Isolated Wind-Solar Hybrid Power System Analysis

ISOLATED WIND-SOLAR HYBRID POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I hereby take a chance to express my sense of extreme gratitude towards my Master of

Technology Guide Er. Tushar Kumar, Assisstant Professor (Electrical Engineering Deptt.), for
his suggestions and constant inspiration at every stage of the research.
He is an extremely sympathetic and principle-centered person. His skills, as a researcher and guide
helped me to overcome all the hurdles. Without his constant support and encouragement, I would
not have been able to complete my research work successfully.
I owe a debt of gratitude to Dr. R. P. Gupta, Director, Scope College of Engineering Bhopal, for
encouragement & the Head of Department Mrs. Navdeep Saluja.
My parents have their own share in my success. I firmly believe that their blessings always
enlighten my path ahead. I hereby take a chance to salute my father Mr._____ Jain and mother
Mrs. Meetali Jain. Without all above support and sacrifice this thesis would not have been
possible for me. At last, I thank the one and all, for the divine blessings.
Shrankhala Shrivastava
Guided by: Dr. Ashad Ullah Qureshi

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Email: conceptsbookspublication@gmail.com
Web: https://researchitout.blogspot.com/
CERTIFICATE
I hereby certify that Er. Shrankhala Shrivastava has completed her Master of Technology
Dissertation titled “Isolated Wind-Solar Hybrid Power System Analysis“ under my guidance.
I further certify that the whole work, done by him is of his own, original and tends to general
advancement of knowledge. According to the best of my knowledge, I also certify that he has not
been conferred any degree, diploma and distinction by either the Scope College of Engineering,
Bhopal (M.P.) or Rajiv Gandhi Technical University, Bhopal (M.P.) any other university for
this thesis.
Date: (Er. Tushar Kumar)

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DECLARATION
I, Er.Shrankhala Shrivastava hereby declare that my Master of Technology dissertation titled

“Isolated Wind-Solar Hybrid Power System Analysis” is written as a partial fulfillment of the
requirement for a degree on this topic. The complete study is based on literature survey, study of
periodicals, journals and websites and building a model for proving the concept studied and
designed.
I further declare that the complete thesis work, including all analysis, hypothesis, inferences and
interpretation of data and information, is done by me and it is my own and original work.
Moreover, I declare that no degree, diploma or distinction has been conferred on the basis of this
thesis by the Rajiv Gandhi Technical University or any other university to me before.
Date: (Shrankhala Shrivastava)

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ABSTRACT
Electricity is a quantity, commodity that everyone want from charging a phone to running a factory
the ever growing demand of electricity renewable energy resources are the most important and
easy sources of energy yet non-polluting.
Wind energy is the most efficient way of generating electricity. The self-excited induction
generator (SEIG) is the best suited isolated generation system due to its simple and robust
construction, reduced unit cost and easy maintenance. In the same way. Photo-voltaic power is
also another promising energy source. Wind power and PV power are complimentary because
strong winds are mostly to occur during night time and cloudy days whereas sunny days are often
come with weak winds.
Hence, Wind-Solar hybrid generation system can offer higher reliability to maintain continuous
power output than other individual power generation system. The stand alone wind- solar hybrid
generation system is valuable to use.
Therefore it is important to study the performance of standalone wind-solar hybrid generation

system under steady-state and dynamic condition for the optimum utilization of its meritorious
features.
This article is a simple and generalized fuzzy logic based intelligent controller is proposed, which
is suitable and for autonomous operation of solar energy conversion or for isolated hybrid energy
conversion.

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List of Figures
Chapter 1. Introduction
Chapter 2. Literature Survey
Chapter 3. Implementation
3.1 Component Services 6
3.1.1 SSDP Discover Services 13
3.1.2 Remote Registry 15
3.1.3 Routing & Remote Access 15
3.1.4 Telnet 18
3.2 Local Security Settings 7
3.2.1 Account Policies 13
3.2.2 Local Policies 15
3.2.3 Public Key Policies 15
3.2.4 Software Restoration Policies 18
3.2.5 IP Security Policies on Local Computer 18
Chapter 4. Result Analysis
4.1 Tabular Analysis 26
4.1.1 Speed of Access 13
4.1.2 Security Instances 15

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4.1.3 Authentication Process 15
4.1.4 Mishap/Hacked/Slow events per week 18
4.1.5 Ease of Use 15
4.1.6 Overall 18
4.2 Graphical Analysis 26
4.2.1 Speed of Access 13
4.2.2 Security Instances 15
4.2.3 Authentication Process 15
4.2.4 Mishap/Hacked/Slow events per week 18
4.2.5 Ease of Use 15
4.2.6 Overall 18

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CONTENTS
Chapter 1. Introduction 1-3
1.1 Product Perspective
1.2 Objective
1.3 Problem Domain
1.4 Organization of the Dissertation
Chapter 2. Literature Survey 4 - 21
2.1 Analysis of Photovoltic Array
2.2 Modelling of PV Array
2.3 Fuzzy Logic MP-PT Controller
Chapter 3. Analysis of Three Phase & Single Phase Self Excited Induction
Generator –Proposed Work 22 - 33
3.1 Analysis of Three phase & Single phase
3.2 Dynamic Analysis of three phase SEIG
Chapter 4. Conclusion and Future Enhancement 49 - 51
4.1 Conclusion

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4.2 Limitations
4.3 Future Enhancement
Chapter 5. References 49 - 51
5.1 References
5.2 List of Publication

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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Product Perspective
It is now widely recognized that the fossil fuels and other conventional resources, presently used
in generation of electrical energy, may not be either sufficient or suitable to keep pace with ever
increasing world demand for electrical energy
Solar energy is the most abundant and constant stream of energy. It is available directly (solar
insolation). Especially in countries like India where the government is facing oil crunch, the
tapping of PV energy which is available (in abundance) throughout the year will be very important.
The working principle of solar panel is well known that when light radiation falls on a p-n junction,
a voltage is generated. The primary power comes from the striking photons. The use of solar
insolation to generate electricity is increasing constantly over the past few years. As the worlds
electricity demand is increasing, the use of photovoltaic system is attracting more and more
attention of power planners. As the costs of PV modules and power electronic interface are
showing declining trends, PV system are likely to play major role in supplying the future electricity
demands of the world.
Among the renewable energy sources, wind energy also seems to be prominent and quite
promising for electric power generation. Wind energy conversion has been found economic as
compared to the cost of fossil fuels which are rising at a much faster rate. Therefore, the study of
induction generators has regained importance, as they are particularly suitable for wind and small
hydro power plants.
The advantageous features of induction generators are less maintenance, operational simplicity,
self-protection against faults, brush less and rugged construction.

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The capability to generate power at varying speed is the feature of induction generator which helps
it to operate in self exited/ isolated mode to supply far flung and remote areas where extension of
grid is not economically feasible in order to fulfill the increased local power requirements.
System based on either wind or solar energy is unreliable due to seasonal and diurnal variation of
these resources
It is well known that the wind power and PV power are complementary to some extent since strong
winds are mostly to occur during the night time and cloudy days whereas sunny days are often
calm with weak wind. Hence, a PV-wind hybrid generation system can offer higher reliability to
maintain continuous power output than any other individual power generation system. In those
remote or isolated areas, the stand-alone PV-wind hybrid generation system is particularly valuable
and attractive
Therefore, it is important to study the performance the stand-alone PV-wind hybrid generation
system under steady-state and dynamic condition for the optimum utilization of its meritorious
features.
1.2 Objective
To develop a generalized fuzzy logic based intelligent controller, which is suitable for
autonomous operation of solar energy conversion as well as isolated hybrid energy conversion
employing wind and solar systems. Moreover a solar based inverter has to be developed along
with fuzzy based MPPT controller which provides the reactive power requirement (in addition to
the fixed capacitance) of induction generators under varying speed and loads in order to maintain
the load voltage almost constant.
To develop a fuzzy logic based MPPT controller for effective utilization of photovoltaic energy
and to adopt it in hybrid generation employing wind-solar energy conversion.
To develop a fuzzy a logic based controller for a stand-alone hybrid generation system using wind
(three phase self-excited induction generator) and photovoltaic energy to achieve better voltage

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regulation, under steady state and dynamic conditions, for varying irradiation, wind speed and
load.
To develop a fuzzy logic based controller for a stand-alone hybrid generation system using wind
(single phase self-excited induction generator) and photovoltaic energy to achieve better voltage
regulation, under steady state and dynamic conditions, for varying irradiation, wind speed and
load.
1.3 Organization of Dissertation
The chapter wise contents of the thesis are briefly presented below.
The content of the thesis is as follows:
Chapter 1 contains the introduction of the research work carried out under the resources &
guidance of this topic.
Chapter 2 contains the Analysis of Photovoltaic Array & modeling of PV Array with Fuzzy logic
MPPT Controller has been discussed thoroughly.
Chapter 3, deals with the Analysis of 3-Phase & Single Phase Self Excited Induction Generator
its equivalent diagram are presented.
Chapter 4, Discuss gives the Conclusion and future works.
Chapter 5, References & List of Publication.

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CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE SURVEY
2.1 Analysis of Photovoltaic Array
Solar energy is sustainable with less carbon emissions. The output power of a PV array varies
according to the sunlight conditions such as solar irradiations, shading and temperature. To obtain
maximum power from photovoltaic array, photovoltaic power system usually requires maximum
power point tracking (MPPT) controller. Various approaches have been reported to implement
MPPT such as perturb and observe (P&O) method, the incremental conductance method, constant
voltage method and short-circuit current method. Using these methods, the maximum power point
can be found for specified solar irradiation and temperature condition but they display oscillatory
behavior around the maximum power point under normal operating conditions.
The proposed intelligent fuzzy logic process comprises of expert knowledge which extracts
maximum power from a PV module under varying solar irradiation, temperature and load
conditions. The shape of the membership functions of the fuzzy logic controller can also be
adjusted such that the gap between the operating point and maximum power point can be
optimized. The fuzzy logic controller based results are compared with the conventional techniques
such as P&O and PI controllers which validate it s merits. An experimental setup of the proposed
scheme has been built and the results obtained on a PV array of 74.8W, 21.2V, 4.4A, (15 panels
connected in series).
2.2 Modeling of PV Array

A PV cell can be represented by an equivalent circuit of single diode model [131] as shown in. the
characteristics of this PV cell can be obtained using standard equation.

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IPV = photovoltaic current

IO = saturation current
Vt = NS k T/q, thermal voltage of array
Ns = Number of cells connected in series
T = actual temperature
k = Boltzmann constant
q = electron charge
RSe = equivalent series resistance of the array
RP = equivalent parallel resistance of the array
ad = diode ideality constant
From the general I-V characteristic of the practical photovoltaic device, on can observe that the
series resistance Rse value will dominate in the voltage source region and the parallel resistance
RP value will dominate in the current source region of operation.
The general equation of a PV cell describes the relationship between current and voltage of the
cell. Since the value of shunt resistance RP is high compared to value of series resistance Rse the
current through the parallel resistance can be neglected. The light generated current of the
photovoltaic cell depends linearly on the solar irradiation and is also influenced neglected. The
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light generated current of the photovoltaic cell depends linearly on the solar irradiation and is also
influenced by the temperature given by the equation.
Ipv1n= light generated current at nominal condition

(250C and 1000 W/ m2)
T = T Tn
T = actual temperature [K]
Tn = nominal temperature [K]
KI = current coefficient
G = irradiation on the device surface [W/m2]
Gn = nominal irradiation
It can be noted that the equivalent series and parallel resistance are directly proportional to the
number of series modules and inversely proportional to the number of parallel modules
respectively.
2.3 EXPERIMENTAL SETUP

The hardware of Solar PV Wind hybrid energy system is implemented and the output is fed to the
load is shown in fig. The current and voltage values from the wind turbine, solar panels, battery
group and load are measured in the implemented system. Production and consumption of power
for each module are calculated.

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Fig.2 Experimental Setup of Hybrid Wind-solar Power System
2.4 FUZZY LOGIC MPPT CONTROLLER
The conventional PI controllers are fixed-gain feedback controllers. Therefore they cannot
compensate the parameter variations in the process and cannot adapt changes in the environment.
PI-controlled system is less responsive to real and relatively fast alterations in state and so the
system will be slower to reach the set point.
The block diagram of fuzzy logic controller (FLC) is shown in Fig. 2.4. The two FLC input
variables are the error (e) and change in error (e). The behavior of a FLC depends on the shape of
membership functions of the rule base.

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Fig Block diagram of Fuzzy logic controller

A fuzzy logic control scheme proposed for maximum solar power tracking of the PV array with
an inverter for supplying isolated loads is shown in (Fig). They Fig 2.4 Block diagram of Fuzzy
logic controller Knowledge base Inference engine Decision Making Logic Fuzzification Interface
CE (k) E(k) Inputs Defuzzification Interface Outputs 19 have advantages such as robust and
relatively simple to design since they do not require the knowledge of the exact model.

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CHAPTER 3
ANALYSIS OF THREE PHASE AND SINGLE PHASE

SELF-EXCITED INDUCTION GENERATORS
3.1 Introduction
It is well known that the three phase induction machine can be made to work as a self-excited
induction generator, provided capacitance should have sufficient charge to provide necessary
initial magnetizing current. In an externally driven three phase induction machine, if a three phase
capacitor is connected across its stator terminals, an EMF is induced in the machine windings due
to the self excitation provided by the capacitor.
The flux produced due to these currents would assist the residual magnetism. This would increase
the machine flux and larger EMF will be induced.
This in turn increases the current and the flux. The induced voltage and current will continue to
rise until the var supplied by the capacitor is balanced by the var demanded by the machine, a
condition which is essentially decided by the saturation of the magnetic circuit.
3.2 Analysis of Three Phase and Single Phase SEIG
The steady state and dynamic characteristics of three phase and single phase SEIG are discussed
in this section for various operating conditions.
3.2.1 Steady State analysis of three phase SEIG
Fig. 3.2(a) shows variation of the var and capacitance with output power for constant terminal
voltage at rated speed. For constant terminal voltage, the value

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Fig 3.2.(a) Variation of var and capacitance with output power
Fig 3.2(b) Capacitance and var requirements of 3phase SEIG
with change in load and speed
Capacitance and var increases with output power. It may also be seen that for an increase in output
power of the machine at rated speed, the var has to vary continuously for regulating the terminal
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voltage. Fig. 3.6(b) shows the variation of capacitance with speed to maintain constant rated
terminal voltage under no load and loaded condition of the generator. It may be noted that, as the
speed increases, the capacitance requirements are reduced at full load and no load.
3.3 Dynamic Analysis of three phase SEIG
The no load per phase voltage waveform across the load terminals is shown in Fig.3.3(a) The load
is applied after the voltage build up to the steady-state level (230V) with a fixed excitation
capacitance. It is observed from the current waveform Fig.3.3(b) that when the load is increased,
the load current also increases from 1.2A to 1.6A and hence the load voltage decreases from 230V
to 200V Fig.3.3(c) If the load is further increased, again the load current increases from 1.6A to
1.8A, now the load voltage almost gets collapsed around 75V (Fig. 3.3(c)). This is due to the fixed
capacitance, which is not sufficient to meet the change in load.

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Figure 3.3 Dynamic waveforms of three-phase SEIG

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CHAPTER 4
CONCLUSION & FUTURE ENHANCEMENTS
4.1 Conclusion
In this research work, the characteristics of PV array, dynamic and steady state performance
characteristics of three phase SEIG, single phase SEIG and hybrid schemes are presented in detail.
The hybrid schemes are presented for solar-wind driven three phase SEIG, solar-wind driven
single phase SEIG and solar-wind driven three phase SEIG with Vienna rectifier. For all the cases,
a generalized fuzzy logic controller with simple rule base has been proposed. It is found that for
all level of irradiation and change in wind speed or both, the proposed fuzzy controller effectively
works with the simple rule base formed.
4.2 Limitation
1. Initial Cost: The initial cost of purchasing and installing solar panels always become the first
disadvantage when the topic of solar energy comes up. The cost of installing solar panels is bit high.
Although subsidy programs, tax initiatives and rebate incentives are given by government to
promote the use of solar panels but we are still way behind in making full and efficient use of solar
energy. Also, it might take up to 10 years to 15 years before you can break even with your initial
investment. It’s not about how much payback period is, anything that can reduce our dependence
on fossil fuel is worth trying. As new technologies emerge, the cost of solar panels is likely to
decrease and then we can see an increase in the use of solar cells to generate electricity.
2. Location and Availability of Sunlight: The location of solar panels is of major importance for
generation of electricity. Houses which are covered by trees and landscapes and surrounded by
huge buildings may not be suitable enough for installing a solar energy system. Areas which
remains mostly cloudy and foggy will produce electricity but at a reduced rate and may require

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more panels to generate enough electricity for your home. In countries like UK, where it remains
cloudy most of the day, cloudy skies reduce its effectiveness.
During winters, solar collectors cannot produce more energy than the home is using while during
summers solar collectors can produce more energy than the home uses.
3. Pollution: Most of the photovoltaic panels are made up of silicon and other toxic metals like
mercury, lead and cadmium. Pollution in the environment can also degrade the quality and
efficiency of photovoltaic cells. New innovative technologies can overcome the worst of these
effects.
4. Inefficiency: Since not all the light from the sun is absorbed by the solar panels therefore most
solar panels have a 40% efficiency rate which means 60% of the sunlight gets wasted and is not
harnessed. New emerging technologies however have increased the rate of efficiency of solar
panels from 40 to 80% and on the downside have increased the cost of solar panels as well.
5. Reliability: Unlike other renewable energy sources which can also be operated during night,
solar panels prove to be useless which means you have to depend on the local utility grid to draw
power in the night or you can buy solar batteries to store excess power which you can later utilize
in the night. Apart from that, storms or hurricanes also reduce your ability to draw power during
those days.
6. Installation Area: For home users, a solar energy installation may not require huge space as it
can be installed on rooftops that can produce sufficient energy but for big companies, a large area
is required for the system to be efficient in providing electricity on a constant basis.
4.3 Future Enhancement
Based on the experience gained during the present investigation, the following suggestions are
made for further research work.

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Studies on dynamic and steady state behavior of hybrid system employing wind-diesel,
wind-hydro, wind-PV-diesel and wind-PV-fuel cells for various operating conditions may
be carried out.
Fault analysis of various hybrid schemes for developing effective protection and
uninterrupted power.
Studies on the unbalanced operation on load for various hybrid schemes.
Hybrid schemes employing solar with permanent magnet or reluctance generator instead
of induction generator may be carried out.

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CHAPTER-5
REFRENCES
5.1 Refrences
[1] Wejdan Saleh Abu-Elhaija, and Annette Muetze, Self-excitation and stability at speed
transients of self-excited single-phase reluctance generators, IEEE Trans. on Sustainable Energy,
2013, vol4, no.1.
[2] Lakshmi Varaha Iyer .K, Xiaomin Lu, Yasir Usama, Vamsi Ramakrishnan, and Narayan C.
Kar, A twofold daubechies-wavelet-based module for fault detection and voltage regulation in
SEIGs for distributed wind power generation, IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, 2013,vol60,
no.4.
[3] Yu C, Chau K.T and Jiang J.Z, A flux-mnemonic permanent magnet brushless machine for
wind power generation, J. Appl. Phys., 2009, vol.105, no.7, pp.07F114-1-07F114-3.
[4] Michalke G, Hansen A.D and Hartkopf T, Control strategy of a variable speed wind turbine
with multiple permanent magnet synchronous generators, Presented at Eur. Wind Energy Conf.
Exhib., Milan, Italy, 2007, pp.7-10.
[5] Cimuca G.O et al., Control and performance evaluation of a flywheel energystorage system
associated to a variable-speed wind generators, IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., 2006, vol.53,no.4,
pp.1074-1085.

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APPENDIX – B
LIST OF PUBLICATION
[1] “Analysis of DVR in Distribution during voltage sags & voltage swells”,
International Journal for Applied Research, Volume:6, Issue 2, pp 55-57, February 2016.

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ISOLATED WIND-SOLAR HYBRID POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS

I hereby take a chance to express my sense of extreme gratitude towards my Master of

Guided by: Dr. Ashad Ullah Qureshi

Date: (Er. Tushar Kumar)

Guided by: Dr. Ashad Ullah Qureshi

I, Er.Shrankhala Shrivastava hereby declare that my Master of Technology dissertation titled

Date: (Shrankhala Shrivastava)

Guided by: Dr. Ashad Ullah Qureshi

Therefore it is important to study the performance of standalone wind-solar hybrid generation

Guided by: Dr. Ashad Ullah Qureshi

Chapter 2. Literature Survey

3.1 Component Services 6

3.1.1 SSDP Discover Services 13

3.1.2 Remote Registry 15

3.1.3 Routing & Remote Access 15

3.2 Local Security Settings 7

3.2.1 Account Policies 13

3.2.2 Local Policies 15

3.2.3 Public Key Policies 15

3.2.4 Software Restoration Policies 18

3.2.5 IP Security Policies on Local Computer 18

Chapter 4. Result Analysis

4.1 Tabular Analysis 26

4.1.1 Speed of Access 13

4.1.2 Security Instances 15

4.1.3 Authentication Process 15

4.1.4 Mishap/Hacked/Slow events per week 18

4.1.5 Ease of Use 15

4.2 Graphical Analysis 26

4.2.1 Speed of Access 13

4.2.2 Security Instances 15

4.2.3 Authentication Process 15

4.2.4 Mishap/Hacked/Slow events per week 18

4.2.5 Ease of Use 15

Guided by: Dr. Ashad Ullah Qureshi

Chapter 1. Introduction 1-3

1.1 Product Perspective

1.3 Problem Domain

1.4 Organization of the Dissertation

Chapter 2. Literature Survey 4 - 21

2.1 Analysis of Photovoltic Array

2.2 Modelling of PV Array

2.3 Fuzzy Logic MP-PT Controller

3.1 Analysis of Three phase & Single phase

3.2 Dynamic Analysis of three phase SEIG

Chapter 4. Conclusion and Future Enhancement 49 - 51

Guided by: Dr. Ashad Ullah Qureshi

4.3 Future Enhancement

5.2 List of Publication

Guided by: Dr. Ashad Ullah Qureshi

1.1 Product Perspective

Guided by: Dr. Ashad Ullah Qureshi

Guided by: Dr. Ashad Ullah Qureshi

1.3 Organization of Dissertation

The content of the thesis is as follows:

Chapter 4, Discuss gives the Conclusion and future works.

Chapter 5, References & List of Publication.

Guided by: Dr. Ashad Ullah Qureshi

2.1 Analysis of Photovoltaic Array

2.2 Modeling of PV Array

Guided by: Dr. Ashad Ullah Qureshi

IPV = photovoltaic current

Ipv1n= light generated current at nominal condition

2.3 EXPERIMENTAL SETUP