Improving Lan Performance & Speed by Fast Ethernet Technology

Improving LAN Performance & Speed by Fast Ethernet
Technology
A Synopsis
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of Degree of Master of
Technology
Submitted to
RAJIV GANDHI PROUDYOGIKI VISHWAVIDYALAYA BHOPAL (M.P.)
Submitted By
ARSHEE NAZ
Enrollment No. 0610CS15MT20
Under the supervision of
Asst. Prof. Sarvesh Rai
DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE ENGINEERING
INFINITY MANAGEMENT & ENGINEERING COLLEGE, SAGAR
Jan-2017
IMPROVING LAN PERFORMANCE & SPEED BY FAST ETHERNET TECHNOLOGY
List of Contents
Abstract I
1. Introduction 1
2. Literature Survey 2
3. Research Objective 3
5. Conclusion 8
References 9
Latest IEEE Base Papers
Guided by: Dr. Ashad Ullah Qureshi

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Email: conceptsbookspublication@gmail.com
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Abstract
The performance of your local area network (LAN) can directly affect your company’s business
success. In small and medium businesses alike, employees need quick, reliable access to
applications and data to perform their jobs.
A LAN that delivered adequate performance when installed, however, may now be straining.
Factors contributing to the need for an upgrade are more users, more powerful PCs and servers,
more demanding applications, and the growing role of the intranet.
Sluggish performance impedes productivity and may prevent you from deploying intranet or other
networked applications that can improve your competitiveness. Improving LAN Performance: A
Step-by-Step Planning is a required for small and medium businesses that want to ensure they’re
receiving maximum benefit from their LANs.
This research will explain how to determine if you need an upgrade, describes the two primary
options:
(a) Ethernet switch
(b) Fast Ethernet hub
That provides step-by- step planning instructions. To ensure the upgrade planning, and also
provides case studies and a worksheet.

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ABSTRACT
The performance of your local area network (LAN) can directly affect your company’s business
success. In small and medium businesses alike, employees need quick, reliable access to
applications and data to perform their jobs.
A LAN that delivered adequate performance when installed, however, may now be straining.
Factors contributing to the need for an upgrade are more users, more powerful PCs and servers,
more demanding applications, and the growing role of the intranet.
networked applications that can improve your competitiveness. Improving LAN Performance: A
Step-by-Step Planning is a required for small and medium businesses that want to ensure they’re
receiving maximum benefit from their LANs.
This research will explain how to determine if you need an upgrade, describes the two primary
options:
a) Ethernet switch
b) Fast Ethernet hub
That provides step-by- step planning instructions. To ensure the upgrade planning, and also
provides case studies and a worksheet.
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CONTENTS
Chapter 1. Introduction 1-4
1.1 Motivation
1.2 Objectives
1.3 Methodology
1.4 Organization of Dissertation
Chapter 2. FAST ETHERNET HUB OR ETHERNET SWITCH 5 – 14
2.1 The Story of Total Quality Management 13
2.2 Literature Review 14
2.3 TQM - Implementation & Failures 17
Chapter 3 THE RENEWAL OF TQM 21-31
3.1 TQM and Sustainable Performance 26
3.2 Team Work- The Fundamental in TQM 27
3.3 Customer Focus- The Oxygen of TQM 29
Chapter 4. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 32-45
4.1 Introduction 33
4.2 Company Profile 38

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4.3 Research Methodology 39
4.4 Research Design 39
4.5 Sample Design 39
4.6 Selection of Sample 39
4.7 Sample Size 39
4.8 Data Sources 40
4.9 Tools for Data Collection 40
Chapter 5. ANALYSIS OF THE STUDY 46-57

5.1 Looking For the Solution 47
5.2 Leadership Questionnaire 48
5.3 Customer Focus 53
Chapter 6. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMENDATIONS 58 - 59
6.1 The TQM Concepts 59
6.2 Findings on the Concept of Teams 59
6.3 Findings on the Customer Focus 59
6.4 Scope for Future Research 59
Appendix: References
List of Publications
Certificates

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List of Figures
Chapter 1. INTRODUCTION
Chapter 2. EVOLUTION OF TQM
Fig 2.1 MBNQA Model 18
Fig 2.2 EFQM Model 19

Fig 2.3 Kanji Model 20
Fig 2.4 Oakland Model 20
Chapter 3. THE RENEWAL OF TQM
Chapter 4. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Fig 4.1 Eicher Tractors Motors Limited
Fig 4.2 Employees working in workshop
Fig 4.3 Eicher Site
Chapter 5. ANALYSIS OF THE STUDY
Chapter 6. CONCLUSION

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List of Tables
Chapter 1. INTRODUCTION
Chapter 2. EVOLUTION OF TQM
Chapter 3. THE RENEWAL OF TQM
Table 3.1 Difference between 24
Old and New workplace
Table 3.2 TQM handling differences in 26
Japan and Western
Chapter 4. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Table 5.1 Multi Tasking 48
Table 5.2 Motivation 49
Table 5.3 Time Management 50
Table 5.4 Creativity 51
Table 5.5 Brainstorming 52
Table 5.6 Awareness 53
Table 5.7 Behavior 54

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Table 5.8 Survey 55
Table 5.9 Developments as per Customer 56
Table 5.10 Band Value 57

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List of Graph
Graph 5.1: Multi Tasking 48
Graph 5.2: Motivation 49
Graph 5.3: Time Management 50
Graph 5.4: Creativity 51
Graph 5.5: Brainstorming 52
Graph 5.6: Awareness 53
Graph 5.7: Behavior 54
Graph 5.8: Survey 55
Graph 5.9 Developments as per Customer 56
Graph 5.10 Band Value 57

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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Motivation
Upgrading your Ethernet LAN improves employee productivity in the short term, and can position
your company for competitive advantage in the long term. A high-bandwidth LAN accommodates
today’s demanding PCs and workstations, makes existing applications run faster, enables you to
deploy powerful intranet business applications, and supports company growth.
You can tell when your Ethernet LAN is ready for an upgrade because users are dissatisfied with
network performance, network statistics suggest that performance degradation is imminent, or you
are planning to deploy powerful new intranet-based business applications for which your present
network is inadequate. This section of the guide explains the benefits of upgrading your Ethernet
LAN and describes signs that indicate that you need an upgrade.
1.2 Objectives
Today’s personal computer interface (PCI) computers can move large files over 90 Mbps, easily
overloading the actual 8- to 9-Mbps throughput capacity of a 10BaseT Ethernet network. The
speed and bandwidth of these desktop computers, the size of popular Internet files, and the
magnitude of attachments sent via e-mail are increasing continually. Your network bandwidth
must grow in concert to keep up with these advances. Make Existing Applications Run Faster The
chief reason to upgrade your LAN is to gain higher performance from existing client/server
applications, such as groupware, job automation, computer aided design/computer aided modeling
(CAD/CAM), desktop publishing, and multimedia. A CAD/CAM application task that takes five
minutes to execute on a LAN with a 10BaseT hub might execute 400-percent faster, in only one
minute, on a LAN with a Fast Ethernet 10/100 hub or 10-Mbps Ethernet 10/100 switch. The time
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savings translate to higher employee productivity. Adequate bandwidth also ensures that you can
add new applications as needed without concern for bandwidth limitations to respond to changing
business conditions. Deploy Powerful Intranet Applications Intranet business applications promise
a more self-sufficient and productive workforce—major advantages in today’s competitive
business environment. Your company may plan to take advantage of Internet technology for
critical internal business applications, such as employee self-service applications for training and
human resources, enterprise resource planning (ERP), imaging, videoconferencing, and electronic
whiteboards for collaboration.
High-bandwidth intranet applications impose radically different demands on your network

infrastructure. For example, more network traffic travels over the backbone instead of remaining
within workgroups, and larger file sizes and higher volumes increase network congestion. To gain
the advantages of an intranet—lower costs, rapid application deployment, and the ability to use
any client platform—you may need more bandwidth than you presently have. Switched Ethernet
and Fast Ethernet offer a cost-effective solution. Accommodate Company Growth as more
employees access your intranet—and you extend your network to suppliers, customers, and
partners—LAN performance may suffer. By installing Ethernet switches, you can relieve network
congestion in several ways. For example, you can logically locate shared resources, such as file
servers and printers, with the workgroups that use them most, reducing traffic on other portions of
the network. You can also dedicate network bandwidth to workgroups and individual users who
need it most.
1.3 Methodology
overloading the actual 8- to 9-Mbps throughput capacity of a 10BaseT Ethernet network. The
speed and bandwidth of these desktop computers, the size of popular Internet files, and the
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magnitude of attachments sent via e-mail are increasing continually. Your network bandwidth
must grow in concert to keep up with these advances. Make Existing Applications Run Faster The
chief reason to upgrade your LAN is to gain higher performance from existing client/server
add new applications as needed— without concern for bandwidth limitations— to respond to
changing business conditions. Deploy Powerful Intranet Applications Intranet business
applications promise a more self-sufficient and productive workforce—major advantages in
today’s competitive business environment. Your company may plan to take advantage of Internet
technology for critical internal business applications, such as employee self-service applications
for training and human resources, enterprise resource planning (ERP), imaging,
videoconferencing, and electronic whiteboards for collaboration. High-bandwidth intranet
applications impose radically different demands on your network infrastructure. For example,
more network traffic travels over the backbone instead of remaining within workgroups, and larger
file sizes and higher volumes increase network congestion. To gain the advantages of an intranet—
lower costs, rapid application deployment, and the ability to use any client platform—you may
need more bandwidth than you presently have. Switched Ethernet and Fast Ethernet offer a cost-
effective solution. Accommodate Company Growth as more employees access your intranet—and
you extend your network to suppliers, customers, and partners—LAN performance may suffer. By
installing Ethernet switches, you can relieve network congestion in several ways. For example,
you can logically locate shared resources, such as file servers and printers, with the workgroups
that use them most, reducing traffic on other portions of the network. You can also dedicate
network bandwidth to workgroups and individual users who need it most.

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1.4 Organization of Dissertation
If multiple stations on a shared network begin sending Ethernet packets at the same time because
they all sense a quiet network, a “collision” between packets results. When a collision occurs, each
participant waits a random amount of time and tries to send its packet again. An increase in the
number of packet collisions on an Ethernet LAN can indicate rising LAN congestion. Collisions
do not always indicate a congestion problem, however. The Ethernet protocol uses collisions to
quickly redistribute the traffic load over the available time, maximizing channel utilization and
application throughput. In fact, collisions

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CHAPTER 2
FAST ETHERNET HUB OR ETHERNET SWITCH

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Chapter 2
Fast Ethernet Hub or Ethernet Switch
2.1 Difference between a Hub & a Switch
A hub is an inexpensive way to connect users. It is a simple device that forwards received packets
out to all ports, even though the destination of the packet is connected to only one port. An Ethernet
hub, also called a 10BaseT hub, provides a total of 10 Mbps of bandwidth, which all users share.
If one person on the network is downloading a very large multimedia file, for example, little or no
bandwidth is available for other users. These users will experience the network as being very slow.
If your network connects 20 or more employees, an Ethernet hub rarely provides enough
bandwidth to deploy intranet-based business applications without long waits. A Fast Ethernet hub,
also called a 100BaseT hub, makes ten times more bandwidth available for users to share. A load
of 50 percent utilization in a network with an Ethernet hub would correspond to a load of only 5
percent in a network with a Fast Ethernet hub. The primary advantages of Fast Ethernet hubs for
improving LAN performance are their low cost and ease of installation and use. You simply
disconnect your existing hub, connect your new one, and immediately experience the performance
improvement. The only requirements are network interface cards (NICs) that support Fast Ethernet
and Category 5 UTP cabling for all Fast Ethernet devices. No software configuration or hardware
settings are needed. As listed in Table 1, the primary disadvantage of Fast Ethernet hubs is limited
growth potential. Every workstation, server, or other hub connected to a main hub is considered to
be within the same network segment, commonly called a “collision domain.” For example, if you
connect four 12-port hubs, all 48 attached devices are in the same collision domain, and all of them
share the same bandwidth. If you add more hubs as your network grows, available bandwidth is
shared among more devices, and performance degradation will result. If you install a Fast Ethernet
hub now and later outgrow it, you can upgrade to a 10/100-Mbps Ethernet switch, and redeploy
the Fast Ethernet hub elsewhere in the organization.
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Table 1: Advantages and Disadvantages of Fast Ethernet Hubs
Advantages and Disadvantages of Ethernet Switches A switch is more sophisticated than a hub,
giving you more options for network management, as well as greater scalability. Unlike a hub, a
switch forwards packets only to one port: the one connected to the destination of the packet. It
does this by keeping a table of each destination address and its port. When the switch receives a
packet, it reads the destination address and then establishes a temporary connection between the
source port and the destination port. After the packet is sent, the connection is terminated. A switch
provides higher total throughput than a hub because it can support multiple simultaneous
conversations. For example, in an eight-port Ethernet switch, four pairs might be communicating
simultaneously, for 40-Mbps throughput, or four times more bandwidth than a 10-Mbps Ethernet
hub. The more ports on a switch, the more aggregate bandwidth.
Some switches, such as those from Cisco, provide 10/100- Mbps ports, which can operate at either
speed. The switch automatically senses the speed of the attached device and configures the port
for the proper speed. This feature, called autosensing, simplifies deployment in mixed Ethernet
and Fast Ethernet environments. Switches also offer intelligent management options, such as

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allowing the network manager to create multiple segments— reducing traffic on other segments—
by creating virtual LANs (VLANs). More information about intelligent options for switches
appears in the section—LANS for Small Businesses. Table 2 summarizes the advantages and
disadvantages of Ethernet switches as replacements for Ethernet hubs.
Table 2: Advantages and Disadvantages of Ethernet Switches as Replacements for
Ethernet Hubs
2.2 Applications of Hub (Fast Ethernet) or Switch

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Is a Switch or Fast Ethernet Hub Best for Your Organization? To decide if you would benefit most
from a Fast Ethernet hub, a 10/100-Mbps Ethernet switch, or a combination, consider your
applications, the type of network traffic, and the cost of upgrading your cabling and PCs. Types of
Applications In general, if you have one server, Fast Ethernet hubs are faster that 10-Mbps Ethernet
switches. However, Ethernet switches offer certain other advantages, such as increased
manageability and guaranteed bandwidth to individual desktops or resources. The following
examples describe types of applications and suggest whether Ethernet switches or Fast Ethernet
hubs are better.
Example 1:
Type of traffic: Sustained traffic with smaller files Example: Database transaction application
Preferred upgrade: Ethernet switch In this environment, congestion is caused by a constant stream
of small files between the clients and the server. The most cost-effective solution is to divide the
single collision domain into multiple collision domains, using switched Ethernet. In this way, you
deliver 10 Mbps through each port and take advantage of a 100-Mbps uplink for high-speed server
access. You can continue to leverage your existing 10-Mbps NICs.
Example 2:
Type of traffic: Bursty, with large, multi mega byte file transfers and power users running high-
bandwidth applications Example: Software compiling, or CAD/CAM Preferred upgrade: Fast
Ethernet hub or 10/100-Mbps Ethernet switch Large files take a long time to arrive when moving
at 10 Mbps. Therefore, for applications involving large files, Fast Ethernet hubs deliver a
substantial performance boost. Even if the files are relatively small, but are transmitted in sporadic
bursts, Fast Ethernet improves performance. For sustained, large-file traffic, such as network
backups, Fast Ethernet hubs can increase the throughput and speed of the transactions to complete
the job more quickly, reducing the impact on the backbone and minimizing network slowing. To
decide if you would benefit most from a Fast Ethernet hub, a 10/100-Mbps Ethernet switch, or a
combination, consider your applications, the type of network traffic, and the cost of upgrading
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your cabling and PCs. Types of Applications In general, if you have one server, Fast Ethernet hubs
are faster that 10-Mbps Ethernet switches. However, Ethernet switches offer certain other
advantages, such as increased manageability and guaranteed bandwidth to individual desktops or
resources. The following examples describe types of applications and suggest whether Ethernet
switches or Fast Ethernet hubs are better.
Example 1:
Type of traffic: Sustained traffic with smaller files Example: Database transaction application
Preferred upgrade: Ethernet switch In this environment, congestion is caused by a constant stream
of small files between the clients and the server. The most cost-effective solution is to divide the
single collision domain into multiple collision domains, using switched Ethernet. In this way, you
deliver 10 Mbps through each port and take advantage of a 100-Mbps uplink for high-speed server
access. You can continue to leverage your existing 10-Mbps NICs.
Example 2:
Type of traffic: Bursty, with large, multi mega byte file transfers and power users running high-
bandwidth applications Example: Software compiling, or CAD/CAM Preferred upgrade: Fast
Ethernet hub or 10/100-Mbps Ethernet switch Large files take a long time to arrive when moving
at 10 Mbps. Therefore, for applications involving large files, Fast Ethernet hubs deliver a
substantial performance boost Even if the files are relatively small, but are transmitted in sporadic
bursts, Fast Ethernet improves performance. For sustained, large-file traffic, such as network
backups, Fast Ethernet hubs can increase the throughput and speed of the transactions to complete
the job more quickly, reducing the transactions to complete the job more quickly, reducing the
impact on the backbone and minimizing network slowing.
If your organization has power users running high-bandwidth applications, consider a 10/100-
Mbps switch. For a small premium, all power users can have their own, dedicated 100-Mbps
segments.
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Example 3:
Type of traffic: Streamed multimedia applications Example: Emerging applications such as IP/TV
Technology Preferred upgrade: Fast Ethernet if you have one server; switched Ethernet if you have
multiple servers If you have one server, the high overall bandwidth of Fast Ethernet hubs improves
performance the most. However, if you have multiple servers, switched Ethernet can provide
additional relief through its ability to deliver aggregate bandwidth in excess of 100 Mbps, and to
restrict multicast traffic to the segments that need to receive it. Types of Packets Ethernet traffic is
made up of three different types of packets: unicast, multicast, and broadcast. How much of each
type of traffic you have on your network can be important in determining whether you need a
switch or a hub which features you might need.
Unicast packets, which are sent by users, are addressed to a single destination. Most traffic
on an Ethernet LAN is typically unicast packets.
Multicast packets are designed to reach a select group of client destinations. Many new
multimedia applications use multicast packets so that they can send only one packet or
stream of packets to reach multiple users. This scenario conserves not only network
bandwidth, but also CPU utilization for the multimedia server: it sends only one stream
rather than one stream per user.
Broadcast packets are addressed to reach all nodes within a single collision domain. These
types of packets are typically sent by servers or routers to advertise their existence and to
“keep alive” their connections with end nodes. Broadcast packets can produce a large
amount of traffic. For example, a NetWare-based server sends a “hello” packet that is
broadcast every 60 seconds. Routers, by default, also broadcast their routing tables every
60 seconds. Figure 1 illustrates the types of data transmission discussed.

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Figure 1: Types of Data Transmission
Support and the participation by the top management of Japanese organization Deming started his
experiments in Japan in full scale. And the Quality movement is born. He simply elevated Quality
as a competitive and sustainability parameter. With his famous chain reaction concept he took
Quality into strategic management concept. Along with such concepts a much greater change in
the shop floor level took place. Few job classification and very limited work rules in the shop floor
but production is basically organized as team work.
Hubs do not filter traffic; rather, they forward traffic received on any port to all ports. If much of
your traffic is broadcast or multicast packets, consider installing a switch so that you can restrict
packets to certain segments, reducing traffic on other segments. Switches can transmit traffic in
three ways:
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Selectively forwarding packets, based on type— Switches can differentiate between

unicast traffic and other groupcast (multicast and broadcast) packets. Switches from some
vendors, such as Cisco, can even distinguish between multicast and broadcast packets,
completely eliminating unnecessary traffic.
Selectively forwarding multicasts only to those users who want to view a specific
multimedia session
Supporting VLANs—VLANs are logical, as opposed to physical, groupings of users. By
setting up VLANs, you can build smaller collision domains on a single switch.
For example, you could create one VLAN for UNIX users and the UNIX server, and another
VLAN for NetWare clients and the NetWare server. With two separate VLANs, neither user group
would see the broadcast traffic from the other group’s server. Consider Existing Adapters When
you decide how to upgrade, consider the costs of upgrading your existing network infrastructure.
Whether you install Ethernet switches or Fast Ethernet hubs, it is highly recommended that you
install 10/100-Mbpsadapters in any new PC or server, because the incremental cost for these
adapters is marginal. You must install Fast Ethernet adapters in all PCs and servers attached to a
Fast Ethernet hub. Fast Ethernet adapters also let you take advantage of the 30 to 90+ Mbps
throughput and power of PCI computers. Cabling Switched Ethernet runs on the common two-pair
Category 3 cabling installed in most buildings, as well as Category 4 and Category 5 unshielded
twisted pair (UTP) cabling. But 100BaseTX, the most commonly used Fast Ethernet
implementation, requires Category 5 cabling. The cost of installing replacement cabling for
existing users may encourage you to you opt for switched Ethernet, or you may decide it is a good
time to upgrade the cabling. Either way, Category 5 UTP is the standard copper cabling used for
all high-speed network technologies, and all new UTP cable installations should be Category 5.
See Figure 2 on next page. To summarize, both Ethernet switches and Fast Ethernet hubs
dramatically increase network performance. Each is suited for different network throughput and
traffic needs, user demands, and equipment cost considerations. Learning about the process means
understanding the dynamic nature of the process and the inbuilt variation that comes along with
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the process. Manufacturing process is considered as a continuous and self correcting method for
the optimized utilization of raw materials (George E P Box and Soren Bisgaard).
2.3 Combination of Ethernet Switches and Ethernet Hubs

Implementing Ethernet switches and Fast Ethernet hubs is not an either/or proposition. You can
combine Ethernet switches and Fast Ethernet hubs to optimize overall performance with the least
expense. For example, casual users working with office automation and word processing
applications can remain on Ethernet hubs attached to a switch. Power users can gain the
performance of a dedicated 10-Mbps port on a switch. And users with even higher throughput
needs, as well as all new users, can be connected to Fast Ethernet hubs. Fast Ethernet hubs can
also provide high-speed access to a group of servers and create a backbone that interconnects
switches. By combining the technologies, you can leverage your existing Ethernet hubs and
adapters through Ethernet switches, and deliver the speed that high-end users, servers, and
backbones need through Fast Ethernet hubs. If your Fast Ethernet hub becomes inadequate for
backbone traffic or server connections, you can upgrade by adding a Fast Ethernet switch, such as
the Cisco Catalyst® 2900 XL. A Fast Ethernet switch can connect to the 100-Mbps uplinks in
Ethernet switches, to Fast Ethernet hubs, or directly to your servers. If you have decided to upgrade
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to a switch, you can purchase a 10-Mbps switch or a 10/100-Mbps switch. In the former, all ports
deliver 10 Mbps of bandwidth. In the latter, the switch automatically configures the port for the
speed of the attached device: 10 or 100 Mbps. Typically, companies take advantage of the 100-
Mbps connection for high-volume shared resources, such as file servers. In organizations that work
with very large files, such as prepress service bureaus and software developers, certain employees
can benefit from their own 100-Mbps connection. Fast thernet switches are often used to create a
100-Mbps backbone supporting a mix of high- andwidth users and devices on Ethernet switches
and Fast Ethernet hubs.

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CHAPTER 3
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

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Chapter 3
Research Methodology
3.1 Step-by-Step Upgrade Planning
This section provides step-by-step instructions for planning an upgrade. The first part is tended
for small and growing companies with 20 to 100 employees that currently use an Ethernet hub.
The second part addresses the concerns of companies with up to 500 employees. These panie may
presently have an Ethernet hub, 10-Mbps Ethernet switch, or a combination. This section help
you decide whether you need a Fast Ethernet hub, 10/100-Mbps Ethernet switch, or a
scombination. It will also help you select switch features that will be useful for your network
environment.
3.1.1 LANS for Small Organization
Read this section if you presently connect up to 100 employees to your LAN via an Ethernet hub.
If you are also ansmitting multimedia traffic, you may also find it helpful to read the next section,
“LANS for Medium-sized Businesses.”
Step 1: Decide whether You Need a Fast Ethernet Hub or a Switch

Review the discussion in the previous section to decide whether a Fast Ethernet hub or an Ethernet
switch best meets your performance requirements and budget needs. In general:
Either a hub or a switch improves performance if current network utilization is high.
Switched Ethernet provides more total bandwidth [(Number of ports ÷ 2) x 20 Mbps] and
lets you create separate collision domains. (The 20-Mbps bandwidth per port assumes full-
duplex operation.)
Fast Ethernet hubs are less expensive than Fast Ethernet switches.
Step 2: Locate Resources Efficiently

If you are upgrading to a Fast Ethernet hub, you can skip this section. When you install a switch,
each segment is its own collision domain. Therefore, to minimize unnecessary traffic, you should
place workstations in the same segment as the servers they access. The devices in a segment do
not need to be physically collocated; if the switch has a VLAN feature, you can create “logical”
segments that span different floors or buildings. For example, you might create one segment each
for finance, graphics design, and engineering. Creating logical segments ot only reduces network
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traffic, it also increases security by restricting confidential traffic to one segment of the network.
All Cisco switches support VLANs. If you are upgrading to an Ethernet or Fast Ethernet switch,
you can optimize LAN performance by placing workstations on the same logical network as the
servers they access most ften. This setup reduces the amount of traffic that must travel over a
network backbone, which is the network segment that connects switches.
Fig 3.1 Locate Workstation on Same Segment as Server
3.1.2 LANS for Medium-sized Organizations
Read this section if you are upgrading from a 10-Mbps Ethernet switch or your LAN supports 00
or more employees.
Step 1: Forecast Bandwidth Requirements Measure traffic on your existing network and project
your bandwidth requirements for the next two years. Keep in mind that applications are consuming
more and more bandwidth, and that intranet-based business applications will increase network
load. When you arrive at an estimate, it’s a good rule of thumb to double or triple the number; this
is the amount of total bandwidth you should purchase. To calculate the bandwidth capacity that a
switch can deliver (because each port is communicating with another port), multiply the number
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of ports by the bandwidth of the ports (10 or 100 Mbps in half-duplex operation, or 20 or 200
Mbps in full-duplex operation), and then divide by two. For example, a switch with twelve full-
duplex 10-Mbps ports and two 100-Mbps ports delivers 320 Mbps of total bandwidth: [(12 x
20Mbps) ÷ 2) + (2 x 200Mbps) ÷ 2] = 320 Mbps Step 2: Segment Your network If you are installing
a Fast Ethernet hub, you can skip this step. When you install a switch, each segment is its own
collision domain. Therefore, to minimize unnecessary traffic, you should place workstations in the
same segment as the servers they access. The devices in a segment do not need to be physically
collocated; if the switch has a VLAN feature, you can create “logical” segments that span different
floors or buildings. For example, you might create one segment each for finance, graphics design,
and engineering. Creating logical segments not only reduces network traffic, it also increases
security by restricting confidential traffic to one segment of the network.
When you decide how to segment your network, a reasonable rule of thumb is that 80 percent of
the traffic on a given network should be local (destined for a target in the same workgroup), and
not more than 20 percent of the network traffic should require transmission across a backbone. If
your backbone is congested, this congestion may indicate that your traffic patterns do not conform
to the 80/20 rule. If the congestion problem persists after you segment the network, you might
consider replicating resources—for example, adding servers—so that users can access them locally
without having to cross the backbone.
Step 3: Decide Whether You Need a Backbone A backbone is a high-bandwidth connection

between segments; the backbone connects the core business servers. You need a backbone if
numerous users access the servers. To support the high volume on a backbone, you need a Fast
Ethernet or ATM connection. Be sure your switches support a high-speed uplink. The Cisco
Catalyst 2900 XL series switches, for example, provide a high-speed backbone connection.
Step 4: Plan for Remote Intranet and Extranet Connections If you want to give intranet access to
your remote offices, or enable suppliers, partners, or customers to access your extranet, you will

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need a router. Choose a switch that supports the features of your router, such as IP multicasts,
security, and management interface.
Step 5: Check Wiring and Network Interface Cards Fast Ethernet requires the use of Category 5
cabling. If you want to connect the switch to devices more than 200 meters away—for example,
between buildings—you will need a fiber connection.
Step 6: Install Your New 100BaseFX Switches Installing switches requires simply is connecting
the old hubs or switches and connecting the new one. You can create VLANs, specify packet
filtering, and select other management options using the switch software. You can generally
redeploy Ethernet and Fast Ethernet switches elsewhere in the network, where traffic loads are not
too high.

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CHAPTER 4
RESULTS

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Chapter 4
Results
4.1 Organization A (Law firm)
Case Study A: Law Firm
4.1.1 Situation
Fewer than 50 users, all connected to Ethernet hubs

Two file servers
All users share a single 10-Mbps Ethernet LAN
Additional users will be added over the next 12 months
4.1.2 Traffic Type
Sustained loads with small files
Fig 4.1 Shared 10-Mbps Ethernet LAN
4.1.3 Cause of Network Congestion
Too many users sharing 10-Mbps of bandwidth

Constant stream of small files traveling over network
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Increasingly large file transfers

Client/server applications have all clients heavily accessing two servers
4.1.4 Symptoms of Congestion
Slow network response times

Server bottlenecks
High collision rates
Reduced productivity
User dissatisfaction and requests for computer upgrades Solution
Install a 10-Mbps Ethernet switch to aggregate the Ethernet hub workgroups and provide
100-M bps connections to servers.
Install Fast Ethernet adapter cards in servers to support 100-Mbps connections.
4.1.5 Solution
Install a 10-Mbps Ethernet switch to aggregate the Ethernet hub workgroups and provide
100-Mbps connections to servers.
Install Fast Ethernet adapter cards in servers to support 100-Mbps connections.

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Fig 4.2 Ethernet LAN
4.1.6 Considerations
Because the congestion is being caused by a constant stream of small files, and the firm already
has standard two-pair Category 3 cabling and Ethernet adapters installed for every user, Ethernet
switches are the most cost-effective improvement. Fast Ethernet is not as cost effective for existing
users, because it would require replacement of cabling and existing adapters, and a substantial
performance increase is not needed here. Instead, as shown in Figure 4.2, a single Ethernet hub
with a small number of users is connected to each Ethernet switch port. Fast Ethernet adapters and
short runs of Category 5 cabling are installed to provide 100-Mbps connections to the servers,
eliminating bottlenecks with minimal expenditure. All new users will be equipped with 10/100-
Mbps adapters at very small additional cost and connected to the available 10-Mbps ports of the
switches. When additional ports are needed in the future, Fast Ethernet hubs or 10/100 switches
can be added.

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4.2 Case Study A: After One Year
4.2.1 Situation
Two new file servers

A new Web server for CD-ROM library access
50 existing users on a 10-Mbps Ethernet hubs segmented by a 10-Mbps Ethernet switch.
Exceed 50-percent utilization on an average of 15+ minutes a day
50 new users on PCI desktop computers to be added
4.2.2Traffic Type
Sustained loads with small files growing to high-volume loads with bandwidth-intense
peaks of 70 percent
“Casual” user load increased through large file transfers and sophisticated applications
Increasing World Wide Web and CD-ROM library access
Increasing intranet application development
4.2.4 Symptoms of network congestion:
Slow response times
High collision rates
Network degradation
Reduced productivity
User dissatisfaction

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Figure 8: 10-Mbps Switched Ethernet LAN with Fast Ethernet Uplinks to Servers
4.2.5 Solution
Move users from shared workgroups to their own dedicated switch ports—a process
called microsegmentation”— and add switches as necessary.
Attach new users and power users to Fast Ethernet switch ports.
Observe the 80/20 rule for locating resources: Place workstations on the same logical
networks the servers they access most often

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Figure 9: Switched Ethernet Workgroups with High-Speed Access to Localized Servers
Because new users are equipped with 10/100-Mbps adapters, the firm is able to cost-effectively
move smaller file users from shared Ethernet to switched Ethernet and move the power users and
servers to switched Fast Ethernet hubs or 10/100 hubs. The 10/100 Fast Ethernet switch also serve
as a backbone for the switches. Localizing servers results in a significant reduction of traffic on
the backbone.
4.3 Case Study B: New Advertising Agency
4.3.1 Situation
A newer installation of 200 nodes and Category 5 UTP cabling

All users are equipped with 10/100-Mbps adapters and connected to Ethernet switches
Fast Ethernet backbone connects workgroups to servers on two floors
Emerging video, Internet, intranet, and animation applications
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4.3.2 Traffic Type

Increasing load of large bursty graphics and multimedia application file transfers with and
width intense peaks of 85 percent
Figure 10: Fast Ethernet Backbone with Switched Ethernet to the Desktop
High-bandwidth multimedia and graphics processing on the same network as word

processing and project management applications
Increasing power user population
Increasing network utilization
4.3.4 Effects

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Slow response times

Server bottlenecks
Applications time out
Occasional network-wide crash
Some users working at night to meet missed deadlines
Network backup takes too long
User dissatisfaction
4.3.5 Solution
Microsegment all users on the switches and move bandwidth- intensive users to Fast
Ethernet hub connections.
Observe the 80/20 rule for locating resources: Place workstations on the same logical
network as the servers they access most often.
Contain multicast traffic with a switch solution.
Introduce a Fast Ethernet switch as a high-speed backbone for 10-Mbps switches, Fast
Ethernet hubs, and servers.

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Figure 11: Fast Ethernet and Switched Ethernet to the Desktop on a Switched Fast Ethernet
Backbone
Leverage investment in equipment by attaching users to existing switches and Fast Ethernet hubs.
The power users are equipped with Fast Ethernet hub connections, whereas the more casual users
are cost-effectively supported through switched 10-Mbps connections. The graphics and
multimedia application users require higher speeds to transmit large files and are best kept separate
from the other users. The new Fast Ethernet switch with multicast management features will
effectively contain multicasts and facilitate all the 100-Mbps traffic from installed Fast Ethernet
hubs and Ethernet switches.

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CHAPTER 5
CONCLUSION AND FUTURE ENHANCEMENT

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CHAPTER 5
CONCLUSION AND FUTURE ENHANCEMENT
With new, more powerful applications and PCs, adequate bandwidth has become essential to
business success. Only with sufficient bandwidth can employees remain productive and exploit
low-cost intranet technologies to deploy critical business applications.
Cisco offers two general solutions to cost-effectively improve Ethernet LAN performance. Fast
Ethernet hubs increase shared bandwidth tenfold, greatly alleviating network congestion in smaller
environments. Cisco’s FastHub and Micro Hubs are extremely easy to install and require nominal
administration, so small businesses and workgroups can realize benefits immediately.
Cisco’s Ethernet and Fast Ethernet switches increase aggregate bandwidth dramatically by
enabling multiple simultaneous conversations, whereas hubs allow only one. In addition, they
enable companies to segment their networks into multiple, smaller collision domains, further
improving performance. Cisco Catalyst switches with Fast Ethernet uplink ports enable companies
to create high bandwidth “backbones” connecting segments to core business servers.
Cisco switches offer unique competitive advantages, including unsurpassed scalability, reliability,
security, and mobility and management. Current Cisco router customers receive the performance
they have come to expect, at the local-area network level.

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CHAPTER 6
REFERENCES

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CHAPTER 6
REFERENCES
[1]. M.A. Khan & Tazeem A. Khan, “high Rate Traffic in Wireless LAN: Performance
Optimization of Wireless Network”, Proceedings of IEEE INDICON 2015.
[2] Biswajit langthasa, Bikash Acharya & Satyajit Sarmah “Classification of Network Traffic in
LAN”, IEEE 2015.
[3] Aboli Kulkaerni, James Payn & Peter Mistretta PE. “ Integrating SCADA Load Shedding &
High Speed Controls on an Ethernet Network at a North American Refinery,” IEEE 2014.
[4] Jeanette Arrigo, Gio Innocente, Bryce Carpenter & Jaime Esper, “ Overcoming Design
Challenges For a Radiation- Tolerant, Radiation-Hardened Fast Ethernet Interface,” IEEE 2013.
[5] Li. Su. Wento Chen, Haibo Su. Zhenya. Xiao. Dapengjin & Lieguang Zeng “ Ethernet Ultra
Fast Switching a Tree- Based Local Recovery Schme”. Chinese International Conference IEEE
2013.
[6] N. Nidhi & D. Lobiyal, “Performance Evaluation of Realistic VANET Using Traffic Light
Scenario,” International Journal Wireless Mobile Network. Vol. 4 No. 1 PP 237-249, 2012.
[7] Alexander Richter, Christoph Tzchoppe & Frank Ellinga “ Low Power Fast Ethernet Line
Driver,” IEEE 2012.
[8] Alexander Richter, Frank Ellinga & Bastian Lindes “ Low Power Fast Ethernet Equalizer,”
IEEE 2012.

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APPENDIX – B
LIST OF PUBLICATION
[1] “A Study on Implementation of TQM for Sustainability”, International Research Journal

of Engineering and Technology (IRJET), Volume: 3, Issue 8, pp 1939-1943, August 2016.

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CHAPTER-7
REFRENCES
[1] “A Study on TQM Development, Performance and Sustenance in Service Industries through
Effective Communication, Critical Success Factors and Market Orientation”, IOSR Journal of
Business and Management (IOSR-JBM), Volume: 17, Issue 1, pp 01-12, Jan 2015.
[2] “Sustainable education through implementation of Total Quality Management”, Global

Business and Economics Research Journal, Volume: 3, Issue 12, pp 42-52, 2014.
[3] “A Framework for Successful TQM Implementation and Its Effect on the Organizational
Sustainability Development”, International Journal of Social, Behavioral, Educational, Economic,
Business and Industrial Engineering, Volume: 8, Issue 1, pp 130-138, 2014.
[4] “TOTAL QUALITY MANAGEMENT (TQM): A SOURCE OF COMPETITIVE

ADVANTAGE. A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF MANUFACTURING AND SERVICE FIRMS
IN GHANA”, International Journal of Asian Social Science, Volume: 3, Issue 6, pp 1293-1305,
2013.
[5] “A Study on Implementation of Total Quality Management in Businesses”, International

Journal of Engineering Science and Innovative Technology (IJESIT), Volume: 2, Issue 3, pp 440-
446, May 2013.
[6] “Role Of Leaders’ Behavioral Integrity In Determining Successful TQM Implementation And
Organizational Performance: A Study On Public Hospitals Of Pakistan”, International Journal of
Humanities and Social Science, Volume: 1, Issue 10, pp 236-241, August 2011.
[7] “Total Quality Management (TQM) and Sustainable Company Performances: Examining the
Relationship in Malaysian”, International Journal of Business and Society, Volume: 12, Issue 1,
pp 31-52, 2011.
[8] “The relationship between total quality management and quality performance in the service
industry: a theoretical model”, International Journal of Business, Management and Social
Sciences, Volume: 1, Issue 1, pp 113-128, 2010.
[9]. Abell, David A, 1992, “ISO 9000: A Step backward for the philosophies of W.Edward
Deming,”sjsu Scholarship. Master’s thesis. Paper 438.
[10]. Adrienne Curry & Nasser Kadasah, 2002. Focusing on key elements of TQM evaluation for
sustainability,The TQM Magazine,vol 14, no 4, pp 207-216.
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[11]. A.Ghobadian & D.Gallear, 2001, “TQM Implementation: An empirical examination and
proposed generic model,” the International journal of Management Science, Omega,Vol 29, pp
343-359.
[12]. Agus,A.,Krishnan,S.K.,& Kadir,S.L.S.A, 2000. “The strural impact of Total Quality

Management on financial performance relative to competitors through Customer satisfaction: a
study of Malaysian manufacturing companies.” TotelQuality Management, Vol 44 no 1 pp 808-
819.
[13]. Alloway, J., 1994, “Llaying the groundwork for totel quality,” Quality Progress.
[14]. Andrew Robson, Vas B.Prabhu & Ed Mitchell, 2002, “TQM enablers and business
sustainability: An empirical study of the service sector in the north east of England,” International
Journal of Quality & Reliability Management, Vol 19 No 5, pp 610-632.
[15]. Andrew Janiak, 1985, Newton as philosopher, “Cambridge University”Press.
[16]. Angel R.Martinez-Lorente, Frank Dewhurst & Barrie G. Dale, 1998 “Totel Quality
Management: Origins and evolution of the term,” The TQM Magazine, vol 10, No 5, pp 378-386.
[17]. Antonia Ruiz Moreno, Victor Garcia Moraier & Francisco Javier Lloren Monter, 2005,
“Learning during the quality management process. Antecedents and effects in service firms,s”
Industrial Mnagement & Data Systems, Vol 105 No 8 pp 1001-1021.
[18]. A. V. Feigenbaum, 1999, “The new qualityfor the twenty first century,”The Magazine, Vol
11, No 6, pp376-383.
[19]. Benjamin Osayawe Ehigie, Regina Clement Akpan, (2004) "Roles of perceived leadership
styles and rewards in the practice of total quality management", Leadership & Organization
Development Journal, Vol. 25 Iss: 1, pp : 24 40.
[20]. Black,R.R., & Mouton,J.S., 1978, “The New Managerial Grid”,Houston, TX Publishing.

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[21]. Bill Hanley, 1999, “The experience of Team work: Analysis of the WER98 employee
survey,” Working paper sries no 11, Department of Management, The University of Melbourne.
[22]. Carl A. Rodrigues, 2001, “Fayols’s 14 principles of Management Then and New: A
Framework for managing today’s organization effectively,” Managerial Decisions, voi39,No 10,
pp 880-889.
[23]. Carl Solberg, 1976, “Oil power- The rise and fall of an American Empire,” New Americal
Library, pp 108-110.
[24].Charles O’Reilly et al, “2010, How leadership matter: The effects of leaders alignment on
strategy implementation, the leadership Quarterly,” vol 21 pp 104-113.
[25]. Charlotta Leavy, 2010, “Charismatic leadership in resistance to change,” the Leadership
Quarterly, vol 21 pp 127-143.
[26]. Christopher G. Worley & Edward E.Lawler III, 2006, “Designing Organizations that are buit
to change,”Center for Effective Organization, CEO publication, G 06-6,(495).
[27]. Christos B. Fotopoulos, Evangelos L. Psomas, (2009) "The impact of “soft”and “haed” TQM
elements on quality management results”. International Journal of Quality & Reliability
Management, Vol. 26 Iss: 2, pp.150 163.
[28]. Cheny, Edward Potts, 2007. An introduction to the industrial and social history of England,”
BE books, pp 445 - 452.
[29]. Corliss Lamont, 1997, “The Philosophy of Humanism,” Press, 8th Ed, pp 228-229.
[30]. C.P.M.Govers, 1996, “What and how about quality function deployment,” International
Journal of production Economics, Vol 40, No 47, pp 575-585. 219
[31]. Dalrymple F.John, 2000, “From F Winslow Taylor to W.Edwards Deming- over a century
of progress”, RMIT University, Centre for Management Quality Research.

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[32]. Daniel A.Wren, Arthur G. Bedeian & John D. Breeze, 2002, “The foundation of Henri
Fayal’s administrative theory, “Management Decision, Vol 40, No 9 pp 906-918.
[33]. Daniel A.Wren, 2001, “Henri Fayol as a strategist: A nineteenth century corporate
turnaround,” Management Decision, Vol 39 No 6, pp 475-487.

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IMPROVING LAN PERFORMANCE & SPEED BY FAST ETHERNET

TECHNOLOGY
Arshee Naz, Ashad Ullah Qureshi, Sarvesh Rai
M.Tech Scholar Dept. Of Civil Engineering, Infinity Management & Engineering College Sagar, M.P.
India
Asst. Prof. of Computer Science Engineering, Infinity Management & Engineering College, Sagar, M.P.
India
---------------------------------------------------------------------***-------------------------------------------------------
--------------

Contact: 6260651575, 9179357477
Abstract - The performance of your local area network (LAN) can directly affect your company’s business
success. In small and medium businesses alike, employees need quick, reliable access to applications and data to
perform their jobs.
A LAN that delivered adequate performance when installed, however, may now be straining. Factors contributing
to the need for an upgrade are more users, more powerful PCs and servers, more demanding applications, and the
growing role of the intranet.
Sluggish performance impedes productivity and may prevent you from deploying intranet or other networked
applications that can improve your competitiveness. Improving LAN Performance: A Step-by-Step Planning is a
required for small and medium businesses that want to ensure they’re receiving maximum benefit from their LANs.
This research will explain how to determine if you need an upgrade, describes the two primary options:
a) Ethernet switch
That provides step-by- step planning instructions. To ensure the upgrade planning, and also provides case studies
and a worksheet.
1. INTRODUCTION
Upgrading your Ethernet LAN improves employee productivity in the short term, and can position your
company for competitive advantage in the long term. A high-bandwidth LAN accommodates today’s demanding
PCs and workstations, makes existing applications run faster, enables you to deploy powerful intranet business
applications, and supports company growth.
We can determine when our Ethernet LAN is ready for an upgrade because users are dissatisfied with network
performance, network statistics suggest that performance degradation is imminent, or we are planning to
deploy powerful new intranet-based business applications for which the present network is inadequate.
Today’s personal computer interface (PCI) computers can move large files over 90 Mbps, easily overloading
the actual 8- to 9-Mbps throughput capacity of a 10BaseT Ethernet network. The speed and bandwidth of these
desktop computers, the size of popular Internet files, and the magnitude of attachments sent via e-mail are
increasing continually. Your network bandwidth must grow in concert to keep up with these advances.
The chief reason to upgrade your LAN is to gain higher performance from existing client/server applications,
such as groupware, job automation, computer aided design/computer aided modeling (CAD/CAM), desktop
publishing, and multimedia. A CAD/CAM application task that takes five minutes to execute on a LAN with a
10BaseT hub might execute 400-percent faster, in only one minute, on a LAN with a Fast Ethernet 10/100 hub
or 10-Mbps Ethernet 10/100 switch.

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The time savings translate to higher employee productivity. Adequate bandwidth also ensures that you can add
new applications as needed— without concern for bandwidth limitations— to respond to changing business
conditions.
Fig 1 Block Diagram of Fast Ethernet
2. RESEARCH OBJECTIVE
There are two main basic objective of the study, those are as follows:
1. Identification of the LAN speed and performance as per organization’s requirement.
2. Study of the parameters by which Fast Ethernet is better & effective for the operational working
of an organization such as:
a. Time
b. Speed
c. Network utilization
d. Network delays
e. User satisfaction

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3. PROBLEMS IN EXISTING NETWORK
A recent white paper from Fluke Networks lists the top 10 problems that network technicians encounter.
Freely available after filling out a short form, the paper discusses ten common problems encountered by
network technicians today, and ways to troubleshoot their symptoms, causes, and resolutions.
Poor performance on the local network, including dropped packets. If you have packet loss problems,
your network staff might notice higher-than-usual switch error rates, or your IT people might notice
application performance issues. Local networks should drop packets only rarely.
• Peak-time performance issues. Sometimes the problems are only noticeable when the network is
heavily loaded, such as peak times when everyone is in the office.
• Inability to transmit large packets. Every peer on the network should be able to exchange packets
up to the Maximum Transmit Unit (MTU) for the network, usually 1500 bytes.
• Switch-to-switch connections fail. You might find links between switches resetting frequently,
causing brief outages that affect many users. You also might find links failing completely.
• Switch ports reset. Some switches have options like "port monitoring" or "port security," which
only allow certain Media Access Controller (MAC) addresses to connect. These switches will sometimes
automatically disable ports, shutting off specific hosts or parts of the network, indicating a problem.
The problems for network technicians, according to Fluke, are as follows:
1. Dead drop.
2. Can’t get an IP address.
3. Can’t connect to the server.
4. Incorrect VLAN assignment.
5. Duplex mismatch.
6. Slow application performance.
7. Printing problems.
8. Poor or bad cable.
9. DNS problems.
10. Wireless client can’t connect.
4. BENEFITS OF UPGRADING
This section of the guide explains the benefits of upgrading your Ethernet LAN and describes signs
that indicate that you need an upgrade.
Accommodate New, More Demanding PCs and Workstations

overloading the actual 8- to 9-Mbps throughput capacity of a 10BaseT Ethernet network. The speed
and bandwidth of these desktop computers, the size of popular Internet files, and the magnitude of
attachments sent via e-mail are increasing continually. Your network bandwidth must grow in
concert to keep up with these advances.

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Fig 2 Fast Ethernet in an Organisation
Make Existing Applications Run Faster

The chief reason to upgrade your LAN is to gain higher performance from existing client/server
add new applications as needed— without concern for bandwidth limitations— to respond to
changing business conditions.
Deploy Powerful Intranet Applications

Intranet business applications promise a more self-sufficient and productive workforce—major
advantages in today’s competitive business environment. Your company may plan to take advantage
of Internet technology for critical internal business applications, such as employee self-service
applications for training and human resources, enterprise resource planning (ERP), imaging,
videoconferencing, and electronic whiteboards for collaboration.
High-bandwidth intranet applications impose radically different demands on your network
infrastructure. For example, more network traffic travels over the backbone instead of remaining
within workgroups, and larger file sizes and higher volumes increase network congestion. To gain
the advantages of an intranet—lower costs, rapid application deployment, and the ability to use any
client platform—you may need more bandwidth than you presently have. Switched Ethernet and
Fast Ethernet offer a cost-effective solution.
Accommodate Company Growth

As more employees access your intranet—and you extend your network to suppliers, customers, and
congestion in several ways. For example, you can logically locate shared resources, such as file
servers and printers, with the workgroups that use them most, reducing traffic on other portions of
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the network. You can also dedicate network bandwidth to workgroups and individual users who
need it most.
Signs that an Ethernet LAN Upgrade Is Due

Until recently, LAN congestion was rarely a problem. LANs could move more data per second than
computers could output. Now, advances in computing and communications technology have shifted
the bottleneck from the computer to the LAN. The output from one device can occupy the full channel
capacity of a typical LAN. When several such devices share the channel, congestion often results. To
determine if your LAN is congested, consider the following factors.
Higher Network Utilization

Measure network utilization, sometimes called channel utilization, which is the percentage of time
that a communications path is busy carrying data. The higher the traffic load, the higher the network
utilization. You can measure network utilization by using network monitoring equipment, such as
protocol analyzers or Remote Monitoring (RMON) devices. Certain hubs and switches provide
network utilization statistics on their visual displays.
For many common environments, including office automation LANs with dozens of stations, the LAN
is approaching an excessive load when network utilization reaches the following levels:
20 percent averaged over an eight-hour work day
30 percent averaged over the worst hour of the day
50 percent averaged over the worst 15 minutes of the day
These figures are only guidelines. Some application environments may operate well under heavier
loads or fail at lighter levels. Network performance will still vary based upon the number of stations
on the LAN, application behavior, and traffic patterns.
Note that for very short-term periods (seconds, or even tens of seconds), network utilization may be
nearly 100 percent without causing any problems. Temporary high utilization might occur during a
large file transfer between a pair of high-performance stations on an otherwise quiet network.
Increased Collision Counts

If multiple stations on a shared network begin sending Ethernet packets at the same time because
they all sense a quiet network, a “collision” between packets results. When a collision occurs, each
participant waits a random amount of time and tries to send its packet again. An increase in the
number of packet collisions on an Ethernet LAN can indicate rising LAN congestion. Collisions do not
always indicate a congestion problem, however. The Ethernet protocol uses collisions to quickly
redistribute the traffic load over the available time, maximizing channel utilization and application
throughput. In fact, collisions consume a very small percentage of available channel capacity, even
under a moderate to heavy traffic load. If user performance and application throughput are
acceptable, you can pay little attention to collision statistics, and regard them as only a minor factor
in network health.

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Application Performance Degradation

When the LAN is congested, applications do not perform as well as they do otherwise. File transfers
take longer, and terminal sessions are sluggish. In extreme circumstances, sessions may time out and
disconnect and applications or operating systems may actually crash, requiring a system restart. A
decrease in application performance can be an indication of LAN congestion. However, it can also
result from other factors, such as CPU, memory, disk performance, and number of users.
Increased Network Delay

All LANs have an upper limit on the amount of data they can carry. When temporarily overloaded,
the LAN takes longer to distribute the load. Therefore, when the load is heavy, the average delay, also
known as service time, increases. This delay makes the network seem slower to users. To directly
measure service time, you need special driver software. It is easier to assess congestion using other,
more observable criteria, such as the data from network analyzers.
User Dissatisfaction
The ultimate sign of LAN congestion is user dissatisfaction. If users are happy, then the network is
functioning at acceptable levels. Similarly, if users are dissatisfied with the LAN performance, this
fact overrides all statistics indicating that performance is within acceptable ranges.
Note that user dissatisfaction with network performance does not always indicate a congestion
problem. The source of the problem might instead be applications, servers, protocol stacks, or WAN
access devices—not just the underlying LAN hardware and software.
5. CONCLUSION
With new, more powerful applications and PCs, adequate bandwidth has become essential to business success.
Only with sufficient bandwidth can employees remain productive and exploit low-cost intranet technologies to
deploy critical business applications.
This research paper offers two general solutions to cost-effectively improve Ethernet LAN performance. Fast
Ethernet hubs increase shared bandwidth tenfold, greatly alleviating network congestion in smaller
Ethernet and Fast Ethernet switches increase aggregate bandwidth dramatically by enabling multiple
simultaneous conversations, whereas hubs allow only one. In addition, they enable companies to segment their
networks into multiple, smaller collision domains, further improving performance. Cisco Catalyst switches with
Fast Ethernet uplink ports enable companies to create high bandwidth “backbones” connecting segments to
core business servers.

Contact: 6260651575, 9179357477
REFERENCES
[1]. M.A. Khan & Tazeem A. Khan, “high Rate Traffic in Wireless LAN: Performance Optimization of Wireless
Network”, Proceedings of IEEE INDICON 2015.
[2] Biswajit langthasa, Bikash Acharya & Satyajit Sarmah “Classification of Network Traffic in LAN”, IEEE 2015.
[3] Aboli Kulkaerni, James Payn & Peter Mistretta PE. “ Integrating SCADA Load Shedding & High Speed Controls
on an Ethernet Network at a North American Refinery,” IEEE 2014.
[4] Jeanette Arrigo, Gio Innocente, Bryce Carpenter & Jaime Esper, “ Overcoming Design Challenges For a
Radiation- Tolerant, Radiation-Hardened Fast Ethernet Interface,” IEEE 2013.
[5] Li. Su. Wento Chen, Haibo Su. Zhenya. Xiao. Dapengjin & Lieguang Zeng “ Ethernet Ultra Fast Switching a
Tree- Based Local Recovery Schme”. Chinese International Conference IEEE 2013.
[6] N. Nidhi & D. Lobiyal, “Performance Evaluation of Realistic VANET Using Traffic Light Scenario,”
International Journal Wireless Mobile Network. Vol. 4 No. 1 PP 237-249, 2012.
[7] Alexander Richter, Christoph Tzchoppe & Frank Ellinga “ Low Power Fast Ethernet Line Driver,” IEEE 2012.
[8] Alexander Richter, Frank Ellinga & Bastian Lindes “ Low Power Fast Ethernet Equalizer,” IEEE 2012.

Contact: 6260651575, 9179357477
IMPROVING LAN PERFORMANCE & SPEED BY FAST

ETHERNET TECHNOLOGY

Contact: 6260651575, 9179357477
Er. Arshee Naz Er. Ashad Ullah Qureshi Er.Sarvesh Rai
M.Tech Scholar M.Tech Scholar Asst. Prof. Computer Science Engineering
Infinity Management & Infinity Management &
Engineering College, Sagar Engineering College, Sagar

E-mail: arshee.naz1992@gmail.com E-mail: sarvesh.s51@gmail.com

Contact: 6260651575, 9179357477
Abstract - The performance of your local area network (LAN) can directly affect your company’s business
success. In small and medium businesses alike, employees need quick, reliable access to applications
and data to perform their jobs.
A LAN that delivered adequate performance when installed, however, may now be straining. Factors
contributing to the need for an upgrade are more users, more powerful PCs and servers, more
demanding applications, and the growing role of the intranet.
networked applications that can improve your competitiveness. Improving LAN Performance: A Step-
by-Step Planning is a required for small and medium businesses that want to ensure they’re receiving
maximum benefit from their LANs.
This research will explain how to determine if you need an upgrade, describes the two primary options:
a) Ethernet switch
That provides step-by- step planning instructions. To ensure the upgrade planning, and also provides
case studies and a worksheet.

Contact: 6260651575, 9179357477
I. INTRODUCTION
Upgrading your Ethernet LAN improves employee productivity in the short term, and can position your
company for competitive advantage in the long term. A high-bandwidth LAN accommodates today’s
demanding PCs and workstations, makes existing applications run faster, enables you to deploy powerful
intranet business applications, and supports company growth.
We can determine when our Ethernet LAN is ready for an upgrade because users are dissatisfied with
network performance, network statistics suggest that performance degradation is imminent, or we are
planning to deploy powerful new intranet-based business applications for which the present network is
inadequate.
overloading the actual 8- to 9-Mbps throughput capacity of a 10BaseT Ethernet network. The speed and
bandwidth of these desktop computers, the size of popular Internet files, and the magnitude of
attachments sent via e-mail are increasing continually. Your network bandwidth must grow in concert to
keep up with these advances.
(CAD/CAM), desktop publishing, and multimedia. A CAD/CAM application task that takes five minutes to
execute on a LAN with a 10BaseT hub might execute 400-percent faster, in only one minute, on a LAN
with a Fast Ethernet 10/100 hub or 10-Mbps Ethernet 10/100 switch.
The time savings translate to higher employee productivity. Adequate bandwidth also ensures that you
can add new applications as needed— without concern for bandwidth limitations— to respond to
changing business conditions.

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Fig 1 Block Diagram of Fast Ethernet
II. RESEARCH OBJECTIVE
There are two main basic objective of the study, those are as follows:
1. Identification of the LAN speed and performance as per organization’s requirement.

2. Study of the parameters by which Fast Ethernet is better & effective for the operational working of
an organization such as:
a.Time
b.Speed
c. Network utilization
d. Network delays
e. User satisfaction
III. PROBLEMS IN EXISTING NETWORK

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A recent white paper from Fluke Networks lists the top 10 problems that network technicians encounter.
Freely available after filling out a short form, the paper discusses ten common problems encountered by
network technicians today, and ways to troubleshoot their symptoms, causes, and resolutions.
Poor performance on the local network, including dropped packets. If you have packet loss
problems, your network staff might notice higher-than-usual switch error rates, or your IT people might
notice application performance issues. Local networks should drop packets only rarely.
• Peak-time performance issues. Sometimes the problems are only noticeable when the network is
heavily loaded, such as peak times when everyone is in the office.
• Inability to transmit large packets. Every peer on the network should be able to exchange packets
up to the Maximum Transmit Unit (MTU) for the network, usually 1500 bytes.
• Switch-to-switch connections fail. You might find links between switches resetting frequently,
causing brief outages that affect many users. You also might find links failing completely.
• Switch ports reset. Some switches have options like "port monitoring" or "port security," which
only allow certain Media Access Controller (MAC) addresses to connect. These switches will sometimes
automatically disable ports, shutting off specific hosts or parts of the network, indicating a problem.
The problems for network technicians, according to Fluke, are as follows:
1. Dead drop.
2. Can’t get an IP address.
3. Can’t connect to the server.
4. Incorrect VLAN assignment.
5. Duplex mismatch.
6. Slow application performance.

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7. Printing problems.
8. Poor or bad cable.
9. DNS problems.
10. Wireless client can’t connect.
IV. BENEFITS OF UPGRADING
This section of the guide explains the benefits of upgrading your Ethernet LAN and describes signs that
indicate that you need an upgrade.
Accommodate New, More Demanding PCs and Workstations
overloading the actual 8- to 9-Mbps throughput capacity of a 10BaseT Ethernet network. The speed and
bandwidth of these desktop computers, the size of popular Internet files, and the magnitude of
attachments sent via e-mail are increasing continually. Your network bandwidth must grow in concert to
keep up with these advances.

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Fig 2 Fast Ethernet in an Organisation
Make Existing Applications Run Faster
(CAD/CAM), desktop publishing, and multimedia. A CAD/CAM application task that takes five minutes to
execute on a LAN with a 10BaseT hub might execute 400-percent faster, in only one minute, on a LAN
with a Fast Ethernet 10/100 hub or 10-Mbps Ethernet 10/100 switch. The time savings translate to higher
employee productivity. Adequate bandwidth also ensures that you can add new applications as needed—
without concern for bandwidth limitations— to respond to changing business conditions.
Deploy Powerful Intranet Applications
Intranet business applications promise a more self-sufficient and productive workforce—major

advantages in today’s competitive business environment. Your company may plan to take advantage of
Internet technology for critical internal business applications, such as employee self-service applications
for training and human resources, enterprise resource planning (ERP), imaging, videoconferencing, and
electronic whiteboards for collaboration.
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High-bandwidth intranet applications impose radically different demands on your network infrastructure.
For example, more network traffic travels over the backbone instead of remaining within workgroups,
and larger file sizes and higher volumes increase network congestion. To gain the advantages of an
intranet—lower costs, rapid application deployment, and the ability to use any client platform—you may
need more bandwidth than you presently have. Switched Ethernet and Fast Ethernet offer a cost-effective
solution.
Accommodate Company Growth
As more employees access your intranet—and you extend your network to suppliers, customers, and
congestion in several ways. For example, you can logically locate shared resources, such as file servers
and printers, with the workgroups that use them most, reducing traffic on other portions of the network.
You can also dedicate network bandwidth to workgroups and individual users who need it most.
Signs that an Ethernet LAN Upgrade Is Due
Until recently, LAN congestion was rarely a problem. LANs could move more data per second than
computers could output. Now, advances in computing and communications technology have shifted the
bottleneck from the computer to the LAN. The output from one device can occupy the full channel
capacity of a typical LAN. When several such devices share the channel, congestion often results. To
determine if your LAN is congested, consider the following factors.
Higher Network Utilization
Measure network utilization, sometimes called channel utilization, which is the percentage of time that a
communications path is busy carrying data. The higher the traffic load, the higher the network utilization.
You can measure network utilization by using network monitoring equipment, such as protocol analyzers
or Remote Monitoring (RMON) devices. Certain hubs and switches provide network utilization statistics
on their visual displays.
For many common environments, including office automation LANs with dozens of stations, the LAN is
approaching an excessive load when network utilization reaches the following levels:
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20 percent averaged over an eight-hour work day
30 percent averaged over the worst hour of the day
50 percent averaged over the worst 15 minutes of the day
These figures are only guidelines. Some application environments may operate well under heavier loads
or fail at lighter levels. Network performance will still vary based upon the number of stations on the LAN,
application behavior, and traffic patterns.
Note that for very short-term periods (seconds, or even tens of seconds), network utilization may be
nearly 100 percent without causing any problems. Temporary high utilization might occur during a large
file transfer between a pair of high-performance stations on an otherwise quiet network.
Increased Collision Counts
If multiple stations on a shared network begin sending Ethernet packets at the same time because they
all sense a quiet network, a “collision” between packets results. When a collision occurs, each participant
waits a random amount of time and tries to send its packet again. An increase in the number of packet
collisions on an Ethernet LAN can indicate rising LAN congestion. Collisions do not always indicate a
congestion problem, however. The Ethernet protocol uses collisions to quickly redistribute the traffic load
over the available time, maximizing channel utilization and application throughput. In fact, collisions
consume a very small percentage of available channel capacity, even under a moderate to heavy traffic
load. If user performance and application throughput are acceptable, you can pay little attention to
collision statistics, and regard them as only a minor factor in network health.
Application Performance Degradation
When the LAN is congested, applications do not perform as well as they do otherwise. File transfers take
longer, and terminal sessions are sluggish. In extreme circumstances, sessions may time out and
disconnect and applications or operating systems may actually crash, requiring a system restart. A

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decrease in application performance can be an indication of LAN congestion. However, it can also result
from other factors, such as CPU, memory, disk performance, and number of users.
Increased Network Delay
All LANs have an upper limit on the amount of data they can carry. When temporarily overloaded, the
LAN takes longer to distribute the load. Therefore, when the load is heavy, the average delay, also known
as service time, increases. This delay makes the network seem slower to users. To directly measure service
time, you need special driver software. It is easier to assess congestion using other, more observable
criteria, such as the data from network analyzers.
User Dissatisfaction
The ultimate sign of LAN congestion is user dissatisfaction. If users are happy, then the
network is functioning at acceptable levels. Similarly, if users are dissatisfied with the LAN
performance, this fact overrides all statistics indicating that performance is within acceptable
ranges.
Note that user dissatisfaction with network performance does not always indicate a
congestion problem. The source of the problem might instead be applications, servers,
protocol stacks, or WAN access devices—not just the underlying LAN hardware and software.
V. CONCLUSION
With new, more powerful applications and PCs, adequate bandwidth has become essential to business
success. Only with sufficient bandwidth can employees remain productive and exploit low-cost intranet
technologies to deploy critical business applications.
This research paper offers two general solutions to cost-effectively improve Ethernet LAN performance.
Fast Ethernet hubs increase shared bandwidth tenfold, greatly alleviating network congestion in smaller

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Ethernet and Fast Ethernet switches increase aggregate bandwidth dramatically by enabling multiple
simultaneous conversations, whereas hubs allow only one. In addition, they enable companies to segment
their networks into multiple, smaller collision domains, further improving performance. Cisco Catalyst
switches with Fast Ethernet uplink ports enable companies to create high bandwidth “backbones”
connecting segments to core business servers.

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References
[1]. M.A. Khan & Tazeem A. Khan, “high Rate Traffic in Wireless LAN: Performance Optimization
of Wireless Network”, Proceedings of IEEE INDICON 2015.
[2] Biswajit langthasa, Bikash Acharya & Satyajit Sarmah “Classification of Network Traffic in
LAN”, IEEE 2015.
[3] Aboli Kulkaerni, James Payn & Peter Mistretta PE. “ Integrating SCADA Load Shedding & High
Speed Controls on an Ethernet Network at a North American Refinery,” IEEE 2014.
[4] Jeanette Arrigo, Gio Innocente, Bryce Carpenter & Jaime Esper, “ Overcoming Design
Challenges For a Radiation- Tolerant, Radiation-Hardened Fast Ethernet Interface,” IEEE 2013.
[5] Li. Su. Wento Chen, Haibo Su. Zhenya. Xiao. Dapengjin & Lieguang Zeng “ Ethernet Ultra Fast
Switching a Tree- Based Local Recovery Schme”. Chinese International Conference IEEE 2013.
[6] N. Nidhi & D. Lobiyal, “Performance Evaluation of Realistic VANET Using Traffic Light
Scenario,” International Journal Wireless Mobile Network. Vol. 4 No. 1 PP 237-249, 2012.
[7] Alexander Richter, Christoph Tzchoppe & Frank Ellinga “ Low Power Fast Ethernet Line Driver,”
IEEE 2012.
[8] Alexander Richter, Frank Ellinga & Bastian Lindes “ Low Power Fast Ethernet Equalizer,” IEEE
2012.

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Improving Lan Performance &amp; Speed by Fast Ethernet Technology

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Improving LAN Performance & Speed by Fast Ethernet

RAJIV GANDHI PROUDYOGIKI VISHWAVIDYALAYA BHOPAL (M.P.)

Enrollment No. 0610CS15MT20

Under the supervision of

Asst. Prof. Sarvesh Rai

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE ENGINEERING

INFINITY MANAGEMENT & ENGINEERING COLLEGE, SAGAR

Latest IEEE Base Papers

Guided by: Dr. Ashad Ullah Qureshi

applications and data to perform their jobs.

more demanding applications, and the growing role of the intranet.

receiving maximum benefit from their LANs.

(a) Ethernet switch

(b) Fast Ethernet hub

provides case studies and a worksheet.

Guided by: Dr. Ashad Ullah Qureshi

b) Fast Ethernet hub

Chapter 1. Introduction 1-4

1.4 Organization of Dissertation

Chapter 2. FAST ETHERNET HUB OR ETHERNET SWITCH 5 – 14

2.1 The Story of Total Quality Management 13

2.2 Literature Review 14

2.3 TQM - Implementation & Failures 17

Chapter 3 THE RENEWAL OF TQM 21-31

3.1 TQM and Sustainable Performance 26

3.2 Team Work- The Fundamental in TQM 27

3.3 Customer Focus- The Oxygen of TQM 29

Chapter 4. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 32-45

4.2 Company Profile 38

Guided by: Dr. Ashad Ullah Qureshi

4.3 Research Methodology 39

4.4 Research Design 39

4.5 Sample Design 39

4.6 Selection of Sample 39

4.7 Sample Size 39

4.8 Data Sources 40

4.9 Tools for Data Collection 40

Chapter 5. ANALYSIS OF THE STUDY 46-57

5.2 Leadership Questionnaire 48

5.3 Customer Focus 53

Chapter 6. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMENDATIONS 58 - 59

6.1 The TQM Concepts 59

6.2 Findings on the Concept of Teams 59

6.3 Findings on the Customer Focus 59

6.4 Scope for Future Research 59

Guided by: Dr. Ashad Ullah Qureshi

Chapter 2. EVOLUTION OF TQM

Fig 2.1 MBNQA Model 18

Fig 2.2 EFQM Model 19

Chapter 3. THE RENEWAL OF TQM

Chapter 4. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Fig 4.1 Eicher Tractors Motors Limited

Fig 4.2 Employees working in workshop

Fig 4.3 Eicher Site

Chapter 5. ANALYSIS OF THE STUDY

Guided by: Dr. Ashad Ullah Qureshi

Chapter 2. EVOLUTION OF TQM

Chapter 3. THE RENEWAL OF TQM

Table 3.1 Difference between 24

Old and New workplace

Table 3.2 TQM handling differences in 26

Japan and Western

Chapter 4. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Chapter 5. ANALYSIS OF THE STUDY

Improving Lan Performance & Speed by Fast Ethernet Technology

Improving Lan Performance & Speed by Fast Ethernet Technology