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Fr. Sabana. pedrat ea rane oars Faw. the Naw Cty Lud wig Hi Ube/5es mey REPLANNING OF CUTIES Theshald, Wreage (444 PART THREE ily seems even more dithvult and, therefare, lstvle= of nore ntopian han rat obstarles stand in the way of intelligent replinning. Ae the bili siderable part of the national we four vites. And even when the material values represented in fof oman. man stil cline nn their shave. Because Iildings nor longer serve the int paruloxical situation. many of the recngnized evils of our vities are eliminated. even thonigh their elimina 7 Af the who plans which woul fhaos within our And much af this reason, sheer ive? How can we OM meth ‘The ever hanging ety Wen et of our discussion that the old me ods of replanning were costly and only temporarily successful. They reached only is and were mainly concerned with the alleviation of trafic conditions, They usually consisted of expensive reconstruction of old streets and equally expensive construction of new highways and subways, Such measures improved spevifie condi tions for a time, but did not touch the eauses of the evils they sought to remedy. The old conditions soon hegan to reappear as trafic continued to inetease. ‘The “improvers” failed completely to recog: nize that tral in itself does not cause the difficulties. Those difialties hhave.a far more fundamental cause, atl itis essential to find and deal with that cause if we are to effect a permanent andl complete solution st remember atthe out The city is in a eonstant process of change. A comparison of our present-day cities with those of fifty or one hundred years ago shows how tremendous are the changes which have oveureed (ill 98). Will not similar changes also occur in the nest fifty or a hundred years? Ik it not obvious, therefore, that the only satisfactory plan must he fone which takes account of this element of change? Would it not seem obvious also that expediency and economy alike dictate the basing of all necessary reconstruction on a comprehensive phan in: straid of perpetuating the present chaos by planlessly building new houses, streets, highways, and subways? Only when all reconstruction is based on such a plan can a new and organic eity structure develop ‘The process of change isa typical ofthe eity’s zone of influence as it is ofthe city itself. As conditions within the city become inereasinaly unhealthy. prospective home owners choose to built outside the city limits, New settlements develop rapidly in the environs of the city Such settlements exert a negative influence upon the city. e though the eity continues to be the basis of their existence, Industry. as well as individuals, is in fight from the city. though the reasons for that flight are somewhat different. An industry, for its factors, Land inside the city cumple. is compelled to s expensive. An investment in eity property sufficient to allow the inlargement of the plant there would if used outside the city limits, srovide. perhaps, lor the purchase of a new site and the buildin vf a new factors. The new factory in its new lo ald be built rate more economical productions methods. More favorable duction conditions could be achieved. whereas those in the city atisfactors. Quite naturally the move p are becoming inereasingly to the country seems attractive, Yet the relief secured by the move is temporary. Within a relatively short time. the conditions Iypieal of our present-day city, will prevail in the new location. siner the Application of planning principles Aw European industrial cit The city’s cha evelopment of these new settlements is proceeding as planlessly as did that of the ety itself. A sound plan for a eity must reach beyond the city orders to its environs and its zone of influence. We imust always realize that city planning involves regional plannin In order to demonstrate how our principles of city pl applied to the replanning of esisting urban communities. consider three cities and make diagrams of their replanning. These diagrams do not pretend to be final solutions, ‘They are general sug: xestions only, intended to offer planning ideas, City planning will always depend upon specific conditions and upon the tasks demanded ‘of each particular city. No two cities have identical problems, Yet by dealing with typical problems generally and abstractly. we may clarify certain recurring urban problems and simplify the theoretieal possibilities of reconstructing the city Lot us examine first two small industrial cities and follow their devel- ‘opment and their possible repkaning. We have chosen these partiew lar cities because they have defects characteristic of many of our cities and because they present varied problems due to the differences in their prevailing winds. Later we shall examine a metropolis and how how our prineiples could be applied in the replanning of a city ‘of several millions ‘The first of our small cities was founded during the twelfth century. atthe time of the colonization of Eastern Eutope. ‘The original settle. iment was protected hy its location on a height within a flood area of a large river. Situated on an old highway, the city was, ike most colonial cities of its time, peopled first by peasants and eraftsmen, During the 14th century it beeame the residence of a prince and the center of a territorial slate. Gaining in importance during the 18th century, it hecame the administrative seat of a small state, and parks nd palaces typical of such eities appeared within it, Ib was s0 favor ably located near a region rich in natural resources, that it devel oped during the 19th ant 20th eenturies into an industrial city. Its population has inereased steadily and is still increasing. Today it numbers. 80,000. he city gradually developed into an industrial one. its structure sanized. Residential areas are located inthe impletely disory 1 shadow of the industrial plants which rose along the railroad The defects of such a city are only too apparent. The entire residential area suffers from the stoke, fumes, soot, tloise, ancl odors from the industries, Conditions within the residential area vary considerably, Large parts of the city ate desolate; other parts are situated in the flood area. The replanning of such areas is essential for ovial and hygienic reasons, ‘The railroad is located on steed level ccsing trate disriaptions shiek will hyve to be eliminated by eleva ing the tracks, The main highway cuts irregularly thromgh the res ential ste al trate accident are therefore atamerons (ll, 99) nizing the ity. Suck reorganization must be Int ot the ity areas. Hmust par special attention ta the expedient Tocation of nt in relation tu prevailing winds. One sanization is effected. tallied These: structural defeets ean be rectified only by ren (Fon the correla invdstrial and residential such fundamental reo langers can be easily liminated A simplified scheme stows the prineipal defects af the present cits sand. particularly. the fuilty location of the residential area in relation to the industrial area, A second scheme demonstrates how, ifthe industrial area is retained ‘and concentrated, suitable location of the residential areas will elimi nate the nuisances eaused by the industries. This solution is not com rTeiely satisfactory. [til has faults which a more efficient reconstruc n could eradicate. Should the city expand. the distance: etwer residential and industrial areas, whieh should not exceed the inits alc, would inetease to such an estent that me set hy pedestrian ical means of transportation would become neces A third scheme proposes a ribon-Tike arrangement of the esisting industrial area along te railroad. Here too the residential ares m Je re-located opposite to the wind ditection. AML trafic disturbances are eliminated in such a plan. ‘The railroad and the main highway are Tocated within a groen belt between the residential and industrial areas. The workers Tive opposite their places of work and they can walh owork since the maximum distance between residential and industrial ‘is kept within the limit of convenient pedestrian travel. Future expansion of the city san proceed organically. along. the trafic belt ‘sith no impairment of favorable trafic conditions. Congestion. such if the second scheme of reconstruction were used. will fas might ar Ie avoided. Considerel from every point th system is evident (ill, 100). The final scheme shows how the replanning of this eit carved out. The ribben of the city is divided into three group superiority of the ribbon ald be wack sup subsivided into four settlement units. Each unit contains those community institutions necessary for it. Each unit shares with its neighboring unit thosesocial and eultural institutions which are neces sary for two units in cbse proximity. All four units together maintain Those community institutions and services which can best be main,

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