the following order: rinse three times with tap water, once

with chromic acid2, three times with tap water, once with 1:1 nitric acid and then three

times with distilled water before measuring the pH and salinity level of the sample [41].

The temperatures of the water sample must be determined immediately before the sample

is exposed to significant atmospheric exposure [25].

3.3.3. Recording of Groundwater Collection Event

The ASTM D6089 is for recording of groundwater collection event. Where the

researchers must record the procedures that will be done in collecting the groundwater

sample and determining its data. The data collected must be recorded immediately. The

format used for documentation must be consistent from well to well to reduce recording

mistakes [26]. The data that will be gathered by the researchers will be recorded in a

sample tabulation as shown in Table 6.

28
Table 6. Groundwater sample parameters of different wells in Barangays of Limay,

Bataan

Parameter
Well No. Barangay Coordinates Temperature
Ph Salinity [ppm]
[oC]
1 Alangan
2 Alangan
3 Alangan
4 Duale
5 Duale
.
.
.
36 Wawa

3.4.ArcGIS

ArcGIS is the software that will be used by the researchers to map out the salinity

concentration of Limay, Bataan.

3.4.1 Empirical Bayesian Kriging Method

The researchers will use the EBK method for its accuracy to map with small data sets.

EBK combines Bayes’ theorem and kriging interpolation for a more accurate result and

uses iterative simulation to estimate the true semivariogram. Figure 7 shows the

procedures of EBK interpolation used in the study. Gaussian distribution is used to

transform observations from each subset to derived a semivariogram model. From the

29
derived semivariogram, new data will be simulated and back transformed to the known

points. New semivariograms are produced each time the new data is iterated. The weight

of each semivariogram are computed with Baye`s rule:

𝒊 𝒁
𝑾(𝒁) = 𝒇( 𝒊 ) 𝒙 𝑷 (𝒊 ) Equation 1

where:

𝑖 = 𝑖 − 𝑡ℎ set of semivariogram parameters nugget, sill and range.

𝑖
𝑊(𝑍) = weight for the i-th semivariogram.

𝑍
𝑓( 𝑖 ) = evaluates the likelihood the observed data can be generated from

the semivariogram.

𝑃 (𝑖 ) = probability of the i-th set of parameters θi among the simulated

semivariogram spectrum.

Figure 7. Empirical Bayesian Kriging Chart [42]

30
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36
 APPENDICES

APPENDIX A

Communication Letters

37