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The old methods of replanning were costly and only temporarily successful. They were mainly concerned with the alleviation of traffic conditions. They failed to recognize that traffic in itself does not cause the difficulties.
The old methods of replanning were costly and only temporarily successful. They were mainly concerned with the alleviation of traffic conditions. They failed to recognize that traffic in itself does not cause the difficulties.
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The old methods of replanning were costly and only temporarily successful. They were mainly concerned with the alleviation of traffic conditions. They failed to recognize that traffic in itself does not cause the difficulties.
Copyright:
Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Formati disponibili
Scarica in formato PDF, TXT o leggi online su Scribd
Fr. Sabana.
pedrat ea rane oars
Faw. the Naw Cty
Lud wig Hi Ube/5es mey
REPLANNING OF CUTIES Theshald, Wreage (444
PART THREE
ily seems even more dithvult and, therefare, lstvle= of
nore ntopian han
rat obstarles stand in the way of intelligent replinning. Ae
the bili
siderable part of the national we
four vites. And even when the material values represented in
fof oman. man stil cline
nn their shave. Because
Iildings nor longer serve the int
paruloxical situation. many of the recngnized evils of our vities are
eliminated. even thonigh their elimina
7 Af the who
plans which woul
fhaos within our
And much af
this reason, sheer
ive? How can we OM meth‘The ever
hanging ety
Wen et of our discussion that the old me
ods of replanning were costly and only temporarily successful. They
reached only is and were mainly concerned with the
alleviation of trafic conditions, They usually consisted of expensive
reconstruction of old streets and equally expensive construction of
new highways and subways, Such measures improved spevifie condi
tions for a time, but did not touch the eauses of the evils they sought
to remedy. The old conditions soon hegan to reappear as trafic
continued to inetease. ‘The “improvers” failed completely to recog:
nize that tral in itself does not cause the difficulties. Those difialties
hhave.a far more fundamental cause, atl itis essential to find and deal
with that cause if we are to effect a permanent andl complete solution
st remember atthe out
The city is in a eonstant process of change. A comparison of our
present-day cities with those of fifty or one hundred years ago shows
how tremendous are the changes which have oveureed (ill 98). Will
not similar changes also occur in the nest fifty or a hundred years?
Ik it not obvious, therefore, that the only satisfactory plan must he
fone which takes account of this element of change? Would it not
seem obvious also that expediency and economy alike dictate the
basing of all necessary reconstruction on a comprehensive phan in:
straid of perpetuating the present chaos by planlessly building new
houses, streets, highways, and subways? Only when all reconstruction
is based on such a plan can a new and organic eity structure develop
‘The process of change isa typical ofthe eity’s zone of influence as it
is ofthe city itself. As conditions within the city become inereasinaly
unhealthy. prospective home owners choose to built outside the city
limits, New settlements develop rapidly in the environs of the city
Such settlements exert a negative influence upon the city. e
though the eity continues to be the basis of their existence,
Industry. as well as individuals, is in fight from the city. though the
reasons for that flight are somewhat different. An industry, for
its factors, Land inside the city
cumple. is compelled to
s expensive. An investment in eity property sufficient to allow the
inlargement of the plant there would if used outside the city limits,
srovide. perhaps, lor the purchase of a new site and the buildin
vf a new factors. The new factory in its new lo ald be built
rate more economical productions methods. More favorable
duction conditions could be achieved. whereas those in the city
atisfactors. Quite naturally the move
p
are becoming inereasingly
to the country seems attractive, Yet the relief secured by the move
is temporary. Within a relatively short time. the conditions Iypieal
of our present-day city, will prevail in the new location. siner theApplication of
planning
principles
Aw European
industrial cit
The city’s cha
evelopment of these new settlements is proceeding as planlessly as
did that of the ety itself. A sound plan for a eity must reach beyond
the city orders to its environs and its zone of influence. We imust
always realize that city planning involves regional plannin
In order to demonstrate how our principles of city pl
applied to the replanning of esisting urban communities.
consider three cities and make diagrams of their replanning. These
diagrams do not pretend to be final solutions, ‘They are general sug:
xestions only, intended to offer planning ideas, City planning will
always depend upon specific conditions and upon the tasks demanded
‘of each particular city. No two cities have identical problems, Yet
by dealing with typical problems generally and abstractly. we may
clarify certain recurring urban problems and simplify the theoretieal
possibilities of reconstructing the city
Lot us examine first two small industrial cities and follow their devel-
‘opment and their possible repkaning. We have chosen these partiew
lar cities because they have defects characteristic of many of our
cities and because they present varied problems due to the differences
in their prevailing winds. Later we shall examine a metropolis and
how how our prineiples could be applied in the replanning of a city
‘of several millions
‘The first of our small cities was founded during the twelfth century.
atthe time of the colonization of Eastern Eutope. ‘The original settle.
iment was protected hy its location on a height within a flood area
of a large river. Situated on an old highway, the city was, ike most
colonial cities of its time, peopled first by peasants and eraftsmen,
During the 14th century it beeame the residence of a prince and the
center of a territorial slate. Gaining in importance during the 18th
century, it hecame the administrative seat of a small state, and parks
nd palaces typical of such eities appeared within it, Ib was s0 favor
ably located near a region rich in natural resources, that it devel
oped during the 19th ant 20th eenturies into an industrial city. Its
population has inereased steadily and is still increasing. Today it
numbers. 80,000.
he city gradually developed into an industrial one. its structure
sanized. Residential areas are located inthe
impletely disory
1 shadow of the industrial plants which rose along the railroad
The defects of such a city are only too apparent. The entire
residential area suffers from the stoke, fumes, soot, tloise, ancl odors
from the industries, Conditions within the residential area vary
considerably, Large parts of the city ate desolate; other parts are
situated in the flood area. The replanning of such areas is essential forovial and hygienic reasons, ‘The railroad is located on steed level
ccsing trate disriaptions shiek will hyve to be eliminated by eleva
ing the tracks, The main highway cuts irregularly thromgh the res
ential ste al trate accident are therefore atamerons (ll, 99)
nizing the
ity. Suck reorganization must be Int ot the
ity areas. Hmust par special attention ta the expedient Tocation of
nt in relation tu prevailing winds. One
sanization is effected. tallied
These: structural defeets ean be rectified only by ren
(Fon the correla
invdstrial and residential
such fundamental reo
langers can be easily liminated
A simplified scheme stows the prineipal defects af the present cits
sand. particularly. the fuilty location of the residential area in relation
to the industrial area,
A second scheme demonstrates how, ifthe industrial area is retained
‘and concentrated, suitable location of the residential areas will elimi
nate the nuisances eaused by the industries. This solution is not com
rTeiely satisfactory. [til has faults which a more efficient reconstruc
n could eradicate. Should the city expand. the distance: etwer
residential and industrial areas, whieh should not exceed the inits
alc, would inetease to such an estent that me
set hy pedestrian
ical means of transportation would become neces
A third scheme proposes a ribon-Tike arrangement of the esisting
industrial area along te railroad. Here too the residential ares m
Je re-located opposite to the wind ditection. AML trafic disturbances
are eliminated in such a plan. ‘The railroad and the main highway are
Tocated within a groen belt between the residential and industrial areas.
The workers Tive opposite their places of work and they can walh
owork since the maximum distance between residential and industrial
‘is kept within the limit of convenient pedestrian travel. Future
expansion of the city san proceed organically. along. the trafic belt
‘sith no impairment of favorable trafic conditions. Congestion. such
if the second scheme of reconstruction were used. will
fas might ar
Ie avoided. Considerel from every point th
system is evident (ill, 100).
The final scheme shows how the replanning of this eit
carved out. The ribben of the city is divided into three group
superiority of the ribbon
ald be
wack
sup subsivided into four settlement units. Each unit contains those
community institutions necessary for it. Each unit shares with its
neighboring unit thosesocial and eultural institutions which are neces
sary for two units in cbse proximity. All four units together maintain
Those community institutions and services which can best be main,