Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing in Optical Communication Systems

ORTHOGONAL FREQUENCY DIVISION MULTIPLEXING IN OPTICAL COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS
ABSTRACT
Optical fiber communication has emerged as a high potential substitute for communication
methods such as twisted pair and coaxial wire. The main advantage of optical fiber over
previous methods is to have higher capacity of data rate transmission. The conventional types
of modulation and demodulation technique, which have been used through optical fiber
communication system are Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM) technique and Dense
Wavelength Division Multiplexing (DWDM) technique so far.
In this thesis, the Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) is applied through the
modulation and demodulation parts due to some advantages over WDM and DWDM to reach
to 100 Gbps data transmission. The main advantage of OFDM-optical fiber is that it only needs
one optical source to modulate and one optical source to demodulate the signals at transmitter
side and receiver side, which results in a reduction of the cost of the system. Also, by using the
OFDM, the chromatic dispersion can be eliminated or decreased.
The first generation of optical fiber communication uses the Wavelength Division Multiplexing
(WDM), which has become very popular. In this technique of modulation, optical carriers are
modulated at different wavelengths into a single optical fiber, the Long-Haul WDM
transmission system. For example, by using a 160 wavelength division multiplexing (WDM)
channels of 85.4-Gb/s, the 25.6 Tb/s data are transmitted over 240 Km fiber on a 50-GHz
channel spacing. At this study, RZDQPSK system is used with having 50% duty cycle of return
to zero formats.
Guided by: Dr. Ashad Ullah Qureshi

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In the study, the Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing (DWDM) generates 10 Gbps data
by injecting −18 𝑑𝐵𝑚 optical power. Also, pulsed seed-light source is used with
interferometric noise suppression to increase the performance of system.
In another study, the performance of the DWDM system was analyzed. The 38 𝑑𝐵𝑚 optical
power was applied into optical network with the system margin up to 8 dB. By using optical
filters, the amount of optical noise was decreased and the total system performance was
enhanced.
Keywords: Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing (DWDM), Wavelength Division

Multiplexing (WDM), Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM), Interferometric

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CONTENTS
Chapter 1. Introduction 1
-4
1.1 Motivation
1.2 Objective
1.3 Methodology
Chapter 2. Literature Review 5-

9
2.1 Literature Review
Chapter 3. Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing 10 -

13
3.1 Introduction to OFDM
3.2 OFDM Transmitter & Receiver
3.3 I/Q Modulation and Demodulation
Chapter 4. Optical Communication System 14 -

19
4.1 Optical Transmitter
4.2 Optical Phase Modulator
4.3 Optical Intensity Modulator

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4.4 Chromatic Dispersion
4.5 Optical Amplifier
4.6 Transfer Function in Linear Domain
4.7 Optical Receiver
Chapter 5. OFDM Optical Fiber Communication Result 20 -

39
5.1 Non-Return to Zero (NRZ) Transmitter
5.2 OFDM Modulation Using QAM
5.3 Optical Carrier Source

5.4 Optical Modulation Using MZIM
5.6 Optical Fiber
5.7 Coherent Detection
5.8 Bessel Optical Filter
Chapter 6. Conclusion 40
6.1 Conclusion

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List of Figures
Chapter 1. Introduction
Fig 1.1 Local area network schematic

1
Fig 1.2 The fiber distributed data interface schematic

2
Fig 1.3 Long Haul WDM transmission System

3
Chapter 2. Literature Review
Chapter 3. Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing
Fig 3.1 Basic structure of OFDM

11
Fig 3.2 OFDM transmitter and receiver structure

11
Fig 3.3 Time domain two symbol subcarriers of

12
OFDM with CP
Fig 3.4 I/Q mapping for 4-QAM, 16-QAM,

13
64-QAM and 128-QAM

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Chapter 4. Optical Communication System
Fig 4.1 MZIM phase modulator

16
Fig 4.2 MZIM intensity modulator
16
Fig 4.3 Chromatic dispersion effect.
17
Fig 4.4 Structure of optical amplifier
18
Fig 4.5 Magnitude and phase response of optical
19
fiber in linear domain
Chapter 5. OFDM Optical Fiber Communication Result
Fig 5.1 OFDM-Optical fiber communication

21
Fig 5.2 10 Gbps NRZ.
21
Fig 5.3 100 Gbps NRZ
22
Fig 5.4 Power spectrum density of 100 Gbps NRZ data
22
Fig 5.5Power spectrum density of 4-QAM
23
Fig 5.6 Power spectrum density of 16-QAM
23
24

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24
Fig 5.9 I/Q mapping for 4-QAM, 16-QAM,
25
64-QAM and 256-QAM
Fig 5.10 DFB laser output
26
Fig 5.11 Power spectrum of DFB laser
26
Fig 5.12 Power spectrum of 4-QAM density of MZIM output
27
signal
Fig 5.13 The power spectrum of 16-QAM density of
27
MZIM output signal
28
MZIM output signal
28
MZIM output signal
Fig 5.16 Amplified 4-QAM optical signal

30
30
Fig 5.18Amplified 64-QAM optical signal
31

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31
Fig 5.20 4-QAM Optical power density after fiber
32
33
33
34
Fig 5.24 Coherent detection technique
35
Fig 5.25 Magnitude response and phase response of
36
Bessel filter
Fig 5.26 Eye diagram of using 4-QAM demodulation
37
37
38
Fig 5.29 Eye diagram of using 256-QAM demodulation.
38

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List of Tables
Chapter 1. Introduction
Chapter 2. Literature Review
Chapter 3. Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing
Chapter 4. Optical Communication System
Chapter 5. OFDM Optical Fiber Communication Result
TABLE 1 Parameters of EDFA 29

TABLE 2. Properties of Fiber 32
TABLE 3 Modulation Format Versus BER 39

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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Motivation
The ultrafast communication has been highly improved in order to satisfy the huge demands in
the field of telecommunication. By introducing the optical fiber communication in the 1970s,
the telecommunication industry has had very significant growth regarding to bandwidth
efficiency, security, and time consumption. Because of these advantages, optical fiber
communication has replaced conventional ways of electrical transmission to transmit the data
for cable television and internet.
Optical fiber can be used in Local Area Network (LAN) as depicted in figure 1.1, all the
networks follow the same prototype that is known as Open System Interconnection model
(OSI), but the standards and topologies can be changed. The IEEE 802.3 Ethernet standard uses
the protocol called carrier sense multiple access with collusion detection (CSMA/CD). This
protocol has three major parts; physical medium, medium access control and Ethernet frame.
In physical medium (physical layer), to transmit the data in range of 1 to 10 Mbps, the coaxial
cable can be used to transmit the data in range of 100 Mbps, the twister pair or optical fiber can
be used and for higher data rate (Gigabyte) only optical fiber can be used. Synchronous Optical
Network (SONET) is the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) standards for optical
fiber; the SONET defines standards in physical layer of optical network.
Fig 1.1 Local area network schematic
Furthermore, another application of optical fiber is in Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI)
which is a token-based LAN and all the standards of that are defined by ANSI as well. For
FDDI, single-mode optical fiber with laser source or multi-mode optical fiber with LED source

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can be used in the ring topology network. Also in FDDI, twisted pair can be used but with the
maximum length of 100 meter. The schematic of FDDI is depicted in figure 1.2.
Fig 1.2 the fiber distributed data interface schematic
1.2 Objective
In general, one of the most important parts of any network is the physical layer (medium layer)
that includes all digital signal processing and mathematics. As mentioned before, the optical
fiber can be used in physical layer as medium instead of coaxial cable or twisted pair.
The maximum data rate which has been transmitted so far is 40 Gbps with obtaining reasonable
bit error rate (BER). The objective of this thesis is using orthogonal frequency division
multiplexing technique for reaching to the 100 Gbps data transmission over 100 Km fiber.
Moreover, another part of the objective is eliminate the linear and non-linear effects of fiber
and eventually achieving much better bit error rate (BER) at the receiver.
1.3 Methodology

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By applying optical fiber that has enormous bandwidth efficiency and high data rate
transmission in telecommunication network, a big step has been taken towards developing the
telecommunication industry. The fiber optics technology provides more capacity in
comparison with wireless communication and copper cable; the significant advancement is
transmitting more data through the single optical fiber over long distance.
The first generation of optical fiber communication uses the Wavelength Division Multiplexing
(WDM), which has become very popular. In this technique of modulation, optical carriers are
modulated at different wavelengths into a single optical fiber, the Long-Haul WDM
transmission system is depicted in figure 1.3. For example, by using a 160 wavelength division
multiplexing (WDM) channels of 85.4-Gb/s, the 25.6 Tb/s data are transmitted over 240 Km
fiber on 50-GHz channel spacing. At this study, RZDQPSK system is used with having 50%
duty cycle of return to zero formats.
In the study, the Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing (DWDM) generates 10 Gbps data
by injecting −18 𝑑𝐵𝑚 optical power. Also, pulsed seed-light source is used with
interferometric noise suppression to increase the performance of system.
In another study, the performance of the DWDM system was analyzed. The 38 𝑑𝐵𝑚 optical
power was applied into optical network with the system margin up to 8 dB. By using optical
filters, the amount of optical noise was decreased and the total system performance was
enhanced.
Fig 1.3 Long Haul WDM transmission System
The next generation of optical communication after WDM-optical fiber is OFDM optical fiber
communication, which has emerged during the last decade. To improve the spectral efficiency
of communication system, Quadrature Phase-Shift Keying (QPSK) and Quadrature Amplitude
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Modulation (QAM) became appropriate candidates among all types of modulations. One of the
main reasons to use OFDM is to have more tolerance against chromatic dispersion and
polarization mode dispersion. On the other hand, a dominant disadvantage of OFDM is its high
peak to average power ratio and its sensitivity to phase noise and frequency offset.
In this study in the field of OFDM- optical fiber communication, the Direct Detection OFDM
(DD-OFDM) is used to achieve 10 Gbit/s data transmission by applying 4-QAM modulation.
In this case, only 10Gbits/s data transmission is achieved over a 80 km SMF-28e fiber with the
Bit Error Rate (BER) of 10−3 at measured OSNR of 17.2 𝑑𝐵. Also, 12 Gbps data are
transmitted while 32-QAM modulation is used. In this case, three hundred OFDM symbols
(184500 bits) are transmitted over a 400 km fiber with Bit Error Rate (BER) of 3.03 × 10−4 at
a measured Optical Signal to Noise Ratio (OSNR) of 25 𝑑𝐵. Moreover, the achievement of 20
Gbps data transmission is reached by applying 16-QAM modulation. Two hundred symbols
(102000 bits) are transmitted over a 320 km fiber with BER of 2.5 × 10−3 at measured OSNR
of 26 𝑑𝐵.
In another study that is called self-coherent optical (SCO-OFDM) technique, incoming signal
and laser oscillator (LO) come from two different sources at the receiver. One advantage of
this system is that OFDM signals and an optical carrier keep the polarization mode; therefore,
there is no need to eliminate the polarization diversity detection. Also this system needs less
DSP complexity and has more tolerance to laser linewidth and phase noise. In this research, 10
Gbps data are transmitted with using QPSK modulation.

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CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
[1] Tian Zhang ; Yue Zou ; Jianing Sun ; Shuang Qiao "Improved Companding Transform for PAPR
Reduction in ACO-OFDM-based VLC Systems". year 2018
In this letter, an improved linear nonsymmetrical transform (ILNST) is proposed to reduce the peak-to-
average power ratio (PAPR) for asymmetric clipping optical orthogonal frequency division
multiplexing (ACO-OFDM)-based visible light communication (VLC) systems. The emission power
conservation criteria are implemented to calculate the enlarge coefficient with a given compression
coefficient. The transfer characteristic of a 5 mm commercial light-emitting diodes (LEDs) is introduced
to estimate the VLC systems performance. Bit error ratio (BER) and complementary cumulative
distribution function (CCDF) simulation results show that the proposed ILNST outperforms the
classical linear nonsymmetrical transform (LNST) method in PAPR reduction and BER enhancement.
[2] Yufa Chen ; Ming Jiang ; Lin Zhang ; Xianyu Chen "Polarity modulated complex colour shift
keying for OFDM-based visible light communication". year 2018
Optical orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (O-OFDM) and colour shift keying (CSK) are
among the popular technologies enabling high-rate visible light communication (VLC) systems. In this
paper, a new modulation scheme, referred to as the polarity modulation (PM) aided complex colour
shift keying (CCSK), is proposed for O-OFDM based VLC systems. Unlike the conventional CSK
scheme where information bits are mapped to real-valued CSK symbols, in the proposed PM-CCSK
scheme, the binary data sequence is split and modulated by two independent CSK modulators to become
the real and imaginary parts of complex information symbols. Furthermore, the signs of the
real/imaginary parts are determined by additional polarity bits, which create the new PM-CCSK
constellation with an increased average Euclidean distance in comparison to conventional CSK
constellations.
[3] Pu Miao ; Dongmei Jiang ; Lenan Wu ; Peng Chen "A hybrid PAPR reduction approach for the
IM/DD optical OFDM communications". year 2018
In this paper, we propose a novel hybrid peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) reduction approach
combining multi-band Jacket matrix spreading (MB-JS) with the clipping and filtering for the
orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM)-based optical communication systems. The PAPR
performance of the proposed scheme is theoretical analyzed and the received signal-to-noise ratio
(SNR) for each split sub-band are calculated. The 50 m step-index (SI) polymer optical fiber (POF)
transmission based on offline processing is adopted as a special case to evaluate the system performance
and then make comparisons with some other well known PAPR reduction techniques. With the help of
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this methodology, at least 2.57 dB PAPR reduction is obtained and 4 dBm power savings is achieved
when compared to the original OFDM transmission. It is demonstrated that the proposed scheme can
offer better system performance and make a favorable trade-off among the PAPR reduction, bit error
rate and computational complexity.
[4] Zhenyu Na ; Yuyao Wang ; Mudi Xiong ; Xin Liu ; Junjuan Xia "Modeling and Throughput
Analysis of an ADO-OFDM Based Relay-Assisted VLC System for 5G Networks". year 2018
Visible light communication (VLC) is a powerful supplement to the fifth generation (5G) mobile
communications. In VLC system, the adoption of orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM)
and relaying technique can greatly improve system performance. In this paper, we proposed a novel
relay-assisted VLC system based on asymmetrically clipped direct current biased optical OFDM (ADO-
OFDM) for 5G networks. An amplify-and-forward relay is used in the proposed system to forward the
signals from source terminal and transmit its own signals simultaneously. The signals from source
terminal are allocated to even subcarriers, while the signals from relay terminal are allocated to odd
subcarriers. Then, these two parts of signals are combined to constitute ADO-OFDM signals. The
signals on odd subcarriers don’t interfere with the signals on even subcarriers, while the interference of
the signals on even subcarriers to the signals on odd subcarriers can be eliminated by the noise
estimation in ADO-OFDM system.
[5] Shanshan Li ; Mengfan Cheng ; Lei Deng ; Songnian Fu ; Minming Zhang ; Ming Tang ;
Ping Shum ; Deming Liu "Secure Key Distribution Strategy in OFDM-PON by Utilizing the
Redundancy of Training Symbol and Digital Chaos Technique". year 2018
A secure key distribution scheme for orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) passive
optical network system is proposed and experimentally demonstrated. The training symbol (TS), which
is used for time synchronization and channel estimation, is formed by adopting a noise-like chaotic
sequence. The redundancy of the TS is utilized to embed secure keys. An experiment is performed, in
which 7.64 Gb/s 16-quadrature-amplitude-modulation OFDM data and 28.4 Mb/s keys embedded in
are successfully transmitted over 25 km standard single mode fiber. The results indicate a promising
key distribution method for physical layer secure optical communication.
[6] Mohamed Sufyan Islim ; Stefan Videv ; Majid Safari ; Enyuan Xie ; Jonathan J. D. McKendry
; Erdan Gu ; Martin D. Dawson ; Harald Haas "The Impact of Solar Irradiance on Visible Light
Communications". year 2018
This paper aims to address the perception that visible light communication (VLC) systems cannot work
under the presence of sunlight. A complete framework is presented to evaluate the performance of VLC
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systems in the presence of solar irradiance at any given location and time. The effect of solar irradiance
is investigated in terms of degradations in signal to noise ratio, data rate, and bit error rate. Direct current
(DC) optical orthogonal frequency division multiplexing is used with adaptive bit and energy loading
to mitigate DC wander interference and low-frequency ambient light noise. It was found that reliable
communication can be achieved under the effect of solar irradiance at high-speed data rates. An optical
bandpass blue filter is shown to compensate for half of the reduced data rate in the presence of sunlight.
[7] Suseela Vappangi ; V. V. Mani "Performance analysis of fast optical OFDM for VLC". year 2018
The dual property of LEDs to facilitate illumination and Communication concurrently has driven
Visible Light Communication (VLC) as an emerging technology and a promising alternative to Radio
Frequency (RF) Communication. The primary objective of VLC is to increase the data rates and to have
better performance of the networks especially for indoor applications. In this juncture, for the purpose
of increasing the Information Spectral Density (ISD), Fast Optical Orthogonal Frequency Division
Multiplexing (FOOFDM) can be exploited. In this work, the performance of FOOFDM is evaluated by
employing various channel estimation algorithms and Probability of Error expression is derived for the
developed system models. In addition, investigations on channel estimation in DC Biased Optical
OFDM (DCO-OFDM) is carried out where, the result analysis emphasize that, FOOFDM is superior in
terms of both power efficiency and spectral efficiency when compared to DCO-OFDM.
[8] N. Srinatha ; R. K. Jeyachitra "Performance analysis of flip OFDM in spatially modulated MUP
MIMO VLC systems". year 2018
In this paper, we propose a Flip-optical orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (Flip-OOFDM)

multi-user pre-coded (MUP) multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) spatial modulation (SM) aided
visible light communication (VLC) system. The Unipolar OFDM techniques can be used to efficiently
make up the frequency selective channel distortion in a unipolar communication systems. This DC
offset optical OFDM (DCO-OFDM) which is one of the conventional methods of unipolar OFDM
initially recommended to the optical communications. The Flip-OFDM is other possible method that
was recommended in the patent, but its full capacity and the performance has not been examined in the
literature. Here, by analyzing and comparing the DCO-OFDM and Flip-OFDM in the proposed model,
we show that Flip-OFDM provides high data rates and have better Bit Error Rate (BER) than DCO-
OFDM.
[9] T. Deepa ; T. Rama Rao ; Harshita Mathur ; P Srivstava ; B. T. Abe "Performance analysis of
digitized multicarrier system for optical wireless communication". yaer 2018
Optical wireless communication (OWC) in the infrared and visible range is an appealing technology,
principally in environment arenas where radio communication encounters difficulties. One o f the most
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important subdivisions of OWC technology is the visible light communication (VLC) that uses visible
light (VL) between the range 400 and 800 THz. VLC uses intensity modulation/direct detection
(IM/DD). Hence the signals ought to be strictly real valued positive sequence. The fundamental
modulation techniques such as on-off keying (OOK) and Pulse Position Modulation (PPM) are in
accordance with existing constant current light emitting diode (LED) drivers, however it comes with
one drawback of having low spectral efficiency and restricted feasible data rates of VLC. Orthogonal
frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) is one of the superior techniques that encode digital data on
to multiple carrier frequencies and is widely known for providing high spectral efficiency.
[10] M.P. Ninos ; H.E. Nistazakis ; G.P. Latsas ; G.S. Tombras ; N. Konofaos "PSK OFDM optical
wireless communication systems with receiver's diversity over gamma-gamma turbulence channels and
spatial jitter". year 2017
The work reported here has indicated that interferometric fibre optic sensors are ideally suited when
large numbers of in road sensors are required. We have demonstrated for the first time the in-road
deployment of a multiplexed weigh-in-motion sensor array. Multiplexing studies using similar
architectures have shown that by using a combination of spatial, time and wavelength division
multiplexing it is possible to interrogate several hundred sensors on a single fibre. We also demonstrated
that the feasibility of using the standard telecom fibre, within existing national highways
communication system cables, to interrogate sensors over large distances, is viable.
[11] João L. Rebola ; Adolfo V. T. Cartaxo "On the use of the Gaussian approach for the performance
evaluation of direct-detection OFDM receivers impaired by in-band crosstalk". year 2017.
The Gaussian approach (GA) is used to assess the impact of in-band crosstalk on the performance of
direct-detection orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) optical communication systems.
The GA accuracy is compared with estimates of the bit error probability (BEP) and crosstalk penalty
obtained using Monte Carlo (MC) simulation. The GA revealed a reduced accuracy when estimating
the BEP. However, when estimating the 1 dB crosstalk penalty, the GA exhibited a good accuracy (less
than 0.5 dB in comparison with the crosstalk level estimated using MC simulation), for 16-quadrature
amplitude modulation (QAM) and 64-QAM mappings in the OFDM subcarriers. The GA leads to very
discrepant estimates of the crosstalk penalty for high crosstalk levels.
[12] Namei Yin ; Caili Guo ; Yang Yang "Separately transmitted optical OFDM for visible light
communication with dimming control". year 2017
In visible light communication (VLC) systems, optical orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (O-
OFDM) is an appealing modulation. However, it suffers from high peak-to-average ratio (PAPR). When
considering the dimming function, the high PAPR of O-OFDM signal limits its system performance. In
this paper, a new scheme, termed separately transmitted optical OFDM (ST-OFDM), is proposed. In
ST-OFDM, the PAPR of O-OFDM signals are effectively reduced by separating conventional direct
current optical OFDM (DCO-OFDM) signal into two signals with much lower PAPR. The two
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separated signals are then simultaneously transmitted by different LEDs and constructively added in
space. In this way, ST-OFDM does not alter the structure of the conventional OFDM receiver, which
makes it easy to implement.
[13] Morteza H. Shoreh ; Reza Ghanaatian ; Jawad A. Salehi "Channel estimation and iterative
equalization for long-haul coherent optical OFDM communication systems Sign In or Purchase". year
2015
In this paper, we propose an iterative block equalizer for long-haul Coherent Optical Orthogonal
Frequency Division Multiplexing (CO-OFDM) communication systems. The proposed scheme is based
on a soft Minimum Mean-Squared Error (MMSE) iterative block equalizer. Two different channel
estimation methods are also discussed. The performance and computational complexity of the proposed
iterative equalization and channel estimation techniques are evaluated as well. The obtained Bit Error
Rate (BER) performance reveal that the iterative equalizer outperforms the linear equalizers by almost
two orders of magnitude.
[14] Funmilayo B. Ogunkoya ; Wasiu O. Popoola ; Ali Shahrabi ; Sinan Sinanović "Performance
Evaluation of Pilot-Assisted PAPR Reduction Technique in Optical OFDM Systems". year 2015
The pilot-assisted peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) reduction technique proposed for optical
orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) communication systems is evaluated empirically
and theoretically in this letter. The PAPR reduction is achieved by rotating the phase of data symbols
with P iterations of randomly generated pilot symbol sequence. The results of our hardware
implementation and analysis show a close agreement to that of computer simulations. In comparison
with basic OFDM, where no PAPR reduction technique is implemented, experimental PAPR reduction
gain of pilot-assisted OFDM at a complementary cumulative distribution function of 10-3 with P = 5 is
~2 dB. This gain is ~0.2 dB less than that of analytical results. The experimental results also show that
the pilot-assisted technique does not cause any significant deterioration of the bit error performance.
[15] Manish Sharma ; D. Chadha ; Vinod Chandra "Performance analysis of spatially multiplexed
MIMO-OFDM free space optical communication system". year 2014
In this paper, we present the performance analysis of spatially multiplexed Multiple-Input Multiple-
Output Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (MIMO-OFDM) Free Space Optical
Communication system over turbulence induced fading channels MIMO is used with OFDM to enhance
the performance and the capacity of the FSO system. The use of spatial multiplexing yields an
impressive increase in the capacity of the system. The capacity of the system at higher values of signal
power increases from 2 bits/sec/Hz to 16 bit/sec/Hz for 2×2 and 8×8 MIMO systems, respectively for
a 3 dB increase in Eb/N0. We have used QPSK, 8 QAM and 16 QAM modulation formats and it is
found that the performance of QPSK is superior among these schemes We also show the effect of

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different antenna configuration on the bit error rate with QPSK modulation technique. To reduce the
system complexity V-BLAST is used for the detection.

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CHAPTER 3
ORTHOGONAL FREQUENCY DIVISION MULTIPLEXING
3.1 Introduction to OFDM
In wireless communication, orthogonal frequency division multiplexing that belongs to the

class of multicarrier modulation (MCM) has emerged. In this digital type of modulation, data
are transmitted on a number of different frequencies in parallel at the input of transmitter. The
biggest advantages of OFDM is transmitting a high data rate with using a number of different
frequencies simultaneously and because of orthogonally of signals, no symbol interference
(ISI) occurs in transmitting path. Also as a part of its advantages, its robustness against channel
dispersion and its simplicity of channel estimation and phase estimation should be mentioned.
Hence, OFDM has become applicable throughout the communication system from Radio
Frequency (RF) to wireless Local Area Networks (LANs). On the other side, there is some
disadvantages of OFDM which can be mentioned including being sensitive to frequency and
phase noise.
3.1.1Fundamental of OFDM
As mentioned before, OFDM is classified into the MCM, the basic implementation of OFDM
is indicated in figure. The OFDM transmitted signal at transmitter can be represented as
follows:
𝑠(𝑡) is transmitted signal, 𝐶𝑘𝑖 is the 𝑖th information symbol at the 𝑘th subcarrier, 𝑆𝑘 (𝑡) is the
waveform for the 𝑘th subcarrier, 𝑁𝑆𝐶 is the number of subcarrier and finally 𝑓𝑘 is the carrier

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frequency for each subcarrier, Also, Π(𝑡) is the pulse shaping function. The information
detected 𝑐𝑘 ′ can be represented as below:
Fig 3.1 Basic structure of OFDM
The major advantage of using IFFT/FFT to modulate and demodulate the signal is to use very
less complex RF oscillators. In following part, the block diagram of OFDM transmitter and
receiver are depicted as seen in figure 3.1. The transmitter side of any OFDM contains different
parts including serial to parallel conversion, OFDM mapping module and cycle prefix. On the
other hand, the receiver side contains parallel to serial conversion, OFDM demapping module
and removing cycle prefix.

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3.2 OFDM Transmitter & Receiver
Fig 3.2 OFDM transmitter and receiver structure
3.2.1 OFDM Transmitter
At the transmitter side, at first the data are converted from serial to parallel; the parallel
subcarriers in frequency domain go through the transmitter, by using Inverse Fast Fourier
Transform (IFFT), they are transformed to be in time domain. Then, by using a parallel to series
convertor, the signals are located in series form, after that, cycle prefix (CP) can be applied on
signal to remove the intersymbol interference as depicted in figure 3.2.
Also, as indicated in figure 6, the subcarrier of OFDM with Cycle Prefix can be represented in
time domain. Therefore, subcarriers signals are located in baseband of transmission system,
before going through receiver. In different transmission channels a noise will be added on
signal that should be considered in bit error rate (BER) evaluation.
3.2.2 OFDM Receiver
At the receiver, the OFDM massage goes through opposite process; by using Fast Fourier
Transform (FFT), the OFDM data are demodulated and converted to frequency domain. After
that, the parallel to serial convertor is applied on data before going through I/Q demapping.

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3.2.3 Cycle Prefix
Due to the timing offset between the subcarrier at receiver and channel dispersion, the
performance of system is effected adversely. To maintain the orthogonality between subcarrier,
the Cycle prefic (CP) is applied to system after parallel to serial convertor at the transmitter to
recover the signal loss as depicted in figure 6, in other words, the purpose of using CP is to
have zero spercta at the Nth frequency, but the frequency offset causes not meeting this
condition.
Fig 3.3 Time domain two symbol subcarriers of OFDM with CP
3.3 I/Q Modulation and Demodulation
In OFDM systems, different types of digital modulation are used to convey the data. The Binary
Shift keying (BPSK) and Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) are known as some of
popular ones with specific applications. In QAM modulation, both amplitude and phase of
signals are changed in order to maintain the orthogonality of signals. The I/Q mapping for 4-
QAM modulation, 16-QAM modulation, 64-QAM modulation and 128-QAM modulation are
represented in figure 3.4.

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Fig 3.4 I/Q mapping for 4-QAM, 16-QAM, 64-QAM and 128-QAM

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CHAPTER 4
OPTICAL COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
The high speed optical communication has emerged as a necessary technique at the backbone
network to increase the data rate transmission. When the demand of people to have faster
telecommunication ways increases, the higher amount of data transmission is needed. Recently,
many efforts are made to increase the data rate in range of Gigabyte practically. The 40 Gbps
data rate transmission is already implemented, but further data rate transmission is still under
research.
The optical fiber communication paths basically are built from different elements including
fiber, match zender interferometer modulation, optical amplifier, and optical filter and add/drop
modules. Also, for some specific structures of optical network such as passive optical network,
there is other type of components are used including optical splitter, fiber brag grating, array
wave guide (AWG), isolator and optical circulator. The power budget is one of the very early
considerations to maintain the performance by monitoring the power loss through the fiber. To
compensate the power loss, the optical amplifier could be used. Also, there is some other
transmission impairments such as spontaneous emission noise (ASE) and chromatic dispersion
(CD) which should be considered to compensate.
4.1Optical Transmitter
The task of optical transmitter is to generate the optical source to carry the information from
transmitter to receiver. Generally, two types of optical source exist to use in optical fiber
communication; Light Emitting Diode (LED) and Light Amplification by stimulated emission
of radiation (LASER). For long haul distance transmission, the single mode laser diode is an
appropriate candidate among different types of lasers to use. One of the significant kinds of
laser diode is known as Distribute Feedback laser (DFB) which has slightly different
mechanism in comparison to the others. The difference is the energy of laser beam is not
localized but it is distributed throughout the length of the cavity. The feedback happens by
using Bragg diffraction while the waves propagating in forward and backward directions. In
optical fiber communication 1550nm single mode DFB laser is very popular due to some
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advantages including dynamic stability, high speed data transmission and coherency of output
light.
The functionality of the DFB can be concluded in Rate equation as below:
Where 𝝘 is the optical confinement factor, 𝑉𝑔 is guided lightwave group velocity, 𝑎0 is the
gain coefficient, 𝑁0 is the carrier density at transparency, 𝜺 is the gain compression factor, 𝜏p
is the photon lifetime, β is the factor of spontaneous emission coupled to the lasing mode, 𝜏n
is the electronic carrier lifetime, 𝑞 is electronic charge, 𝑉𝑎 is the active (lasing) layer volume,
α is the optical linewidth enhancement factor and ɸ𝑚 is the optical phase.
4.2 Optical Phase Modulator

There is two types of modulations: direct modulation and external modulation. To transmit
high data rate (in range of Giga bytes) for long-haul distance, the external modulation is used
because of its advantages over LED. At external modulation, the extra device called Match
Zenger Interferometer with fabrication of Lithium Niobate (LiNbO3) is applied to make a
phase delay proportional to the amplitude of applied voltage. The transmitted optical field E (t)
at the output of MZIM is a function of driving voltage 𝑣𝑡 and a DC biasing voltage 𝑣𝑏𝑖𝑎𝑠 can
be written as
As seen in figure 8, which represents a single drive MZIM, the input optical power will split
into two different paths. Each path manipulates the phase of input signal by using an electro-
optic phase modulator which includes two voltage drive 𝑣(𝑡) for two arms. In order two have

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single drive MZIM the voltage drive of one arm is 1 volt and the voltage drive for second arm
is (𝑡) . At the output of MZIM, two paths of optical signal are combined together and are ready
for being transmitted through fiber.
Fig 4.1 MZIM phase modulator
4.3 Optical Intensity Modulator

Due to the existence of optical carrier phase modulation which is known as chirping effect, the
dual Match Zenger Interferometer Modulator (MZIM) is used, which is chirp-free. Also, a Z-
cut LiNbO3 MZIM is able to produce a modest amount of chirping because of asymmetrical
structure of electrical field distribution. The output of transmitted optical signal, out of dual
MZIM is a function of the driving and bias voltages that can be written as

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Fig 4.2 MZIM intensity modulator

As a feature of dual MZIM, due to inversion of 𝑉1 (𝑡) and 𝑉2(𝑡), 𝑉1(𝑡) = −𝑉2 (𝑡); therefore,
any phase modulation which concludes in that chirping effect is completely eliminated.
4.4 Chromatic Dispersion
The chromatic dispersion (CD) is one of the most important impairments related to the pulse
broadening. The chromatic dispersion is caused by propagating the light through the fiber as
indicated in figure 4.3 and can be represented by Taylor series as seen below:
Where 𝜔 is the angular optical frequency and 𝑛(𝜔) is the frequency-dependent refractive index.
The β0 determines the phase velocity of the optical carrier, the β1determines the group velocity
of mode propagation, and the β2 is the derivative of group velocity with respect to frequency
and also, is called group velocity dispersion (GVD). The chromatic dispersion factor is also
known as 𝐷 (𝑝𝑠/𝑛𝑚. 𝐾𝑚) which is related to GVD β2 and can be written as

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Fig 4.3 Chromatic dispersion effect.

To compensate the power loss through the fiber, optical amplifier can be used to amplify. There
are many types of optical amplifiers have been built; among them, Erbium doped fiber
amplifier (EDFA) is very popular because of the ability of broad regeneration bandwidth. To
generate the optical signal, two wavelengths are efficient to use as optical amplifier signal
wavelength, namely 980 nm and 1480 nm, the structure of amplifying the optical signal is
demonstrated in figure 4.4. The optical signal and laser pump that are generated at different
frequency are launched into fiber doped with Erbium. The amplification is occurred through
stimulation emission when the power is convey from laser pumping to the optical signal. The
functionality of the EDFA optical amplifier can be analyzed as below:
Where 𝑃𝑝(0, 𝑡)input is pumping power and 𝑃𝑠(0, 𝑡) is input optical signal power. Also, L is
length of the EDFA fiber and τ is the rate of spontaneous emission. Furthermore, α and β are
the emission and absorption cross-section coefficient, respectively. The A is the area of fiber
core and ρ is density of erbium ions.

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Fig 4.4 Structure of optical amplifier
4.6 Transfer Function in Linear Domain

The transfer function of fiber in linear domain can be represented as
𝛽2 is the representation of Group velocity Distortion (GVD) in fiber and 𝐿 is the length of the
fiber; the third order dispersion factor will be considered for data rate over 40 Gbps. The
dispersion factor of 𝛽2 has the negative value but for Dispersion compensation fiber, the 𝛽2
has positive value that acts reversely to compensate. The transfer function of fiber in time
domain is also represented as
The magnitude response and phase response of linear optical fiber are seen in figure 3.5

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Fig 4.5 Magnitude and phase response of optical fiber in linear domain
4.7 Optical Receiver

An optical receiver is used to detect the optical signal and convert it to electrical signal to
recovery. The major part of any optical detector contains a photodiode and a data recovery
section. The known photodiodes are p-n photodiode, PIN photodiode and avalanche
photodiode (APD).

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CHAPTER 5
OFDM OPTICAL FIBER COMMUNICATION RESULT
Wavelength Division Multiplexing has been used commercially as the most popular type of
modulation during the last decade. But, recently a new approach has emerged that can be a
good candidate as a replacement of WDM which is OFDM in optical fiber communication.
The significant advantage of OFDM is the ease of channel and phase estimation also, very
lower chromatic dispersion in optical fiber lines. Furthermore, the signal processing of OFDM
is very unique. In this chapter, the idea of using OFDM into optical communication will be
discussed in detail.
The block diagram below indicates the design of OFDM-optical communication generally. As
seen in figure 5.1, the OFDM optical communication has some significant functions including
RF-OFDM transmitter, RF-OFDM receiver, up converting module, down converting module
and optical fiber link. First of all, the data should be transmitted through serial to parallel
convertor, after that mapping module is applied to map the data. Later, the inverse Fourier
transform is used to convert the signal to the time domain, and the digital signal is converted
to analog signal through A/Ds.
Here, the up-convertor module is considered, to do the RF to optical up convertor, the laser
source and then dual match zander are used for this purpose. After that, an EDFA optical
amplifier is implied to gain the power of optical signal. After that, the optical fiber is set up to
transmit the optical signals to the receiver. At the receiver, an optical to RF down convertor is
put which contains a 90 degree hybrid coupler, a local oscillator and photo detector.
In following, the analog signals are converted to digital by using two A/Ds and, the Fast
Fourier transform and OFDM demapping modules are considered to demodulate the OFDM
signal. The block diagram of OFDM-optical fiber communication is indicated in figure 5.1.

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Fig 5.1 OFDM-Optical fiber communication

`
5.1 Non-Return to Zero (NRZ) Transmitter
The NRZ is one widely used modulation format in optical communication system. The NRZ
data output have value between zero and one. In this experiment, the Bernoulli binary random
generator is use to generate the NRZ data with the duty cycle of 0.5. The 10 Gbps NRZ random
data can be seen in figure 5.2, also 100 Gbps NRZ random data can be seen in figure 5.3, also
the power spectrum of 100 Gbps NRZ can be seen in figure 5.4.

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Fig 5.2 10 Gbps NRZ.
Fig 5.3 100 Gbps NRZ

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Fig 5.4 Power spectrum density of 100 Gbps NRZ data
5.2 OFDM Modulation Using QAM

In this design, the Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) is implied to modulate the RF
signal at the transmitter. As shown in figure 5.1, input data are needed to be mapped and
modulated after generation. The 4-QAM, 16-QAM, 64-QAM and 256-QAM modulation are
considered for this case. The power spectrum density of 100 Gbps data which are modulated
at 4-QAM, 16-QAM, 64-QAM and 256-QAM are shown in figure 5.5, figure 5.6, figure 5.7
and figure 5.8 respectively. As expected, the power of signal increases as the number of
modulation format increases. The maximum signal power of 4-QAM is -10 dBm, the maximum
power of 16-QAM is -5 dBm, the maximum signal power of 64-QAM is 0 dBm and finally the
maximum signal power of 256-QAM is 10 dBm. Also, the data mapping for different
modulations are seen in figure 5.9.
Fig 5.5Power spectrum density of 4-QAM

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Fig 5.9 I/Q mapping for 4-QAM, 16-QAM, 64-QAM and 256-QAM
5.3 Optical Carrier Source

In this design, the DFB laser diode is used as optical carrier source with the wavelength of
1550 𝑛𝑚. The reason to use this wavelength was discussed in previous chapter; also the DFB
laser here is ideal and can be generated by signal generator in MATLAB Simulink. Because of
the discrete nature, the DFB laser signal should be sampled in order to analyze all the data
through simulation correctly; therefore, Nyquist sampling theory should be considered. In this
design, the purpose is generating a laser beam with the output power of 0 𝑑𝐵𝑚 which can be
considered practically. The DFB laser output can be seen in figure 5.10. Also, the power
spectrum density of DFB laser diode is shown in figure 5.11.

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Fig 5.10 DFB laser output
Fig 5.11 Power spectrum of DFB laser

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5.4 Optical Modulation Using MZIM

The MZIM should be used to modulate the optical signal externally. The reason to not use the
direct modulation with laser itself is to avoid having chirp effect; therefore, the performance of
system is very high. In this study, because of using OFDM modulation, the MZIM should have
two arms that deal with real and imaginary part of RF signal separately. The power spectrum
density of signal after MZIM four different modulations including 4-QAM, 16-QAM, 64-QAM
and 256-QAM are depicted in figure 5.12, figure 5.13, figure 5.14 and figure 5.15 respectively.
Fig 5.12 Power spectrum of 4-QAM density of MZIM output signal

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Fig 5.13 The power spectrum of 16-QAM density of MZIM output signal

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In this design, an EDFA optical amplifier was designed and located after MZIM as a booster
amplifier. This amplifier is designed to 30𝑑𝐵𝑚 gain the input signal. The amplified signal for
4-QAM, 16-QAM, 64-QAM and 256-QAM are indicated in figure 5.16, figure 5.17, figure
5.18 and figure 5.19 respectively. The EDFA parameters are seen in table below:
TABLE 1 Parameters of EDFA
Symbol Description Value Dimension
𝑁2 Erbium ions Variable
excited state
𝜏 Spontaneous 10.5 𝑚𝑠
emission
𝑟 Radius of fiber core 1.2 ∗ 10−6 𝑚

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𝐿 Length of EDFA Variable 𝑚

𝐴 Area of Fiber Core 𝜋𝑟2 𝑚2
Ρ Density of erbium 6.3 ∗ 1024 𝑚−3
ions
𝛼𝑝 Pump Absorption 3.31 𝑑𝐵/𝑚
Coefficient
𝛽𝑝 Pump Emission 0 𝑑𝐵/𝑚
Coefficient
𝛼𝑠 Absorption Variable 𝑑𝐵/𝑚
Coefficient
𝛽𝑠 Emission Variable 𝑑𝐵/𝑚
Coefficient

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5.6 Optical Fiber

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In this design, the single mode fiber is considered to use. For the fiber which is used in this
experiment, in the linear part of the fiber, the attenuation dispersion and chromatic dispersion
are considered and in the non-linear part of the fiber, Kerr effect is considered. The transfer
function of fiber both in linear domain and non-linear domain are already demonstrated in
previous chapter. The properties of fiber can be seen in table 2.
TABLE 2. Properties of Fiber
In continue, the power spectrum density of optical signal after passing through fiber for four
different modulations includes 4-QAM, 16-QAM, 64-QAM and 256-QAM are indicated in
figure 5.20, figure 5.21, figure 5.22 and figure 5.23 respectively.

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5.7 Coherent Detection

In this design, the coherent detection technique is applied to detect the optical signal. First of
all, the optical RF down convertor is put to convert the optical signal to RF signal. The
schematic of this optical RF down convertor will be shown in appendix. Here, the
homodynamic detection is used, which means that the local optical oscillator and the input
signal are match at phase. In the other words, the local optical oscillator at the transmitter and
local optical oscillator at the receiver carry same frequency. In this study, the frequency of both
local oscillators is 1.93 × 1014 Hz.
In coherent detection, the 90 degree hybrid coupler is composed to mix the input signal and
local oscillator with four quadruple states. Then, the hybrid coupler provides four different
signals which will be received by two balanced photodetector to reconstruct the I and Q
components of transmitted signal. The structure of coherent photodetector is shown in figure
5.24. The output of Hybrid coupler can be represented as seen in equation (4.1), (4.2), (4.3),
and (4.4). The real and imaginary parts of the signal can be calculated by equations (4.5) and
(4.6) as seen below:
Fig 5.24 Coherent detection technique

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In following, after detecting the I and Q components, the OFDM receiver is considered and
designed. At first, a serial to parallel component is located to convert the signal and then the
Fast Fourier transform is taken to have the signal in frequency domain. After that, a parallel to
serial convertor is used before demmaping the signal. At the end, before analyzing the quality
of signal, a Bessel filter with a bandwith of 0.7 × 𝐵 is design and implemented which its
properties can be seen in figure 5.25. Here, the quality of demodulated signal is analyzed by
using eye diagram and BER. The eye diagram of demodulated signal using 4-QAM, 16-QAM,
64-QAM, and 256-QAM are indicated in figure respectively.
5.8 Bessel Optical Filter

To filter the noise associated with the signal, the Gaussian filter (Bessel Filter) is used in this
thesis. The bandwidth of Gaussian filter is 0.6 up to 0.8 of Bit rate transmitted. The transfer
function of optical signal in time domain is derived as
Where B is the 3𝑑𝐵 bandwidth of signal and T is bit rate. The magnitude and phase response
of desired filter are seen figure.

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Fig 5.25 Magnitude response and phase response of Bessel filter

From BER is also can be calculated from 𝑄-factor. The equation below represents 𝑄-factor:
Where 𝜇1 and 𝜇0 are mean values for amplitude high and low from eye diagram, the 𝜎1 and 𝜎0
are root mean square (RMS) of the Gaussian noise. According to the equation 4.8, the BER for
4-QAM modulation system by achieving Q of 6.25 is 2.05 × 10−10. The Q-factor for 16-QAM
modulation is 5.5; therefore, the BER is 1.89 × 10−8. The Q-factor calculated for 64-QAM
modulation is 3.3; therefore, the BER is 4.83 × 10−4 and finally the achieved Q-factor for 256-
QAM is 0.5 that leads to the BER of 308 × 10−3.

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Fig 5.29 Eye diagram of using 256-QAM demodulation.

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TABLE 3 Modulation Format Versus BER

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CHAPTER 6
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
6.1 CONCLUSION
In this thesis, the focus was on optical fiber communication that involves the use of OFDM
technique to modulate and demodulate the signal at the transmitter and receiver. The objective
of this thesis was to design the optical fiber network to transmit the 100 Gbps data through 100
Km fiber with the BER achievement of 2.05 × 10−10 for 4-QAM modulation, BER
achievement of 1.89 × 10−8 for 16-QAM modulation, and BER achievement of 4.83 × 10−4
for 64-QAM modulation. To meet these needs, the different steps that have been taken include
applying different QAM modulations at transmitter and at receiver, designing the dual MZIM
to carry real and imaginary parts of the OFDM signals, and a booster EDFA optical amplifier
was designed to gain the optical power as much as 30dB.
Furthermore, the 100 km single mode fiber was used to transfer the optical signal with the
carrier frequency of 1.91 THZ from transmitter to receiver. The used fiber has some linear and
non-linear effects. The linear effects considered in this thesis were chromatic dispersion and
attenuation. On the other hand, the Kerr non-linear effect was taken into consideration, which
was set up in cascade with linear effects. In this thesis, one of the major result was the
elimination of chromatic dispersion effect that was of concern in WDM and DWDM systems.
For future work, the OFDM- passive optical network can be mentioned. Also, applying OFDM
in free space optical communication can considered. More closely, as future work, the
transmitted bit rate can be increased; the number of channels can be increased as well by
achieving good BER. Another considerable issue is I/Q imbalance elimination when OFDM is
used as a part of the system impairment.

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REFRENCES
[1] Tian Zhang ; Yue Zou ; Jianing Sun ; Shuang Qiao "Improved Companding Transform
for PAPR Reduction in ACO-OFDM-based VLC Systems". year 2018
[2] Yufa Chen ; Ming Jiang ; Lin Zhang ; Xianyu Chen "Polarity modulated complex colour
shift keying for OFDM-based visible light communication". year 2018
[3] Pu Miao ; Dongmei Jiang ; Lenan Wu ; Peng Chen "A hybrid PAPR reduction approach
for the IM/DD optical OFDM communications". year 2018
[4] Zhenyu Na ; Yuyao Wang ; Mudi Xiong ; Xin Liu ; Junjuan Xia "Modeling and
Throughput Analysis of an ADO-OFDM Based Relay-Assisted VLC System for 5G
Networks". year 2018
[5] Shanshan Li ; Mengfan Cheng ; Lei Deng ; Songnian Fu ; Minming Zhang ; Ming
Tang ; Ping Shum ; Deming Liu "Secure Key Distribution Strategy in OFDM-PON by
Utilizing the Redundancy of Training Symbol and Digital Chaos Technique". year 2018
[6] Mohamed Sufyan Islim ; Stefan Videv ; Majid Safari ; Enyuan Xie ; Jonathan J. D.
McKendry ; Erdan Gu ; Martin D. Dawson ; Harald Haas "The Impact of Solar Irradiance
on Visible Light Communications". year 2018
[7] Suseela Vappangi ; V. V. Mani "Performance analysis of fast optical OFDM for VLC".
year 2018
[8] N. Srinatha ; R. K. Jeyachitra "Performance analysis of flip OFDM in spatially modulated

MUP MIMO VLC systems". year 2018
[9] T. Deepa ; T. Rama Rao ; Harshita Mathur ; P Srivstava ; B. T. Abe "Performance

analysis of digitized multicarrier system for optical wireless communication". yaer 2018
[10] M.P. Ninos ; H.E. Nistazakis ; G.P. Latsas ; G.S. Tombras ; N. Konofaos "PSK OFDM
optical wireless communication systems with receiver's diversity over gamma-gamma
turbulence channels and spatial jitter". year 2017
[11] João L. Rebola ; Adolfo V. T. Cartaxo "On the use of the Gaussian approach for the
performance evaluation of direct-detection OFDM receivers impaired by in-band crosstalk".
year 2017.

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[12] Namei Yin ; Caili Guo ; Yang Yang "Separately transmitted optical OFDM for visible
light communication with dimming control". year 2017
[13] Morteza H. Shoreh ; Reza Ghanaatian ; Jawad A. Salehi "Channel estimation and
iterative equalization for long-haul coherent optical OFDM communication systems Sign In or
Purchase". year 2015
[14] Funmilayo B. Ogunkoya ; Wasiu O. Popoola ; Ali Shahrabi ; Sinan Sinanović

"Performance Evaluation of Pilot-Assisted PAPR Reduction Technique in Optical OFDM
Systems". year 2015
[15] Manish Sharma ; D. Chadha ; Vinod Chandra "Performance analysis of spatially

multiplexed MIMO-OFDM free space optical communication system". year 2014

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APPENDIX – B
LIST OF PUBLICATION
[1] “ORTHOGONAL FREQUENCY DIVISION MULTIPLEXING IN

OPTICAL COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS”, Concept Journal of Applied Research
(CJAR), Volume: 2, Issue 6, June 2017.

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ORTHOGONAL FREQUENCY DIVISION MULTIPLEXING IN OPTICAL COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS

Guided by: Dr. Ashad Ullah Qureshi

Keywords: Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing (DWDM), Wavelength Division

Guided by: Dr. Ashad Ullah Qureshi

Chapter 2. Literature Review 5-

2.1 Literature Review

Chapter 3. Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing 10 -

3.1 Introduction to OFDM

3.2 OFDM Transmitter & Receiver

3.3 I/Q Modulation and Demodulation

Chapter 4. Optical Communication System 14 -

4.1 Optical Transmitter

4.2 Optical Phase Modulator

4.3 Optical Intensity Modulator

4.4 Chromatic Dispersion

4.5 Optical Amplifier

4.6 Transfer Function in Linear Domain

4.7 Optical Receiver

Chapter 5. OFDM Optical Fiber Communication Result 20 -

5.1 Non-Return to Zero (NRZ) Transmitter

5.2 OFDM Modulation Using QAM

5.3 Optical Carrier Source

5.5 Optical Amplifier

5.6 Optical Fiber

5.7 Coherent Detection

5.8 Bessel Optical Filter

Guided by: Dr. Ashad Ullah Qureshi

Fig 1.1 Local area network schematic

Fig 1.2 The fiber distributed data interface schematic

Fig 1.3 Long Haul WDM transmission System

Chapter 2. Literature Review

Chapter 3. Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing

Fig 3.1 Basic structure of OFDM

Fig 3.2 OFDM transmitter and receiver structure

Fig 3.3 Time domain two symbol subcarriers of

Fig 3.4 I/Q mapping for 4-QAM, 16-QAM,

64-QAM and 128-QAM

Chapter 4. Optical Communication System

Fig 4.1 MZIM phase modulator

Chapter 5. OFDM Optical Fiber Communication Result

Fig 5.1 OFDM-Optical fiber communication

Guided by: Dr. Ashad Ullah Qureshi

Fig 5.8 Power spectrum density of 256-QAM

Fig 5.16 Amplified 4-QAM optical signal

Guided by: Dr. Ashad Ullah Qureshi

Fig 5.19Amplified 256-QAM optical signal

Guided by: Dr. Ashad Ullah Qureshi

Chapter 2. Literature Review

Chapter 3. Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing

Chapter 4. Optical Communication System

Chapter 5. OFDM Optical Fiber Communication Result

TABLE 1 Parameters of EDFA 29

Guided by: Dr. Ashad Ullah Qureshi

Fig 1.1 Local area network schematic

Guided by: Dr. Ashad Ullah Qureshi

Fig 1.2 the fiber distributed data interface schematic

Guided by: Dr. Ashad Ullah Qureshi

Fig 1.3 Long Haul WDM transmission System

Guided by: Dr. Ashad Ullah Qureshi

In this paper, we propose a Flip-optical orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (Flip-OOFDM)

Guided by: Dr. Ashad Ullah Qureshi

Guided by: Dr. Ashad Ullah Qureshi

3.1 Introduction to OFDM

In wireless communication, orthogonal frequency division multiplexing that belongs to the