Performance Assessment of Construction Chemical in Building Construction

PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT OF CONSTRUCTION CHEMICAL IN BUILDING CONSTRUCTION
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I hereby take a chance to express my sense of extreme gratitude towards my Master of

Technology Guide Er. Rahul Satbhaiya, HOD (Civil Engineering.), for his suggestions and
constant inspiration at every stage of the research.
He is an extremely sympathetic and principle-centered person. His skills, as a researcher and guide
helped me to overcome all the hurdles. Without his constant support and encouragement, I would
not have been able to complete my research work successfully.
I owe a debt of gratitude to Dr. D. Rai, Director, Infinity Management & Engineering College
(IMEC Sagar) for encouragement & the Head of Department Mr. Rahul Satbhaiya.
My parents have their own share in my success. I firmly believe that their blessings always
enlighten my path ahead. I hereby take a chance to salute my father Mr. Vyas Prasad Gupta and
mother Mrs. Gayatree Devi. Without all above support and sacrifice this thesis would not have
been possible for me. At last, I thank the one and all, for the divine blessings.
Anil Gupta
Guided by: Dr. Ashad Ullah Qureshi

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Email: conceptsbookspublication@gmail.com
Web: https://researchitout.blogspot.com/
CERTIFICATE
I hereby certify that Er. Anil Gupta has completed his Master of Technology Dissertation titled
“Performance Assessment of Construction Chemical in Building Construction” under
my guidance.
I further certify that the whole work, done by him is of his own, original and tends to general
advancement of knowledge. According to the best of my knowledge, I also certify that he has not
been conferred any degree, diploma and distinction by either the Infinity Management &
Engineering College or any other university for this thesis.
Date: (Er. Rahul Satbhaiya)

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DECLARATION
I Er Anil Gupta hereby declare that my Master of Technology dissertation titled “Performance
Assessment of Construction Chemical in Building Construction” is written as a partial
fulfillment of the requirement for a degree on this topic. The complete study is based on literature
survey, study of periodicals, journals and websites and building a model for proving the concept
studied and designed.
I further declare that the complete thesis work, including all analysis, hypothesis, inferences and
interpretation of data and information, is done by me and it is my own and original work.
Moreover, I declare that no degree, diploma or distinction has been conferred on the basis of this
thesis by the Rajiv Gandhi Technical University or any other university to me before.
Date: (Er Anil Gupta)

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ABSTRACT
Today there is practically no concrete without admixtures or construction chemicals. They are used
in concrete at the time of construction or during maintenance/ repairs to produce several desirable
properties. Twenty years ago, construction chemicals were rarely adopted in India, but today there
is a great awareness among practicing Engineers, contractors and public about the use of
construction chemicals. To suit the demand, in India, a number of companies are emerging in the
field of construction chemicals. Plenty of such products are available in the market. But there are
no specifications and standards about their usage. In the absence of these norms, the companies
advertise their products as Hi-tech and Super stuff. The only literature available is the
manufacturers' brochures. Therefore the user finds it very difficult to choose a particular product.
A comprehensive study about these chemicals was made in this work to evaluate their performance
by conducting a series of laboratory tests.
Several crores of rupees are being spent throughout the world on rehabilitation and restoration of
structures. In traditional methods of repairs, the same problems may occur within a short span of
time due to
i) Inadequate bonding of new concrete to old concrete or new plaster to old plaster
ii) Corrosion of reinforcement bars not being totally removed. Today, construction chemicals play
a vital role in repairs. They provide a long-term solution in the rehabilitation of the distressed
members. They bring the damaged members to the original state within a short span. For a
particular admixture, there are plenty of market products available in the form of varied chemical
bases.
But the field user does not have the knowledge to select a particular product among this plethora
of chemicals. This work aims at guiding the user in choosing the correct product. A series of
laboratory tests were conducted to assess their performance. Thus, this work is aimed to be of
immense use to the CIVIL Engineering profession and the society.

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CONTENTS
Chapter 1. INTRODUCTION 1-8
1.1. Importance of Construction Chemicals
1.2 Different Types and Forms of Construction Chemicals
1.3. Forms of Construction Chemicals Used In the Work
1.4. Aim and Objectives of the Work
Chapter 2. SURVEY OF LITERATURE 9-31
2.1. Water Reducers
2.2. Bonding Agents
2.3. Water Proofers
Chapter 3. TYPES OF CONSTRUCTION CHEMICALS USED 32-34
3.1. Water Reducers
3.2. Bonding Agents
3.3. Water Proofers
Chapter 4. DESCRIPTION OF CONSTRUCTION 35-50
CHEMICALS TESTED

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4.1. Water Reducers
4.2. Bonding Agents
4.3. Water Proofers
Chapter 5. EXPERIMENTAL OBSERVATIONS 51-68
5. 1. Tests on Reference Mix
5.2. Tests on Mixes Containing Water Reducers
5.3. Experimental Program me on Bonding Agents
5.4. Water Proofers
Chapter 6. ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION OF TEST RESULTS 69-82
6.1. Water Reducers
6.2. Bonding Agents
6.3 Graphical Representation of Twst
Results of Bonding Agents
6.4. Water Proofers
Chapter 7. CONCLUSION 83
CHAPTER 8 SCOPE FOR FUTURE WORK 84-85
REFRENCES
LIST OF PUBLICATION

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List of Figures
Chapter 1. INTRODUCTION
Chapter 2. SURVEY OF LITERATURE
Chapter 3. TYPES OF CONSTRUCTION CHEMICALS USED
Chapter 4. DESCRIPTION OF CONSTRUCTION
Fig 4.1 Lignosulphonate Molucule 22
Fig 4.2 Sulphonated Melamine Formaldehyde 23
Fig 4.3 Sulphonated Naphthalene Formaldehyde 23
Chapter 5. EXPERIMENTAL OBSERVATIONS
Fig 5.1 28-day cube compressive strength test 32
Fig 5.2 Cylinder split tensile strength test 33
Fig 5.3 Jacketed column test 33
Fig 5.4 Double shear test 34
Fig 5.5 Water permeability apparatus 35
Chapter 6. ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION OF TEST RESULTS
Fig.6.1 cube comprwssion test 43
Fig 6.2. Split Tension Test Legend 44
Fig 6.3. Jacketed Column Compression Test 45
Fig 6.4. Double Shear Test 46

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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1. IMPORTANCE OF CONSTRUCTION CHEMICALS
Construction Chemicals are the materials added to concrete at some stage in its making to modify
the properties of fresh concrete viz., increasing workability, retarding or accelerating initial setting
time, reducing segregation, improving pumpability, reducing the rate of slump loss, etc., or to
produce the desired properties in hardened concrete viz., increased strength, decreased
permeability, early strength development, increased durability, etc., They are used in concrete to
make it more suitable for the work on hand or for economy or for achieving desirable results.
Construction Chemicals play a vital role in making new constructions durable as well as in
rehabilitating structures whose durability is in question. They are also used for repairs and
maintenance. In traditional methods of repairs like replastering, jacketing, guniting, etc., the same
problems may repeat in a short interval of time due to the inadequate bonding between old and
new concrete plaster as well as due to incomplete removal of rust in steel. Today's scenario in the
field of repairs encompasses the use of construction chemicals in the form of bonding agents, repair
epoxy mortars, anti-corrosive coatings, etc., They provide an effective and long term repair
solution to distressed R.C. members.
1.2 DIFFERENT TYPES AND FORMS OF CONSTRUCTION CHEMICALS
TABLE 1.1
S.No Type Functions Applications

.
1 Water reducers (Plasticisers & 1) Increasing workability 1) To produce flowable
super plasticisers) with strength unchanged concrete used in congested,
2) Increasing strength with etc.,
workability unchanged 2) To produce high strength
3) Reducing cement content concrete
with strength & 3) To produce concrete free
workability unchanged from honeycombs
4) For effecting economy
5) To produce early strength
in concrete useful for
precast, prestressed

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concrete and placing

concrete in traffic areas
2 Accelerators 1) Shortening the setting 3) In repair works
time of concrete 4) In making precast products
2) Increasing rate of 5) Early removal of forms &
hydration of cement & early opening for servise.
hence increasing the rate 6) In cold weather concreting
of development of
strength
TABLE 1.2
S.No. Type Functions Applications

1 Retarders Delay the setting of concrete 1) In ready-mixed
concrete
2) In not weather
concreting
2 Water reducing Increased workability with faster gain of strength For high early strength
accelerators concrete
3 Water reducing Increased workability and delayed setting For ready mixed
retarders concrete
4 Air entraining Entrainment of air into concrete Resistance to freeze –
agents thaw effects
5 Water proofing Preventing the entry of water through the To achieve water
agents capillaries in concrete tightness in structures
6 Expansion Produce expansion (to compensate for drying 1) Heavy m/c
producing shrinkage ) foundation
agents 2) To avoid crecking
in runways,
taxiways, deek said,
large slab
3) Grouting under
machine bases, in
filling joints &
openings in
concrete structures

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TABLE 1.3

1 Gas forming agents Slight expansion in plastic concrete Acrated concrete or
cellular concrete or
foamed concrete used
for thermal insulation to
produce light weight
concrete
2 Air – detraining Dissipate excess air or other gases While using water-
agents reducers
3 Alkali-aggregate To reduce alkali aggregate reaction
expansion inhibitors
4 Grouting agents Producing non-shrink, free flow Anchoring of machines,
cementitious grouts heavy equipments
5 Corrosion inhibitors Reduce the risk of corrosion of steel In coastal areas
6 Bonding agents Increasing bond strength between old & Patching of eroded or
new concrete spalled concrete
TABLE 1.4

1 Colouring agents Producing colour in the finished concrete In producing
architectural concrete
2 Flocculating Reduce bleeding of concrete Used when good
admixture wearing quality is
required like in
godowns, warehouses
3 Antiwashout Impart high fluidity & cohesiveness to Underwater concrete
admixture water concrete & to resist washout from flowing placement
reduce viscosity water
4 Fungicidal, To inhibit & control the growth of bacteria
germicidal and
insecticidal
admixture
5 Mould releasing Colourless demouding oil for steel
agents shuttering to get excellent surface finish
6 Floor hardners To provide a hard abrasion – resistant Industrial areas
surface subjected to heavy
traffic, loading areas,
warehouse floor,
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machine shop, car

parks, ets.
TABLE 1.5

1 Tile adhesives Adhesive system for fixing ceramic/glazed
tiles in bath rooms, kitchen etc.
2 Sealants Sealing in roof area, piping and plumbing
work, joint scaling of prefabricated
components in buildings
3 Cleaning agents 1) Rust remover from steel surfaces
2) Removing bitumen or coal tar from
concrete
4 Curing compounds To eliminate the conventional water curing On vertical concrete
process surfaces as a barrier to
water loss
5 Epoxy repair mortar Repair & rehabilitation or R.C.C Bridges, precast
construction
6 Protective coatings Protective & decorative coating
7 Instant plugging To instantly stop gushing water or seepage
compound
1.3. FORMS OF CONSTRUCTION CHEMICALS USED IN THE WORK
At present, a large number of construction chemicals are available in the market in different forms
to serve special requirements in construction. The classes of chemicals considered in the work are
Water reducers (Plasticisers and Superplasticisers) Bonding agents Waterproofers (Integral water
proofers and surface coatings) they are widely adopted in construction/ repairs.
The ICJ-RCH Bureau conducted a technical survey among practicing /charted Engineers,
contractors and builders, architectural/ engineering consultants, government departments, public
sector undertaking. 87% of the respondents reported that they used water reducers to increase the
workability of concrete in the fresh state without increasing water content. Nearly 46%
respondents used water proofers to decrease the permeability of concrete keeping in view of
durability. Hence water proofers and water reducers were selected in this work to assess their
performance.
In repairs, bonding agents play a vital role in achieving good bond between old and new concrete.
Hence performance evaluation of bonding agents was also undertaken in the work.
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1.4. AIM AND OBJECTIVES OF THE WORK
Twenty years back, construction chemicals were rarely adopted in India due to the lack of
awareness and confidence. There is a greater readiness today among builders, practicing
Engineers, contractors and the public about the use of admixtures. To suit the needs, in India, a
number of companies are vying with each other in the manufacture of these products.
The only literatures available on these products are the manufacturers' brochures. There are no
proper specifications and standards about their use. In the absence of norms, the manufacturers
advertise their products as "Super-stuff" & "Hi-Tech" material capable of taking care of every
eventuality. The specific norms or standards for comparison of their products and applications are
missing. The information pertaining to the acceptance criteria for each product is by and large not
readily available. The user finds it difficult to choose a product suited to his requirement. Therefore
it becomes necessary to make a comprehensive study on the performance of these chemicals and
assess the extent of their usefulness to the Civil Engineer.
The work aimed at conducting laboratory investigations on concrete specimens containing water
reducers, concrete specimens jointed with and without bonding agents, concrete specimens with
Integral water proofers and specimens coated with surface coatings and assess their performance.
Thus the work is of immense use to the civil Engineering profession and the society also.

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CHAPTER 2
SURVEY OF LITERATURE
2.1. WATER REDUCERS
A lot of research work is being carried out on plasticisers and superplasticisers throughout the
world. Numerous papers are available in reputed Journals about the behaviour of water reducers
in concrete and their properties.
J. Derle Thorpe and William A Cardonl'I compared the performance of five water-reducing
admixtures at three dosages
(a) The recommended dosage
(b) Half the recommended dosage and
(c) Double the recommended dosage.
The admixtures included two lignin types and three formulated types. Each admixture was tested
at three different dosages with two different slumps (above & below 10cm) and three different w/c
ratios. [0.45, 0.55, 0.621] . The authors conducted slump tests, unit weight tests and 28- day
compressive strength tests. In their paper, they made the following conclusions.
(a) Increased dosages of water-reducing admixture, significantly increases the workability and
water reduction of plastic concrete and the compressive strength of hardened concrete.
(b) The manufacturer's recommended dosage does not necessarily provide optimum performance.
In a paper "Structural properties of superplasticized concrete",
Gajanan M.Sabnis and A. Ghorbanpoor reported the results of a study undertaken on the
properties, both short and long-term, of superplasticised concrete. A total of 18 concrete mixes,
both with and without superplasticiser were tested for slump, shrinkage and creep tests. A number
of cylinders ware sawed by them to study the effect on segregation. They concluded that the use
of superplasticser increased workability and compressive strength of concrete, while drying
shrinkage and creep strain values were not changed. They added that no significant segregation or
bleeding was noticed in their study. They used WRDA - 19, an organic polymer based
superplasticiser in their work.

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In the paper "Workability and strength of superplasticised concrete", V.Ramakrishnan, William

V.Coyle and S.S.Pande presented the results of a laboratory investigation of a comparative study
of the workability of superplasticised concrete and conventional concrete. They designed concrete
mixes (6 control mixes and six with superplasticiser) the variables used were w/c ratio, the initial
temparature of concrete and air content. The fresh concrete was tested for slump, V - B time, air
content and unit weight.
The temperature and slump of the concretes were recorded at fixed time intervals upto 100 minutes
after the initial mixing. The hardened concrete was tested for 28-day compressive strength,
modulus of elastically, and pulse velocity. They made the following conclusions in their work.
(a)Progressive slump loss takes place in both control and superplasticised concretes. The slump
loss is proportional to the initial slump level; the higher the initial slump, the greater is the slump
loss with time. The rate of slump loss is the highest in the initial 40 to 60 minutes duration. About
60 to 80 percent of the slump is lost in 80 minutes.
(b)The properties of hardened concrete like compressive strength, dry unit weight, modulus of
elasticity and pulse velocity are not adversely affected due to the addition of superplasticisers.
They used Lomar D - a high molecular weight condensed Napthalene sulphonate and Mulcoplast
CF - a sulphonated polymer in their work.
K. Ganesh Babu, B.V. Subrahmanyam, M.Neelamegam and N.P.RajamaneE41 investigated the

behaviour of superplasticised concrete with two major categories of superplasticisers, A and B.
A -> Suiphonated melamine formaldehyde condensates
B -> Napthalene sulphonate formaldehyde condensates.
They investigated the green state behaviour of concrete such as slump, flow table spread, kelly
ball penetration and compaction factor. Two different mixes, one of low strength (25 Mpa) and
another of were taken up for study. Two different dosages of superplasticisers, one normal, as
specified by the manufacturer and the other, double dose were adopted in the study. In the hardened
stage.90day compressive strength, modulus of elasticity, split tensile strength, ultimate flexural
strength were found out.
Their conclusions are listed below:
a) Category B admixture was seen to produce a concrete of higher workability.

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b) Category A admixture produced higher strength concrete.
c) Category A concretes showed a faster rate of strength gain than category B.
d) The behaviour of structural members with superplasticised concrete was in general very much
similar to that of normal concrete of the same strength.
In the paper "workability agent as a cement saver",
Dr. N. ChitharanjanE 5l conducted a detailed experimental study to ascertain the suitability of

commercially available, high range concrete water reducers as workability agent and as cement
saver. He designed M 30 grade concrete as per Indian standards. To prove for water reducer as a
workability promoter, he fixed the dosage of water Reducer as 0.1, 0.2, 0.4 & 0.5 percent byweight
of cement. Slump and V - B time were measured and 28 day compressive strength was determined.
He reduced the cement content by 14.24 %, 23.79% & 33.33% and 0.2% water reducer was added.
Slump, V - B time and 28 day compressive strength was found. He drew the following conclusions
I. Considering the strength density ratio and workability, the optimum admixture content is 0.2
percent by weight of cement in the matrix.
II. For concrete mixes with optimum content of admixture, cement requirement can be reduced
upto 30 percent without affecting the strength & workability.
G.Corradini, G. Scoccia, R. Volpe, S. Tavano[61 did several tests to evaluate the physical and
mechanical behaviour of a superplasticised concrete. They chose the following in their work.
Levels of cement content: 275 kg/m 3 , 350 kg/m3 , 425 kg/m3 of aggregate Water content 130
kg/ rn 3 , 150 kg / m3 , 170 kg/ m3, 190 kg/ M3 of aggregate. Superplasticisticizer dosage = 0, 0.5,
1 & 1.5% by weight of cement.
They determined 3 day and 28 day compressive strengths and secant modulus of elasticity. They
used a commercial superplasticiser "Fluiment"- a mixture of suiphonated napthalane formaldahyde
condensale.
They reported that the influence of superplasticiser on 3 day & 28 day strength and secant modulus
of electricity is practically nil, only a slight positive influence on 3 day compressive strength and
a slight negative influence on 28 day compressive strength.

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P. Bazar and A.C. Sood[fl conducted several experiments using Prescon - a melamine based
superplasticiser. They mention the following advantages derived by using Prescon.
a) High workability concrete resulting in easy placement without reduction in strength
b) High strength concrete (30 - 50% higher strength) with normal workability.
c) A concrete with less cement upto 25%, but still having normal strength and workability.
They used two types of cement OPC & PPC to make M 20 & M 40 grade concrete.
In the paper "Effect of superplasticizer on concrete".V. Kumar, B.H. Roy and A.S.R.SaiI8I
discussed the affects Naphthalene based superplasticiser. They designed three concrete mixes 1 :
0.65 : 1.95, 1 1.95 : 3, 1: 2.5 : 3.6 with w/c ratios of 0.38, 0.57 and 0.73 respectively for a slump
of 50 mm to 75mm. Their workability studies included effect of admixture dosage on slump and
change of slump with respect to time, effect of repetitive dose, dosage of superplasticiser with
reduced water for the same slump, effect of adding extrafines to superplasticised concrete and
slump versus admixture concentration when the initial slump is less than 75 mm.
They recorded setting and stiffening times of flowing and water-reduced concretes.
They conducted strength studies viz.,
• Increase of strength due to reduction in water with the high slump
• High early strength of water reduced superplasticised concrete
• Effect of superplasticiser on reduced cement content
• Strength development of superplasticised concrete
From their experimental study, they made the following conclusions.
i) The slump of concrete increases with increase in dosage level of admixture. Excess dosage leads
to segregation. Lower dosages are enough to produce flowing concrete with a lean mix. Rich
concrete requires more dosage. The relationship between dosage and w/c ratio for a constant slump
is almost linear.
ii) For the same workability, superplasticiser may be used as water reducer which, in turn, will
increase the early strength as well as the 28 day value.

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Samir SurlakerE91 conducted tests on concrete with MC-PLAST 8V Plasticiser. His results were
tabulated below
TABLE 2.1
INFLUENCE OF USE OF PLASTICISERS
Compressive
Dosage strength N/mm2
% Cement Slump
Mix w/c
cement kg/m3 cm
1 3 7 28
weight
Day Day Day Day
Reference -- 300 0.6 7 7 18 26 34

0.2% 300 10 7 18 28 37
Plasticised 0.6
0.3% 300 12 6 17 27 35
Strength 0.2% 300 0.56 7 7 21 32 41
increase 0.3% 300 0.54 6.5 8 23 33 44
Cement 0.2% 280 7 7 19 28 36
0.6
saving 0.3% 270 6.5 6 19 27 35
In the paper "Advantages of using superplasticsers in concrete", Dr. N.C. Rawal and M.K.
Rawal['°l explained the advantages of using water reducers in concrete based on their experimental
work Their results are given below.
TABLE 2.2
IMPROVEMENT IN WORKABILITY OF CONCRETE
Super plasticiser Percent spread after

(% by wt of cement) 5 min
0 50
0.2 79
0.4 85
0.6 > 100
1.2 flowing

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TABLE 2.3
INCREASED STRENGTH OF CONCRETE
unit reduction Dosege Compressive strength, N/mm2

Cement
water in % by
content
content water wt of 7 day 28 day 90 day 180 day 365 day
kg
Lit (%) cement
167 --- --- 13 19 22.5 24.5 29

155 7 0.2 15.5 21 25 27 30.5
150 10 0.4 17.5 22.5 26 28.5 32
310
140 16 0.6 19.5 25 28.5 29.5 33.5
135 19 0.8 20 27 29.5 30.8 34.2
132 21 1.2 21.5 29 31 32 35.2
TABLE 2.4
SAVING IN CEMENT
Cement content
Savings in cement
28 day required
kg/m
comp. kg/m
strength
(N/mm) 0.6% 1.2% 0.6% 1.2%
plain % %
dose dose dose dose
10 252 224 195 28 11.1 52 20.6

15 285 252 230 33 11.5 55 12.3
20 318 281 266 37 12.2 52 18.7
25 352 310 286 42 11.9 66 19.7
30 388 338 315 50 11.9 73 18.1
35 416 366 341 50 12.6 75 18
40 450 395 369 55 12.2 81 18

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Kaushal KishoreE"I designed a control mix having a characteristic strength of 80N/mm2 , target
strength of 90 N/mm 3 with a workability of 0.85 (compaction factor). Quantity of materials on
the basis of saturated surface dry aggregates:
Cement : 450 kg/m3
Sand : 610kg/rn3
Aggregate : 1185 kg/m3
Water : 185 kg/m3
But the 28-day compressive strength on testing was 58 N/mm2. Then, he designed concrete of
grade M80 with Roff superplast 820 – a melamine based superplasticiser and the proportions were
450 kg: 652 kg: 1267 kg: 126 kg per rn3 of concrete. He used 4.5 kg of Roff superplast finally, on
testing; the 28 day compressive strength was 92 N/mm2 In the paper "Evaluation, selection and
uses of water reducing admixtures at Chamera Hydro Electric project", the author T.B.
Viswanath[ 121 described the selection procedure of water reducer which gives the lowest cost
per unit of concrete. He selected 8 types of water reducers.
• lignon suiphonate [A]
• Sugar reduced lignosuiphonate [B]
• modified lignosuiphonate [C]
• lignosuiphonate and Napthalane formaldahyde [D]
• hydroxylated polymer [E]
• hydrolysed carboldrate [F]
• modified sulphonated melamine formaldahyde condensate [G]
• lignosuiphate [H]
Tests for strength and workability were carried out. He found that brands A, B, E and H met the
requirements of ASTM C 494, in respect of unit water reductions, slump & strength gain. He
designed a M 25 concrete with brands A, B, E & H separately and worked out the cost of cubic

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metre of concrete in each case. Since the cost per cubic metre of concrete with Brand B was found
to be minimum, decision was taken to procure brand 'B' water Reducer.
In the paper "Performance of chemical Admixtures developed in India", Dr. N.C.Rawal and
M.K.RawalE 131 reported on a water reducer called CEMWETWRA They conducted two series
of tests.
In series I, the cement content was 300 kg/m 3 and water cement ratio was 0.523. In series II, they
were 326 kg/m 3 and 0.49 respectively. The results of compressive strengths are:
TABLE 2.5
LONG TERM STRENGTH DATA
Curing
Series 7 day 28 day 90 day 180 day 1 Year 2 Year
period
Admixture
Neat Nil 150 280 335 350
235 369
Series
1.6
I With
m1/kg of 291 330 361 380
Cemwet
cement 185 399
Neat Nil 164 250 309 339 360 372
Series 3 m1/kg
II With
of 197 301 356 395 395 410
Cemwet
cement
Slump test: Series I: 72 mm
Series II: 75 mm
K.B. Prakash and K.T.Krishnaswamy l141 conducted experiments to study the effect of repeated
dosages of superplasticiser on the properties of fresh and hardened concrete produced from 43
grade and 53 grade cements.

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They conducted tests on 1:2:4 concrete with a w/c ratio of 0.4. They used three different plasticisers
in their work.
a. Conpiast 430 - Suiphonated Naphthalene polymer
b. Zentrament super BV - Lignosuiphonate based high range water Reducer.
c. Plastocrete super - Lignosuiphonate based water Reducer
The dosage was fixed as 0.5% The slump, percentage flow, Vee Bee degree were found for fresh
concrete without water reducer with this mix, the compressive strength & flexural strength
specimens were cast. The remaining "no dosage mix" was left undisturbed by covering it by gunny
bags. After 30 minutes, the first recommended dosage of water reducer was added & thoroughly
mixed.
The slump, percentage flow & V-B degree were again noted and the specimens were cast for this
"first dosage mix". The process was repeated by them until the 4th dosage was applied. They report
that in both cases of water reducers, the slump values and strength values were decreasing after
the 3rd dosage. They concluded that more number of repeated dosage of application of
superplasticisers would bring down both workability and strengths of concrete.
Several papers dealt with the state of the art report about water reducing agents. In the paper "Use
of Superplasticisers: Myths and reality", the author T.Manjrekar['51 tried to answer the questions
that arise in the minds of practicing engineers, consultants and other users. Some of the questions
are
* Whether the admixture being used is a plasticiser or a superplasticiser.
* Whether one gets excessive loss of slump by using a superplasticiser.
* What is the optimum dose and whether excessive dose will spoil the concrete.
* Whether superplasticiser's use would increase the corrosion of steel in concrete.
* Whether steel - concrete bond is disturbed.
* What can one choose from ligno, napthalana and malamine based superplasticisers
* Whether it would excessively entrain air in the concrete.

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While answering questions, he told that, in the Indian context, the cost would become a decisive
factor and thus for pure economic reasons duly formulated ligno based superplasticises may
become popular for general concreting jobs and the other two types would be suitable for special
concretes.
A.M. ChaubelE 161 explained in his paper "Superplasticisers in concrete" about the technical
performance - capabilities of superplasticisers, compatibility of superplasticisers with other
admixtures and types of cement, effect of superplasticisers on the properties of fresh concrete and
hardened concrete, the mechanism of action of superplasticisers and relative merits of
superplasticiserS. Irshed Masood and S.K.Aggarwal( 171 presented the following details about
superplasticisers in their report by taking references from the research works of many authors.
I) Types and pattern of use
II) Combined use with fly ash
III) use in making precast units
IV) Efficacy in the presence of other additives.
V) use in blended and other cements
VI) use in aggressive conditions.
M.K.Rawal[ 18] explained the different uses of superplasticisers and the role of superplasticiser in
Ready mix concrete industry in his paper "Role of Superplasticiser in concrete". In the conclusion,
he states that Naphthalene based superplasticisers have been found to be superior because they are
less costly than other types. However melamine based superplasticisers are preferred where high
early and find strengths are required.
D. Ghanti[ 191 in his paper "Construction chemicals and their utilities" explains the applications
of the most commonly used construction chemicals. He explains the main purpose, where-to-use,
how-to-use, side effects, the limitations and precautions.
In the paper "Concrete Admixtures: Facts & Fiction", V.Das GuptaE20I explains the facts and
several fictions about admixtures. He addresses the questions like
* behaviour of admixtures is unpredictable and can cause anomolous behaviour inconcrete.
* Admixtures cause damage to the structure by corroding the reinforcement

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* Certain types of admixtures are suitable only for specific type of climate.
In the paper "Superplasticisers and retarding superplasticisers". Samir surlaker proved the
following
a) By adding water reducer, it is possible to maintain workability even for lower w/c ratios. The
compressive strengths at 1 day, 3 days and 28 days are thus considerably increased.
b) At constant w/c ratio, the cement content can be reduced without affecting workability and
compressive strength due to the addition of superplasticiser.
2.2 Water Reducing Agent Names
ADVA® 140M
ADVA® 140M water reducer is a high-range water-reducing admixture that may also be used as
a mid-range water reducer.
ADVA® 190
ADVA® 190 admixture is a polycarboxylate-based high-range water-reducing admixture

specifically formulated to meet the needs of the concrete industry
ADVA® 195
ADVA® 195 admixture is a polycarboxylate- ased high-range water-reducing admixture

ADVA® 198
ADVA® 198 superplasticizer is a polycarboxylate-based high-range water-reducing admixture

ADVA® 370
High efficiency polycarboxylate-based superplasticizer. ADVA® 370 has been formulated to

impart extreme workability without segregation to concrete, and to achieve high early compressive
strength
ADVA® 380
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ADVA® 380 is a high efficiency polycarboxylate- based superplasticizer intended for the
production of Self-Consolidating Concrete (SCC) in ready-mix application
ADVA® 405
ADVA® 405 superplasticizer is high efficiency polycarboxylate-based superplasticizer intended

for the production of Self-Consolidating Concrete (SCC) in ready-mix applications.
ADVA® 455
ADVA® 455 superplasticizer is high efficiency polycarboxylate-based superplasticizer intended

for the production of Self-Consolidating Concrete (SCC) in ready-mix applications.
ADVA® CAST 585
ADVA® Cast 585 is designed for use in conventional and self-consolidating concrete in
Precast/Prestress applications.
ADVA® Cast 530
High efficiency polycarboxylate superplasticizer designed to produce super fluid SCC without
segregation, and to achieve high early compressive strength.
ADVA® Cast 540
High efficiency polycarboxylate superplasticizer designed to produce super fluid SCC without
segregation, and to achieve high early compressive strength.
ADVA® Cast 555
ADVA® Cast 555 superplasticizer is a high efficiency polycarboxylate based superplasticizer,

formulated to impart maximum desired workability without segregation to concrete.
ADVA® Cast 575
ADVA® Cast 575 admixture is a high efficiency, low addition rate polycarboxylate-based high-
range water reducer for Precast/Prestress applications
ADVA® Cast 600
ADVA® Cast 600 admixture is a polycarboxylate based high-range water reducer designed for
the production of conventional and Self Consolidating Concrete
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2.3 BONDING AGENTS
Few papers were found in reputed Journals about the Bonding Agents. Among these papers, some
were the state-of-the art report type about polymers, and few were case studies, describing the
usage of polymers in repairs and rehabilitation of structures.
In a paper, "Tests on epoxy bonded concrete and RC elements", J.N. Kar and Y. SharmaI221
presented the results of experimental tests on epoxy mortar joints subjected to compression, direct
shear and direct tension. They adopted the cement concrete mix proportion as 1: 1.321: 2.898:
0.455. They used Araldite in their work, obtained from Hindustan Ciba Geigy Ltd. They adopted
two different Epoxy mortar formulations.
Formulation: I
Araldite GY 257: Hardener HY 840 = 1: 0.5 (by weight)
Formulation: II
Araldite GY 250: Hardener HY 830: Hardener HY 850: Silica flour = 1: 0.2: 0.2: 0.2 (by weight)
They conducted the following tests on plain specimens and specimens jointed with formulation II
1) Compression strength test
2) Direct shear strength test
3) Cylinder split tensile strength test
4) Jacketed column test
5) Pullout test
They also conducted tests on R.C. rectangular beams with and without epoxy bonded external
reinforcement using formulation I. They report that the test results indicated that epoxy joints can
transmit direct compression, direct tension and direct shear quite satisfactorily without impairing
the strength of original concrete in any way. They also report that the crushing strength of jacketed
and normal cubes was almost the some.Pullout tests with epoxy coated steel bars show substantial
(about 146%) increase of ultimate bond strength over that for steel bar without coating. They added
that the addition of epoxy bonded external reinforcement to a precast RC beam increases flexural
stiffness reduces deflection and increase flexural strength.

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B. Singh, M. Gupta and L.K.Aggarwal[231 highlighted the importance of Epoxy Resins and
systems in the Construction / Civil Engineering applications in their paper "Epoxy resins in Civil
Engineering and Construction". They described briefly the various types of resins, hardeners and
modified epoxy systems used in construction. With several examples, they explained the
applications of epoxy resins as an Industrial flooring, an anti-corrosive coating, in reducing water
leakages, as structural adhesives, in repairing of cracks, in hydro-electric projects, in grouting of
heavy machinery etc., In the paper "Polymers in concrete: Mechanism, properties and application",
S.K.Manjrekar[ 241 describes Polymer Impregnated concrete,
Polymer concrete and Polymer Portland cement concrete. He discusses the mechanism of Latex
polymerization. He informs that latex polymerization in cement concrete can be advantageously
used due to its many useful properties like low shrinkage during setting and hardening, good
adhesion, toughness, water proofing and superior chemical resistance. He gives the list of
popularly used polymer latexes as follows:
Latexes to modify concrete
Elastomeric Thermo Therm osething Bituminous Mixed

Plastic
synthetic Epoxy Asphalt
Normal PAF (EP)
SBR
Rubber R. A.
PEVA
PCR
P.A.
PVDC
NBR
PVAC
PVP
PP
SBR: Styrene butadiene rubber
NBR: Acrylonitrile - butadiene rubber

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PEVA: Poly Ethylene vinyl acetate
PVDC: Poly vinylidene chloride
PCR: Polychiorprene rubber
PVP: Polyvinyl propionate
PAE: Polyacrylic ester
PVAC: Poly vinyl acetate
PP: Polypropylene
RA: Rubberised asphalt
PC: Paraffins
EP: Epoxy
In the paper "Practical applications of polymers in concrete", authored by S. Seshadri and S.V.
Ramanakumar’251, some practical applications of polymers in concrete are discussed. They
mention that, in recent years the use of polymers in concrete is expanding due to the increasing
demands from Construction Industry. They explained the meaning, benefits and examples of
Polymer Impregnated concrete, Polymer concrete, Polymer modified concrete / mortar and
conclude that polymers find practical applications as polymer concretes with exceptional strength
properties, as Polymer modified mortars with ideal properties for repairs and protective coatings
with unmatched barrier properties and bonding agents for effective bonding.
S.K. Manjrekarl261 states in his paper "Polymer-modified concrete /mortars for repair and
rehabilitation works" that polymer modified cement/concrete mortars are best suited for repair and
rehabilitation jobs.
He explains the use of polymers in total removal of corrosion of reinforcement steel, application
of a bond coat for good bonding between old and new concrete, rendering a strong, passive
carbonation - resistant, polymer modified / polymer concrete cover, application of a protective seal
coat on the entire surface, etc. He also highlights the need for standardisation and incorporation of
these products in the relevant Indian Standards.

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2.4 Water Bonding Agent Names:
Dr. Fixit Epoxy Bonding Agent Thorobond water bond
2.5 WATER PROOFERS
Only scanty literature is available on the permeability of concrete.In the paper "Permeability of
concrete and factors affecting it –A review". M.K Vaish and Dr. B.D. Nautiyal gave the effect of
different factors on concrete permeability as under:
• Aggregates of low permeability make concrete more impervious
• Permeability will be less for higher cement content
• Finer cement makes concrete less permeable
• As w/c ratio increases, permeability also increases.
• Rapid hardening cement results in a slightly lesser permeability as compared to O.P.0
• A slight reduction in permeability is obtained on addition of superplasticisers.
• Permeability of air entrained concrete is lower as compared to ordinary concrete
• Permeability decreases as the time of compaction increases.
• Permeability decreases as the time of curing increases
• Dry curing increases permeability
• As the age of concrete increases, its permeability decreases
• Freeze and thaw cycles develop cracks in concrete and therefore increase permeability
Piyush Seksaria explains the different methods of water proofing treatment in his paper, "New
concepts in water proofing". He concludes that surface coatings have proved to be the most
satisfactory systems for today's waterproofing needs. He adds that the wide variety of coatings
available permit the use of specific treatments for any kind of conditions. According to him,
polyurethane coatings are by far the most effective surface coatings. In the paper, "Effect of cement
and fiber contents on permeability of SFRC", A.P.Singh and Dhirendra Singhal have reported their
investigations on the effects of fibre and cement content on the permeability of steel fibre
reinforced concrete. He suggests "Depth of penetration method" to calculate co-efficient of
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permeability in case there is no discharge from the permeability cell even after 15days. By this
method, the specimens were removed from the test cell and were split open to determine the depth
upto which water had penetrated.
The depth of penetration was measured at different locations and an average depth of penetration
was obtained. The co-efficient of permeability was obtained by the following equation.
D2 P
𝐾=
2𝑇𝐻
Where
K = co-eff. of permeability in m/s
D = depth of penetration in m
T = time taken in seconds to penetrate to depth D
H = head of water in metres and
P = porosity of concrete measured as a fraction.
He made the following conclusions in his paper
1. Addition of steel fibres into concrete resulted in significant decrease in permeability due to the
arrest of plastic shrinkage cracks.
2. The decrease in permeability with the addition of fibres continued with increasing weight
fractions of fibres but the effect was more pronounced at 1 % weight fraction.
3. Permeability of SFRC as well as PCC decreased with increased cement content.
A. Bilodeau, V. Sivasundaram, K.E. Painter and V.M. Malhotra published a paper on "Durability
of concrete incorporating high volumes of fly ash from sources in the U.S" in ACI Materials
Journal Jan-Feb 1994.
The paper presents the results of the investigations to determine the various durability aspects of
high volume fly ash concrete using eight fly ashes and two Portland cements from U.S sources. In
high volume fly ash concrete, the water and cement content are kept low at about 115 and 155
kg/M 3 of concrete, respectively, and the proportion of fly ash in the total cementitious materials
content ranges from 55 to 60%. The durability aspects investigated included resistance to repeated
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cycles of freezing & thawing, the deicing salt - scaling resistance, the resistance to the chloride ion
penetration and the determination of water permeability co-efficient.
It is concluded that regardless of the type of fly ash and the cements used, the air - entrained high
volume fly ash concrete exhibited excellent durability characteristics in the tests investigated. The
only exception was the deicing salt-scaling test in which the performance of the concrete
investigated was less than satisfactory.
2.6 Water Proffers Name:
Acrylic Polymer Coating Dr. Fixit membrane
Reference mix Grade:
Data Required for Concrete Mix Design
(i) Concrete Mix Design Stipulation
(a) Characteristic compressive strength required in the field at 28 days grade designation — M 25
(b) Nominal maximum size of aggregate — 20 mm
(c) Shape of CA — Angular
(d) Degree of workability required at site — 50-75 mm (slump)
(e) Degree of quality control available at site — As per IS:456
(f) Type of exposure the structure will be subjected to (as defined in IS: 456) — Mild
(g) Type of cement: PSC conforming IS:455
(h) Method of concrete placing: pump able concrete
(ii) Test data of material (to be determined in the laboratory)
(a) Specific gravity of cement — 3.15
(b) Specific gravity of FA — 2.64

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(c) Specific gravity of CA — 2.84
(d) Aggregate are assumed to be in saturated surface dry condition.
(e) Fine aggregates confirm to Zone II of IS – 383
Procedure for Concrete Mix Design of M25 Grade Concrete
Step 1 — Determination Of Target Strength
Himsworth constant for 5% risk factor is 1.65. In this case standard deviation is taken from IS:456
against M 20 is 4.0.
ftarget = fck + 1.65 x S
= 25 + 1.65 x 4.0 = 31.6 N/mm2Where,
S = standard deviation in N/mm2 = 4 (as per table -1 of IS 10262- 2009)
Step 2 — Selection of water / cement ratio:-
From Table 5 of IS 456, (page no 20)
Maximum water-cement ratio for Mild exposure condition = 0.55
Based on experience, adopt water-cement ratio as 0.5.
0.5<0.55, hence OK.
Step 3 — Selection of Water Content
From Table 2 of IS 10262- 2009,Maximum water content = 186 Kg (for Nominal maximum size
of aggregate — 20 mm)
Table for Correction in water content
Parameters Values as per Standard reference condition Values as per Present Problem
Departure Correction in Water Content
Slump 25-50 mm 50-75 25 (+3/25) x 25 = +3
Shape of Aggregate Angular Angular Nil –

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Total +3
Estimated water content = 186+ (3/100) x 186 = 191.6 kg /m3
Step 4 — Selection of Cement Content
Water-cement ratio = 0.5
Corrected water content = 191.6 kg /m3
Cement content =
From Table 5 of IS 456,
Minimum cement Content for mild exposure condition = 300 kg/m3
383.2 kg/m3 > 300 kg/m3, hence, OK.
This value is to be checked for durability requirement from IS: 456.
In the present example against mild exposure and for the case of reinforced concrete the minimum
cement content is 300 kg/m3 which is less than 383.2 kg/m3. Hence cement content adopted =
383.2 kg/m3.

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CHAPTER 3
TYPES OF CONSTRUCTION CHEMICALS USED
3.1. WATER REDUCERS
TABLE 3.1
TYPES OF WATER REDUCERS USED
(Vide Photograph P1)
S.No. Chemical type of water Manufacturer/ Availability Specific

reducer supplier
1 Specially selected M/s. Fosroc Dark brown 1.19
Organic polymer Chemicals liquid
(India) Ltd
2 Modified Napthalene M/s. Cera-Chem brown 1.2
Sulphonate with the private Ltd liquid
Combination of resins
3 Refined M/s. Roffe liquid 1.19
Lingosulphonates Construction
Chemicals
Private Ltd
4 Processed M/s. Don brown 1.19
Lingosulphonates Construction liquid
Chemicals
Private Ltd
5 Melamine M/s. MC. colourless 1.06
formaldehyde Baucheme liquid
(India) private Limited
Application procedure
The exact quantity of water reducer was taken (either for a 0 0.5% dosage by weight of cement or
1% dosage). Then it was added to the gauging water and thoroughly mixed. It was then added with
the dry mixture of cement, sand and gravels.

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3.2. BONDING AGENTS
TABLE 3.2
TYPES OF BONDING AGENTS USED
(Vide Photograph P2)
Chemical Base Manufacturer/Supplier Nature of product in the

market
Modified styrene M/s. Fosroc chemicals Single pack, milky white liquid
Butadiene emulsion (India) Ltd
Acrylic emulsion M/s. Fosroc chemicals Single pack, milky white liquid
(India) Ltd
Epoxy bonding agents M/s. Cera-Chem private Ltd Double pack, base & hardener,
dark brown viscous fluid
Polymer latex (Polyvinyl M/s. Cera-Chem private Ltd Single pack, white liquid
acetate)

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3.3. WATER PROOFERS
TABLE 3.3
TYPES OF WATER PROOFERS USED
(Vide Photograph P3 and P4)
Classification Chemical base Supplying firm

i) lignosulphonates M/s. Fosroc chemicals
India Ltd
Integral
water ii) selected M/s. Fosroc chemicals
proofer-liquid lignosulphonates India Ltd
additive
M/s. Fosroc chemicals

Integral
India Ltd
water
proofer-liquid
additive
1) synthetic rubber M/s. Cera-Chem Pvt. Ltd.
bitumen emulsion
2) methacrylate M/s. Cera-Chem Pvt. Ltd.
based coating
3) bituminous M/s. Fosroc chemicals
coating India Ltd
Surface
coatings 4) elastomeric M/s. Fosroc chemicals
cementitious coating India Ltd
(two component
system)
5) silicone based water M/s. Don construction

repellent Chemicals
India Ltd

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CHAPTER 4
DESCRIPTION OF CONSTRUCTION CHEMICALS TESTED
4.1. WATER REDUCERS
4. 1. a. Importance of water reducers
Water reducers are admixtures added to concrete during mixing to impart several desirable
properties as listed under.
1) Achieving greater workability for a given w/c ratio without the addition of more water (thus
avoiding strength losses). The workability so achieved provides a greater ease in compaction,
reducing the risk of defects in the structures such as honey/ combing, etc. The increased
workability is also useful when concrete pours are restricted due to either congested reinforcement
or thin sections
2) In harsh mixes, (containing crushed aggregates or poorly graded aggregates) plastic properties
of concrete can be improved using water reducers.
3) By maintaining workability at lower water content, concrete strengths can be increased without
the need for addition of cement. Thus, it is possible to produce a denser and stronger concrete.
Thus, it reduces the entry of deleterious ions that cause corrosion.
4) Whilst maintaining the w/c ratio and workability, concrete can be made to a given strength
specification at lower cement contents than would otherwise be required. This leads to economy.
5) While pumping concrete without causing segregation in case of high rise structures.
6) In mass concrete where higher cement content leads to the evolution of enormous heat of
hydration.

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4. 1. b. Classification of water reducers
i) Plasticisers (water reducers)
They are effective in reducing the water content in concrete upto 15% by maintaining workability.
ii) Superplasticisers (High Range water reducers)
They are effective in reducing the water content upto 30 %
4. 1. C. Types of water reducers
Several distinct types of water reducers are available based on different chemicals although they
purport to have a similar function in concrete. They are all organic compounds of high molecular
weight, some being synthetic and others derived from natural products.
(i) Lignosuiphonates
The crude lignosuiphonates derived from wood-pulping are commonly used as plasticisers and in
order to improve their effectiveness, they can be refined and modified.
The processing involves the removal of sugars and other unwanted impurities, selection of a higher
molecular weight fraction and optionally, further sulphonation or partial ploymerisation. Calcium
or other alkali metal salts are employed in the admixture, the latter having a superior waterreducing
capacity.
The basic repeating unit of the lignosulphonate molecule has a vrather complex phenyl - propane
skeleton. Substituent groups vary and include phenolic, carboxylic and methoxy in addition to
suiphonate. In solution, the molecule coils into a spherical configuration, with ionized groups at
or near the surface. Figure 2.1 shows the structure of a typical lignosulphonate molecule (vide
Further References No. 25).

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Fig 4.1 Lignosulphonate Molucule
ii) Carboxylic acids
They are formulated from wholly synthetic raw materials or chemically modified natural products,
either as single component systems or blended formulations. Examples of such raw materials are
polycarboxylic acid and their derivatives and certain polyhydroxy compounds such as starch
hydrolysates.
(iii) Sulphonated melamine - formaldehyde condensates
These are polymers with the structural formula as below (vide Further References No. 25)
Fig 4.2 Sulphonated Melamine Formaldehyde
The value of n (the condensation number) is usually in the range 50-60 giving a molecular weight
in the region of 20,000. These condensates are usually employed in the form of the sodium salt
illustrated which is very soluble in water due mainly to the suiphonate groups on the side chains.

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(iv) SULPHONATED NAPHTHALENE - FORMALDEHYDE
CONDENSATES
These are polymers similar in many ways to the previous category, with a simple repeating unit as
shown below. (Vide Further References No. 25)
Fig 4.3 Sulphonated Naphthalene Formaldehyde
Again the sodium salt is usually employed, solubility being due tothe suiphonate groups. The value
of n is in the range of 5 - 10, giving a molecular weight of the order of 2000.
(v) Other materials
Acid amide/polysaccharide mixtures and other high molecular weight hydroxylated polymers and
co-polymers are also used.

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4. 1. d. Mode of action
Cement particles flocculate when water is added due to ionic attraction. These flocs trap water
within themselves. The plasticisers when added adsorb onto the surface of cement. Since the
molecules of water reducers possess negative charge, repulsion of cement particle occur and more
surface area is available for reaction with water. At the same time the trapped water gets released.
Thereby the workability and mobility of cement mix increases.
4.2. Bonding Agents
4.2. a. Importance of bonding agents
Generally R.C.C. members like beams, columns and floor slabs are hacked so as to give adequate
interfacial bonding between plaster (new concrete) and original concrete surface (old surface). The
two major problems encountered in the conventional process of hacking are:
i) After a few days, the mother concrete structure sets to hard that it becomes difficult to hack the
surface by manual labour and often results in poor hacking.
ii) In spite of hacking, the plaster does not stick property and homogenously and often comes out
due to lack of an adequate interfacial bonding. This is particularly experienced in the case of
ceilings, due to the additional direct gravitational force pulling the plaster down.
Bonding agents hold the concrete tightly due to interaction polymerization and as time passes and
the concrete cures, the bonding strength also increases.
In several repair jobs on concrete like patching, strengthening in beams, ceilings, slabs, columns,
etc., the traditional methods include replastering, jacketing and guniting. But, it is often seen that
the new concrete / mortar mass separates from the old concrete. This happens due to dissimilar
behaviour patterns of the old, already set concrete and the subsequent new concrete, which is
undergoing stresses and strains while stiffening due to shrinkage. As a result, the same problem
may recur in a short span of time due to the poor interfacial bonding between old and fresh
concrete. Bonding agents improve the adherence of fresh concrete to old concrete and thus are
particularly suited for repair works.

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4.2. b. Characteristics of bonding agents
Bonding agents are organic polymer emulsions. The emulsion is a colloidal suspension of a
polymer in water and when the emulsion is used to combine concrete with a polymer, a latex
modified concrete is produced with improved bonding properties. Polymers are long molecules
built of simple units called monomers. Monomers are generally organic compounds. Conversion
of monomers into polymers is called polymerization, which is effected either by heat, radiation
(Gamma or ultra violet), catalysts, etc.
Polymers generally used in various civil engineering applications are
Urethanes -Polymers and co-polymers produced by the reaction of

isocyanates with polyols.
Acrylics - Polymers and co-polymers of the esters of acrylic and

methacrylic acids.
Styrene butadiene resin - SBR resins are basically synthetic rubber in solution.
Vinyl resins - This is a general term for substituted ethylene’s and their
copolymers like polyethylene, polystyrenes, etc. These are
basically copolymers rather than homopolymers.
Epoxies - Synthetic polymers which are condensates of epiclorohydrin and a

suitable polyhydroxyl material; most commonly used polyhydroxyl
material is bisphenol - A.
Some key properties of polymers are listed below:
• High strength to weight ratio
• Impermeability
• High tensile, flexural, impact and compressive strengths
• High chemical resistance
• Low water absorption
• Rapid strength gain

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• High bond strength with most of the substrates
• High flexibility
In combination with cement concrete, they make good most of its shortcomings viz., lower
strengths, poor bonding with already set cementitious materials, porosity and permeability,
shrinkage, poor flexibility, etc. They are used in one of the following ways with concrete.
• Polymer impregnated concrete
• Polymer concrete
• Polymer modified concrete / mortar
• Polymer as protective coating
• Polymer as bonding agent
Today polymers are used over concrete for varied purposes such as improved bonding, crack filling
or pore sealing, reducing permeability to water or chloride, dust proofing, self-levelling and a host
of other purposes.
Broadly, their functions can be grouped as:
• Admixtures for concrete
• bonding agents and
• Sealants

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4.2. C. Mode of action of bonding agents
Upon drying or setting, polymer particles coalesce into a film, adhering to the cement particles and
to the aggregates, thus improving the bond between various phases. The polymer also fills
microvoids and bridges microcracks that develop during the shrinkage associated with curing. This
secondary bonding action preserves some of the potential strength normally lost due to micro
cracking. Bonding agent is a polymeric solution and hence non-ionic in character. Therefore there
is no possibility of attack on concrete by the ions like chlorides, alkalies, sulphates, etc., therefore
any corroding or deteriorating effect on reinforcing steal.
4.2. d. Development of use of bonding agents
Use of bonding agents has been rising steadily all over the world since their commercial
introduction in the early 1950s. The first large-scale application of epoxy resins in India in the
construction / Civil Engineering field was in 1968, for sealing of cracks in the main body of Koyna
dam, caused by a major earthquake. On account of their advantages, their use in building and civil
Engineering sector has increased manyfolds and at present, there is large number of manufacturers
in India.
Construction chemicals for repairs were used initially in the form of rust removing and passivating
solutions. It was observed that the life of repaired structures improved to a little extent. However,
failures still occurred and these pertained to failure in interfacial bonding. In the initial stage,
bonding chemicals were in the form of epoxy resins. They posed problems due to their two-pack
operational difficulties and workmanship limitations. This led to the development in the use of a
single-pack aqueous polymer, SBR latex or PVA emulsions. They have their limitations too as
degradation due to any form of energy (UV, heat) and seem to leach out in wet conditions. SBR
was slowly replaced by modified SBR, modified acrylates & pure acrylates.

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4.3. WATER PROOFERS
4.3. a. Permeability of concrete and its effects
Permeability of concrete is defined as the ease with which it allows fluids to pass through it. During
the last few years, increasing attention is being given to the permeability of concrete since it is
considered as a key factor affecting durability of concrete. Permeability influences the durability
of a concrete structure and on durability depends its life, serviceability and structural performance.
In structures like hydraulic structures, sub-structures under water, marine structures and structures
near chemical industries, permeability of concrete may be considered to have greater significance
than strength. If the concrete is permeable, it permits the percolation of water leading to
(i) Inconvenience caused by dripping ceilings
(ii) Peeling paint on the walls
(iii) Efflorescence and
(iv) Corrosion of steel reinforcement leading to ultimate structural failure.
Thus seeping of water through concrete may start as a nuisance and end up as a hazard.
4.3. b. Basic principle of permeability
One of the products of hydration of cement is cement gel (or Tobermorite) which is formed upto
a w/c ratio 0.70. The lower the w/c ratio, the more pronounced is the formation of cement gel. This
product of hydration has a co-efficient of permeability of 7x10 4 cm/s and by itself blocks the
capillaries in concrete. This can result in a good water proof concrete of permeability 10- 10 to 10-
12 cm/s. However in actual practice, on an average job, we end up getting a permeability between
10-6 to 10-8 cm/s only. This is mainly due to
• Uncontrolled w/c ratio
• Bad workmanship
• Incorrect design mix
• Improper compaction.

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4.3. C. Factors affecting permeability
Permeability of concrete is not a simple function of its porosity but depends also on the size,
distribution and continuity of pores. The factors that affect the permeability of concrete fall broadly
into three groups.
• Constituent materials mixing, compaction and curing procedures
• Age of concrete and exposure conditions In general any factor that tends to improve compressive
strength of concrete will have a beneficial effect on the water tightness.
4.3. d. Types of water proofing
Water
Proofing
Integral Surface
treatment
Water Bonding Protect Tar Capolla
Permeability ive
reducers repellants agents felts/Plymer ry
Coatin sheets Crystall
gs isation
Fine Plasticis Accelera
Particul ers tors Bitum Rubberise
ates Epoxy Polyurethan
en d es
Integral waterproofing
Integral waterproofing involves the use of additives like plasticisers, superplaticisers , air
entraining agents, bonding agents, etc, at various stages of the construction itself or during repairs.
These products improve the workability of the cement mix with a lower w/c ratio, making the
concrete waterproof. Surface treatments Surface treatments are normally done after the concreting
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and plastering work is completed or even after the completion of the building. The object is to treat
the surface subsequently, to overcome the defects and make the surface waterproof.
Surface treatments
Gain further importance because of the tendency of concrete to develop cracks, due to the
expansion and contraction of the surface on account of temperature fluctuations, shrinkage or
improper workmanship / materials.
Regardless of the reasons, once the concrete has started leaking, only surface treatments can make
it water proof. Surface treatments are also provided as a precautionary measure immediately after
construction to avert possible problems that may occur later in the concrete.
Tarfelts / polymer sheets
This type of treatment involves laying of factory-made sheets or felts, which are available in rolls
of specific widths. This is laid on the surface over a layer of molten tar or similar adhesive and
overlapped at the joints. The entire surface is thus covered with the sheets
Capillary crystallization
This process involves the application of liquid chemicals on the surface of the concrete. These
chemicals enter the pores of concrete and thereafter crystallise, thus reducing and sealing the pores.
Protective surface coatings
Water proofing by the use of surface coatings is the latest type of treatment and is gaining immense
popularity due to its effectiveness and ease of application apart from the economy of use.

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CHAPTER 5
EXPERIMENTAL OBSERVATIONS
5. 1. TESTS ON REFERENCE MIX
The following tests were conducted on the reference mix.
i) Slump test
ii) Compaction factor test
iii) 28-day compressive strength test
iv) 28-day flexural strength test
The quantity of materials required for conducting slump test, compaction factor test and 28-day
compressive strength test were calculated. The materials (cement, sand, gravel and water) were
weighed and taken separately. Cement and sand were first mixed, then gravel was added and
thoroughly mixed to form a dry mixture. Water was then added and mixed until a thorough
homogenous mixture was obtained. Slump test and compaction factor test were done
simultaneously and at the same time, three numbers of 15cm size, cast iron concrete cube moulds
were filled with the mixed concrete and compacted. The concrete cubes were removed from the
moulds next day and placed in a small water tank for curing. At the 28th day from the date of
casting, the cubes were taken out and tested for their 28- day compressive strength in a 200-T
capacity Compression Testing Machine. Flexural strength test was also conducted. The necessary
ingredients were weighed and mixed to prepare the reference mix. Beam moulds of size 10 cm x
10 cm x 50 cm were filled with the reference mix and compacted. The concrete beams were taken
out from the moulds next day and placed in a small water tank for curing. On the 28 th day, the
beams were tested for their flexural strength in a Universal Testing Machine of capacity 60T.

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5.2. TESTS ON MIXES CONTAINING WATER REDUCERS
Water reducers are added to concrete
i) To produce high workability with strength unchanged.
ii) To produce high strength with workability unchanged.
iii) To reduce the cement content with strength and workability unchanged.
The aim of the tests was to check the above three aspects due to the addition of water reducers to
the reference mix and also to evaluate the performance of five different water reducers. Four series
of experiments were conducted as detailed below:
WR Series I
To the reference mix, water reducers were added in two dosages viz., 0.5% and 1% by weight of
cement. For each dosage, for each chemical, slump test. compaction factor test and 28-day
compressive strength test were conducted.
There were 5 chemicals and 2 dosages of water reducers
Thus (5 x 2 =) 10 mixes were made
WR Series 2
Water content of the reference mix was reduced by 10%, 20% and 30%, keeping the cement
content the same, thereby lowering the w/c ratio. At each level of water reduction, water reducers
were added at 0.5 % and 1% by weight of cement. At each stage, the values of slump and 28-day
compressive strength were determined.
There were 5 chemicals, 3 levels of water reduction and 2 dosages of water reducers
Thus in stage II (5 x 3 x 2 =) 30 mixes were made
WR Series 3
Cement content of the reference mix was lowered by 7.5% and 15%, keeping the w/c ratio
constant, water reducers were added at 0.5% and 1% by weight of cement. Slump test and 28-day
compressive strength test were performed.
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There were 5 water reducers, 2 levels of cement reduction and 2 dosages of water reducers
Thus (5 x 2 x 2 =) 20 mixes were made
WR Series 4
To the reference mix, water reducers were added in two dosages viz., 0.5% and 1% by weight of
cement. Beam specimens were cast & tested for their flexural strength on the 28 th day. There
were 5 water reducers and 2 dosages of them Thus [(5 x 2) + 1 (without WR) =111 mixes were
made the required quantity of water reducers was taken and mixed with the gauging water. This
mixture was then added with the dry mixture of cement, sand and gravels.
Total Number of mixes cast for studying performance of Water Reducers
Reference mix: 1
WR Series 1 : 10
WR Series 2 : 30
WR Series 3 : 20
WR Series 4 :11
Total :72mixes
Slump test was conducted using a standard slump cone of bottom diameter 20 cm top diameter 10
cm and height 30 cm. The value of compaction factor was found by using a standard compaction
factor apparatus, which consists of an upper hopper, lower hopper & bottom cylinder.
weight of partially compacted concrete

𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 =
weight of partially compacted concrete
28-day compressive strength was determined in a 200-T capacity Compression Testing Machine.
28-day flexural strength test was conducted in a 60-T Universal Testing Machine.

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5.3. EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAMME ON BONDING AGENTS
5.3.1. 28-day cube compressive strength test
A 15 cm x 15 cm x 1 mm thick m.s. sheet was placed vertically in the middle of the 15cm cube
mould. One half of the mould was filled with reference concrete and allowed to cure at room
temperature. On the next day, the m.s. sheet was taken out and the concrete surface was coated
with the bonding agent as in Photograph P5. Immediately, the other half of the mould was filled
with the concrete of the same grade. Next day, the concrete cube was taken out of the mould and
cured for 28 days in water and then tested for its compressive strength. A set of 3 samples was
prepared at a time. A sample jointed without the bonding agent was also prepared and tested. The
direction of loading kept along the plane of bonding was during the process vibrating the first half
of the cube, sand was poured on the "empty" side in order to stabilize the plate. On the next day
this sand was poured out to make room for fresh concrete.
HALF CUBE
JOINTED CUBE

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JONITED SPECIMEN IN COMPRESSION
Fig 5.1 28-day cube compressive strength test
5.3.2. Cylinder split tensile strength test
Three numbers of C.I. cylindrical moulds of diameter 15cm and 30cm height were taken. A m.s.
sheet of size 30cm x 15cm. x 1mm was placed vertically in the middle of the cylindrical moulds.
The reference mix was prepared and filled in one half of the mould. After compacting in table
vibrator, the top surface was finished and allowed to cure at room temperature. On the text day the
m.s. sheet were taken out and the contact concrete surface was coated with a layer of bonding
agent (vide Photograph P6) . The other halves of the moulds were filled with the reference mix.
The next day the cylindrical specimens were taken out and placed in a small water tank for curing.
A sample jointed without the bonding agent was also prepared in the same manner. At the 28 th
day, the specimens were taken out and tested for their split tensile strength in a Universal Testing
Machine.

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HALF CYLINDER
JOINTED CYLINDER

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JOINTED SPPECIMEN IN SPLIT TENSION
Fig 5.2 Cylinder split tensile strength test
5.3.3. Jacketed column test
Concrete prisms of size 10cm x 10cm x 15cm were cast initially. On the next day they were
jacketed with fresh concrete of the same grade applying bonding agents all round in a standard 15
cm cubes. A set of three prisms coated with bonding agents is shown in Photograph P7. The
specimens were then cured in water for 28 days and tested in compression. A set of 3 samples were
taken for each type of bonding agent. Prisms jacketed with fresh concrete without bonding agent
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was also prepared & tested. The various stages involved in this test are clearly explained with the
aid of following sequence of sketches.
CONCRETE PRISM OF SIZE 10 CMX10 CMX15 CM ELEVATION PRISM JACKTED WITH FRESH CONCRETE
IN CUBE MOULDS
PLAN JACKETED COLUMN

UNDER COMPRESSION
Fig 5.3 Jacketed column test

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5.3.4. Double shear test
A concrete cube was cast in a standard C.I. concrete cube mould. The mix proportion of the
concrete was that of the reference mix. It was allowed to cure at room temperature for one day. A
beam mould of size 75cm x 15cm x 15cm was taken for preparing the specimen for double shear
test. A 15cm x 15cm x 1mm m.s. sheet was placed at the 45 th cm from one edge of the mould.
The remaining portion of the mould was made dummy using an unused old cube and wooden
blocks. The size of beam mould for making required specimen was 45cm x 15cm x 15cm.
A plywood sheet of 15cm x 15cm x 1cm was placed horizontally at the centre of the mould. Over
the plywood sheet, the pre cast concrete cube made of reference mix was laid. On both sides of the
cube, bonding agent was applied. Immediately, the fresh concrete of the same grade was filled on
both sides of the cube in the beam mould. The mould was subjected to compaction in a table
vibrator. On the next day the specimen was demoulded and allowed to cure in water for 28 days.
A specimen jointed without bonding agent was also made in a similar manner. The specimen were
tested to failure in direct shear in the Universal Testing Machine.
SINGLE CYLINDER JOINTED CUBES EDGE TO EDGE

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DOUBLE DHEAR TEST
Fig 5.4 Double shear test
5.4. WATER PROOFERS
5.4.1. Water permeability apparatus
Fig 5.5 Water permeability apparatus
1. FROM AIR COMPRESSOR

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2. VALVE FOR ADMITTING WATER
3. WATER RESERVOIR
4. PRESSURE REGULATOR
S. PRESSURE GAUGES
6. VALVE FOR ADMITTING WATER INTO PERMEABILITY CELL
7. FLEXIBLE HOSE
8. STAND
9. PERMEABILITY CELL
10. COVER PLATE
11. BUTTERFLY NUTS
a. Permeability cell
Permeability cell consists of a metal cylinder with a ledge at the bottom for retaining the specimen
and an integral funnel below to collect the permeated water. It has a flange at the top and a
removable cover plate. The flange is provided with a circular groove to fit a sealing ring to render
the assembly watertight. A rubber gasket is placed between the cell and the cover plate to render
the joint watertight
b. Water reservoir
The water reservoir consists of a cylindrical metal pipe 150mm dia and 600mm long. The reservoir
has valves for admitting water, compressed air and for draining. It is fitted with two pressure
gauges to show the pressure inside the water cylinder (test pressure) and admitted air pressure. It
is provided with an adjustable valve to maintain the test pressure at a constant value. The water
reservoir is connected to the permeability cell by a shielded pressure hose. Clean deaired water is
used in the reservoir.
c. Air compressor

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An air compressor of adequate capacity to maintain the test pressure of 7kg/cm2 is used. It consists
of suitable regulating valves and pressure gauges. The single cell water permeability apparatus is
shown in Photograph P8
5.4.2. Test specimens
The specimens were cylindrical in shape with a diameter of 10.7 cm and height 10 cm. Three
cylindrical specimens were used one each for determining the co-efficient of permeability of
specimens (i) without waterproofers (ii) with integral waterproofer (iii) with surface coating
5.4.3. Casting & curing
The concrete mix was cast in special split moulds. The materials were compacted by hand rodding
followed by compaction in a table vibrator. The top surface of the mould was not trowel finished
to avoid the chances for the fines to come up. The specimens were cured for 28 days.
5.4.4. Procedure for mixing the waterproofers while casting specimens
a. Integral waterproofers
In the case of liquid waterproofers, the measured quantity of waterproofer (200m1 per 50kg of
cement) was initially mixed with the gauged water and then it was mixed with the dry mixture of
cement, sand and gravel. In the case of powder additives, the measured quantity (1kg per 50 kg of
cement) was sprinkled over the dry cement and thoroughly mixed and then it was mixed with the
mixture of sand and gravel. Water was then added.
b. Surface coatings
After 28 days curing, the plain concrete specimen was taken out, dried and cleaned. Using a soft
brush, the water proofing agent was applied at the top face (contact with water) in the form of
coating. One coat is sufficient, if a dense coat was obtained. A further coat was used when the
coating was patchy.

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5.4.5. Test procedure
a. Sealing the specimen
After 28 days curing the specimens containing integral waterproofers were taken out and surface
dried and the dimensions were measured. In case of surface coatings, plain specimens were taken
out after 28 days curing & coated with surface coatings.
A roll of cotton thread was wound round the specimen and a layer of wax was applied on the cotton
thread (vide Photograph P9 and PLO). This was done to prevent the leakage of permeated water
through the sides of concrete specimen and also to seal the gap between specimen & mould.
Now the specimen was placed inside the split mould and the mould was tightened. At the top
surface the annular space between mould and the specimen was filled with M-Seal to some depth
to avoid the entry of water in between them. The flange was placed over the mould and a gasket
was fitted in between them. At the outside the gap between mould & flange was filled with M-
Seal. The cover plate was placed over the flange and another gasket was fitted in between the cover
& the cell for leak proofing.
b. Running the test
The co-efficient of permeability was measured using concrete permeability apparatus. Compressed
air at 7Kg/Cm 2 was supplied to the permeability cell assembly using an air compressor. The water
reservoir of the apparatus was filled with clean deaired water. With the reservoir completely filled
with water, the air pressure was applied to the water reservoir. A clean collection bottle was
weighed and placed to collect the permeated water. The quantity of percolate was measured at
fixed intervals continuously after a steady state was reached.
The co-efficient of permeability is calculated as
Q
𝑘=
AT H/L
Where,
Q - Quantity of water in ml percolating over the entire period of test after the steady state was
reached
A - Area of specimen face, cm2

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T - Time in sec over which Q is measured
H/L - ratio of pressure head to thickness of specimen, both in the same unit
k - co-efficient of permeability in cm/sec
In certain cases, no discharge was obtained even after a period of 15 days. In such cases, co
efficient of permeability was calculated by using the Depth of penetration method. The specimens
were removed from the test cell and were split open to determine the depth upto which water had
penetrated (vide Photograph P11). k was computed from the formula (vide Serial No. 29 under the
head R eferences)
D2 P
𝑘=
2𝑇𝐻
Where,
D - Depth of penetration in cm
P - Porosity of concrete
T - Time taken in sec to penetrate to depth D
H - head of water in cm
Formula to find the porosity of concrete Porosity P of the concrete is computed from the formula
(vide Serial No. 37 under the head Further References)
w
𝑃=+ c − 0.17h + a/c
1 A𝑓 1 A w a
0.317 = + p c + p c𝑐𝑜 + c + c
𝑓 𝑐
W/c - w/c ratio
h - Degree of hydration (0.70)
a - volume of entrapped air
P1 - specific gravity of fine aggregate
PC - specific gravity of coarse aggregate

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C, AF, A0 - proportions of cement, sand and gravel in the reference mix
We know that during mix design by ACI method (Chapter 4 of this volume) we have taken air
content to be 2% or 0.02. Thus,
𝑎 𝑎
= = 0.02
𝑣 A𝑐 A𝑓 A𝑐𝑜 w
+
p𝑐 p𝑓 + p𝑐 + c + 𝑎
Here the denominator represents the total volume of concrete

a
= 0.02
1 1.94 3.06
+ +
3.28 2.73 2.95 + 0.47 + 𝑎
a
= 0.02
0.3 + 0.71 + 1.04 + 0.47 + 𝑎
The volume of air "a" is given by
a = 0.051
Porosity "P" of the concrete is therefore
0.47 − 0.17 × (0.7) + 0.051

p=
1.94 3.06
0.317 + 2.73 + 2.95 + 0.47 + 0.051
= 0.155
5.4.6. Test Temperature
A BI 3085 - 1965 recommends that "the test shall preferably be carried out at a temperature of 27°
C ± 2° C. In case, arrangements are not available for maintaining the prescribed temperature, a
record shall be maintained of the actual temperature. An approximate correction may be made on
the basis that each 5° C increases of temperature above the standard temperature - results in 10%
increase in the coefficient of permeability and vice - versa". The test temperature was recorded
and accordingly the value of coefficient of permeability was corrected.

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CHAPTER 6
ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION OF TEST RESULTS
6.1. WATER REDUCERS
6.1.1. WR Series I
i) It is seen that the addition of water reducers increases workability. The slump values and
compaction factor values of the mixes containing water reducers are more than that of the reference
mix.
ii) From the test results, it is observed that the workability values in terms of slump and compaction
factor, of the mixes with 1% dosage of water reducers are greater than with 0.5% dosage.
iii) Mixes with water reducers having chemical bases refined lignosulphonates, naphthalene base
and m0elamine base performed well in producing very high workability. This wasobserved from
the results of slump test and compaction factor test.
iv) One of the objectives of adding water reducers is to increase the workability with unchanged
strength. On seeing and comparing the results of 28-day strengths of various mixes, it is concluded
that melamine based superplasticiser performed best in achieving higher strength in addition to
increased workability.
6.1.2. WR Series 2
i) In these mixes, the slump value is found to be less than the slump value of the reference mix.
ii) In the mixes with reduced water content and having water reducers, the slump value is found to
be more in the mixes containing 1% dosage than in the mixes having 0.5% dosage.
iii) It is seen that mixes containing refined lignosuiphonates and processed lignosulphonates have
very low slump value for 15% water reduction and 20% water reduction. It is concluded that they
are plasticisers and able to maintain workability up to 15% water reduction even though they
enhance strength.

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iv) While reducing water content and adding water reducers, the 28- day compressive strength
increased for 10%, 15% and 20% water reduction than the value of reference mix. This increase is
less than that with 1% dosage of processed lignosuiphonates based plasticisers.
V) The value of 28-day compressive strength of the mix containing 20% less water than reference
mix with 0.5% water reducer was found to be 42.96 N/mm2 which is 55% greater than the strength
of reference mix. The water reducer used was naphthalene based one. The corresponding slump
value was 11 mm, which is slightly less than that of reference mix.
vi) The advantage of adding water reducer to concrete is to lower the water content thereby
increasing strength without affecting workability. On comparing the results, it has been seen that
melamine based superplasticiser performed best in achieving good strength on reducing water
content while maintaining workability.
6.1.3. WR SERRIES 3
The purpose of this series is to prove that the addition of water reducer helps in the reduction of
cement without loss of workability and strength and comparing the performance of mixes
containing different water reducers. The following are the observations:
i) The slump is found to be more in the mixes containing 1% dosage than in the mixes with 0.5 %
dose.
ii) From the test values, it has been found that the mixes with naphthalene based superplasticiser
performed well while reducing cement content without affecting workability and 28 –day
compressive strength.
Ili) the manufacturers advertise that addition of water reducers to concrete results in reduction of
cement content without loss of strength & workability thus leading to economy. In this programme,
the cement content was reduced by 7.5% and 15% and water reducers were added in 0.5% and 1%
dosage by weight of cement. On comparing the costs of reduced cement and added water reducer,
it is clear that added water reducer at the dosage of 1% costs more than the cost of reduced cement
at 7.5% or 15%.

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6.1.4. Analysis of flexural strength test results
The 28-day flexural strength value of the mix containing processed lignosuiphonates is nearly 40%
greater than the value of reference mix. From the test results, it has been found that the 28-day
flexural strength of mixes containing polymer based and melamine based water reducers are good
in achieving flexural strength greater than the value of reference mix.
6.2. BONDING AGENTS
6.2.1. 28-day cube compressive strength test
(i) It is seen that the values of compressive strength of specimens jointed with bonding agent are
more than those of without bonding agent.
(ii) Among the cube specimens coated with four types of bonding agents, specimens coated with
PVA based bonding agent produced a high 28- day compressive strength. The value is 24% greater
than that of reference one
(iii) Specimens jointed with epoxy resin based bonding agent also produced good compressive
strengths next to PVA based ones.
(iv) The 28-day compressive strength of a normal cube (set of 3 samples) was 27.85 N/mm2. From
the test results, it is found that the compressive strength values of jointed cube specimens with
bonding agents are less than that of a normal cube.
(v) On seeing the tested cube specimens, it was observed that the failure occurred outside the joints
6.2.2. Split tensile strength test
(i) Surprisingly the values of split tension of the specimens using SBR based and AR based
bonding admixtures were lesser than those of specimen without bonding agent
(ii) Cylinder specimens jointed with PVA based bonding agent produced a high tensile strength
value. Its value was nearly 24% more than the specimen without bonding agent.
(iii) Epoxy resin based bonding agent produced high tensile strength next to PVA based one.

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(iv) The split tensile strength value of a normal cylinder was found as 1.55 N/mm2. From the test
results, it has been seen that the split tensile strength values of cylindrical specimens jointed with
bonding agents are less than that of a normal cylinder.
(v) It has been found that, failure occurred at the joints while conducting split tension tests.
6.2.3. Jacketed column test
(i) From the test results, it has been seen that the compressive strength values of jacketed specimens
with bonding agents are greater than that of specimen without bonding agent.
(ii) The 28-day compressive strength value of jacketed column jointed with PVA based bonding
agent is nearly double than that without bonding agent.
(iii) Next to PVA based bonding agent, specimens with SBR based bonding agent produced good
compressive strengths.
(iv) Failure occurred at the joints while testing in Compression Testing Machine.
6.2.4. Double shear test
(i) Shear specimens jointed with SBR based and AR based bonding agents produced lesser shear
strength values than that without bonding agents.
(ii) Specimens jointed with PVA based bonding agent produced good shear strength, nearly 32%
greater than that without bonding agent.
(iii) Epoxy resin based bonding admixture performed well in producing good shear strength, next
to PVA based ones
(iv) Failure occurred at the joints while testing for double shear. It is concluded that PVA based
bonding agent performed well in the various tests conducted to assess the performance of bonding
admixtures.
Epoxy resin based specimens fared well next to PVA based ones. But the disadvantages in using
Epoxy resins are:

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(i) since it is a two pack component, the usage is found to be difficult during proportioning, mixing,
etc.,
(ii) it costs more than PVA, SBR and AR bases
6.3 GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION OF TEST RESULTS OF BONDING AGENTS
0.8
0.68
0.7
0.6 0.54
0.5
0.5
0.4 0.4
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
1 2 3 4 5
Fig.6.1 cube compression test
LEGEND
1. CP : jointed specimen without bonding agent in compression

2. CSBR : jointed specimen using SBR in compression
3. CAR : jointed specimen using AR in compression
4. CPVA : jointed specimen using PVA in compression
5. CER : jointed specimen using EP in compression

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0.8
0.68
0.7
0.6 0.54
0.5
0.5
0.4 0.4
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
SP SSBR SAR SPVA SEP
Fig 6.2. Split Tension Test Legend
LEGEND
TP:Jointed specimen without bonding agent in split tension
TSBR:Jointed specimen using SBR in split tension
TAR:Jointed specimen using AR in split tension
TPVA:Jointed specimen using PVA in split tension
TER:Jointed specimen using EP in split tension

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0.8
0.68
0.7
0.6 0.54
0.5
0.5
0.4 0.4
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
Figure 6.3. Jacketed Column Compression Test
LEGEND
JP : Jointed specimen without bonding agent
JSBR : Jointed specimen using SBR
JAR : Jointed specimen using AR
JPVA : Jointed specimen using PVA
JER : Jointed specimen using EP

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0.8
0.68
0.7
0.6 0.54
0.5
0.5
0.4 0.4
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
Fig 6.4. Double Shear Test
LEGEND
SP : Jointed specimen without bonding agent in shear
SBR : Jointed specimen using SBR in shear
SAB : Jointed specimen using AR in shear
SPVA : Jointed specimen using PVA in shear
SER : Jointed specimen using EP in shear

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6.4. WATER PROOFERS
6.4.1 .Intergral waterproofers
i) It is seen that the value of coefficient of permeability is considerably reduced while using integral
waterproofers with concrete
ii) From the test results, it is found that the mixes containing integral powder waterproofer
performed very well in producing very low permeability concrete. In these cases, the value of
coefficient of permeability was in the order of 10-' m/s. Hence they are highly suitable for structural
concrete
iii) Among the two types of liquid integral waterproofers, lignosuiphonates based waterproofer
performed better.
iv) Mixes containing both types of integral waterproofers produced higher slump values than the
reference mix. Their 28 day compressive strength values also were in line with that of the reference
mix. Hence we can conclude that integral water proofers can act as water reducers cum
waterproofers. Since they are functioning as water reducers also it is possible to reduce the water
content in the mix upto 20% to 30%. Therefore there are chances for further reduction in the value
of co-efficient of permeability.
6.4.2. Surface coatings
i) The value of coefficient of permeability of surface coated concrete specimens is found to be less
than that value of reference mix.
ii) From the test results it is found that silicone based surface coating performed very well in
producing concrete with low permeability.
iii) Coating of rubber based bitumen emulsion was found to perform next to silicone based coating
iv) The specimens with bitumen based coat and elastomeric cernentitious coating at the top
(waterside) produced more or less similar results.
v) Elastomeric cementitious coating is a two component package system, one in the form of
powder and the another in the form of liquid. By mixing these two in proper proportion, a slurry
is obtained which is applied as the coat over the top of specimen. This procedure seemed to be
cumbersome. The mix did not have enough shelf life.

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CHAPTER 7
CONCLUSIONS
These laboratory oriented investigations guide the practicing civil engineer, contractor, builder and
the public to select a particular type of construction chemical from among the plethora of market
products. The following products stand out clearly as the best among those tested for the four basic
purposes stated under.
S.No. Form of Purpose Recommended

Construction Product type
chemical
1 Water reducer i) Increasing workability Melamine based
without affecting strength. superplasticiser
ii) Increasing strength without
affecting work ability and
without addition of more
cement
2 Bonding agent To produce good adherence between Polyvinyl acetate based
old and new concrete bonding agent
3 Integral water To decrease permeability of concrete Powder additives
proofer
4 Surface coating To produce water tight concrete Silicone based coatings
If the practicing civil engineer gets more specific knowledge about the efficacy and reliability of
modern construction chemicals, he can open the doors of new profession the rehabilitation
engineer. Dissemination of knowledge in this field will have a telling effect on the building
industry and the building users as well.
The benefits gained in using admixtures are manifold. In U.S.A., Japan, Russia and European
countries, there is no concrete without admixture. Admixtures become the fifth essential ingredient
of concrete. In India, we are not reaching such stage. The scepticism in the minds of builders and
engineers about the use of admixtures is because of their cost. The cost of admixtures used in a
concrete job is nearly equal to 1% of the total cost of cement used. Today these rates are acceptable.

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CHAPTER 8
SCOPE FOR FUTURE WORK
a) Compatibility of super plasticisers with different types of cement
Now-a-days different types of cement are used in construction to serve special requirements. In
this work, ordinary Portland cement-43 grade was used. The behavior of super plasticised concrete
made from different types of cement like OPC-33 grade and 53 grade, sulphate resisting cement,
Portland pozzolana cement, Portland slag cement, rapid hardening Portland cement, high alumina
cement, low heat Portland cement, etc., may be investigated.
b) Evaluating the best manufacturing company
A particular form of construction chemical having the same chemical base, say, naphthalene based
super plasticizer may be procured from different manufacturing companies and their effects on
concrete properties may be assessed based on a series of laboratory investigations.
c) Finding the optimum dosage of water-reducer and water proofer
The dosage of admixtures is usually based on the manufacturer's recommendation. However, the
dosage recommended by the manufacturer may not necessarily be the dosage which will produce
optimum performance. The manufacturer considers the cost profit and the price of competitive
products when pricing his product. Hence, a comprehensive study may be taken to evaluate the
optimum dosage of water reducer and water proofer.
d) High Performance Concrete
The work may be extended to high performance concrete like M50 grade and M60 grade concrete
and concrete with medium slump and high slump.
e) Compatibility of super plasticiser with mineral admixtures
Mineral admixtures such as fly ash, silica fume, etc are used as partial replacement of cement in
concrete. Investigations may be taken to study the behaviour of fly ash concrete or silica fume
concrete in the presence of superplasticisers.
f) Compatibility of using several admixtures in a single concrete work

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Concrete itself is a complex material, difficult to comprehend fully. The addition of admixtures
gives it a further complexity. Therefore one will have to be careful in using admixtures. When
combinations of admixtures are used, they have to be compatible. Water reducing accelerators,
water reducing retarders, plasticizer cum water proofer are several examples. Investigations may
be taken by combining two or more admixtures and observing their behaviour on concrete
properties.
g) Compatibility of superplasticiser with other admixtures
Investigations may have to be carried out to find out the efficacy of superplasticiser in the presence
of other additives such as retarders, accelerators, expansive agents, polymers and air entraining
admixtures.

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REFERENCES
[1]. J.Derle Thorpe and William A.Cordon, "Potential of water reducing admixtures", Concrete
International, March 1983, p 32 to 38
[2]. Gajanan M.Sabnis and A.Gharbanpoor, "Structural properties of superplasticized concrete"

Indian Concrete Journal, July 1983, p 179 to 185.
[3]. V.Ramakrishnan, William V.Coyle and S.S.Pande "Workability and Strength of

superplasticised concrete", Indian Concrete Journal, January 1980, p 23 to 27.
[4]. K. Ganesh Babu, B.V.Subramanyam, M.Neelamegam and N.P. Rajamane, "Strength and
behaviour of superplasticized concretes", Indian Concrete Journal, June 1982, p 159 to 163.
[5]. N.Chitharanjan, "Workability agent as a cement saver", Indian Concrete Jounral, Dec 1987, p
325 to 329.
[6]. G. Corrandini, G. Scoccia, R. Volpa and S. Tavano, "Statistical evaluation of mechanical

properties of superplasticised concrete", Cement and Concrete Research, vol 14, 1984, p 375 to
385.
[7]. P.Barar and A.C. Sood, "A New generation superplasticiser", Civil Engineering and
Construction Review, March 1989, p 44 to 47.
[8]. V. Kumar, B.N.Roy and A.S.R.Sai, "Effect of superplasticiser on concrete", Indian Concrete
Journal, Jan 1989, p 31 to 42.
[9]. Samir surlaker, "Admixtures and curing for concrete durability", Civil Engineering and
Construction Review, March 1989, p 24 to 29.
[10].N.C. Rawal & M.K. Rawal, "Advantages of using superplasticisers in concrete", Civil
Engineering and Construction Review, Aug 1993, p 37 to 43
[11]. Kaushal kishore, "High strength concrete", ICI bulletin No.5 1, April-June 1995, p 25 to 31.

Contact: 6260651575, 9179357477
[12]. T.B. Viswanath, "Evaluation, selection and uses of Water reducing admixtures at Chamera
Hydro Electric project", Institution of Engineers (India) Journal - cv, Feb 1994, p 202 to 207.
[13]. Dr. N.C. Rawal and M.K.Rawal, "Performance of chemical admixtures developed in India"
Civil Engineering and Construction Review, May 91, p28 to 31.
[14].K.B. Prakash and Dr.K.T. Krishnaswamy, "Effect of repeated dosages of superplasticisers on

the properties of concrete produced from high grade cements", Civil Engineering and Construction
Review, May 1996, p 29 to 37.
[15]. T.Manjrekar, "Use of superplasticisers : Myths and reality", The Indian Concrete Journal,
June 1994, p 317 to 320.
[16]. A.M. Chalibal, "Superplasticisers in concrete", Civil Engineering and Construction Review,
Aug 1991, p 33 to 37.
[17]. Irshad Masood and S.K.Aggarwal, "Use of superplasticisers in cement concrete-Present

status and future prospects in India", Civil Engineering and Construction Review, Aug 1993, p 12
to 17.
[18]. M.K. Rawal, "Role of superplasticiser in concrete", Civil Engineering and Construction
Review, April 1998, p 57 to 59.
[19]. D.Ghanti, "Construction chemicals and their utilities", Civil Engineering and Construction
Review, Aug 1993, p 25 to 28.
[20]. V.Das Gupta, "Concrete admixtures: Facts & fiction", Civil Engineering and Construction
Review, Aug 1993, p 21 to 22.
[21]. Samir Surlaker, "Superplasticisers and retarding superplasticisers", The Indian Concrete
Journal, June 1991, p 227 to 281.
[22]. J.N.J<ar and Y.Sharma, "Tests on epoxy bonded concrete and RC elements", The Indian
Concrete Journal, June 1992, p 327 to 331.

Contact: 6260651575, 9179357477
[23]. B.Singh, M.Gupta and L.K.Aggarwal."Epoxy resins in Civil Engineering and Construction",
The Indian concrete Journal, Jan 1995, p 13 to 21.
[24]. S.K.Manjrekar," Polymers in concrete: Mechanism, properties and applications", The Indian
Concrete Journal, March 1992, p 127 to 131.
[25]. S.Seshadri and S.V.Ramanakumar, "Practical applications of polymers in concrete", The

Indian Concrete Journal, March 1992 p 133 to 137.

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APPENDIX – B
LIST OF PUBLICATION
[1] “PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT OF CONSTRUCTION CHEMICAL IN BUILDING

CONSTRUCTION”, International Research Journal of Engineering & Technology, Volume: 3, Issue
6, pp 121-125, June 2016.
[2] “A STUDY OF CONSTRUCTION CHEMICAL USED FOR TESTING IN BUILDING

CONSTRUCTION”, International Research Journal of Engineering & Technology, Volume: 4, Issue
2, pp 452-456, Feb 2017.

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PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT OF CONSTRUCTION CHEMICAL IN BUILDING CONSTRUCTION

I hereby take a chance to express my sense of extreme gratitude towards my Master of

Guided by: Dr. Ashad Ullah Qureshi

Date: (Er. Rahul Satbhaiya)

Guided by: Dr. Ashad Ullah Qureshi

Date: (Er Anil Gupta)

Guided by: Dr. Ashad Ullah Qureshi

Guided by: Dr. Ashad Ullah Qureshi

Chapter 1. INTRODUCTION 1-8

1.1. Importance of Construction Chemicals

1.2 Different Types and Forms of Construction Chemicals

1.3. Forms of Construction Chemicals Used In the Work

1.4. Aim and Objectives of the Work

Chapter 2. SURVEY OF LITERATURE 9-31

2.1. Water Reducers

2.2. Bonding Agents

2.3. Water Proofers

Chapter 3. TYPES OF CONSTRUCTION CHEMICALS USED 32-34

3.1. Water Reducers

3.2. Bonding Agents

3.3. Water Proofers

Chapter 4. DESCRIPTION OF CONSTRUCTION 35-50

Guided by: Dr. Ashad Ullah Qureshi

4.1. Water Reducers

4.2. Bonding Agents

4.3. Water Proofers

Chapter 5. EXPERIMENTAL OBSERVATIONS 51-68

5. 1. Tests on Reference Mix

5.2. Tests on Mixes Containing Water Reducers

5.3. Experimental Program me on Bonding Agents

5.4. Water Proofers

Chapter 6. ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION OF TEST RESULTS 69-82

6.1. Water Reducers

6.2. Bonding Agents

6.3 Graphical Representation of Twst

Results of Bonding Agents

6.4. Water Proofers

CHAPTER 8 SCOPE FOR FUTURE WORK 84-85

Guided by: Dr. Ashad Ullah Qureshi

Chapter 2. SURVEY OF LITERATURE

Chapter 3. TYPES OF CONSTRUCTION CHEMICALS USED

Chapter 4. DESCRIPTION OF CONSTRUCTION

Fig 4.1 Lignosulphonate Molucule 22

Fig 4.2 Sulphonated Melamine Formaldehyde 23

Fig 4.3 Sulphonated Naphthalene Formaldehyde 23

Chapter 5. EXPERIMENTAL OBSERVATIONS

Fig 5.1 28-day cube compressive strength test 32

Fig 5.2 Cylinder split tensile strength test 33

Fig 5.3 Jacketed column test 33

Fig 5.4 Double shear test 34

Fig 5.5 Water permeability apparatus 35

Chapter 6. ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION OF TEST RESULTS

Fig.6.1 cube comprwssion test 43

Fig 6.2. Split Tension Test Legend 44

Fig 6.3. Jacketed Column Compression Test 45

Fig 6.4. Double Shear Test 46

Guided by: Dr. Ashad Ullah Qureshi

1.1. IMPORTANCE OF CONSTRUCTION CHEMICALS

1.2 DIFFERENT TYPES AND FORMS OF CONSTRUCTION CHEMICALS

S.No Type Functions Applications

Guided by: Dr. Ashad Ullah Qureshi

concrete and placing

S.No. Type Functions Applications

Guided by: Dr. Ashad Ullah Qureshi