Life Cycle Evaluation of Rehabilitation of Residential Structures, Subjected To Earthquake

MASTER OF TECHNOLOGY DISSERTATION
LIFE CYCLE EVALUATION OF

REHABILITATION OF RESIDENTIAL
STRUCTURES, SUBJECTED TO EARTHQUAKE
SUBMITTED TO
SWAMI VIVEKANAND UNIVERSITY

SAGAR
FOR THE AWARD OF

MASTER OF TECHNOLOGY
(CIVIL ENGINEERING)
BY
NISHCHAY SINGH
SWAMI VIVEKANAND INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
SWAMI VIVEKANAND UNIVERSITY, SAGAR
UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF
P.C. DIWAN
HEAD OF DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
DECEMBER 2016
LIFE CYCLE EVALUATION OF REHABILITATION OF RESIDENTIAL STRUCTURES, SUBJECTED TO EARTHQUAKE
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I hereby take a chance to express my sense of extreme gratitude towards my M.Tech. Guide Er.
P.C. Diwan, for his suggestions and constant inspiration at every stage of the research. He is an
extremely sympathetic and principle-centered person. His skills, as a researcher and guide helped
me to overcome all the hurdles. Without his constant support and encouragement, I would not have
been able to complete my research work successfully.
I owe a debt of gratitude to Dr. R.k. Dubey, Dean, Swami Vivekanand University for
encouragement.
My parents have their own share in my success. I firmly believe that their blessings always
enlighten my path ahead. I hereby take a chance to salute my father Mr. Prem Singh and mother
Mrs. Anita Singh. Without all above support and sacrifice this thesis would not have been possible
for me. At last, I thank the one and all, for the divine blessings.
Nishchay Singh
Guided by: Dr. Ashad Ullah Qureshi

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Email: conceptsbookspublication@gmail.com
Web: https://researchitout.blogspot.com/
CERTIFICATE
I hereby certify that Mr. Nishchay Singh has completed his M.Tech. Thesis titled “Life Cycle
Evaluation of Rehabilitation of Residential Structures, Subjected to Earthquake” under my
guidance.
I further certify that the whole work, done by his is of his own, original and tends to general
advancement of knowledge. According to the best of my knowledge, I also certify that he has not
been conferred any degree, diploma and distinction by either the Swami Vivekanand University
or any other university for this thesis.
Date: (Er. P.C. Diwan)

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DECLARATION
I, Nishchay Singh hereby declare that my M.Tech. Thesis titled “Life Cycle Evaluation of
Rehabilitation of Residential Structures, Subjected to Earthquake” is written as a partial
fulfillment of the requirement for a degree on the topic. The complete study is based on literature
survey, study of periodicals, journals and websites and building a model for proving the concept
studied and designed.
I further declare that the complete thesis work, including all analysis, hypothesis, inferences and
interpretation of data and information, is done by me and it is my own and original work.
Moreover, I declare that no degree, diploma or distinction has been conferred on the basis of this
thesis by the Swami Vivekananda University or any other university to me before.
Date: (Nishchay Singh)

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ABSTRACT
The rehabilitation of any structure is necessary, if the potential strength, as on the date, of the
structural element or the global strength, found less than proposed, thereby reducing the factor of
safety. The reduction in factor of safety alarms the danger signal during the event of disaster
especially like earthquake.
The ageing of the admixtures of the building components, environmental effects on the materials,
repeated excessive or the change in the stresses reduces the strength. The change of use causing
undesired change in nature and or of quantity of loading, change made in seismic zone, by national
bodies, are the other factors that contribute in reduction of potential strength of the building.
The compliance of potential strength is a cyclic process and in turns the process of rehabilitation.
The evaluation of strength, of rehabilitated building, is the process contributed by the materials
used, the methodology adapted, the workmanship, and the required rehabilitated strength. In this
paper focus, and emphases, placed on explaining efficient, economical, eco-friendly and optimistic
use these factors.
Devastative earthquake that rock the Gujarat region, selected to collect the information about the
current scenario, in respect of above referred factors and the awareness level among the affected
citizens.
The information collected from technical professionals, the implementers, and the end users, by
method of literature reviews and on the expert advice. A case study is conducted; that explains the
advantage of retrofitted building in the form of higher safety level for users, and extended longevity
of the serviceable life of the building. Further, maintaining lower level of carbon emission, and
ratable value for the tax calculation of the building.
Key words: -
1) Reduction in strength
2) Eco-friendly
3) Optimum utilization criteria
4) The decision-making process

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CONTENTS
Chapter 1. INTRODUCTION 1-5

1.1 Product Perspective
1.2 Objective
1.3 Motivation
1.4 Problem Domain
1.5 IS Codes of Dissertation
1.6 Organization of dissertation
Chapter 2. SEISMIC TRAMORS & REHABILITATION1 6-22
PROCESS OF BUILDINGS, FOR SAFETY
2.1. Explanations to Common Enquires
2.2. Which building, stiff, or flexible, is preferable
in structural engineer's view in case of seismic hazard
2.3. What could be the reason for a scenario,
That adjoining buildings in Ahmadabad and Bhuj
Have not collapsed, though they stand next to the
Collapsed buildings
2.4. Geotechnical Seismic Hazards
2.5. Aims of Retrofitting
2.6. Retrofitting

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2.7 Seismic Retrofitting and Its Objectives
Chapter 3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 23-29
3.1 Significance of the Study:-

3.2 Hypothesis:-
3.3 Research Design:-
3.4 Research Areas:-
3.5 Collection of Data:
3.6 Representation of Data:-
Chapter4. PRECAUTIONARY MEASURES, TO BE 30-35
OPTED BY, PROPERTY OWNERS.
4.1. The Professionals & Hiring Process of Their Duties, Services.

The Owner To Receive, Certifications and The Under Takings of
The Professionals on Completion of Project.
4.2. Checklist, For Owners Intending To Construct (Stone/Brick)
Masonry
4.3. Build checklist, For Owners Intending Building RCC Frame
Construction
4.4. Checklist For Owners, Those Intending To Purchase, A New
/Or Resale Flat In Masonry Or RCC Frame Construction Apartment,
Or Society, Building.
Chapter 5. CASE STUDIES 36-45
5.1 Aim of Case Study

5.2 Case History

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5.3 Proposal
5.4 Basic Analysis Methodology and Assumptions For Modeling
5.5 Recommendations
5.6. Repairing Of R.C. Structural Members
5.7 Repair of Honeycombed Areas and Stitching Of Cracks
5.8 Fibre Wrapping System
5.9 Methodology for Pre-Stressing Laminate System
Chapter 6. FINDINGS, SUGGESTIONS & CONCLUSION 46-52
6.1 Findings
6.2 Suggestions
6.3 Conclusion

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List of Figures
CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER 2. SEISMIC TRAMORS & REHABILITATION
PROCESS OF BUILDINGS, FOR SAFETY
Fig 1:- The Natural Vibration Modes of Uniform Five 7
Fig 2:- Assam type roof (Light in weight) 8
Fig 3:- Buildings close to each other (less than 10 ft. apart 8
Fig 4: - Building collapsed due to Pounding 9
Fig 5:- Seismic Shear Force Failure Foundation 13
Fig 6:- Foundation Failure 13
Fig 7:- Effects of Liquification 14
Fig 8:- Look of Liquified Land mass 14
Fig 9:- Flatter Slope 18
Fig 10:- Steped Slope 18
Fig 11:- Stone or Sand Bags 18
Fig 12:- Internal Drainage 18
Fig13:- Geogrid 19
Fig 14:- Gabions 19
Fig 15:- Pre stressed Anchors 19

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Fig 16:- Stone Columns 19
CHAPTER 3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
CHAPTER 4. PRECAUTIONARY MEASURES, TO BE
OPTED BY, PROPERTY OWNERS.
CHAPTER 5. CASE STUDIES
Fig 5.1 Vertical Cracks all around the Column above Granite 38
Fig 5.2:- Rusted Rebars of the Column 40
Fig 5.3:- Drying of Polymer before placing wraps 41
CHAPTER 6. FINDINGS, SUGGESTIONS & CONCLUSION

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CHAPTER- I
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Product Perspective

The residence, "The Home, the 'Sweet Home'" the utterance of these words gives a pleasure to one
and all, it may be a simple shelter made out of leaves of trees or a big bungalow, but the quality
relaxation and pleasure fillings are same. Even the thought of getting back to home, is
unmatchable, whoever he / she may be, a daily wedge earning worker or a managing director of
multinational corporate, a teacher in a school or homemaker wife, after a hectic activity day.
1.2 Objective
Such 'Sweet Dream Home' must be structurally safe, which then and then it will safeguard family,
and the fill that it gives. The safety, relaxation, filling to be amongst your family, having together
meal, making fun with them, which is in offing at home, is termed as 'The Life’ and a worldwide-
accepted definition. It is that everything else is secondary to that. The structural safety therefore is
of utmost importance, and the residence wherein one is staying or is proposing to shift comply this
basic condition.
The answer need to be addressed in respect of the ability of structure, to withstand the calamities,
like EARTHQUAKE, Tsunami, excessive wind pressure, weathering effects, degradation effects
and so on, unto its designed life span. If the safety, is not up to the mark then the solution is, bring
the structure to the required level of safety by retrofitting the existing structure or by judiciously
following BIS Code's recommendations and specifications. For a nonprofessional having this
technical information is out of scope, and there is no reckoner, spelling out this information in
simple words, for him. Safety of a structure defined as, a combination of, potential strength of the
material, designing, positioning, and placing of the material, reinforcing if necessary, as and
wherever it is required. It is evident from this, that there needs a proper planning, management,
methodology in application of resources, stricter adherence to BIS code specifications, and
instructions, as well as proper supervision during construction.
The above steps followed even for minor and/or temporary structures like a shelter, a shade in
absence, they cannot stand safely, leave apart the construction of a bungalow, a multi stored tower
or any other structure.

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The planning of a structure fundamentally depends on the requirements of owner, the available
finance with owner, size and shape of land, demand of the market, the material and labour
availability, location of the site.
The planes are prepared using optimum 'Floor Space Index' (FSI), the ratio of proposed Built up
area to the plot / Land area; shapes of major utility rooms are generally spaced in ratio 1: 1.5 -1.8
of width to length. In a bid to utilize the complete available FSI other rooms like store, servant
room, sometimes the leaving room etc. provided with odd dimensions, shapes.
In order to add aesthetic aspect some irregular shapes and sizes are incorporated in plan or in front
view of the structure. These aesthetic aspects can be like doubling the height of the leaving room
(Hall), for entry porches, accommodating mechanical multi level parking, at the top level of stair
case cabin, provision of double height to upper level water tank, considering probability addition
of floor in future. Some unforeseen changes required accommodated during execution of project,
The designing sub divided in two parts, the first architectural design, and the second structural
design. The architectural design deals with requirements of the owner, and size and shape of land.
Architect prepares the plan for the proposed structure in accordance with the building byelaws,
rules, and regulations.
The structure that has survived the calamity of earthquake but has sustained minor defects and has
residual strength, whose safety and life will be enhanced by retrofitting."
The need to rehabilitate the structure arises, in principal for safety of occupants and other following
cases:-
To enact change of use, or to opt change of seismic zone, structure-having strength but has
deformed during the calamity. Change the safety of home from calamities became the necessity,
which first assessed in two stages i.e. Visual Inspection followed by NDT's. The results obtained
indicated the level of weaknesses. It further processed for selection of strengthening method. The
strengthening in respect with earthquake is termed as retrofitting.
1.3 MOTIVATION
Rehabilitation process defined as, “Strengthening the structure that has survived the calamity of
earthquake and has sustained minor defects but has residual strength, whose safety and life will be
enhanced by retrofitting, this is called Rehabilitation.” The need to rehabilitate the structure arises,
in principal for safety of occupants and following other cases as:

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a) To enact change of use, or
b) To adopt changes made in seismic zone, and structure-having strength but have suffered
damages/deformed during the calamity.
c) To protect and increase the resistivity of the structure, for future earthquake event, in case it
may happen.
Further, changes in climate develop different types of effects of deterioration on construction

materials. Thereby strength of the material goes on reducing. This result in developing damages
in the building, if not attended aptly in time, the rate of deterioration is aggravated, shortening the
useful life of the structure. Corrosion is an example of effects of climate. The RCC multi-storied
engineered Structures, built without specific consideration for seismic resistivity, the probable
reasons; untrained structural designer, or unaware and/or ignorant towards the same, or conceded
to property developer's demand for economize construction cost.
The horizontal force is predominant in seismicity. Both stone and brick masonry structures are
weak in resisting horizontal forces. For reasons that there potential strength in resisting shear force
has limitations depending on the material's inherent strength, method of building, the wall and
floor or roof connection, the weight of the roof, the type of foundation, and bearing capacity of
substrate.
1.4 PROBLEM DOMAIN
Natural period of vibrations developed in the building during event of earthquake, which is
function of stiffness and mass of the building. Resonance developed enhances the amplitude, it is
therefore essential that these vibrations must subside i.e. damping takes place, and no resonance is
developed.
Geotechnical or structural failure:
The responses of the strata on which the building rests and the foundation of the building on which
it stand resist the quake action. Failure of either of these endangers the structure, the cause labeled
as geotechnical or structural failure. The forces developed in the members and structure as a whole,
may cross the yielding capacity point of either, the effect will be local in case of single member or
unconnected members and will be global in case of majority of members.
The response helps in deciding the retrofitting application location local and/or global.

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1.4.1 Earthquake intensity scale as proposed and discussed by UNESCO in APRIL 1964,
though not approved, precisely describes the seismic intensity mode is quoted as under
For connivance of the relation between Richter’s scale and modified Marcalli Intensity is as per
Table below comparison of Richter’s scale and modified Marcalli Intensity
Table 1: Richter's Scale and Modified Marcalli Intensity
Table 2:- Showing Grades of damages and effects on masonry
Table above: Showing Grades of damages and effects on masonry.

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1.5 IS Codes of Dissertation
S.No. IS Codes Codes that are taken under dissertation

1. IS 1893(Part Criteria for Earthquake Resistant Design of Structures: Part 1
1): 2002 General provisions and Buildings’
2. IS 1893(Part Criteria for Earthquake Resistant Design of Structures: Part 4
4): 2005 Industrial Structures Including Stack Like Structures
3. IS 4326:1993 Earthquake Resistant Design and Construction of Buildings -
Code of Practice
4. IS 13827:1993 Improving Earthquake Resistance of Earthen Buildings

5. IS 13828:1993 Improving Earthquake Resistance of Low Strength Masonry
Buildings
6. IS 13828:1993 Ductile Detailing of Reinforced Concrete Structures Subjected to
Seismic Forces
7. IS 13935:2009 Seismic Evaluation, Repair and Strengthening of Masonry
Buildings
8. ISS 6922:1973 Criteria for Safety and Design of Structures Subject to
Underground Blasts
9. IS 4991:1968 Criteria for Blast Resistant Design of Structures for Explosions

Above Ground
10. IS 4967:1968 Recommendations for Seismic Instrumentation for River Valley
Projects
1.6 Organization of the Dissertation
This project work has been organized into following five chapters.
Yields the structure of the project work.
Presents detailed description of SEISMIC Tramors & Rehabilitation Process of
Buildings, For Safety and related work. Literature survey of existing work is also
illustrated.
Proposed work on Research Methodology
Gives onto the Precautionary Measures, To Be Opted By, Property Owners
Gives work onto Case Studies
Provide a conclusion of this project & look into future works on this topic.

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CHAPTER 2
SEISMIC TRAMORS & REHABILITATION PROCESS OF BUILDINGS, FOR

SAFETY
2.1. EXPLANATIONS TO COMMON ENQURIES
2.1.1. Effect of Structures' dead weight and height in seismic conditions explained in the
following paragraphs.
The structures' dead weight acts cumulatively at foundation level, in vertically downward
direction, and transferred to the soil. This way the entire structure connected to ground. The
structure now resembles the inverted pendulum with pivot point at the base of the structure and
top as free end.
The seismic force acts at the base, moves the structure in horizontal direction. The impact so
received, generates acceleration at the base of the structure, this structurally and proportionately
transferred to all the walls, joints of wall-floor slabs, slab-beams column in case of RCC frames
and at all the levels of the structure. The reaction developed at all the levels is product of dead
weights and the structurally effective vibrations, at locations, the force thus developed known as
'Inertia force.'
For, in depth understanding of this behavior, the example of resembling situation explained in the
following paragraphs.
On a moving vehicle, sudden/emergency application of break, our upper body experience forward
swing as against the seat. In that situation, breaking force applied, acts similar to the seismic force
on the structure, in horizontal direction at our seat level, our body weight is acting downward on
the seat, as that of the structure on the ground. The seat is firm and the upper part of the body is
support less, i.e. the body behaves like a vertical cantilever, the structure resembles in the same
way. The breaking force received at the seat level of the body in reverse direction as that of motion
of the vehicle, retards the motion of seat instantly but the upper body being unsupported, keepsake
on moving at the same direction (i. e. upper body swings ahead), as that of the vehicle before
application of the break. When our body's potential ductile strength is sufficient to resist the jerk
generated, we recover and match the deceleration, if not; the weaker part / s of the body is damaged.
The structure's behavior resembles i.e. when structure's potential ductile strength is sufficient to
resist the seismic jerk, it recovers and matches the deceleration, if not, and the weaker part/s of the
structure damaged / collapsed. In case of building structure the height play a vital role. The total
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dead Wight of the structure increases as the height increases, and Vic. Viz., the inertia force
developed is proportionate to the dead weights of different magnitude and located at different
levels, gets summed up at the base, as the entire structure behave like
Fig 1:- The Natural Vibration Modes of Uniform Five
Where ρ = Stiffness ratio.
The Natural Vibration Modes of Uniform Five up force called 'Base Shear', developing maximum
stresses at the base level. This tells us, taller the building grater the greater the risk of collapse of
the structure a human lives. Earthquake of 1897 (magnitude 8.1 Richter scale) destroyed many
buildings taller than 2 storey’s, giving a lesson. This disaster resulted in limiting the development
of dwellings as G or G+1 (G-Ground floor) with light-weight roofing, this is known as "Assam
Pattern." This is opted wisely and widely in seismic zone V of North India, [“Assam type”
dwellings with light roofing as ideal earthquake-resistant construction in North-East India] to be
added from Hand book.
It appears that, the lesson taught by the 'the great Assam earthquake of 1897 (magnitude 8.1) is
now forgotten. There looks a competition going on of constructing high-rise buildings in urban
areas, all over the country; many of them would be deficient in seismic resistivity. For two fold
reasons, one for the heavy dead weight and second for insuf design and detailing. The multistoried
construction are in demand in Urbana's prime locations and are surrounded by structures and
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therefore all are subjected to additional effect of pounding along with seismic forces in case of
disaster to take place.
Fig 2:- Assam type roof (Light in weight)
2.1.2 Pounding and Pounding effects
When structures in vicinity receive seismic tremor, their mass, configuration, Buildings
constructed close to each other than 10 ft. Are these (less apart).buildings Safe against Pounding
Effect? Materials used in construction, type of construction, age of the structure, their residual
potential strength, all or part, can be different, therefore their responses will be different and at
different point of time. The result of all these, every individual structure will generate base shear
of different magnitude and at different point of time. The responses local or global of individual
structure are in tandem, resulting behavior will be different chance of collusion of structures, and
aggravating the damages increased.
Fig 3:- Buildings close to each other (less than 10 ft. apart).
The effect of urbanization, construction multi storeyed building groomed in urban areas. The
demolition and reconstruction of the buildings (15-20years old), works out uneconomical, such
old buildings found extended over the existing structure. The effect of this, concentration of

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population in particular zone. The extensions connected at the footing/ foundation level. It is
therefore essential for local bodies to check and ensure compliance of structural design as per IS
Code’s recommendations, of all such buildings, extensions or new buildings. To initiate stricter
action against, the buildings found violating recommendations, giving them options of demolition
and reconstruction, or retrofitting to IS Code’s recommendations. Such steps if not taken
immediately and judiciously, disaster is waiting to happen.
Fig 4: - Building collapsed due to Pounding
2.1.3 Stiffness and its Effect
Under working loads buildings should act elastically. Elasticity defined as the property of a body
to regain its original configuration when the loading removed. Accordintely Accordingly, the
building drifted during quake, result of horizontal push received by the tremor, regains its original
form.
For causing unit drift (deflection) the force required, to be applied is defined as stiffness, in the
direction of force. For minimum drift, the building needs more stiffness. The stiffness is also
associated with the natural frequency (period) of the structure. Natural frequency is time required
by the building to come back to its original position, by completing one oscillation, due to
displacement caused by the lateral force developed by seismic or wind. Lower the natural period
of the structure, it attracts higher seismic force and visa vise as a part of their weight. For this
reason, most of the multi storey buildings in urban areas are prone to attract more seismic force
proportionate to their mass.

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A tree can fall down in wind stormy, but the blade of grass survives. The stem of tree being stiff
resists the normal wind force, but in windstorm with the high wind force, the tree fails to withstand.
The reason is simple; the moment developed by the lateral force of wind exceeded the potential
resistivity of the tree. On the other hand, the grass blade disseminates the wind force by bending
in the direction of force.
2.2 Which building, stiff, or flexible, is preferable in structural engineer's view in case of
seismic hazard?
The buildings divided in two categories, first most important buildings e.g. Nuclear reactor,
Hospital, Emergency response stations, School, College building, where more number of people
gather at times and or the rescue service providers and all other buildings clubbed in the second
category.
The earthquakes are unpredictable. When, where and of what magnitude it will strike is a mystery
and the science has no clue for it yet. From the history of earthquake records show that low and
medium intensity quakes probability is more and frequent, and high intensity quakes are rare and
less frequent. Therefore the IS Code of specifications, suggest the application of different
coefficients for application in designing of structure as per seismic zones and in respect of two
categories of the building. The categories specified are a) Important (Public) buildings, and b) All
other buildings clubbed in general buildings.
The structures from first category are of importance, as more number of human lives to
safeguarded, at time occupying the structure, and here economy seconded to the life safety.
Therefore these structures are provided, as per maximum provisions of IS Code, the seismic
resistivity for the rarest possible magnitude of respective zones, without compromise, for their
survival without significant damage to the structure. Cost of the structure increases, to
accommodate the expenditure, towards special safety measures.
On the other hand, the structure from second category with a designed life span of 50 years may
receive low-mild intensity quake 3-4 times but may not experience any high intensity at all. The
risk factor reduces considerably and in such case, the design, if based to take care of high intensity
quake will be a futile exercise, on ground of economics. For providing more resistivity to the
structure the cost of the structure rises high, but it is not optimally justifiable, nor the IS Code of
specifications recommends it; hence these are designed for medium intensity.
2.2.1 Ductility and its effect on the structure:-

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During flood, the trees on the banks, having stiffness and less ductility, are rooted out but the blade
of grass survives. The property known as ductility, of the grass blade helps it to survive.
The ductility of the structure, allows the structure to deform and receive damage if any, but do not
allow the structure to collapse without warning, under seismic conditions. The ductility do not
allow the structure to regain the original configuration, it is the elasticity imparts this phenomena
to the structure. If the structure being theoretically safe, but remains deformed visually, all will
deny entering in it. In such case, the structure needs retrofitting treatment, in order to rehabilitate
the usage.
Properties of materials used for construction, their proportion, and their detailing govern the
behavior of the structure. The factors like age of structure, the deterioration of properties of
material individual as well as composite, and maintenance of the structure during its service life
also contribute to the structure’s behavior during calamities.
The materials have limitations of their natural potential capacities. This makes it necessary to use
them in combination, to increases the composite capacities to the designed level. The different
combinations and compositions, impart variation in the composite strength. This makes it essential,
to select proper composition of different materials used in construction, to achieve the designed
strength. This process termed as reinforcement. A wall can be erected by placing stone over stone,
but it has less strength as compared to, stone wall raised with joints filled with mortar. The different
combinations and compositions experimented and tested in past and the data are available, based
on which structural engineer chooses suitable combination as per material availability, possibility
of implementation.
It is therefore necessary for structural engineer, to achieve a balance in stiffness and ductility of
building, while designing, in case of rehabilitating the damaged structure as well as in new
structure. The detailing of scheme, the methodology, the workmanship, and supervision of
implementation scheme also play equal role in achievement of best result.
2.3 What could be the reason for a scenario, that adjoining buildings in Ahmadabad and
Bhuj have not collapsed, though they stand next to the collapsed buildings?
2.3.1 The shear force and vibrations
The shear force and vibrations set by the seismic forces cause to develop reactions in individual
members as well as in the structure as a whole. The magnitude and direction of these reactions

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depends upon the following factors the geotechnical factors The seismic intensity and the longevity
exerted by the quake action, which are dependent on function viz.
Depth of focus,
Distance of the location from epicenter,
Magnitude of quake,
Soil strata under the foundation,
The Terrain and its characteristics, through which the quake waves pass and reach the location
under consideration, are Seismic frequency, duration, and amplitude.
2.3.2 Structural factors
Number of redundancies, strength and ductility of structure. The members developing less inelastic
strains due to higher stiffness will develop less deformation, one can conclude that higher the
stiffness better chances of less damage.
Stiffer the structure less will be the Natural period of structure, which are dependent on the
interaction of foundation and soil properties of strata under it and stiffness of structure. The
stiffness is function of contribution of sizes and orientation of the members of the structure.
The status of the structure at the time of striking of quake, it will result differently as:
The structures placed in vicinity without proper consideration for quake grater chances of
generating different vibrations and either or both collapse on each other. This defines as pounding
effect.
The structure under construction will show open story effect, being most part without infill walls,
the first casualty will be the green concrete having no stiffness, as it happens to be in semi liquid/
solid state.
The structures if happens to be under repair condition, will show unpredictable results.
The pendulum of clock keeps on oscillating endlessly till spring winding provides energy, the
spring when gets un winded the pendulum comes to halt, because there is no energy supply but the
resistance of the air 'Damps' the oscillations. Likewise, every member tries to oscillate but receive
'Damping' from other members of the structure, which is essential, so as to bring to halt the

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vibrating structure to halt. It is clear that, the matching of the above stated all variables from two
adjoining structures, is very difficult. This is the reason that, one building collapsed as it could not
combat the forces for the reason of failure in one or more modes stated above but the adjoining
building could do so and survived.
2.3.3 Structural failures in the event of Earthquake
The theoretical attributes of failure of structure occur in the following patterns:-
Shear Failure,
Flexural Failure,
Torsion Failure,
Foundation Failure,
Geotechnical reasons of Failure,
Shear Failure s develop cracks in “X” pattern as shown in the Fig.(d)
Flexural Failure show cracks about pivot point in radial pattern. Fig.(b)
Torsion Failure is rare, only structures curved in plan or in elevations are susceptible for such type
of failures.
Fig 5:- Seismic Shear Force Failure

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Fig 6:- Foundation Failure
Geotechnical reasons of Failure
Liquefaction of ground mass takes place and the bearing capacity of the strata reduces considerably
under the foundation of building or any structure causing collapse
Geotechnical effects of quake are due to reasons:
Land-sliding under the foundation or location of the structure on the downward side on the slope
Liquefaction of soil under or around the foundation of structure Uniform or Differential under the
foundation. Location of structure on or in the fault zone.
Effects of Liquification The liquification resulted in loosing the bearing capacity of the strata under
foundation of road furtniture. Thus the failure.
Fig 7:- Effects of Liquification

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Look of Liquified Land mass: The landmass which was cohesive earlier, lost its cohesiveness and
now now appears as fluid mass of earth.
Fig 8:- Look of Liquified Land mass
2.4 GEOTECHNICAL SEISMIC HAZARDS
In this part of the chapter, the types of hazards, and mitigation of the hazard are discussed.
Liquefaction, heaving, ground cracking, Tsunami in comparatively level area and slope failure in
hilly terrain are prominent effects of geo-seismic hazards. The evaluation of hazards is based on
characterization of that particular location. It is accomplished by the study of subsurface
investigation, properties of soil, and seismicity of the location.
"Liquefaction"
During seismic action shear waves propagated, raising pore pressure and resulting in loss of shear
strength of soil, and soil behavior transform alike viscous liquid known as "Liquefaction.”
Mitigation
The evaluation of the liquefaction potential based on the standard penetration tests and the cone
penetration tests done will help to chose the improvement technique and the techniques are:
Drainage techniques
Reinforcement

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Densification and
Grouting/mixing
Heaving
Compressive action uplifts the ground and damaging or collapsing the structures on it, if any, along
the fault line.
Ground Cracking
It is similar to cracking of any article, ranging from few meters to Kilometers in both in vertical
and horizontal directions, damaging everything on the way in proportion to the strength of quake
and the corresponding response of the structures.
Tsunami
When the epicenter of quake happens to be in sea, any or all the above stated phenomena happen,
as well as the uplifting force raises the water body above in ripple form and the height of the wave
thus formed may be up to 15 Mts. The waves thus formed when travers and reaches the shore with
the potential force smash, damage, collapse and suck in everything coming along, this intrusion
can be 500 Mts or more depending upon the intensity of the quake, the distance between epicenter
and the shore, and as regards the structure of course the structure's response.
Recent Tsunami in the Indian Ocean had devastating effects on the shore line of India, Indonesia
& Sri Lanka. Slope Failure in Hilly Terrain In hilly terrain, the rocks and soil form slopes. The
stability of slopes depends on the densification of the soil, rocks, or their combination. Further, it
is also function of the moisture contains in the mass on the slope. During quake action, the
liquefaction effect takes place and stability is disturbed, causing landslide down the slope. The
lump of this sliding mass takes away, damages, collapses, destabilizes slopes down the line,
coming along its line.
Study of Seismicity
The aim of study of seismicity is to point out level and types of ground motion at location. To
collection and examine in detail data available of seismic activities in past in respect of the
location,
To establish and locate probable; sources and mechanisms of source for quake. Based on the
information so collected model analysis done and is called as Earthquake hazards Analysis.
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2.4.1 Subsurface Investigation
Local soil characteristics collected and exploration conducted to the recommended depths as per
table below
Exploration Depths
Field tests, laboratory test and on site, in situ sampling gives, the Sp. Gr., water constant,
compressive strength and other properties of soil. The tests are:
1. Standard penetration test
2. Seismic cross-hole test
3. Seismic up-hole (down-hole) test
4. Spectral analysis of surface waves test
There are two options for proposed new project, either to shift the location of the project or to
improvise the soil conditions at the location.
The improvisation techniques are:
The Densification Techniques, to improve soil characteristics, in respect of mitigation of seismic

hazards are:
(a) Vibro-flotation,

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(b) Dynamic compaction,
(c) Blasting,
(d) Compaction Grouting.
Reinforcement Techniques: Deficient soil reinforced to impart the strength and stiffness. The
reinforcing materials are:
Steel,
Concrete,
Timber or Geo-material (Densified Gravel)
(a) Stone columns
(b) Compaction piles
Some other techniques are:
Grouting and Mixing Techniques,
Drainage techniques,
By preserving Moisture, content in the soil.
2.4.2 Strengthening Of Unstable Slopes
The unstable slopes could be improved in the following ways and they are:
Change the geometry of the slope by one of the following ways.
Reduce sloping angle Provision of berms at suitable locations Soil or Stones hips Deposited at the
toe of the slope, intending to increase the stabilizing moment Provide internal drainpipes to lower
the phreatic line Provide protection with geo-grid anchored into the slope. Provision of stone filled
gabions to support horizontally.
Provision of prestressed rock anchors through the unstable mass, which will increase the normal
stress on the failure plane as per guidelines of BIS 14448: 1997.

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Suitable ground improvement technique provided, such as stone columns to prevent deep seated
base failure.
The reduction in the sloping angle

which will render the soil mass
stable angle of repose and the mass
will rest at its stable angle.
Thus recucing the chances of
washing away of the soil mass.
Fig 9:- Flatter Slope
Stepping of slope facilitates the

division of original steeper slop in
two parts and at different level.
Thus rendering the stability to
wider length. The phenomemnon is
useful in ghat sections
Fig 10:- Steped Slope
The soil property having courser sand

granuals reduce the angle of repose
resulting in need to provide flatter slop.
Under the constrained conditiona the
slop cannot be flattened beyong certain
limits.
In such conditions, the upper stepped
portion supported with sand bag or
Fig 11:- Stone or Sand Bags stones as shown in the figure.

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This system takes care of draining of

the excessive water from the body of
the soil mass and reduces the chances
of liquificat ion. Thereby lowering the
chances of sudden loss of bearing of the
bearing capacity.
Fig 12:- Internal Drainage

Denser and stiffer stepped stonewall
constructed on the slope arrests the
flowing away o the soil mass.
Thus imparts stability to slope.
Fig13:- Geogrid
Denser and stiffer steppedstone
wall constructed on the slope
arrests the flowing away of the
soil mass.
Thus imparting stability to slope.
Fig 14:- Gabions

The sliding of soil mass that
cannot be given the other
treatments, but needs stability, to
prevent undesirable blockage that
may happen otherwise. Under
such conditions this method is
preferred.
Fig 15:- Pre stressed Anchors

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Provision of Stone Columns,

increases the density of the soil
mass as well as they act like piles
and the skin friction there upon
indirectly increases the bearing
capacity of the treated area.
Theses are useful for Marin
structures.
Fig 16:- Stone Columns
2.5 AIMS OF RETROFITTING
Aims of retrofitting the structure struck by the earthquake or need as per change in earthquake
zoning.
When earthquake strikes, lateral force develops at the base of the structure, the building shakes
like the inverted pendulum. Structure should act like a unit, thereby when quake action is over; it
comes back to its original position and configuration. In absence of this, structure will suffer
damages or may collapse, and life of occupants will be at stake.
Therefore, the "Aims of retrofitting the structure struck by the earthquake or need as per change
in earthquake zoning, is safety of occupants."
In order to resolve the dilemma, it is essential to achieve the best results of retrofitting. Proper
choice, in selection of design procedure, implementation methodology, and the use of material,
will endow adequate strength and for monolithic behavior of entire structure, during the seismic
action. For achieving this, every member's, potential strength evaluated. Retrofitted structure is
expected to withstand the quake hit, to designed level, may be with suffering minor damages, but
without collapse of the structure.
A coin has two sides, a date has two sections Day-Night, Question has two answers Yes-No, and
likewise every problem has two possible solutions.
One is to super pass the power of the problem or pin out the power of the problem.
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Retrofitting problem can be looked upon likewise and solutions can be To super power the
structure with resistivity or Reduce the shear force and vibrations that develop during the seismic
strike Currently there are two trends of approaches i.e.
Conventional and Performance based.
Performance based approach is gaining preference over the Conventional, as it helps in decision
making in more ways.
2.5.1 Aims of earthquake-suffered structure's retrofitting achieved by caring for following:-
By increasing, the overall stiffness of structure and lateral resistivity.
To Balancing the stiffness and ductility of the structure, in order to reduce the brittleness of
structure.
By conforming; the structural continuity of: the function of members, and their structural function
in tandem.
By assessing and stability in respect of sliding and/or topple/ overturning.
By removing or reducing configurationally irregular shapes like plaza type structure.
By assessing and strengthening, the system-resisting lateral loads.
2.5.2 There are two types of structures, based on input, Engineered, and Non-engineered.
In urban areas town planning is essential, which is important for; disaster management, to meet
the need of provision of public utilities, and so on. The local authorities control the building
development in the city. The Owner/ Developer submits plan, to the local authority, of the
proposed building along with structural design details,for approval. Completion certificate issued
by the authority, after completion of the building, this is engineering input.
On the other hand, no such process followed in rural areas. The architectural plan may be prepared,
but no structural designing and detailing done. These are Nonengineered structures. These are built
with traditional know how.
2.5.3 Retrofitting execution process of:
Engineered Structure

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A structure planned by architect, structural design, detailing, and supervised by a qualified

engineer, and certified by local authority is called as an ‘Engineered Structure.’ The authorized
structures in urban areas fall under this category.
Retrofitting of engineered structure is an art. The evaluation of residual strength worked, on the
bases of available structural detailed design or otherwise, estimate is made ofadditional required
strength, to match with current IS Code of specifications, suitable methodology selected as per
locally available material and labour, work isexecuted under supervision of qualified engineer.
Testing of material is essential.
Non-engineered Structure
A building built without help of architect, structural engineer, may or may not certified by
localauthority, is termed as ‘Non-engineered Structure.’ The age old or new structures, in rural
area happen to be ‘Non-engineered Structure.’ Since no engineering input made at the time of
construction, residual strength worked on field observations, and on field test. Requirement of
additional strength assessed and with suitable method, and under supervision of trended engineer
work executed.
Material testing of, materials proposed to be used is base, in achieving the desired strength, as the
designing and methodology worked around the parameter of strength of materials.
2.6. RETROFITTING
The activity of strengthening, modifying, incorporating the changes made or proposed in the use
of building, enactment of new rules or modifications made therein by the local authorities or as
per IS code specifications requirements, is RETROFITTING.
The approach, technicality, design, specifications, configuration of building plan, methodology,

environmental conditions, seismic zone of the location, financial availability and requirement,
local authority’s rules and regulations, material and skilled labourer’s availability, and the different
types of construction, govern the decision of implementing the type of retrofitting.
The retrofitting enhances or strengthens the weaker part / s and or entire structure, as per
requirements worked by designing. The weaker section/s identified, first. The quantum of
weakness decided, by finding the difference in residual strength and the required strength.
2.6.1 The residual strength of the part / s is factor depending on The Type, of constructed of
building.
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Irregularity in configuration of building in plan or elevation,
Quality of material/s used in construction,
Age of the building,
Environmental effects on the building,
The quality of maintenance applied to the building during the past life.
2.7 Seismic Retrofitting and Its Objectives
We have seen the aim of retrofitting, to achieve the aim, there requires an object and objectives.
Therefore, we first define the object. To retrofit is to strengthen the structure. So the object, in our
case, is the building, that needs strengthening having casualties during the earthquake. A
preventive measure, for existing building, to match the IS Code specifications, in want of elevation
in seismic zone.
Now that we have an object we need to set objectives, in respect of resisting seismic force, in case
of new or existing building, in order to 'safeguard the lives of the occupants,' is the prime
"Objective," and the secondary is "how to achieve it." This how to achieve it, is the real logical
objective, which will cover the primary part, by default.

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CHAPTER- 3
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
The quality and results of research work are dependents of the research methodology. Therefore,
this is one of the important chapters of the thesis. In this Research Methodology chapter; the
available information on net, e-books, magzins data collection sources and methods, the problems
faced by earlier researchs and their analysis are considered. During the process, the objective of
this thesis evolved. The Latur and Bhuj earthquake the number of collapsed buildings was very
high, as well as the human death toll entrapped init. This demands the adequate and apt building
buy-laws, development rules, regulations, and its implementation with full awareness by both
regulating authority as well as by citizens, to reduce the number of collapsing buildings and thereby
the fatalities, in the earthquake pron zones.
3.1 Significance of the study:-
To study of traditional methods and newly developed methods of retrofitting, for relative
advantages and disadvantages.
Case studies to assess the residual strength of existing structure by performing 'Non-Destructive
tests (NDT),’ and suggest safest, economical, and eco friendly methods of retrofitting.
To compare various methodologies of retrofitting of residential buildings, on principle of

safety of occupant's life, live stocks and surrounding properties.
Comparison: of: Eco friendly, economy, duration of execution, for different types, of
constructions materials.
To prepare guide lines, from the conclusions of the comparison.
3.2 Hypothesis:-
Ha-Safety of life of family and safe home from natural or otherwise calamities is always the first
priority of residents. Majority of residents of Ahmadabad, Bhuj & Anjar residing in seismic Zone
III, IV & V are still staying in unsafe residential buildings, even today, after 13 years have passed
earthquake of 26th Jan.2001. Ho-All the residential buildings in Ahmadabad, Bhuj & Anjar and
life of citizens residing therein, in seismic Zone III, IV & V, are safe and all the buildings are
designed to cater the earthquake force as per BIS recommendations and therefore are not prone to
collapse and therefore will not be the cause of fatial casualities,and termed as safe.
3.3 Research Design:-

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The definition as stated and quoted from Business Dictionary is: “A detailed outline of how an
investigation will take place. A research design will typically include how data is to be collected,
what instruments will be employed, how the instruments will be used and the intended means for
analyzing data collected.” Data collected by interviewing the Senior Architects and Sr. Structural
Designers, Builders, and Developers (with Experience >20 yrs. in the construction industry), Site
Engineers (with Experience 10-15 yrs. in the construction industry), the bungalow, flat owners,
construction contractors. All the interviewes were from seismic zones III, IV & V from
Ahamdabad, Bhuj, Adipur, Gandhidham locations in Gujarat. The site engineers selected were
with experience mainly after the 2001 earthquake, in order to assess the level of implementation
of BIS code provisions. All other members selected were having more than 20 yrs in the field so
that they account for both pre and post scenario of quake. Database developed from Collected Data
by random Sampling method; this database was analysised and tested with ‘One tailed significance
method of testing’.
3.4 Research Area:-
1) City of Ahemdabad, falling in seismic zone III, wherein about 75 multi-storeyed residential
buildings copllapsed in 2001’s earthquake.
2) City of Bhuj, the epicenter of the earthquake, falling in seismic zone V, wherein important
building like Hospital, G+5 storeied residential buildings, and many old houses closely spaced in
village area collapsed, with high number of casualties.
3) Cities of closely located to epicenter like Gandhidham, Adipur, falling in seismic zone V,
wherein G+2-3 RCC buildings, bungalows, old houses, collapsed, for more than one or any
specific reason. Few Buildings as old as 45 years or more survived, without significant damages.
3.4.1 Research Arena:-
The research problems need boundaries to define domain of scope, and limitations, they are:
A. to Study of traditional methods and newly developed methods of retrofitting, for their relative
advantages and disadvantages.
B. To compare in respect of safety, economic and Eco friendly values of newly developed methods
of retrofitting, and Traditional Methods.
C. the Process of "The Life cycle evaluation in respect of residential buildings”

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D. Analysis of data collected and discussion about findings.
E. To ascertain the probable reasons for non-implementation or negligent attitude towards life
safety of occupants, with the help of data collected.
3.5 Collection of Data:
To collect the information about an awareness and implementation of BIS Code's seismic
specification and recommendations in existing or new residential buildings from:
1) Owners of the building,
2) Architects,
3) Structural engineers,
4) Building and Plan sanctioning authorities,
By method of Personal Interviews, Questioner.
Further to collect information, about the details of number of residential retrofitted buildings, the
methodology adopted, from city of Ahmadabad and Bhuj, Gujarat, India
3.6 Representation of Data:-
The results are presented in graphs, tables, line diagrams.
DATA ANALYSIS
1. General analysis
Analysis of data from Current owner/s
Analysis of Data from Sr. Architects/ Sr. Structural Engineers /Site Engineers:-

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CHAPTER- 4
PRECAUTIONARY MEASURES, TO BE OPTED BY, PROPERTY OWNERS
CHECKLISTS
OWNERS should follow the tips, for reducing the damages, in the event of earthquake strick.
Further, to safeguard owner and owner’s family and owner’s 'Sweet Dream Home'.
GENERAL
a) Conform in which Earthquake Zone your proposed home falls in: Either doing search through
computer net search yourself or through friend who is aware about computer net search.
b) In the zones IV & V, the chances of more number of earthquakes, of different intensities and
expected more frequently. Therefore the buildings in these zones must possess strength to resist,
to the extent that, the building should not collapse, for the safety of occupants. The BIS Code
(Indian Standard) no. 4326 guides for seismic i.e. Earthquake resisting techniques, read and try to
check the construction procedure accordingly, in case of any difficulty ask structural engineer to
inter vain for guidance.
c) In the zones IV & V, the chances of more number of earthquakes, of different intensities and
expected more frequently. Therefore it is essential, so far as possible, not to construct the building
or choose building for your sweet home, at locations mentioned below:
1) On the slope of hill,
2) Near the foot of hill,
3) On or near fault line,
4) Low lying areas,
5) On or close to the embankament of River,
6) In the building constructed on recently re-filled land,
In case of any doubt, do not hesitate to ask advice of Geo-tech. Engineer.
d) The push exerted during the earthquake on the building is instant and high in intensity, as well
as it progress like a wave of water, i.e. the direction of force keeps on changing in upward and

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downward direction. The too long walls, and too high buildings, are dangerous for the building in
the event of earthquake, avoid them.
e) The building experiences swinging action during the event of earthquake. It is essential the
entire building act like a unit, to gain back its original position after the shock is over.
It is therefore essential to have uniform shape, the odd shapes would swing differently and
harmony of unit action will be disturbed, calling for separation or collapse at such points.
4.1 THE PROFESSIONALS & HIRING PROCESS OF THEIR DUTIES, SERVICES THE
OWNER TO RECEIVE, CERTIFICATIONS AND THE UNDER TAKINGS OF THE
PROFESSIONALS ON COMPLETION OF PROJECT.
The many professionals play a role in construction industry and they are as per there sequential
entry in project,
1. Lawyer
2. Architect
3. Geotechnical Soil Engineer.
4. Structural / Civil Engineer
5. Project Engineer/Construction Supervisor/Project Management Consultants,
6. Contractor,
All the professionals, be registered with their respective government departments i.e. Bar council,
Municipal corporation/Authority, and be well versed with the current D.C. RULES AND
REGULATIONS and Bylaws of development.
1. Lawyer
The lawyer must verify all the documents of the land, should conform about the clarity of the title
of the project land, and the legal part of the terms and conditions of tender and contract agreement.
2. Architect

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The architect, to prepare building plan as per development rules and regulations, and Bylaws,
submit it to the authority for the approval, along with his certificate of undertaking, do over all
supervision of the project, on finishing the project get the occupation certificate from the authority.
3. Geotechnical Soil Engineer
The Geotechnical Soil Engineer to survey the land of the proposed project, teak the samples of
strata, test the samples, workout the soil bearing capacity, conform the seismic zone, submit the
detailed report in respect of construction of foundation and along with his certificate of
undertaking.
He should specifically, to conform susceptibility of flood, in respect of location (If in vicinity of a

river), and sand behavior in respect of water.
4. Structural/Civil Engineer
The structural engineer to design structure, based on the report of Geotechnical Soil Engineer,
sufficiently strong, resistive to earthquake in compliance with seismic zone specified, in
accordance with the updated IS Code's recommendations and specifications for the safety of
occupants and structure. Further, he should issue certificate of undertaking of project, and prepare
drawings showing details of reinforcement, and sizes of slabs, beams, and columns. Check the
detailing on site from time to time and certify before concreting work of respective items.
5. Project Engineer/Construction Supervisor/Project management Consultants,
Is really the caption of the team, he submits certificate of undertaking of the project, gets executed
the job of construction from the contractor, as per the IS Code's recommendations, specifications,
practices and terms and conditions of contract.
6. Contractor
The contractor as per terms and conditions of contract arranges for labour and materials as per
specifications, prepares the test specimens, gets them tested from the approved laboratories. In
addition, executes the work as per instructions form site Engineer. Undertakes maintains
responsibility as per terms of agreement (5 yrs. to 10 yrs).
The owner must receive following reports from the respective professionals
1. Report showing Basie of Structural design, from structural engineer,

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2. The Report stating findings from Geotechnical Soil Engineer about of investigation of soil and
strata,
3. Approved and certified copies of building plans, completion certificate, and occupation
certificate, from Architect.
4. Project Engineer / Construction Supervisor / Project Management Consultant’s, Undertaking on

stamp paper by the appointed, of proper execution of project by him / her.
5. Final bill of Quantities, undertaking of free service maintenance period, guarantee certificates
of manufacturers e.g. water pump/s, Elevators etc. if any from Contractor
4.2 CHECKLIST, FOR OWNERS INTENDING TO CONSTRUCT (Stone/Brick)

MASONRY
BUILDING, LOAD BEARING (Without Concrete Beams and Columns) TYPE
1. Masonry walls cannot stand on their own, the push exerted by quake, vertical reinforcing bars
embedded in the wall foundation are provided at the ends and at junctions of cross walls, which
imparts the strength to building in regaining the original position or near original position. (4 bars
of 10 mm dia. Bounded with 6-8 mm bar rings, @ 150 mm distance.)
2. Masonry needs bounding at top and bottom and at lintel level to act like unit. The top bounding
serves dual purpose; it also bounds the roof with the wall. Bands if not provided, each portion will
act independently, which is not desires.
3. Lintel level of doors and windows is same, i.e. to facilitate proper functioning of lintel band.
4. The door and window openings, be provided in the middle or near middle and total area in a
wall should not be more than 50% of the wall area, as it weakens the strength of wall. To strengthen
the weakness created by provision of openings, to be catered by providing reinforcement all around
the openings.
5. The walls should be equal or near equal and placed in both directions when looked from top of
the building.

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6. Watering i.e. Curing the masonry be done for at least 8 days forgetting holiday. (cuing to be
done on holidays, by making special labour arrangement)
7. The mortar of 1cement to 4-6 of sand in proportion be used.
8. The material should be of good quality and testing to be done prior to using the same.
4.3 BUILD CHECKLIST, FOR OWNERS INTENDING BUILDING RCC FRAME
CONSTRUCTION
1. Is the plan, prepared by architect, as per your instructions and requirements?
2. Has he attached certificate of undertaking along with the set of plan?
3. Is the certificate of undertaking and report from Geotechnical Soil Engineer attached with set of
plan?
4. Is the certificate of undertaking and report from Structural Engineer attached with set of plan?
5. Is the certificate of undertaking by Project Engineer/Construction Supervisor/Project

Management Consultants, attached with set of plan?
6. Is the plan scrutinized and seal of sanction affixed by the authorities?
7. Is the layout, made as per the sanctioned plan? Is it checked by architect and NOC issued by
him to that effect?
8. Is the Project Engineer/Construction Supervisor/Project Management Consultants, or qualified

engineer representative, attending the site in time daily? Is quality testing specimens sent for
laboratory testing?
9. Is the excavation done up to the level, instructed by Geotechnical Soil Engineer? Is, NOC issued
by him to that effect?
10.Is the foundation's reinforcement details checked by Structural Engineer? Is NOC, to cast the
concrete in foundation issued by him to that effect?
11. Is Architect visiting the site once a week and/ or as per the requirement?

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12. Is Structural Engineer visiting the site once a week, before and during concreting and/ or as
per the requirement, and controlling the quality of work?
13. Is monthly progress and work satisfactory report submitted by Architect and Structural
Engineer?
14. Are the payment certificates, checked and approved jointly by the Architect and Structural
Engineer?
15. Is final, work satisfactory completion certificate, issued by the Structural Engineer?
16. Is site cleaning done? Is, certificate issued by the Architect to that effect?
17. Is the application for NOC, for occupying the building submitted to the authority by the
Architect, along with his final satisfactory work completion certificate?
18. Is NOC for occupation of building issued by the authority?
4.4 CHECKLIST FOR OWNERS, THOSE INTENDING TO PURCHASE, A NEW /OR

RESALE FLAT IN MASONRY OR RCC FRAME CONSTRUCTION APARTMENT, OR
SOCIETY, BUILDING.
1. Check the papers about the title and landownership of the land.
2. Check for the plans approved by competent authority.
3. Check for the structural engineer’s certification for safety of the building during the event of
earthquake, of intensity as specified in the IS code, and for quality construction.
4. Avoid as far as possible building with, stilt parking.
5. Avoid as far as possible building with, odd shapes in vertical or horizontal directions.
6. Check for society registration, with concerned authority.
7. If its resale flat, then check for dampness, leakages, internally.
8. Check for cracks in plaster over masonry, flooring, beam, or column internally and externally.
9. Check for exposed reinforcement with rusting.

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10. Check for general up keeping of the building.
11. If its resale flat, check for owner’s membership status with the society.
12. If its resale flat, submit letter to the society, asking for NOC for your membership.
13. Register the sale deed, with registrar of cooperative society.
Check for transfer of electrical connection, water meter connection, pipeline gas connection,
municipality’s property tax bill, in your name, prior to making final payment.

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CHAPTER- 5
CASE STUDY
5.1 Aim of Case Study
Case study aims explain the events those need to follow in sequence;
1) How the residual strength of building is to be calculated?
2) What and where is the shortfall/s in respect to objectives of retrofitting?
3) Type of necessary retrofit i.e. Local and/ or global,
4) Selection of retrofit methodologies,
5) Checking the results of methodologies selected, in respect of matching
a. with the objectives, resources availability, and applicability, and
b. preparation of comparative statement of results,
6) Proposing the best methodology with reasoning,
7) Working the detailing, and drafting,
8) Acceptance to the proposal in principle from the owners,
9) Preparation of estimate,
10) Approval to the estimate in respect of expenditure,
11) Execution of project,
12) Testing, if necessary,
CASE STUDY I
5.2 Case History
The building under the case study reference is located in Mumbai, falling in seismic zone III, the
MSL between 8-15 m, is not reclaimed land, the strata is sound and consolidated soil mass. The
property belongs to M/s Pidilite, the building was originally constructed in the year 1967. Over
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the period addition and alteration have been carried out. The changes in the usage and structural
load on the structure were made during the course of time as per the than requirements of the
company.
M/s Jamnadas & Bhide designed the Marketing department’s building ground floor + First floor.
The building second floor constructed latter on in the year 1975 and was designed by M/s Mehtalia
& Associates with terrace slab.
Later on third floor is added above it, thus converting the roof slab into Floor slab of Third Floor,
by removing the brick bat coba & tiling above it which was constructed in the year 1994 and was
designed by M/s Mehta & Associates. The building is G+3 standing as on the day.
Further horizontal extension of G+3 floors towards swimming pool was carried out in the year
2007 which was subsequently Designed by M/s Mehta & Associates. Front Entrance Foyer was
reconstructed in the year 2007 designed by M/s Mehta & Associates.
The maintenance engineer observed the cracks in ground floor columns and beams, and felt
necessity of investigation about the formation of cracks and accordingly, the ND Testing carried
out through professional specialized agency in the field. The tests carried out and the agency
submitted their report. The results pointed out that the concrete is weak and corrosion weakened
the strength of reinforcement reducing the factor of safety.
The G+3 upper storied building has 10 years left of the designed life (assuming 50 years of
designed life span), in the past life though, the changes in the layout made and construction of
additional floors were carried out, was maintained properly. The owner then therefore consulted
with the qualified and experienced structural consulting engineer about whether the building be
demolished and reconstructed or retrofitting will enhance the life of structure and if so, by how
many years?
There were no other problems like foundation settlement, ageing of structure, and effects of
pollution, geotechnical deficiency, fire or accidental damages, seismic damages.
Hence, the structural engineer’s task of choosing the methodology of retrofitting / rehabilitation
reduced only to select the method, on the merits of
1) Achievement of strength,
2) The gain of additional life span,

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3) Expected quality of work,
4) Time requirement for execution of work,
5) Undisturbed or minimum
6) Expenditure to be incurred.
Fig 5.1 Vertical Cracks all around the Column above Granite
'The Non-destructive testing of the structure was carried out by Advanced Diagnostic Laboratory
some of the relevant points of the report are as under:
a) The Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity and Schmidt Rebound Hammer Test Report indicate that columns
of ground Floor badly damaged.
b) The testing of concrete reveals that grade of concrete is doubtful.
c) The Columns of Ground floor show large distress.
d) The grading of concrete is poor as confirm by the Rebound Hammer test.
e) The chloride test report it is clearly shown that the values are higher than the limiting value, it
confirm that corrosion has taken place in the reinforce.
5.3 PROPOSAL
The building being G+3 structure and is extended vertically three different times, the designed life
of foundation remains as 60 years, but it is also observed that the buildings can last, if maintained
properly and periodically, for 50% more life. The theoretical remaining life of building 14 years
and another 30 grace years put together makes 47 years, it is therefore worthwhile to rehabilitation,

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retrofit, and maintain the structure and en-cash these 47 years. Considering the reports of tests
carried out, the building requires the rehabilitation and retrofit.
In order to retrofit the building the first step required was to model the structure, and to carry out
the analysis subjecting it to the requisite given loading and structural parameters as existed.
Modeling was done with STAAD and STRUDS software, ready program, analysis was carried out
to assess the residual strength of the building and initial report to that effect was prepared.
The Initial report was, then submitted and client called for a meeting, including site visit of the
ground floor. During the meeting, it conveyed to the client about the weakness in other members
of the structure, found while estimating the residual strength.
Client asked to submit the revised proposal, for floor wise strengthening measures. It was
necessary at this stage to prepare model of the structure and analyze. Accordingly site was visited
to collect more information such as detailed structural drawings, to record detailed report of
cracked sections in proper order, of every column and beam member, to check whether the existing
measurements on site tally with the drawings or otherwise and prepare fresh record as per site
conditions.
5.4 BASIC ANALYSIS METHODOLOGY AND ASSUMPTIONS FOR MODELING
a) Structural analysis of the building frame has been performed by creating model, in STAAD and
STRUDS software. Geometry of the model is developed based on the available RCC drawing
forwarded by the client. Refer figure 1 and 2 for STRUDS and STAAD model of the building.
b) The concrete grade is considered as M20 for the complete structure. However it is to be noted
that the non destructive testing report of the ground floor columns suggest that the pulse velocity
test and rebound hammer test result reveal poor quality of concrete i.e. grade even less than M20
But in the software used for analysis minimum concrete grade taken is M20 and hence considered.
It implies that the compressive strength as obtained from analysis will be higher than actual present
in the column at site.
c) Reinforcement grade for main flexure reinforcement and shear stirrups is considered to be Fe
415.
d) Nominal cover to reinforcing steel is considered as 40mm for column and 25mm for beams.
e) All columns considered as fixed at base.

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f) Main basic loads applied on the structure are dead loads, imposed loads, wind and seismic loads
g) It is assumed that concrete and reinforcing steel have not deteriorated and do not have corrosion
or loss of strength.
5.5 RECOMMENDATIONS
The results obtained after analysis were studied in detail in collaboration with the NDT report as
given by the client.
The following recommendations deduced for making the structure safe:-
Columns of Ground Floor
As the NDT report suggest the concrete strength and the quality cannot be ascertain and both the
rebound hammer test and pulse velocity test indicates poor quality of concrete. Therefore, it is
recommended that, the columns at the ground floor, be strengthened by Column Jacketing
with75mm micro concrete and steel.
The methodology for the same is as per design drawing detail number SHM-PID-1-R-01 attached.
Columns of First, Second and Third Floor
The selective NDT of the columns are suggested to be done. However on the analysis of the results
and the steel incorporated in the columns as given in the structural drawing provided by the client
there is deficiency observed in the steel required. Therefore, it was assessed that the following
number of columns required, to be strengthened by fiber wrap as per design drawing detail number
SHM-PID-R-02.
(a) First floor- 21 columns
(b) Second Floor- 35 columns
(c) Third Floor- 36 columns
Beams of Ground and First floor
The Peripheral beams at the ground floor and first floor level need strengthening with laminates
and the methodology for the same as given herewith.

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Figure 5.2:- Rusted Rebars of the Column
TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS
5.6 . REPAIRING OF R.C. STRUCTURAL MEMBERS
a. All distressed R.C. members shall be exposed of existing plaster and loose and disintegrated
concrete for the investigation of corrosion activity in Rebars by chisel and light weight hammer
(prefer vibro‐hammer). Proper scaffolding and shoring shall be provided.

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Figure 5.3:- Drying of Polymer before placing wraps
2. Rust passivation coat shall be applied and rebars shall be cleaned with rotary wire brush and
rust remover.
3. Wherever the rebar reduced by more than 20% of original, extra main rebar shall be provided
by tying a suitable dia. bar to existing rebar with a lap of 12 to 40 times the dia. of such bar
depending on location and type of structural member. In case development length of 12 to 40 times
is not available, a hole will be drilled in the hard & healthy concrete and new rebar shall be
anchored therein using Epoxy mortar. G.I. weld wire mesh of 100 mm. x 100 mm. (10 gauges)
shall be clamped on all sides of RC members. The mesh shall be clamped onto concrete surface
by means of concrete nails and binding wire.
4. A bonding coat of Polymer Latex (SBR) over the exposed steel/mesh/ concrete shall be applied
in 1:1 ratio of cement to Polymer Latex prior to application of new polymer based mortar/modified
mortar / micro‐concrete / modified concrete / ordinary concrete as directed in step (I).
OR (as specified)
An Epoxy bonding coat shall be applied between the old and new concrete subjected to high
stresses, prior to repairs to be done with Polymer Modified Mortar after the coat becomes sticky

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(leaving finger prints when touched).
5. Repair of Damaged Portions: Repair with Micro‐silica and Fiber blended repair mortar of
following specifications.
Polymer Modified Mortar, (PMM)
Table 1: Material Description
Curing, with spraying water, for 3 days, & drying for next 5 days.
The thickness, of applicant material Coating:
In one application, 10 to 15 mm. thicknesses shall be built. Subsequent layer shall be built with
one bond coat of Polymer modified cement slurry.
Application Method:
i. Hand packing shall be used and surface finish shall be obtained with trowel. Surface shall be
roughened by binding wire.
ii. In one application 10 to 15 mm. thicknesses shall be built. Subsequent layer shall be built with
one bond coat of Polymer modified cement slurry.
iii. Hand packing shall be used and
iv. Finished surface shall be obtained with trowel. Surface shall be roughened by binding wire.
5.7 REPAIR OF HONEYCOMBED AREAS AND STITCHING OF CRACKS

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When RC members have honey combing inside after removal of loose concrete material it is
advised to inject low viscosity epoxy injection resin in the honey combed area. Also same
technique could be adopted in case of cracks (2 to 3 mm. wide) in these elements. Drilling holes
in concrete and fixing one way injection packers using with ready to use polymer based quick
stopper plug (sealer).
“A hole shall be drilled into the honey combed area and along the cracks. Compressed air shall be
used to clean the hole, cracks and honey combed portion to remove dust and dirt. One way injection
packers shall be fixed into the holes. Spacing of holes shall be 300mm to 600 depending upon the
deficiency / crack pattern. Surface of crack shall be sealed with epoxy sealant to ensure that
injection material does not leak from cracks. Also the honey combed areas shall be sealed in the
similar manner. Injection packers shall be secured in fixed position with help of epoxy sealant.
This preparation shall be left for 24 hours for drying and hardening.”
Inject Corrosion Inhibitor of approximate quantity of 100ml in each nozzle so that material
penetrates inside the concrete surface and arrests corrosion of rusting steel. Injection of epoxy resin
shall be completed in two stages using Very Low Viscosity Injection Resin and Low Viscosity
Resin with 24 hrs operation interval. Very Low Viscosity Injection Resin shall be injected to fill
very fine cracks and micro‐cracks and, also to strengthen the injected portion.
Low Viscosity Resin shall be injected to finally fill the micro‐cracks and honeycombs. Both
operations shall be used in combination. Injection pressure shall be 2 kg/cm for Very Low
Viscosity Resin and 2.5 to 3.0 kg/cm for Low Viscosity Resin. Machine operated compressor shall
be used with small air flow. In case no material could be injected from one Injection packers due
to path blocked, maintain the pressure for 10 min. and continue the operation from next Injection
packers. Having completed the injection process the Injection packers shall be flush cut after 24
hours.”
5.8 FIBRE WRAPPING SYSTEM
a) Mortar Treatment: Application of average 10 to 20 mm thick Polymer Modified Mortar over

the uneven RCC element surface by using Polymer Modified Cement bonding coat.
b) Curing of subsurface: Mortar should be cured properly, maintaining moisture level in substrata
less than 4 to 6%.
c) Surface Preparation: The surface to be repaired is ground to smooth out the irregularities and
sharp corners. Rounding of column / beam edges shall be done by grinding.
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d) Application of Primer: In order to improve adhesion and prevent the surface from drawing resin
from the wrap, a low viscosity epoxy primer is applied with a roller until the substrate is locally
saturated.
e) Application of Putty: adhesive, high viscosity putty is applied when necessary to the surface to
fill in pin holes, offsets or voids.
f) Application of Saturant: Apply Saturant coat to primed surface and FRP sheet using a medium
nap roller. (Mechanized wetting of fiber sheet: Cut the fabric to required size. Mix the saturant and
fill the same in tub area of the wet lay up saturation machine. Place the fiber on metallic rods and
pass through the rollers of machine and saturant tub ensuring complete wetting (65% fiber volume
fraction) of fibers. Remove the fiber on rod and place the new fiber sheet.)
g) Application of Composite Wraps: Fabric will be carefully laid onto the surface and smoothed
out to remove air bubbles and ensure that the fibers are straight and there are no wrinkles.
h) Sand Sprinkling: Sand should be sprinkled on the final coat of wrap.
5.9 METHODOLOGY FOR PRE-STRESSING LAMINATE SYSTEM
A) Surface preparation: basic treatment must be made to the surface prior to strengthening with
pre- stressing laminate system. Surface is very well grinded to make the surface clean & free from
undulations to mark easily & for strong bonding between the existing concrete & laminate.
B) Marking on surface: after grinding the surface is well prepared for marking as per the drawings.
Now you can start preparing the design on the surface keeping in mind that the alignment of
machine must be maintained accurately. Misalignment while marking may cause damage to the
laminate.
C) Fixing of anchor plates: after preparation of surface further step is to fix the end anchor plates
as per the markings by drilling the holes up to the sufficient depth & inserting the hilty bolts to
tighten- up the anchor plates on both sides with proper alignment. Anchor plates helps to avoid
pealing of laminates from ends on excess loads.
D) Fixing of clamping device: just behind the anchor plate the another step is to align the clamping
devices on both sides with supporting l – clamps in which the laminate is placed and tightly hold
with the help of high tension bolts as shown in the picture.

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E) Aligning of cylinder body: the last step is to fix the piston body maintaining the alignment of
other two bodies, in which the hydraulic cylinder is locked and pressure is applied to stretch the
laminate as per the design load in tons.
F) Placing laminate: after the overall fitting and the alignment of the pre-stress machine now its
time to take the measurement & cut the laminate according to the cut length and fix it on the beam
surface.
G) Cylinder fixing: now as all steps are completed in a sequence it’s a time to fit the hydraulic
cylinder inside the cylinder body with proper clamping of locks and hose pipes to avoid any kind
of damages & leakages.
H) Applying pressure: fixture is ready to take the sufficient load applied to stretch the laminate
The picture shows that load applied on the system, to increase the flexural strength of the beam.
I) Pre-stressed Column: finally after applying pressure the machine is dismantled and the end
anchors plates is fixed
1) APPROVED BRANDS OF CONSTRUCTION / REPAIR CHEMICALS AND OTHER

MATERIALS
The materials used must be approved by the Consultant in writing. The following Materials
approved for use.
Table 1. Materials and their approved make

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Any material brand name not specifie d above, shall be used, after having written approva l from
the consulta nt. Equivalent material shall be permitt ed after approva l of consulta nt in writing.

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CHAPTER 6
FINDINGS, SUGGESTIONS & CONCLUSION
6.1 Findings
Structural Engineers Forum of India (www.sefindia.org) has raised vital issue of lack of "Insurance
and Legal Framework" in India, in respect of accountability in construction industry. The
insurance companies therefore, do not consider the IS Code compliance in deciding the quantum
of insurance premium. It points out further that perquisite of insurance of all the parties in the
construction industry and the structure can enhance risk reduction factor.
There is no uniform countrywide policy in respect of building Byelaws; this gives rise to grant
permissions to conditions generating seismically undesirable situations knowingly or otherwise by
authorities in some cities. Structural Engineers Forum of India have distinctly mentioned about
constraints and is quoted here as, "India does not have adequate documentation on seismic
evaluation and seismic strengthening of buildings. In recent years, many such documents have
emerged from other countries but most professionals do not have access to those. Moreover, those
documents cannot be implemented as such without first adapting them to Indian conditions. As a
result, most of the work on seismic strengthening of buildings in Gujarat after the earthquake left
much to be desired (e.g., Jain). Many building owners elsewhere in the country were concerned
about safety of their building immediately after the earthquake. However, the professionals could
not provide proper services on this due to lack of such expertise. An opportunity for some good
retrofitting work was missed."
General discussion
Earthquake, for that matter any disaster, leaves devastative impacts on, "Economic and Social
Health" of the nation. The Economic health of the nation, suffers a setback, to meet the emergency,
as economy flow, manpower and civil supply is required to be diverted partially, if not fully, for
re-establishing the life and infrastructure in the affected region.
The economy flow is required in three parts,
To repair and rehabilitate the damaged assets, Re-establish the productivity in the region of;
manual output, product output, normalization of market economy flow. Subsides, or offsets in
products or taxes, duties are required to be offered to the affected citizens, for a year or two to help
them re-establish.

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Social Health:
The devastation created in the region affects the life of all the citizens, and needs longer duration,
may be a year or two, to be re-rolled to the original status. Areas with higher population density
have severed devastative effects and especially when the structures are not designed to resist the
distractive forces of the magnitude. In urban areas the original settlements might have been built
with the than rules, regulations, and code of practice. The codes are in the process of revision, but
the revised guide lines issued, are need to be followed rigorously both by designers and
implementing authorities. Just like KYC is being made mandatory, every house, must be, designed
earthquake resistant and have the 'Capacity certificate' to that effect, as per specific Zonal
requirements, especially in zone IV & V areas, for issuing or continuing the use of electric power
connection. The earthquake-engineering subject consists of higher level mathematical part and
looks to be difficult to understand for majority of students, hence the subject is a secondary choice
in optional subjects, leave apart that as Main Stream subject. Less demand for designers
specialized in earthquake field; hence the job opportunities are limited. 'The Architect, the
Structural designer, or supervision by qualified Engineer is not sought for construction in rural
areas, nor the services are offered by these professionals, for in convenient location of the site of
work, and more form earning point of view.
6.2 SUGGESTIONS:-
To achieve the desired performance, in the new construction or rehabilitation of existing structure,
care taken in the areas detailed as under:
a) Architectural planning,
b) Structural Designing,
c) Use of best quality material available,
d) Proper supervision and Methodic execution,
e) No concessions be granted by the local authorities in Architectural Planning,
The flaws/ lacunae / shortfalls/ negligence / overruling the norms or specifications, observed
in the above activities are listed below:
In Architectural planning,
a) Improper configuration of the building,

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b) Irregularities in plan or in elevation,
c) If, irregularities are unavoidable, then proper structural designing, execution, and supervision
to ensure safety of the structure is essential,
d) The insufficient, open spaces around the building, required for car parking,
e) Stilt parking,
f) Provide excessive area of openings, for door and window.
Structural Designing,
a) No cognizance of the seismic zoning accounted for in designing
b) Insufficient, and or no clarity in drafting of detailing of reinforcement, in drawings provided,

by the designer.
c) No supervision on site, for confirmation of execution of detailing of reinforcement provided
Use of best quality material available,
a) Use of sub standard duplicate brand material,
b) Use of rerolled rebars,
c) Using rusted rebars,
d) Use of sand with silt and salt content,
e) Use of under sized bricks,
f) Repeated use of damaged for work material,
g) Sub standard material use in works of water supply and sanitary installations in the building.
Proper supervision and Methodic execution,
a) Not following specifications of material standards,
b) Not following execution codes, rules, regulations
c) Not following the safety norms,

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d) Not preparing the work schedule chart,
No concessions be granted by the local authorities in respect of,
Architectural Planning,
a) The concept of stilt parking is dangerous for the building, allowing this type of concession is
calling for more serious situation for occupant's life.
b) Open spaces all around the building,
c) Extensions, vertical or horizontal, disturbing the load path of existing building,
d) Hoardings, claddings not accounted in the structural design,
e) The local authorities do not check structural design submitted by the
f) Structural designer appointed by the owner, under the pretext of want of design expert in the
organization.
1. Here are suggestions that would help to achieve better safety of citizens, rich or poor
attainable prior to striking of next devastative earthquake.
a. It is indeed needful to make all the existing houses earthquake resistant by retrofitting and at the
same time, all the upcoming new houses must have capacity design for seismicity as per BIS Code
recommendations and specifications. The governments state and central in tandem chalk out and
implement the program rigorously before the next earthquake strikes, for the benefit of citizens
residing in seismic regions.
b. The government alone, without citizen's response, cannot implement the programs, hence it is
responsibility of every citizen to support and actively participate in such programs.
2. It is worldwide observed and experience, that, the owners of rented buildings over look, neglect,
delay, or avoid such implementation for reason of heavy capital expenditure without comparable
or compatible raise in the rent. The authors, Walter W. McMonies & Roberts Kaplan LLP, in their
article "Portland’s Unreinforced Masonry Apartment Buildings: A Threatened Species?" have
raised this issue and suggested the valid points. They suggest to, Port land local government and
to federal government of United States. On the same lines I would like to suggest, to the local as
well as the central government to offer extra subsidies to such buildings. In way of reducing the
property tax during the progress of retrofitting work, special rebate to the expenditure towards
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such retrofitting works in income tax, waver/reduction in excise duty, as was done after 2001, Bhuj
earthquake. All these concessions will boost the moral and help all such owners to implement the
program.
a. The government, in consultation with experts in the retrofitting field, formulates and spread the
scheme of retrofitting in prioritized phases, enabling the owners also to spread the expenses in
phased manner.
b. The owners be offered soft loans by bankers towards such expenditure, this will give more relief
to owners and attract them to activity participate in the schemes.
c. The local self-government/ Municipality/ Municipal Corporation survey all the structures in
their jurisdiction with the help of especially trend surveyors for categorizing the houses for need
of retrofitting.
d. The local government/Municipal Corporations prepare and publish the model estimates of
different items and schemes which will be guide lines to the owners and should keep on updating,
relative to the every 100 point or so, of raise or fall of local consumer price index.
e. The local government/Municipal Corporations further offer technical help in the form of visits
by their engineers and guide the owners during the progress of the work.
f. The government further can offer subsidy on Material Testing of such schemes, so as to assure
the use of quality material in retrofitted works.
g. The Local Self government/Municipal Corporation conduct short term training programs for
Engineers, Architects, Structural Engineers, and mesons/ artisans, contractors and managers, by
arranging lectures practical’s and on completion of these courses, issue certificate to that effect.
h. For conducting such short term courses help from other Institutions like, The Institute of
Engineers, Institute of Structural Engineers can be requested. Detailed schemes can be worked out.
i. List of Engineers, Architects, Structural Engineers, and mesons / artisans, contractors, and
managers registered with requisite certificate be published by the institutions viz. Municipal
Corporation/local government and willing to work on such project. This will ensure the quality as
well as engineered structures, and create more avenues for employments.
j. The retrofitting proposals approved, subject to appointment of at least one certificate holder of
each category. This will eliminate any possibility of drawback in the execution of project.

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k. The necessary completion certificate be issued by the authority, only after receiving certification
of compliance of requisites of retrofitting by every category.
l. The concerned house owners be asked to produce the retrofitting certificate of completion/ work
in progress with for retrofitting every year, else they be treated as defaulters/offenders under
criminal act of culpable murderer, this will enhance the retrofitting scheme.
6.3 Conclusion:-
Information available is in technical language and therefore out of scope of understanding of a

layman. It was therefore necessary to present the same in simple words.
The web site created will provide awareness about need of rehabilitation of structures and first
response to preliminary questioner will give basic information about type of structure. With the
help of this, basic guidelines can be forwarded.
In case of any complications, site visit for technical observations can be arranged of local member
of structural engineer's forum and detailed advice will be available to the enquirer.
This way awareness will spread and solution endowed will help a layman to accomplish his
"Dream of Safe Home." Conclusion extract and discussion.
The "Health and Maintenance of the building" are the two wheels of the Life Cycle of building
and seismic resistivity is character of residential buildings. It is said as “When wealth is lost,
nothing is lost, When Health is lost, something is lost and When Character is lost EVERY THING
is lost.”
General
"Unity is strength,” the structure when functions like unit during seismic event will more
effectively resist the inertia forces that develop in seismic conditions.
Aspects like aesthetics of the structure, financial benefit out of it and economy in execution must
be treated Secondary to Safety of occupants and of structure.
IS Code specifications and recommendations must be followed judiciously by construction

community, in view of
1. Provisions for safety in Seismic zone

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2. Building Bylaws in architectural planning.
3. Structural Designing,
4. Geotechnical advice must be sought,
5. Material selection, use and application,
6. Execution of construction work
"Prevention is better than cure", Every new or old structure, more than 10 m2 (100 Sq.ft.),
temporary or otherwise; in masonry, RCC frame or any other type, must be registered with the
revenue / other appropriate department, accompanied by seismic resistivity certificate especially
in seismic zones IV & V must be made mandatory, before granting continuance or new facility
connections like electricity, water and alike, loan for housing. Masonry building and composite
buildings
1) Length to height ratio must be maintained, as specified in the IS code.
2) Door, window openings must be placed away from corners (1.2 m minimum)
3) Strengthening bands in horizontal and vertical directions, corner reinforcement,
4) The roof must be lighter weight as possible and it should be properly connected with bearing
walls.
5) Wooden frame must be made out of properly seasoned wood, having as much less knots as
possible and bracing with steel sections be provided.
RCC framed structure
The supervision under qualified and experienced engineer is a backbone of the project, it is not a
dead investment, as it takes care of safety of structure and reduces the maintenance cost and in
turn the life cycle cost.
General
I. The structure’s configuration both, in plan and elevation should be simple, symmetric and
regular as these perform much better during earthquake.
II. The structure’s height/width ratio should be a slow as possible.

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III. The structure should have uniform floor heights, section, and elevation.
IV. The non-structural elements like advertisement boards on top of the building or on side faces
should be erected in consultation with structural engineer.
V. All columns and walls be continuous having no offsets, of nearly same width preferably square
in plan, having no sudden change in section.
VI. It is of paramount importance that, every member of the building construction team carries out
their job dutifully and faithfully for better quality of structure.
VII. Last but not the least, is the ultimate user must maintain the building in healthy condition in
all aspects to maintain the imbibed quality of structure.
Technical aspect
1. Non-structural elements and super structure should be as light as possible and provision of
unnecessary masses avoided.
2. The distribution of mass formation, stiffness, strength, and ductility should be uniform and
continuous, thereby avoiding formation of soft storey’s or weak storeys.
3. The structure preferably have low centre of mass relative to ground, relatively shorter span
compared to non-seismic resistant structures without long cantilevers, have balance lateral
resistance.
4. The centre of mass and centre of stiffness should preferably coincide, thereby avoiding undue
torsional forces under the seismic action / forces.
5. The detailing should be done carefully and due attention to the provision of continuity of
reinforcement, anchorage at the joints and shear enforcement rings for adequate confinement of
concrete.

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CHAPTER-7
REFRENCES
REFRENCES
[1] Estimation of Seismic Vulnerability Levels of Urban Structures With Multisensor Remote
Sensing Christian Geiß; Marianne Jilge; Tobia Lakes; Hannes Taubenböck IEEE Journal of
Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing Year: 2016, Volume: 9, Issue:
5 Pages: 1913 - 1936, DOI: 10.1109/JSTARS.2015.2442584 IEEE Journals & Magazines
[2] An integrated survey experience for assessing the seismic vulnerability of Senigallia's Fortress
(Italy): documentation for conservation and FEM modeling Alessandra Meschini; Graziano Leoni;
Enrica Petrucci; Filippo Sicuranza; Alessandro Zona; Quintilio Piattoni; Luigino Dezi; Andrea
Dall'Asta 2015 Digital Heritage Year: 2015, Volume: 2 Pages: 21 - 28, DOI:
10.1109/DigitalHeritage.2015.7419448 IEEE Conference Publications
[3] Adaptive Fission Particle Filter for Seismic Random Noise Attenuation Xue Han; Hongbo Lin;
Yue Li; Haitao Ma; Xian Zhao IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters Year: 2015, Volume:
12, Issue: 9 Pages: 1918 - 1922, DOI: 10.1109/LGRS.2015.2438229 Cited by: Papers (1) IEEE
Journals & Magazines
[4] Seismic feature extraction using steiner tree methods Ludwig Schmidt; Chinmay Hegde; Piotr
Indyk; Ligang Lu; Xingang Chi; Detlef Hohl 2015 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics,
Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP) Year: 2015 Pages: 1647 - 1651, DOI:
10.1109/ICASSP.2015.7178250 IEEE Conference Publications
[5] MEMS-based wireless sensors network system for post-seismic tremor harm evaluation and
building monitoring S. Sindhuja; J. Siluvai John Kevildon 2015 International Conference on
Circuits, Power and Computing Technologies [ICCPCT-2015] Year: 2015 Pages: 1 - 4, DOI:
10.1109/ICCPCT.2015.7159335 IEEE Conference Publications
[6] Simulation Research on Collapse Vibration Caused by Demolition Blasting Shi Jianjun; An
Huaming 2013 Fourth International Conference on Digital Manufacturing & Automation Year:
2013 Pages: 1207 - 1210, DOI: 10.1109/ICDMA.2013.286 IEEE Conference Publications
[7] S. Vilcekova, A. Sedlakova, P. Kapalo, M. Culakova, E. K. Burdova, V. Geletka Analysis of

Environmental and Social Aspects in Low Energy House – Case Study, (13th SGEM Geo-
Conference, ISSN 1314-2704, June 16-22, 2013, 555 - 562 pp

Contact: 6260651575, 9179357477
[8] Satbhaiya Rahul Kumar,Gupta Shishir, Arora T.R. (IJETAE V.3,issue 10, Oct. 2013)
Rehabilitation and strengthening of RCC Structure by using FRP Composites.
[9] Dr. Hirde Suchita, Ms Jagtap Minakshi, Retrofitting of Damaged Industrial Buildings. (IJCIET,
Aug.2013).
[10] Dr. Kiranbala Devi Th. (IJETE www.ijetae.com Vol.2, issue Nov.2012/517-522) Seismic
Hazards and It's Mitigation - A Review.
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Engineering, Fourth Edition, Prentice Hall Inc, USA
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Inc., USA
[13] Amlan K. Sengupta, chemuru Srinivasulu Reddy, Badari Narayanan V T and Asokan A.
Seismic Analysis And Retrofit Of Existing Multi- Storeyed Buildings In India – An Overview
With A Case Study. 13th W C E E Vancouver, B.C., Canada August 1-6, 2004 Paper No. 2571
[14] ASCE 41-06, (2007), Seismic Rehabilitation of Existing Buildings, American Society of Civil
Engineers, USA Bachmann,H., (2003), Seismic Conceptual Design of Buildings – Basic principles
for engineers, architects, building owners, and authorities, BBL Vertrieb Publikationen, Bern
[15] Bose P.R. and Verma A.,” Retrofitting of Low Cost Buildings”, Workshop on Retrofitting of
Structures, Oct. 10-11,2003,Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee pp297-308.
[16] Bose P.R., Sinvhal A., Bose A., Verma A., Pranab, Saurabh,' Implications of Planning &
Design Decisions on Damages during Earthquake' Proc. of 12th Symposium on Earthquake
Engineering organised by Indian Society of Earthquake Technology at I.I.T., Roorkee, Dec. 2002,
pp. 561-568, Vol. 1.
[17] Coburn A. and Spence R., "Earthquake Protection” published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd. 2nd
addition 2002.
[18] Arnold,C., and Reitherman,R., Building Configuration and Seismic Design, John Wiley &
Sons, Inc., NY, USA
[19] Arya A S “Repair Seismic Strengthening, and Retrofitting of Standing Houses in Killari
Earthquake Affected Area,”

Contact: 6260651575, 9179357477
[20] Arya A. S. Repair and Retrofitting of Buildings in the Chamoli Rarthquake Affected Areas,
Building Materials and Technology Promotion Council, Ministry of Urban Development. Govt, of
India.
[21] Bose P.R. and Verma A.,” Retrofitting of Low Cost Buildings”, Workshop on Retrofitting of
Structures, Oct. 10-11,2003,Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee pp297-308.

Contact: 6260651575, 9179357477
APPENDIX – B
LIST OF PUBLICATION
[1] “LIFE CYCLE EVALUATION OF REHABILITATION OF RESIDENTIAL

STRUCTURES, SUBJECTED TO EARTHQUAKE”, International Research Journal of
Engineering & Technology, Volume: 3, Issue 6, pp 126-130, June 2016.
[2] “ANALYSIS OF SEISMIC TRAMORS & REHABILITATION PROCESS OF

BUILDINGS FOR SAFETY”, Paripex - Indian Journal of Research, Volume: 5, Issue 10, pp
617-619, October 2016.

Contact: 6260651575, 9179357477

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MASTER OF TECHNOLOGY DISSERTATION

LIFE CYCLE EVALUATION OF

SWAMI VIVEKANAND UNIVERSITY

FOR THE AWARD OF

Guided by: Dr. Ashad Ullah Qureshi

Date: (Er. P.C. Diwan)

Guided by: Dr. Ashad Ullah Qureshi

Date: (Nishchay Singh)

Guided by: Dr. Ashad Ullah Qureshi

3) Optimum utilization criteria

4) The decision-making process

Guided by: Dr. Ashad Ullah Qureshi

Chapter 1. INTRODUCTION 1-5

1.4 Problem Domain

1.5 IS Codes of Dissertation

1.6 Organization of dissertation

Chapter 2. SEISMIC TRAMORS & REHABILITATION1 6-22

PROCESS OF BUILDINGS, FOR SAFETY

2.1. Explanations to Common Enquires

2.2. Which building, stiff, or flexible, is preferable

in structural engineer's view in case of seismic hazard

2.3. What could be the reason for a scenario,

That adjoining buildings in Ahmadabad and Bhuj

Have not collapsed, though they stand next to the

2.4. Geotechnical Seismic Hazards

2.5. Aims of Retrofitting

Guided by: Dr. Ashad Ullah Qureshi

2.7 Seismic Retrofitting and Its Objectives

Chapter 3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 23-29

3.1 Significance of the Study:-

Chapter4. PRECAUTIONARY MEASURES, TO BE 30-35

OPTED BY, PROPERTY OWNERS.

4.1. The Professionals & Hiring Process of Their Duties, Services.

Chapter 5. CASE STUDIES 36-45

5.1 Aim of Case Study

Guided by: Dr. Ashad Ullah Qureshi

5.7 Repair of Honeycombed Areas and Stitching Of Cracks

5.8 Fibre Wrapping System

5.9 Methodology for Pre-Stressing Laminate System

Chapter 6. FINDINGS, SUGGESTIONS & CONCLUSION 46-52

Guided by: Dr. Ashad Ullah Qureshi

CHAPTER 2. SEISMIC TRAMORS & REHABILITATION

PROCESS OF BUILDINGS, FOR SAFETY

Fig 1:- The Natural Vibration Modes of Uniform Five 7

Fig 2:- Assam type roof (Light in weight) 8

Fig 4: - Building collapsed due to Pounding 9

Fig 5:- Seismic Shear Force Failure Foundation 13

Fig 6:- Foundation Failure 13

Fig 7:- Effects of Liquification 14

Fig 8:- Look of Liquified Land mass 14

Fig 9:- Flatter Slope 18

Fig 10:- Steped Slope 18

Fig 11:- Stone or Sand Bags 18

Fig 12:- Internal Drainage 18

Fig 14:- Gabions 19

Fig 15:- Pre stressed Anchors 19

Fig 16:- Stone Columns 19

CHAPTER 3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

CHAPTER 4. PRECAUTIONARY MEASURES, TO BE

OPTED BY, PROPERTY OWNERS.

CHAPTER 5. CASE STUDIES

Fig 5.2:- Rusted Rebars of the Column 40

Fig 5.3:- Drying of Polymer before placing wraps 41